{"pageNumber":"11","pageRowStart":"250","pageSize":"25","recordCount":409,"records":[{"id":26206,"text":"wri964249 - 1997 - Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley, Colorado, New Mexico and Texas: Ground-water quality in the Rio Grande flood plain, Cochiti Lake, New Mexico, to El Paso, Texas, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-14T22:51:22.915363","indexId":"wri964249","displayToPublicDate":"1997-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4249","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley, Colorado, New Mexico and Texas: Ground-water quality in the Rio Grande flood plain, Cochiti Lake, New Mexico, to El Paso, Texas, 1995","docAbstract":"From March to May of 1995, water samples were collected from \r\n30 wells located in the flood plain of the Rio Grande between \r\nCochiti Lake, New Mexico, and El Paso, Texas. These samples were \r\nanalyzed for a broad host of constituents, including field \r\nparameters, major constituents, nutrients, dissolved organic \r\ncarbon, trace elements, radiochemicals, pesticides, and volatile \r\norganic compounds. The main purpose of this study was to observe \r\nthe quality of ground water in this part of the Rio Grande Valley \r\nstudy unit of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality \r\nAssessment program. The sampling effort was limited to the basin-\r\nfill aquifer beneath the above-defined reach of the Rio Grande \r\nflood plain because of the relative homogeneity of the \r\nhydrogeology, the large amount of ground-water use for public \r\nsupply, and the potential for land-use activities to affect the \r\nquality of ground water. Most of the wells sampled for the study \r\nare used for domestic purposes, including drinking water. Depths \r\nto the tops of the sampling intervals in the 30 wells ranged from \r\n10 to 345 feet below land surface, and the median was 161.5 feet; \r\nthe sampling intervals in most of the wells spanned about 10 feet \r\nor less. Quality-control data were collected at three of the \r\nwells.\r\n\r\n A significant amount of variation was found in the chemical \r\ncomposition of ground water sampled throughout the study area, \r\nbut the water generally was found to be of suitable chemical \r\nquality for use as drinking water, according to current \r\nenforceable standards established by the U.S. Environmental \r\nProtection Agency (EPA). Nutrients generally were measured at \r\nconcentrations near or below their method reporting limits. The \r\nmost dominant nutrient species was nitrite plus nitrate, at a \r\nmaximum concentration of 1.9 milligrams per liter (as N). Only \r\neight of the trace elements analyzed for had median \r\nconcentrations greater than their respective minimum reporting \r\nlevels. Water from one well exceeded the lifetime health advisory \r\nestablished by the EPA for molybdenum; water from a different well \r\nexceeded the proposed EPA maximum contaminant level for uranium. \r\nGross alpha and gross beta particle activities generally appeared \r\nto strongly correlate with quantities of uranium and potassium, \r\nrespectively, detected in ground water. However, water from one \r\nwell exceeded the EPA maximum contaminant level for gross alpha \r\nparticle activity and may exceed the EPA maximum contaminant \r\nlevel for beta particle and photon activity, although current \r\ndata on gross beta particle activities are not conclusive on this \r\npoint. Radon concentrations did not appear to directly correlate \r\nwith uranium concentrations. The herbicide prometon was the only \r\nsynthetic organic compound detected in ground water in the study \r\narea, and was detected in only one well, at a concentration of \r\n0.038 microgram per liter. This well is shallow and is not used \r\nfor drinking water. With the exception of the one detection of \r\nprometon, no strong evidence was found of effects on ground-water \r\nquality from human activities. Therefore, most of the water \r\nsampled probably recharged at the margins of the alluvial basins \r\nor recharged through the flood plain before human development \r\nbegan.\r\n\r\n With respect to major constituents, the concentrations of \r\ndissolved solids ranged from 209 to 3,380 milligrams per liter, \r\nand the median concentration was 409.5 milligrams per liter. \r\nThere is evidence that the overall chemical composition of ground \r\nwater in the study area may be affected by several processes, \r\nincluding cation exchange, feldspar weathering, calcite \r\ndissolution and precipitation, dissolution of volcanic glass, and \r\nmicrobial activity. Several chemical constituents in ground water \r\nshowed relatively distinct spatial patterns that appear to be \r\nrelated to one or more of these processes.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964249","usgsCitation":"Bexfield, L.M., and Anderholm, S., 1997, Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley, Colorado, New Mexico and Texas: Ground-water quality in the Rio Grande flood plain, Cochiti Lake, New Mexico, to El Paso, Texas, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4249, viii, 93 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964249.","productDescription":"viii, 93 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410519,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48578.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":55001,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4249/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158430,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4249/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Colorado, New Mexico, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Rio Grande Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.5167,\n 35.6333\n ],\n [\n -106.8778,\n 35.6333\n ],\n [\n -106.8778,\n 31.8\n ],\n [\n -106.5167,\n 31.8\n ],\n [\n -106.5167,\n 35.6333\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb523","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bexfield, L. M.","contributorId":36593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bexfield","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderholm, S. K.","contributorId":69149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderholm","given":"S. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29663,"text":"wri944137 - 1997 - Hydrogeology and water quality of the West Valley Creek Basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-12T12:44:56","indexId":"wri944137","displayToPublicDate":"1997-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4137","title":"Hydrogeology and water quality of the West Valley Creek Basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"

The West Valley Creek Basin drains 20.9 square miles in the Piedmont Physiographic Province of southeastern Pennsylvania and is partly underlain by carbonate rocks that are highly productive aquifers. The basin is undergoing rapid urbanization that includes changes in land use and increases in demand for public water supply and wastewater disposal. Ground water is the sole source of supply in the basin.

West Valley Creek flows southwest in a 1.5-mile-wide valley that is underlain by folded and faulted carbonate rocks and trends east-northeast, parallel to regional geologic structures. The valley is flanked by hills underlain by quartzite and gneiss to the north and by phyllite and schist to the south. Surface water and ground water flow from the hills toward the center of the valley. Ground water in the valley flows west-southwest parallel to the course of the stream. Seepage investigations identified losing reaches in the headwaters area where streams are underlain by carbonate rocks and gaining reaches downstream. Tributaries contribute about 75 percent of streamflow. The ground-water and surface-water divides do not coincide in the carbonate valley. The ground-water divide is about 0.5 miles west of the surface-water divide at the eastern edge of the carbonate valley. Underflow to the east is about 1.1 inches per year. Quarry dewatering operations at the western edge of the valley may act partly as an artificial basin boundary, preventing underflow to the west.

Water budgets for 1990, a year of normal precipitation (45.8 inches), and 1991, a year of sub-normal precipitation (41.5 inches), were calculated. Streamflow was 14.61 inches in 1990 and 12.08 inches in 1991. Evapotranspiration was estimated to range from 50 to 60 percent of precipitation. Base flow was about 62 percent of streamflow in both years. Exportation by sewer systems was about 3 inches from the basin and, at times, equaled base flow during the dry autumn of 1991. Recharge was estimated to be 18.5 inches in 1990 and 13.7 inches in 1991.

Ground-water quality in the basin reflects differences in lithology and has been affected by human activities. Ground water in the carbonate rocks is naturally hard, has a near neutral pH, and contains more dissolved solids and less dissolved iron, manganese, and radon-222 than ground water in the noncarbonate rocks, which is soft, with moderately acidic to acidic pH. Regional contamination by chloride and nitrate and local contamination by organic compounds and metals was detected. Natural background concentrations are estimated to be about 1 milligram per liter for nitrate as nitrogen and less than 3 milligrams per liter for chloride. Ground water in unsewered areas and agricultural areas of the basin has median concentrations of nitrate that are greater than those in ground water from other areas; septic system effluent and fertilizer are probable sources of elevated nitrate. Water samples from wells in urbanized areas contain greater concentrations of chloride than samples from wells in residential areas; road salt is the probable source of elevated chloride. Organic solvents, especially trichloroethylene, were detected in 30 percent of the wells sampled in the urbanized carbonate valley. Most of the organic solvents and some of the metals in ground water were detected near old industrial sites.

Base-flow stream quality of West Valley Creek was determined at 15 sites from monthly sampling for 1 year. Differences in stream quality reflect differences in lithology, land use, and point sources in tributary subbasins and mainstem reaches. The chemical composition of base flow in the mainstem is dominated by ground-water discharge from carbonate rocks. Elevated concentrations of nitrate (greater than 3 milligrams per liter as nitrogen) in base flow were measured in a tributary draining agricultural land and in a tributary draining an unsewered residential area. Elevated concentrations of phosphate (greater than 0.5 milligrams per liter as phosphorus) were measured in a stream that receives treated sewage effluent. Discharge of water containing elevated sulfate (about 250 milligrams per liter) from quarry dewatering operations contributes to die increase in sulfate concentration (of 10 to 40 milligrams per liter) in base flow downstream from the quarry. The chloride load at all stream sites is greater than the load contributed by precipitation and mineral weathering to the basin, indicating anthropogenic sources of chloride throughout the basin.

The diversity index of the benthic invertebrate community has increased since 1973 at the longterm biological monitoring site on West Valley Creek, indicating an improvement in stream quality. The improvement probably is related to controls on discharges and banning of pesticides, such as DOT, in the 1970's. Concentrations of dissolved constituents, except for chloride, determined for base flow in the autumn do not appear to have changed since 1971. Application of the seasonal Kendall test for trend indicates that concentrations of chloride in base flow have increased since 1971; this increase may be related to the increase in urbanization in the basin. The benthic community structure at the West Valley Creek site in 1991 indicates slight nutrient enrichment.

Lithium was detected in ground water and surface water downgradient from two lithiumprocessing facilities. Until 1991, lithium was discharged into a losing reach of West Valley Creek, thus introducing lithium into the ground-water system. The potential for cross-contamination between the ground-water and surface-water systems is great, as demonstrated by the detection of lithium in ground water and surface water downstream and downgradient from the two lithium-processing facilities. The lithium that was discharged into the creek acts as a conservative tracer in gaining reaches of West Valley Creek, maintaining a mass balance and characteristic isotopic signature. Lithium-7/lithium-6 ratios were greater in streams that are affected by sewage and by lithium-processing discharges and in ground water downgradient from the lithium-processing facilities than natural background lithium isotopic ratios.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944137","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Chester County Water Resources Authority","usgsCitation":"Senior, L.A., Sloto, R.A., and Reif, A.G., 1997, Hydrogeology and water quality of the West Valley Creek Basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4137, Report: ix, 160 p.; 1 Plate: 32.59 x 26.79 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944137.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 160 p.; 1 Plate: 32.59 x 26.79 inches","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":353357,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4137/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58488,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4137/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119480,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4137/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","datum":"National Geodetic Datum of 1929","country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Chester County","otherGeospatial":"West Valley Creek Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.70833333,\n 39.91666667\n ],\n [\n -75.54166667,\n 39.91666667\n ],\n [\n -75.54166667,\n 40.08333333\n ],\n [\n -75.70833333,\n 40.08333333\n ],\n [\n -75.70833333,\n 39.91666667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db625145","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senior, Lisa A. 0000-0003-2629-1996 lasenior@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2629-1996","contributorId":2150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senior","given":"Lisa","email":"lasenior@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sloto, Ronald A. rasloto@usgs.gov","contributorId":424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloto","given":"Ronald","email":"rasloto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reif, Andrew G. 0000-0002-5054-5207 agreif@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5054-5207","contributorId":2632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reif","given":"Andrew","email":"agreif@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020149,"text":"70020149 - 1997 - Mapping the radon potential of the united states: Examples from the Appalachians","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:17","indexId":"70020149","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Mapping the radon potential of the united states: Examples from the Appalachians","docAbstract":"The geologic radon potential of the United States was recently assessed by the U.S. Geological Survey. Results indicate that approximately 33% of the U.S. population lives within geologic provinces where the average indoor radon levels have the potential to be greater than 4 pCi/L (147 Bq/m3). Rock types most commonly associated with high indoor radon include: 1) Uraniferous metamorphosed sediments, volcanics, and granite intrusives, especially those that are highly deformed or sheared. 2) Glacial deposits derived from uranium-bearing rocks and sediments. 3) Carboniferous, black shales. 4) Soils derived from carbonate rock, especially in karstic terrain. 5) Uraniferous fluvial, deltaic, marine, and lacustrine deposits. Different geologic terrains of the eastern United States illustrate some of the problems inherent in correlating indoor radon with geology. The Central and Southern Appalachian Highlands of the eastern United States have not been glaciated and most soils there are saprolitic, derived directly from the underlying bedrock. Regression analyses of bedrock geologic and radon parameters yield positive correlations (R > 0.5 to 0.9) and indicate that bedrock geology can account for a significant portion of the indoor radon variation. In glaciated areas of the United States such as the northern Appalachian Highlands and Appalachian Plateau, the correlation of bedrock geology to indoor radon is obscured or is positive only in certain cases. In these glaciated areas of the country, it is the type, composition, thickness, and permeability of glacial deposits, rather than the bedrock geology, that controls the radon source.","largerWorkTitle":"Environment International","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1995 6th International Symposium on the Natural Radiation Environment, NRE","conferenceDate":"5 June 1995 through 9 June 1995","conferenceLocation":"Montreal, Can","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Ltd","publisherLocation":"Oxford, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1016/S0160-4120(96)00190-0","issn":"01604120","usgsCitation":"Gundersen, L., and Schumann, R., 1997, Mapping the radon potential of the united states: Examples from the Appalachians, in Environment International, v. 22, no. SUPPL. 1, Montreal, Can, 5 June 1995 through 9 June 1995, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(96)00190-0.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":499892,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doaj.org/article/b023d5d046414367ac5c9cfedddfb12a","text":"External Repository"},{"id":206065,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(96)00190-0"},{"id":228159,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"SUPPL. 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5086e4b0c8380cd6b742","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hopke P.K.","contributorId":128435,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Hopke P.K.","id":536460,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Gundersen, L.C.S.","contributorId":24501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gundersen","given":"L.C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schumann, R.R.","contributorId":14429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumann","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020044,"text":"70020044 - 1997 - Geologic and climatic controls on the radon emanation coefficient","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:19","indexId":"70020044","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Geologic and climatic controls on the radon emanation coefficient","docAbstract":"Geologic, pedologic, and climatic factors, including radium content, grain size, siting of radon parents within soil grains or on grain coatings, and soil moisture conditions, determine a soil's emanating power and radon transport characteristics. Data from field studies indicate that soils derived from similar parent rocks in different regions have significantly different emanation coefficients due to the effects of climate on these soil characteristics. An important tool for measuring radon source strength (i.e., radium content) is ground-based and aerial gamma radioactivity measurements. Regional correlations between soil radium content, determined by gamma spectrometry, and soil-gas or indoor radon concentrations can be traced to the influence of climatic and geologic factors on intrinsic permeability and radon emanation coefficients. Data on soil radium content, permeability, and moisture content, when combined with data on emanation coefficients, can form a framework for development of quantitative predictive models for radon generation in rocks and soils.","largerWorkTitle":"Environment International","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1995 6th International Symposium on the Natural Radiation Environment, NRE","conferenceDate":"5 June 1995 through 9 June 1995","conferenceLocation":"Montreal, Can","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Ltd","publisherLocation":"Oxford, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1016/S0160-4120(96)00144-4","issn":"01604120","usgsCitation":"Schumann, R., and Gundersen, L., 1997, Geologic and climatic controls on the radon emanation coefficient, in Environment International, v. 22, no. SUPPL. 1, Montreal, Can, 5 June 1995 through 9 June 1995, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(96)00144-4.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":499893,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doaj.org/article/ba221562d3d04f2f9bc740230b01076f","text":"External Repository"},{"id":205980,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(96)00144-4"},{"id":227746,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"SUPPL. 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a18d7e4b0c8380cd5581b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hopke P.K.","contributorId":128435,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Hopke P.K.","id":536459,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Schumann, R.R.","contributorId":14429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumann","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gundersen, L.C.S.","contributorId":24501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gundersen","given":"L.C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019375,"text":"70019375 - 1997 - Interactions between ground water and surface water in the Suwannee River basin, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T23:19:39.011923","indexId":"70019375","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactions between ground water and surface water in the Suwannee River basin, Florida","docAbstract":"Ground water and surface water constitute a single dynamic system in roost parts of the Suwannee River basin due to the presence of karat features that facilitate the interaction between the surface and subsurface. Low radon-222 concentrations (below background levels) and enriched amounts of oxygen-18 and deuterium in ground water indicate mixing with surface water in parts of the basin. Comparison of surface water and regional ground water flow patterns indicate that boundaries for ground water basins typically do not coincide with surface water drainage subbasins. There are several areas in the basin where ground water flow that originates outside of the Suwannee River basin crosses surface water basin boundaries during both low-flow and high-flow conditions. In a study area adjacent to the Suwannee River that consists predominantly of agricultural land use, 18 wells tapping the Upper Floridan aquifer and 7 springs were sampled three times during 1990 through 1994 for major dissolved inorganic constituents, trace elements, and nutrients. During a period of above normal rainfall that resulted in high river stage and high ground water levels in 1991, the combination of increased amounts of dissolved organic carbon and decreased levels of dissolved oxygen in ground water created conditions favorable for the natural reduction of nitrate by denitrification reactions in the aquifer. As a result, less nitrate was discharged by ground water to the Suwannee River.","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb03549.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Katz, B., DeHan, R., Hirten, J., and Catches, J., 1997, Interactions between ground water and surface water in the Suwannee River basin, Florida: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 33, no. 6, p. 1237-1254, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb03549.x.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1237","endPage":"1254","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226645,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cc1e4b0c8380cd62fee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katz, B. G.","contributorId":82702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"B. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeHan, R.S.","contributorId":89676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeHan","given":"R.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hirten, J.J.","contributorId":82866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hirten","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Catches, J.S.","contributorId":75702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Catches","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5390,"text":"fs18196 - 1996 - Radium and radon in ground water of the Ozark Region in Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:43","indexId":"fs18196","displayToPublicDate":"1997-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"181-96","title":"Radium and radon in ground water of the Ozark Region in Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs18196","usgsCitation":"Adamski, J.C., 1996, Radium and radon in ground water of the Ozark Region in Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 181-96, 1 sheet ([4] p.) : col. ill., maps (some col.) ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs18196.","productDescription":"1 sheet ([4] p.) : col. ill., maps (some col.) ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":247320,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0181/report.pdf","size":"2195","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":251795,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0181/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649ad4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adamski, James C.","contributorId":20316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adamski","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28931,"text":"wri964253 - 1996 - Ground-water and stream-water interaction in the Owl Creek basin, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:47","indexId":"wri964253","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4253","title":"Ground-water and stream-water interaction in the Owl Creek basin, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Understanding of the interaction of ground-water and surface-water resources is vital to water management when water availability is limited.Inflow of ground water is the primary source ofwater during stream base flow. The water chemistry of streams may substantially be affected by that inflow of ground water. This report is part of a study to examine ground-water and surface-water interaction in the Owl Creek Basin, Wyoming, completed by the U.S. Geological Survey incooperation with the Northern Arapaho Tribe and the Shoshone Tribe. During a low flow period between November\\x1113 - 17, 1991, streamflowmeasurements and water-quality samples were collected at 16 selected sites along major streams and tributaries in the Owl Creek Basin,Wyoming. The data were used to identify stream reaches receiving ground-water inflow and to examine causes of changes in stream chemistry.Streamflow measurements, radon-222 activity load, and dissolved solids load were used to identified stream reaches receiving ground-water inflow.Streamflow measurements identified three stream reaches receiving ground-water inflow. Analysis of radon-222 activity load identified five stream reaches receiving ground-water inflow. Dissolvedsolids load identified six stream reaches receiving ground-water inflow. When these three methods were combined, stream reaches in two areas, theEmbar Area and the Thermopolis Anticline Area, were identified as receiving ground-water inflow.The Embar Area and the Thermopolis Anticline Area were then evaluated to determine the source of increased chemical load in stream water. Three potential sources were analyzed: tributary inflow, surficial geology, and anticlines. Two sources,tributary inflow and surficial geology, were related to changes in isotopic ratios and chemical load in the Embar Area. In two reaches in the Embar Area, isotopic ratios of 18O/16O, D/H, and 34S/32S indicated that tributary inflow affected stream-water chemistry. Increased chemical load of dissolved solids and dissolved sulfate in North Fork andSouth Fork Owl Creek appear to be related to the percentage of unconsolidated Quaternary deposits and of Cretaceous-Jurassic deposits in the drainage area. In the Thermopolis Anticline Area, changes in water chemistry in Owl Creek were not related to tributary inflow, surficial geology, or anticlines.The three tributaries that flow into Owl Creek in the Thermopolis Anticline Area did not substantially affect the isotopic ratios or contribute to the chemical load. Changes in the chemical load were not associated with changes in the surficial geologybetween the stream-water sampling sites. Water levels and chemical ratios indicate no ground-water inflow from the Thermopolis Anticline geothermal system to Owl Creek.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964253","usgsCitation":"Ogle, K., 1996, Ground-water and stream-water interaction in the Owl Creek basin, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4253, iv, 23 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964253.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124354,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4253/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57803,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4253/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a24f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ogle, K.M.","contributorId":38178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ogle","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29505,"text":"wri964231 - 1996 - Ground-water quality in the western part of the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T12:55:41","indexId":"wri964231","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4231","title":"Ground-water quality in the western part of the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and Michigan","docAbstract":"

Ground-water samples were collected during the summer of 1995 from 29 wells in the western part of the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study unit of the National-Water Quality Assessment Program. Analyses of ground-water samples from these wells were used to provide an indication of waterquality conditions in this heavily used part of the aquifer.

\n

Ground-water samples from domestic, institutional, and public-supply wells were analyzed for major ions, nutrients, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), pesticides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), radon-222, and tritium, as well as field measurements of temperature, pH, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, and bicarbonate. The results of water-quality analyses indicate that the presence of the Maquoketa-Sinnipee confining unit has an important effect on the ground-water quality in the study area. Where the study area is overlain by the confining unit (that is, where it is regionally confined) sampled water was older (based on tritium analyses) and often contained relatively high concentrations of dissolved solids, up to 2,800 mg/L. Additionally, contaminants such as nitrate and pesticides were typically detected at lower concentrations and detected less frequently in samples from the regionally confined part of the study area.

\n

The dominant ions in samples from the study area were calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate which resulted from the dissolution of carbonate minerals such as dolomite and calcite. Sulfate was also a dominant ion in water from some of the deeper wells in the regionally confined part of the study area.

\n

Radon-222 was detected in all samples and 66 percent (19 of 29) had concentrations that exceed the U.S Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) proposed maximum concentration level of 300 pCi/L. Concentrations greater than 300 pCi/L were detected in samples from wells throughout most of the study area except the southwest. The higher concentrations were found in samples from a variety of geohydrologic conditions and do not appear to correlate to a particular formation or location.

\n

Dissolved nitrate and ammonium were the most commonly detected nutrients. Dissolved nitrate concentrations were significantly higher in ground-water samples from the regionally unconfined part of the study area. The highest concentrations were detected in samples from the agricultural southwestern part of the study area from relatively shallow wells that produced modern water. Dissolved ammonium concentrations were significantly higher in samples from the regionally confined part of the study area and probably resulted from nitrate reduction.

\n

Seven pesticides or metabolites were detected in ground-water samples, and at least one pesticide was detected in samples from 24 percent (7 of 29) of wells. Most of the pesticides were detected at low concentrations and were from wells in the regionally unconfined, agricultural, southwest part of the study area. Atrazine was the most commonly detected pesticide and was typically detected in samples from wells that produced modern water.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964231","usgsCitation":"Saad, D.A., 1996, Ground-water quality in the western part of the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4231, vii, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964231.","productDescription":"vii, 40 p.","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58349,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4231/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119403,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4231/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.484375,\n 45.521743896993634\n ],\n [\n -85.9130859375,\n 46.28622391806708\n ],\n [\n -85.9130859375,\n 46.49839225859763\n ],\n [\n -87.07763671875,\n 46.28622391806708\n ],\n [\n -87.71484375,\n 46.5739667965278\n ],\n [\n -88.13232421875,\n 46.72480037466717\n ],\n [\n -88.76953125,\n 46.7549166192819\n ],\n [\n -90.087890625,\n 44.18220395771566\n ],\n [\n -89.75830078125,\n 43.004647127794435\n ],\n [\n -88.83544921874999,\n 42.66628070564928\n ],\n [\n -88.70361328125,\n 42.61779143282346\n ],\n [\n -88.35205078124999,\n 42.58544425738491\n ],\n [\n -87.9345703125,\n 42.53689200787317\n ],\n [\n -87.64892578125,\n 42.52069952914966\n ],\n [\n -87.56103515625,\n 43.29320031385282\n ],\n [\n -87.5390625,\n 43.83452678223684\n ],\n [\n -87.3193359375,\n 44.38669150215206\n ],\n [\n -86.90185546874999,\n 45.058001435398296\n ],\n [\n -86.484375,\n 45.521743896993634\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db6671ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saad, D. A.","contributorId":85212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saad","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25915,"text":"wri964144 - 1996 - Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas: Shallow ground-water quality of a land-use area in the San Luis Valley, south-central Colorado, 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-19T22:36:56.700068","indexId":"wri964144","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4144","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas: Shallow ground-water quality of a land-use area in the San Luis Valley, south-central Colorado, 1993","docAbstract":"

This report describes the quality of shallow ground water in an agricultural area in the San Luis Valley, Colorado, and discusses how natural and human factors affect the quality of shallow ground water. Thirty-five wells were installed, and water samples were collected from these wells and analyzed for selected dissolved common constituents, nutrients, trace elements, radionuclides, and synthetic organic compounds. The San Luis Valley is a high intermontane valley that is partially drained by the Rio Grande. The San Luis Valley land-use study area was limited to a part of the valley where the depth to water is generally less than 25 feet. The area where the 35 monitor wells were installed was further limited to the part of the study area where center-pivot overhead sprinklers are used to irrigate crops. Precipitation, runoff from adjacent mountainous areas, and ground-water inflow from the adjacent mountainous areas are the main sources of water to the aquifers in the San Luis Valley. Discharge of water from the shallow, unconfined aquifer in the valley is mainly from evapotranspiration. The dominant land use in the San Luis Valley is agriculture, although nonirrigated land and residential land are interspersed with agricultural land. Alfalfa, native hay, barley, wheat, potatoes, and other vegetables are the main crops. Dissolved-solids concentrations in shallow ground water sampled ranged from 75 to 1,960 milligrams per liter. The largest median concentration of cations was for calcium, and the largest median concentration of anions was for bicarbonate in shallow ground water in the San Luis Valley. Calcium concentrations ranged from 7.5 to 300 milligrams per liter, and bicarbonate concentrations ranged from 28 to 451 milligrams per liter. Nitrite plus nitrate concentrations ranged from less than 0.1 to 58 milligrams per liter as N; water from 11 wells had nitrite plus nitrate concentrations greater than 10 milligrams per liter as N. With the exception of the following trace elements--aluminum, barium, iron, manganese, molybdenum, and uranium--the concentrations of trace elements were less than 10 micrograms per liter in 90 percent of the samples. All trace-element concentrations measured were below the maximum contaminant levels set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Five samples exceeded the proposed maximum contaminant level of 0.02 milligram per liter for uranium. All samples collected exceeded the proposed maximum contaminant level for radon-222. The volatile organic compound methyltertbutylether was detected in one sample at a concentration of 0.6 microgram per liter. Of the pesticides analyzed for, one or more were detected in water from 5 of the 35 wells sampled. Metribuzin was the most commonly detected pesticide and was detected in water from three wells at concentrations ranging from an estimated 0.005 to 0.017 microgram per liter. Metolachlor (detected in one sample at a concentration of 0.072 microgram per liter), prometon (detected in one sample at a concentration of 0.01 microgram per liter), and p,p'-DDE (detected in one sample at an estimated concentration of 0.002 microgram per liter) were the other pesticides detected. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency lifetime health advisory for metolachlor, metribuzin, and prometon is 100 micrograms per liter, which is much larger than the concentrations measured in the shallow ground water sampled for this study. The elevated nitrite plus nitrate concentrations in shallow ground water are indicative of leaching of fertilizers from the land surface. This conclusion is consistent with conclusions made in other investigations of the San Luis Valley.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964144","usgsCitation":"Anderholm, S., 1996, Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas: Shallow ground-water quality of a land-use area in the San Luis Valley, south-central Colorado, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4144, ix, 94 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964144.","productDescription":"ix, 94 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410751,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48491.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54676,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4144/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158429,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4144/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"San Luis Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.5472,\n 37.9286\n ],\n [\n -106.325,\n 37.9286\n ],\n [\n -106.325,\n 37.025\n ],\n [\n -105.5472,\n 37.025\n ],\n [\n -105.5472,\n 37.9286\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb532","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderholm, S. K.","contributorId":69149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderholm","given":"S. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6749,"text":"fs14396 - 1996 - Radon in ground water in Idaho, 1989-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:01","indexId":"fs14396","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"143-96","title":"Radon in ground water in Idaho, 1989-95","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs14396","usgsCitation":"Parliman, D., 1996, Radon in ground water in Idaho, 1989-95: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 143-96, 1 sheet : ill., map ; 28 cm. ill., map ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs14396.","productDescription":"1 sheet : ill., map ; 28 cm. ill., map ;","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125294,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0143/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":34119,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0143/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649b6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parliman, D. J.","contributorId":64220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parliman","given":"D. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29661,"text":"wri964288 - 1996 - Ground-water quality and its relation to hydrogeology, land use, and surface-water quality in the Red Clay Creek basin, Piedmont Physiographic Province, Pennsylvania and Delaware","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T10:28:31","indexId":"wri964288","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4288","title":"Ground-water quality and its relation to hydrogeology, land use, and surface-water quality in the Red Clay Creek basin, Piedmont Physiographic Province, Pennsylvania and Delaware","docAbstract":"

The Red Clay Creek Basin in the Piedmont Physiographic Province of Pennsylvania and Delaware is a 54-square-mile area underlain by a structurally complex assemblage of fractured metamorphosed sedimentary and igneous rocks that form a water-table aquifer. Ground-water-flow systems generally are local, and ground water discharges to streams. Both ground water and surface water in the basin are used for drinking-water supply.

Ground-water quality and the relation between ground-water quality and hydrogeologic and land-use factors were assessed in 1993 in bedrock aquifers of the basin. A total of 82 wells were sampled from July to November 1993 using a stratified random sampling scheme that included 8 hydrogeologic and 4 land-use categories to distribute the samples evenly over the area of the basin. The eight hydrogeologic units were determined by formation or lithology. The land-use categories were (1) forested, open, and undeveloped; (2) agricultural; (3) residential; and (4) industrial and commercial. Well-water samples were analyzed for major and minor ions, nutrients, volatile organic compounds (VOC's), pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyl compounds (PCB's), and radon-222.

Concentrations of some constituents exceeded maximum contaminant levels (MCL) or secondary maximum contaminant levels (SMCL) established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for drinking water. Concentrations of nitrate were greater than the MCL of 10 mg/L (milligrams per liter) as nitrogen (N) in water from 11 (13 percent) of 82 wells sampled; the maximum concentration was 38 mg/L as N. Water from only 1 of 82 wells sampled contained VOC's or pesticides that exceeded a MCL; water from that well contained 3 mg/L chlordane and 1 mg/L of PCB's. Constituents or properties of well-water samples that exceeded SMCL's included iron, manganese, dissolved solids, pH, and corrosivity. Water from 70 (85 percent) of the 82 wells sampled contained radon-222 activities greater than the proposed MCL of 300 pCi/L (picoCuries per liter).

Differences in selected major and minor ion concentrations and radon-222 activities were statistically significant between some lithologies and are related to differences in mineralogy. Ground water from felsic gneiss and schist generally contained higher radon-222 activities than the other lithologies; activities as high as 10,000 pCi/L were measured in a water sample from the felsic gneiss.

Differences in the concentrations of nitrate, sodium, and chloride, and the frequency of pesticide detections in ground water were statistically significant between samples from wells in some land-use categories. Concentrations of nitrate generally were greatest in agricultural and in industrial and commercial areas and can be attributed to the use of fertilizers on the land surface and other agricultural activities. Much of the industrial and commercial land use is in areas previously used for or related to mushroom production. Concentrations of chloride and sodium also were greatest in water from wells in agricultural and industrial and commercial areas, probably because of the use of fertilizer and road salt. Concentrations of nitrate, chloride, and sodium in water samples from wells in forested and residential land use did not differ statistically significantly from each other. The herbicides metolachlor and atrazine were the most frequently detected pesticides and were detected more frequently in agricultural areas than in areas with other land uses; their presence is related to their use in crop production. VOC's were detected infrequently and only in residential and industrial and commercial areas.

The relation between ground-water quality and surface-water quality is assessed by comparing nitrate and chloride concentrations in the 1993 ground-water samples and 1993-94 base-flow samples. Base-flow samples were collected at eight stream sites in the headwaters of the West Branch of Red Clay Creek in 1994 and at two long-term stream-monitoing sites on the East and West Branches of the Red Clay Creek in 1993-94. The average concentrations of chloride and nitrate in ground-water samples from wells in areas above the headwater stream sites and two long-term stream-monitoring sites were similar to the concentrations of chloride and nitrate in base flow at those sites. An observed increase in nitrate concentration in base flow at the long-term monitoring site on the West Branch of Red Clay Creek from 1970 to 1995 may be related to an increase in nitrate concentrations in ground water in that area of the basin.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri964288","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Red Clay Valley Association and the Chester County Water Resources Authority","usgsCitation":"Senior, L.A., 1996, Ground-water quality and its relation to hydrogeology, land use, and surface-water quality in the Red Clay Creek basin, Piedmont Physiographic Province, Pennsylvania and Delaware: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4288, Report: viii, 122 p.; Plate: 27.0 x 33.8 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964288.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 122 p.; Plate: 27.0 x 33.8 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58486,"rank":399,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4288/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58487,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4288/wri19964288.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.38 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 1996-4288"},{"id":119469,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4288/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"

Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070

","tableOfContents":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6673ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senior, Lisa A. 0000-0003-2629-1996 lasenior@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2629-1996","contributorId":2150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senior","given":"Lisa","email":"lasenior@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26684,"text":"wri964083 - 1996 - Shallow ground-water quality in selected agricultural areas of south-central Georgia, 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T13:11:20","indexId":"wri964083","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4083","title":"Shallow ground-water quality in selected agricultural areas of south-central Georgia, 1994","docAbstract":"The Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain National Water-Quality Assessment Program began an agricultural land-use study in March 1994. The study area is located in the upper Suwannee River basin in Tift, Turner, Worth, Irwin, Wilcox, and Crisp Counties, Ga. Twenty-three shallow monitoring wells were installed in a 1,335-square- mile area characterized by intensive row-crop agriculture (peanuts, corn, cotton, and soybeans). The study focused on recently recharged shallow ground water in surficial aquifers to assess the relation between land-use activities and ground- water quality. All wells were sampled in March and April (spring) 1994, and 14 of these wells were resampled in August (summer) 1994. Shallow ground water in the study area is characterized by oxic and acidic conditions, low bicarbonate, and low dissolved-solids concentrations. The median pH of shallow ground water was 4.7 and the median bicarbonate concentration was 1.7 mg/L (milligrams per liter). Dissolved oxygen concentrations ranged from 3.0 to 8.0 mg/L. The median dissolved-solids concentration in samples collected in the spring was 86 mg/L. Major inorganic ion composition was generally mixed with no dominant cation; nitrate was the dominant anion (greater than 60 percent of the anion composition) in 14 of 23 samples. Only concentrations of bicarbonate, dissolved organic carbon, and nitrate had significant differences in concentrations between samples collected in the spring and the background samples. However, median concentrations of some of the major ingredients in fertilizer (including magnesium, chloride, nitrate, iron, and manganese) were higher in water samples from agricultural wells than in background samples. The median concentration of dissolved solids in ground-water samples collected in the spring (86 mg/L) was more than double the median concentration (41 mg/L) of the background samples. The median nitrate as nitrogen concentration of 6.7 mg/L in the spring samples reflects the effects of agricultural activities on ground-water quality. Samples from 30 percent of the wells exceeded the maximum contaminant level (MCL) for nitrate in drinking water (10 mg/L as N). Nitrogen isotope ratios ranged from 2.4 to 9.0 parts per thousand and indicate that most nitrogen in shallow ground water is probably from inorganic fertilizer. In addition, nitrate concentrations were positively correlated (p-values all less than 0.01) with concentrations of some of the major ingredients in fertilizer, such as potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, and chloride, and with values of specific conductance. Concentrations of pesticides and volatile organic compounds, detected in samples from 11 wells, were all below the MCLs. Of these constituents, only alachlor, metolachlor, metribuzin, toluene, benzene, and methyl chloride were detected in ground water at concentrations that ranged from 0.01 to 1.0 mg/L (micrograms per liter). Maximum concentrations of 1.0 mg/L of metolachlor and toluene were detected in two wells. Radon concentrations ranged from 530 to 1,400 pCi/L (picocuries per liter), exceeding the proposed MCL of 300 pCi/L in all samples; the median concentration was 1,000 pCi/L.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964083","usgsCitation":"Crandall, C.A., 1996, Shallow ground-water quality in selected agricultural areas of south-central Georgia, 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4083, iv, 23 p. :ill., maps (1 col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964083.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p. :ill., maps (1 col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":55548,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4083/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158503,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4083/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-84.7210693359375,30.704058230919504],[-84.90234375,30.543338954230222],[-85.0177001953125,30.24957724046765],[-84.803466796875,30.164126343161097],[-84.627685546875,29.935895213372444],[-84.57275390625,29.859701442126756],[-84.44091796875,29.859701442126756],[-84.29809570312499,29.859701442126756],[-84.2926025390625,30.012030680358613],[-84.17724609375,30.035811042667792],[-83.990478515625,30.050076521698735],[-83.7322998046875,29.893043385434165],[-83.6224365234375,29.76914573606667],[-83.51806640624999,29.602118211647333],[-83.397216796875,29.415675471217877],[-83.2489013671875,29.377388403478992],[-83.1610107421875,29.233683670282787],[-83.0841064453125,29.1281717828162],[-82.8753662109375,29.10897615145302],[-82.77099609375,28.945668833650508],[-82.75451660156249,28.815799886487298],[-82.694091796875,28.671310915880834],[-82.694091796875,28.492833128965096],[-82.8094482421875,28.265682390146477],[-82.891845703125,28.164032516628076],[-82.869873046875,27.955591004642553],[-82.8973388671875,27.790491224830877],[-82.7874755859375,27.68352808378776],[-82.75451660156249,27.552111841284695],[-80.299072265625,27.571590861376308],[-80.2935791015625,27.649472352561876],[-80.37597656249999,27.848790459862073],[-80.52429199218749,28.105903469076186],[-80.540771484375,28.20760859532738],[-80.540771484375,28.318888915773826],[-80.5133056640625,28.386567819657213],[-80.46936035156249,28.44454394857482],[-80.518798828125,28.647210004919998],[-80.6341552734375,28.815799886487298],[-80.771484375,29.065772888415406],[-81.0406494140625,29.439597566602902],[-81.1614990234375,29.807284450222504],[-81.27685546875,30.107117887092357],[-81.3592529296875,30.5764500266181],[-81.34277343749999,30.873940237887624],[-81.32080078125,31.052933985705163],[-81.23291015625,31.22689446881399],[-81.19445800781249,31.358327833411312],[-81.14501953125,31.48020882071693],[-81.03515625,31.648705289976853],[-80.958251953125,31.835565983656227],[-80.85937499999999,31.94750122367064],[-80.782470703125,32.00341778396365],[-80.8978271484375,32.0732655510424],[-81.046142578125,32.115148622612445],[-81.1175537109375,32.16166284018013],[-81.112060546875,32.2546200600072],[-81.0955810546875,32.30570601389429],[-81.177978515625,32.43097672054704],[-81.1669921875,32.47732919639942],[-81.24938964843749,32.537551746769],[-81.34277343749999,32.59773394005744],[-81.4031982421875,32.648625783736726],[-81.39770507812499,32.76880048488168],[-81.4031982421875,32.86574639547474],[-81.441650390625,32.95797741405952],[-81.4801025390625,33.04550781490999],[-81.5899658203125,33.1329513125159],[-81.73278808593749,33.15594830078649],[-81.88110351562499,33.330528249028085],[-82.06787109374999,33.41310221370827],[-82.28759765625,33.348884792201694],[-82.5732421875,33.22949814144951],[-83.056640625,33.25706340236547],[-83.33129882812499,33.0178760185549],[-83.507080078125,32.80574473290688],[-83.82568359375,32.722598604044066],[-83.66638183593749,32.263910555201306],[-83.7652587890625,32.05464469054932],[-83.8421630859375,31.76086695137955],[-84.19921875,31.353636941500987],[-84.6826171875,30.869225348040825],[-84.7210693359375,30.704058230919504]]]}}]}\n","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f41af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crandall, C. A.","contributorId":93943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crandall","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26685,"text":"wri954269 - 1996 - Water quality of surficial aquifers in the Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-19T20:30:26.795536","indexId":"wri954269","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4269","title":"Water quality of surficial aquifers in the Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain","docAbstract":"The National Water Quality Assessment Program of the U.S. Geological Survey established the Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain study unit in 1991. The ground-water study-unit survey was conducted in 1993 to provide a broad over-view of water quality in surficial aquifers. Three land resource provinces were included in the Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain study-unit survey: the Central Florida Ridge, the Coastal Flatwoods, and the Southern Coastal Plain. The U.S. Geological Survey sampled 37 wells in surficial aquifers, 18 in the Coastal Flatwoods and 19 in the Southern Coastal Plain. The Florida Department of Environmental Protection sampled 27 wells tapping surficial aquifers in the Central Florida Ridge as part of the background ground-water quality monitoring network from 1985 through 1989. The data were used to characterize water quality in surficial aquifers of the Central Florida Ridge. Results of the study-unit survey indicated that dissolved solids concentrations in ground water were mostly less than 100 mg/L (milligrams per liter). Higher medians of pH, specific conductance, and concentrations of calcium, bicarbonate, and dissolved solids were measured in samples from the Central Florida Ridge compared to the Southern Coastal Plain and Coastal Flatwoods, probably because of a greater percentage of carbonate minerals in aquifer materials. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency secondary maximum contaminant level for iron of 300 ug/L (micrograms per liter) in drinking water was exceeded in 15 of 45 samples. Concentrations of nitrate as nitrogen were less than 3.0 mg/L in most samples (74 percent), indicating little or no influence from human activity. Only five samples (9 percent) had concentrations above 10 mg/L, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level for nitrate concentration in drinking water. Significantly lower median concentrations of nitrate were measured in samples from polyvinyl chloride monitoring wells with diameters less than 6 inches than in large diameter, uncased, or iron-cased wells. The median nitrate concentration was 0.05 mg/L in water from monitoring wells, 1.0 mg/L in samples from iron cased wells, and 2.0 mg/L in samples from uncased wells. Concentrations of volatile organic compounds were mostly less than the detection levels and exceeded 1 ug/L in only four samples. Compounds detected at concentrations greater than 1 ug/L were: tetrachloroethane (8.77 ug/L), toluene (23 ug/L) and chloromethane (21 ug/L). Atrazine, desethyl-atrazine, and metolachlor were the only pesticides detected; concentrations were less than 0.02 ug/L, except for metolachlor (2.5 ug/L). Detection of organic compounds in surficial aquifer may be associated with specific activities or sources near the well. Concentrations of radon exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency proposed maximum contaminant level of 300 picocuries per liter (pCi/L) in 33 samples from wells on the Coastal Flatwoods and the Southern Coastal Plain. Concentrations as high as 13,000 pCi/L were detected in northern Florida. Although uranium concentrations were less than 1 ug/L in all but one sample (1.3 ug/L) from the Southern Coastal Plain, elevated radon concentrations indicate that uranium is present in aquifer material. Uranium is most likely sorbed to iron oxides and clays in subsurface materials. Tritium concentrations indicated that ground water was recharged by precipitation during the past 40 years. Higher concentrations of tritium in ground water were found in the northern part of the study area and may be related to Savannah River Nuclear Facility.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954269","usgsCitation":"Crandall, C.A., and Berndt, M.P., 1996, Water quality of surficial aquifers in the Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4269, vi, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954269.","productDescription":"vi, 28 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158849,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":410731,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48342.htm"},{"id":2042,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri954269","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida, Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85,\n 33.2333\n ],\n [\n -85,\n 27.6833\n ],\n [\n -80.45,\n 27.6833\n ],\n [\n -80.45,\n 33.2333\n ],\n [\n -85,\n 33.2333\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478ee4b07f02db489e2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crandall, C. A.","contributorId":93943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crandall","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berndt, M. P.","contributorId":74761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berndt","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28389,"text":"wri964156 - 1996 - Radon in ground water of the lower Susquehanna and Potomac River basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-02T19:39:39.391899","indexId":"wri964156","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4156","title":"Radon in ground water of the lower Susquehanna and Potomac River basins","docAbstract":"Ground-water samples collected from 267 wells were analyzed for radon as part of a water-quality reconnaissance of subunits of the Lower Susquehanna and Potomac River Basins conducted by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program. Radon is a product of the radioactive decay of uranium. Airborne radon has been cited by the Surgeon General of the United States as the second-leading cause of lung cancer and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has identified ground-water supplies as possible contributing sources of indoor radon. Eighty percent of ground-water samples collected for this study were found to contain radon at activities greater than 300 pCi/L (picocuries per liter), the USEPA's proposed Maximum Contaminant Level for radon in drinking water, and 31 percent of samples contained radon at activities greater than 1,000 pCi/L. The 10 subunits where samples were collected were grouped into three classes - median ground-water radon activity less than 300 pCi/L, between 300 pCi/L and 1,000 pCi/L, and greater than 1,000 pCi/L. Subunits underlain by igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont Physiographic Province typically have the highest median ground-water radon activities (greater than 1,000 pCi/L); although there is a large variation in radon activities within most of the subunits. Lower median radon activities (between 300 pCi/L and 1,000 pCi/L) were found in ground water in subunits underlain by limestone and dolomite. Of three subunits underlain by sandstone and shale, one fell into each of the three radon-activity classes. The large variability within these subunits may be attributed to the fact that the uranium content of sandstone and shale is related to the uranium content of the sediments from which they formed.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964156","usgsCitation":"Lindsey, B., and Ator, S.W., 1996, Radon in ground water of the lower Susquehanna and Potomac River basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4156, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964156.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":391280,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48501.htm"},{"id":159560,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4156/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57190,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4156/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":2282,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pa.water.usgs.gov/reports/wrir_96-4156/report.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"lower Susquehanna and Potomac River basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.5833,\n 37.9\n ],\n [\n -75.8167,\n 37.9\n ],\n [\n -75.8167,\n 40.9167\n ],\n [\n -79.5833,\n 40.9167\n ],\n [\n -79.5833,\n 37.9\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64987c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindsey, Bruce D. 0000-0002-7180-4319 blindsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7180-4319","contributorId":434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"Bruce D.","email":"blindsey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":199716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ator, Scott W. 0000-0002-9186-4837 swator@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9186-4837","contributorId":781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ator","given":"Scott","email":"swator@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":375,"text":"Maryland, Delaware, and the District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":199717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24135,"text":"ofr96246 - 1996 - Selected well and ground-water chemistry data for the Boise River Valley, southwestern Idaho, 1990-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-15T13:42:04","indexId":"ofr96246","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-246","title":"Selected well and ground-water chemistry data for the Boise River Valley, southwestern Idaho, 1990-95","docAbstract":"Water samples were collected from 903 wells in the Boise River Valley, Idaho, from January 1990 through December 1995. Selected well information and analyses of 1,357 water samples are presented. Analyses include physical properties ad concentrations of nutrients, bacteria, major ions, selected trace elements, radon-222, volatile organic compounds, and pesticides.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96246","usgsCitation":"Parliman, D., Boyle, L., and Nicholls, S., 1996, Selected well and ground-water chemistry data for the Boise River Valley, southwestern Idaho, 1990-95: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-246, iii, 199 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96246.","productDescription":"iii, 199 p.","numberOfPages":"197","temporalStart":"1990-01-01","temporalEnd":"1995-12-30","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157284,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0246/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53287,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0246/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"10000","projection":"Albers Equal-Area projection","country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Boise River Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.75,43.5 ], [ -116.75,43.75 ], [ -116.0,43.75 ], [ -116.0,43.5 ], [ -116.75,43.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dfe4b07f02db5e3acb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parliman, D. J.","contributorId":64220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parliman","given":"D. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boyle, Linda","contributorId":25600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyle","given":"Linda","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nicholls, Sabrina","contributorId":106532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholls","given":"Sabrina","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26259,"text":"wri954229 - 1996 - Ground-water resources and water-supply alternatives in the Wawona area of Yosemite National Park, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-09T21:47:06.105387","indexId":"wri954229","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4229","title":"Ground-water resources and water-supply alternatives in the Wawona area of Yosemite National Park, California","docAbstract":"

Planning efforts to implement the 1980 General Management Plan, which recommends relocating park administrative facilities and employee housing from Yosemite Valley in Yosemite National Park, California, have focused on the availability of water at potential relocation sites within the park. Ground-water resources and water-supply alternatives in the Wawona area, one of several potential relocation sites, were evaluated between June 1991 and October 1993.

Ground water flowing from Biledo Spring near the headwaters of Rainier Creek, about 5 miles southeast of Wawona, is probably the most reliable source of good quality ground water for Wawona. A dilute calcium bicarbonate ground water flows from the spring at about 250 gallons per minute. No Giardia was detected in a water sample collected from Biledo Spring in July 1992. The concentration of dissolved 222radon at Biledo Spring was 420 picoCuries per liter, exceeding the primary drinking-water standard of 300 picoCuries per liter proposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This concentration, however, was considerably lower than the concentrations of dissolved 222radon measured in ground water at Wawona. The median value for 15 wells sampled at Wawona was 4,500 picoCuries per liter.

Water-quality samples from 45 wells indicate that ground water in the South Fork Merced River valley at Wawona is segregated vertically. Shallow wells produce a dilute calcium sodium bicarbonate water that results from chemical dissolution of minerals as water flows through fractured granitic rock from hillside recharge areas toward the valley floor. Tritium concentrations indicate that ground water in the shallow wells originated as precipitation after the 1960's when testing of atmospheric nuclear devices stopped. Ground water from the deep flowing wells in the valley floor is older sodium calcium chloride water. This older water probably originated either as precipitation during a climatically cooler period or as precipitation from altitudes between 1,400 and 3,700 feet higher than precipitation that recharged the local shallow ground-water-flow system. Chloride and associated cations in the deepground-water-flow system may result from upward leakage of saline ground water or from leaching of saline fluid inclusions in the granitic rocks.

Water-level and pressure-gage measurements for 38 wells in the South Fork Merced River valley also indicate that the ground water in the valley is segregated vertically. Hydraulic head in deep fractures is as much as 160 feet above the valley floor. Vertical hydraulic gradients between the shallow and deep systems are as high as 4.5 feet per foot in one of two test holes drilled for this study. Measurements of in situ stress in the two test holes indicate that the vertical segregation of ground water may be related to pressures in the earth that squeeze horizontal fractures closed at depth. Fractures within a few hundred feet of land surface are poorly connected to fractures deeper beneath the valley.

About 100 privately owned wells currently are in use at Wawona; but, the ground-water-flow system may not be an adequate source of good quality ground water for relocated park facilities. Yields from existing wells are low (median 4-5 gallons per minute) and traditional methods for locating high-yielding wells in fractured rocks have not been successful in this area. Concentrations of dissolved 222radon (median 4,500 picoCuries per liter) are high, and the development of deep ground water could cause deeper saline water to migrate upward into producing wells.

The South Fork Merced River, the primary source of water supply for Wawona, does not meet current demands during late summer and autumn. Data collected between 1958 and 1968 indicate that 25 percent of the time discharge of the South Fork River at Wawona during the dry season (August through October) was less than 2 cubic feet per second-the discharge rate at which the National Park Service is restricted from withdrawing water from the river. the river, however, could be relied on for additional water supply if facilities were constructed to divert and store water during periods of high flow for use later in the year. 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954229","usgsCitation":"Borchers, J.W., 1996, Ground-water resources and water-supply alternatives in the Wawona area of Yosemite National Park, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4229, vii, 77 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954229.","productDescription":"vii, 77 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411592,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48313.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":55060,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4229/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":121715,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4229/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Wawona area of Yosemite National Park,","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.6583,\n 37.5556\n ],\n [\n -119.6583,\n 37.5333\n ],\n [\n -119.625,\n 37.5333\n ],\n [\n -119.625,\n 37.5556\n ],\n [\n -119.6583,\n 37.5556\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696ed5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borchers, J. W.","contributorId":74414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borchers","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5272,"text":"fs12496 - 1996 - Radon in the fluvial aquifers of the White River Basin, Indiana, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-02T10:26:29","indexId":"fs12496","displayToPublicDate":"1996-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1996–0124","displayTitle":"Radon in the Fluvial Aquifers of the White River Basin, Indiana, 1995","title":"Radon in the fluvial aquifers of the White River Basin, Indiana, 1995","docAbstract":"

Water samples collected in 1995 from 57 monitoring wells (48 shallow and 9 deep) in the fluvial aquifers of the White River Basin were analyzed for radon. Radon concentrations in the shallow wells ranged from 140 to 1,600 pCi/L (picocuries per liter); the median concentration was 420 pCi/L. In comparison, analyses of the samples from the nine deep wells indicate that radon concentrations decrease with depth within the fluvial aquifers; the median concentration was 210 pCi/L. No areal trends in radon concentrations are evident in the water of the shallow fluvial aquifers of the basin.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs12496","usgsCitation":"Fenelon, J.M., and Moore, R.C., 1996, Radon in the fluvial aquifers of the White River Basin, Indiana, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 1996–0124, Document: 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs12496.","productDescription":"Document: 2 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":31978,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0124/fs19960124.pdf","text":"Report","size":"159 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 1996-0124"},{"id":118376,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0124/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","otherGeospatial":"White River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n 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Director, Indiana Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
5957 Lakeside Blvd.
Indianapolis, IN 46278

","tableOfContents":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649ab8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fenelon, Joseph M. 0000-0003-4449-245X jfenelon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4449-245X","contributorId":2355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fenelon","given":"Joseph","email":"jfenelon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":150753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, Rhett C.","contributorId":82687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Rhett","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":33198,"text":"b2070 - 1996 - Dissolved radon and uranium, and ground-water geochemistry in an area near Hylas, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:27","indexId":"b2070","displayToPublicDate":"1996-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2070","title":"Dissolved radon and uranium, and ground-water geochemistry in an area near Hylas, Virginia","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/b2070","usgsCitation":"Stanton, M.R., Wanty, R., Lawrence, E., and Briggs, P., 1996, Dissolved radon and uranium, and ground-water geochemistry in an area near Hylas, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2070, iv, 23 p. ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2070.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p. ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162965,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2070/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60996,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2070/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a24b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanton, Mark R. mstanton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"Mark","email":"mstanton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":210156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wanty, R. B. 0000-0002-2063-6423","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":66704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lawrence, E.P.","contributorId":65129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"E.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Briggs, Paul H.","contributorId":107691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Paul H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018470,"text":"70018470 - 1996 - Spatial radon anomalies on active faults in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:24","indexId":"70018470","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial radon anomalies on active faults in California","docAbstract":"Radon emanation has been observed to be anomalously high along active faults in many parts of the world. We tested this relationship by conducting and repeating soil air radon surveys with a portable radon meter across several faults in California. The results confirm the existence of fault-associated radon anomalies, which show characteristic features that may be related to fault structures but vary in time due to other environmental changes, such as rainfall. Across two creeping faults in San Juan Bautista and Hollister, the radon anomalies showed prominent double peaks straddling the fault gouge zone during dry summers, but the peak-to-background ratios diminished after significant rain fall during winter. Across a locked segment of the San Andreas fault near Olema, the anomaly has a single peak located several meters southwest of the slip zone associated with the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Across two fault segments that ruptured during the magnitude 7.5 Landers earthquake in 1992, anomalously high radon concentration was found in the fractures three weeks after the earthquake. We attribute the fault-related anomalies to a slow vertical gas flow in or near the fault zones. Radon generated locally in subsurface soil has a concentration profile that increases three orders of magnitude from the surface to a depth or several meters; thus an upward flow that brings up deeper and radon-richer soil air to the detection level can cause a significantly higher concentration reading. This explanation is consistent with concentrations of carbon dioxide and oxygen, measured in soil-air samples collected during one of the surveys.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(96)00003-0","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"King, C., King, B., Evans, W.C., and Zhang, W., 1996, Spatial radon anomalies on active faults in California: Applied Geochemistry, v. 11, no. 4, p. 497-510, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(96)00003-0.","startPage":"497","endPage":"510","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205883,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(96)00003-0"},{"id":227300,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b94a2e4b08c986b31abba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, C.-Y.","contributorId":81225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"C.-Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, B.-S.","contributorId":54592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"B.-S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, William C.","contributorId":104903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zhang, W.","contributorId":92399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":30289,"text":"wri944197 - 1995 - Reconnaissance of ground-water quality in the Papio-Missouri River Natural Resources District, eastern Nebraska, July through September 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:55","indexId":"wri944197","displayToPublicDate":"2002-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4197","title":"Reconnaissance of ground-water quality in the Papio-Missouri River Natural Resources District, eastern Nebraska, July through September 1992","docAbstract":"A reconnaissance of ground-water quality was conducted in the Papio-Missouri River Natural Resources District of eastern Nebraska. Sixty-one irrigation, municipal, domestic, and industrial wells completed in the principal aquifers--the unconfined Elkhorn, Missouri, and Platte River Valley alluvial aquifers, the upland area alluvial aquifers, and the Dakota aquifer--were selected for water-quality sampling during July, August, and September 1992. Analyses of water samples from the wells included determination of dissolved nitrate as nitrogen and triazine and acetanilide herbicides. Waterquality analyses of a subset of 42 water samples included dissolved solids, major ions, metals, trace elements, and radionuclides. Concentrations of dissolved nitrate as nitrogen in water samples from 2 of 13 wells completed in the upland area alluvial aquifers exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Maximum Contaminant Level for drinking water of 10 milligrams per liter. Thirty-nine percent of the dissolved nitrate-as-nitrogen concentrations were less than the detection level of 0.05 milligram per liter. The largest median dissolved nitrate-as-nitrogen concentrations were in water from the upland area alluvial aquifers and the Dakota aquifer. Water from all principal aquifers, except the Dakota aquifer, had detectable concentrations of herbicides. Herbicides detected included alachlor (1 detection), atrazine (13 detections), cyanazine (5 detections), deisopropylatrazine (6 detections), deethylatrazine (9 detections), metolachlor (6 detections), metribuzin (1 detection), prometon (6 detections), and simazine (2 detections). Herbicide concentrations did not exceed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Maximum Contaminant Levels for drinking water. In areas where the hydraulic gradient favors loss of surface water to ground water, the detection of herbicides in water from wells along the banks of the Platte River indicates that the river could act as a line source of herbicides. Water from the alluvial and bedrock aquifers generally was a calcium bicarbonate type and was hard. Two of nine water samples collected from the Dakota aquifer contained calcium sulfate type water. Results of analyses of 42 groundwater samples for major ions, metals, trace elements, and radionuclide constituents indicated that statistically at least one principal aquifer had significant differences in its water chemistry. In general, the water chemistry of the Dakota aquifer was similar to the water chemistry of the upland area alluvial aquifers in areas where there was a hydraulic connection. The water from the Dakota aquifer had large dissolved-solids, calcium, sulfate, chloride, iron, lithium, manganese, and strontium concentrations in areas where the aquifer is thought not to be in hydraulic connection with the Missouri River Valley and upland area alluvial aquifers. Ground-water quality in the Papio-MissouriRiver Natural Resources District is generally suitable for most uses. However, the numerous occurrences of herbicides in water of the Elkhorn and Platte River Valley alluvial aquifers, especially near the Platte River, are of concern because U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Maximum Contaminant Levels could be exceeded. Concentrations in three of nine water samples collected from wells completed in the Dakota aquifer exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Maximum Contaminant Levels or Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels for gross alpha activity, radon-222 activity, dissolved solids, sulfate, or iron. Also of concern are the exceedances of the U.S Environmental Protection Agency proposed Maximum Contaminant Level for radon-222 activity.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944197","usgsCitation":"Verstraeten, I., and Ellis, M.J., 1995, Reconnaissance of ground-water quality in the Papio-Missouri River Natural Resources District, eastern Nebraska, July through September 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4197, vi, 90 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944197.","productDescription":"vi, 90 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159552,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4197/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59080,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4197/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db682b64","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verstraeten, Ingrid M.","contributorId":61033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verstraeten","given":"Ingrid M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellis, M. J.","contributorId":27840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26803,"text":"wri954088 - 1995 - Radon-222 concentrations in ground water and soil gas on Indian reservations in Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-26T11:52:02","indexId":"wri954088","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4088","title":"Radon-222 concentrations in ground water and soil gas on Indian reservations in Wisconsin","docAbstract":"

The weighted average radon-222 concentration of indoor air in homes located on Wisconsin Indian Reservations is 5.8 picocuries per liter, which exceeds the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency action limit of 4 picocuries per liter. Ground water is the principle source of drinking water on Wisconsin Indian Reservations and generally accounts for about 5 percent of the total indoor air radon-222 concentrations found in homes. To determine the distribution of radon-222, ground water from 29 private and community Wisconsin Indian Reservation wells and soil gas at a depth of about 3 feet below land surface adjacent to the wells were sampled. Sites with wells were distributed among the 11 Wisconsin Indian Reservations so that each Reservation contained at least 2 sites. The remaining seven sites were divided among the Reservation by acreage held by each tribe.

\n

Ground-water samples were collected using a syringe technique after the wells had been purged sufficiently to reach chemical stability. Samples were then sent by overnight mail to the U.S. Geological Survey, National Water Quality Lab for analysis by liquid scintillation counting. Soil gas was collected in Lucas cells, using a small-diameter soil probe and peristaltic pump. The cells were then analyzed by Lucas cell alpha scintillation counting with a portable radon detector.

\n

The highest radon-222 concentrations in ground water and soil gas are from sites with wells finished in the crystalline bedrock aquifer. Radon-222 concentrations in 29 ground-water samples collected from the sand and gravel and sedimentary and crystalline bedrock aquifers range from 260 to 22,000 picocuries per liter with a median concentration of 560 picocuries per liter. Only 2 of the 29 ground-water samples have radon-222 concentrations less than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency proposed standard of 300 picocuries per liter. The highest radon-222 concentrations were found in ground water from wells in Shawano, Menominee, Forest, and Marathon counties. Radon-222 concentrations in soil gas range from 130 to 7,810 picocuries per liter with a median concentration of 560 picocuries per liter.

\n

For sites with wells finished in the sand and gravel aquifer, the coefficient of determination (R2) of the regression of concentration of radon-222 in ground water as a function of well depth is 0.003 and the significance level is 0.32, which indicates that there is not a statistically significant relation between radon-222 concentrations in ground water and well depth. The coefficient of determination of the regression of radon-222 in ground water and soil gas is 0.19 and the root mean square error of the regression line is 271 picocuries per liter. Even though the significance level (0.036) indicates a statistical relation, the root mean square error of the regression is so large that the regression equation would not give reliable predictions. Because of an inadequate number of samples, similar statistical analyses could not be performed for sites with wells finished in the crystalline and sedimentary bedrock aquifers.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954088","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"DeWild, J.F., and Krohelski, J.T., 1995, Radon-222 concentrations in ground water and soil gas on Indian reservations in Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4088, iv, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954088.","productDescription":"iv, 12 p.","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158555,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4088/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55690,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4088/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Bad River Reservation, Lac Courte Orielle Reservation, Lac du Flambeau Resevation, Menominee Reservation, Mole Lake Reservation, Potowatomi Reservation, Red Cliff Reservation, Stockbridge-Munsee Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.60400390625,\n 46.965259400349275\n ],\n [\n -91.7578125,\n 44.809121700077355\n ],\n [\n -88.76953125,\n 44.55916341529184\n ],\n [\n -87.890625,\n 44.449467536006935\n ],\n [\n -87.978515625,\n 44.87144275016589\n ],\n [\n -87.890625,\n 45.44471679159555\n ],\n [\n -87.86865234374999,\n 45.84410779560204\n ],\n [\n -88.30810546875,\n 46.01222384063238\n ],\n [\n -89.07714843749999,\n 46.2102496001872\n ],\n [\n -90.10986328125,\n 46.55886030311719\n ],\n [\n -90.32958984375,\n 46.76996843356982\n ],\n [\n -90.3955078125,\n 47.040182144806664\n ],\n [\n -91.60400390625,\n 46.965259400349275\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685962","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeWild, John F. 0000-0003-4097-2798 jfdewild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4097-2798","contributorId":2525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWild","given":"John","email":"jfdewild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":197031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krohelski, James T.","contributorId":52223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohelski","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":197032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":17166,"text":"ofr93292K - 1995 - Geologic radon potential of Guam and Puerto Rico","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":17166,"text":"ofr93292K - 1995 - Geologic radon potential of Guam and Puerto Rico","indexId":"ofr93292K","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"K","title":"Geologic radon potential of Guam and Puerto Rico"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70262885,"text":"ofr93292 - 1993 - Geologic radon potential of the United States","indexId":"ofr93292","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic radon potential of the United States"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70262885,"text":"ofr93292 - 1993 - Geologic radon potential of the United States","indexId":"ofr93292","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic radon potential of the United States"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-27T15:40:40.946198","indexId":"ofr93292K","displayToPublicDate":"1996-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-292","chapter":"K","title":"Geologic radon potential of Guam and Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93292K","usgsCitation":"1995, Geologic radon potential of Guam and Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-292, ii, 88 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93292K.","productDescription":"ii, 88 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149275,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0292k/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":416784,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12717.htm","text":"Puerto Rico","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"12717"},{"id":46303,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0292k/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":416783,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12716.htm","text":"Guam","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"12716"}],"country":"United States","state":"Puerto Rico","otherGeospatial":"Guam","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 144.70976124509076,\n 13.22063215319865\n ],\n [\n 144.7828058238312,\n 13.295198095390518\n ],\n [\n 144.79705842456173,\n 13.41653542519201\n ],\n [\n 144.95205545749735,\n 13.532615208703618\n ],\n [\n 144.96987120841055,\n 13.60362123184656\n ],\n [\n 144.85585040257166,\n 13.674605966780291\n ],\n [\n 144.79705842456173,\n 13.565523079183109\n ],\n [\n 144.7596453476458,\n 13.511828945714399\n ],\n [\n 144.60642988979976,\n 13.459855365316272\n ],\n [\n 144.61711934034764,\n 13.366274506455511\n ],\n [\n 144.64384296671568,\n 13.255316830747077\n ],\n [\n 144.70976124509076,\n 13.22063215319865\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.30806543188466,\n 18.65295690172306\n ],\n [\n -67.30806543188466,\n 17.82695578009468\n ],\n [\n -65.59163487732192,\n 17.82695578009468\n ],\n [\n -65.59163487732192,\n 18.65295690172306\n ],\n [\n -67.30806543188466,\n 18.65295690172306\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688477","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Schumann, R.R.","contributorId":14429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumann","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504018,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25679,"text":"wri924144 - 1995 - Natural radioactivity in, and inorganic chemistry of, ground water in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, southern New Jersey, 1983-89","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-15T20:20:37.692354","indexId":"wri924144","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4144","title":"Natural radioactivity in, and inorganic chemistry of, ground water in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, southern New Jersey, 1983-89","docAbstract":"

The distribution of naturally occurring radionuclides in ground water of the Kirkwood- Cohansey aquifer system in southern New Jersey was assessed during 1988-89. The Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system consists of quartz-sand formations overlain by a feldspar-rich quartz-sand formation, the Bridgeton Formation, that is heavily developed agriculturally. The sum of the concentrations of radium-226 and radium-228 exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 5 pCi/L (picocuries per liter) in 26 of 81 wells from which water samples were analyzed, and gross alpha-particle activity exceeded the MCL of 15 pCi/L in 5 of the 81 samples. The median concentrations of radon-222 and uranium were 280 pCi/L and 0.03 micrograms per liter, respectively. Water in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system generally is dilute (median dissolved solids concentration, 55 milligrams per liter) and acidic (median pH, 4.90), but concentrations of major ions and acidity are higher in water from wells in areas where the Bridgeton Formation outcrop and agricultural land use are present than in areas where they are absent. Concentrations and activities of radionuclides also were greatest in these areas. Results of statistical analyses indicate that these relations are significant and nonrandom. The positive relation of radionuclide concentration or activity to the presence of geologic outcrop and agricultural land, and a similar relation of the concentration of inorganic constituents to the presence of geologic outcrop and agricultural land, indicate that geochemical processes enhance mobilization of radionuclides in these areas relative to areas where the Bridgeton Formation and agricultural land are absent. The sum of the ccncentrations of radium-226 and radium-228 most likely exceeds the MCL in ground-water samples with nitrate concentrations greater than 5 milligrams per liter.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri924144","usgsCitation":"Kozinski, J., Szabo, Z., Zapecza, O., and Barringer, T.H., 1995, Natural radioactivity in, and inorganic chemistry of, ground water in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, southern New Jersey, 1983-89: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4144, viii, 130 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924144.","productDescription":"viii, 130 p.","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":414255,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47695.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54444,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4144/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123746,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4144/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.42961619888278,\n 39.7624948836509\n ],\n [\n -75.42961619888278,\n 39.16334044244289\n ],\n [\n -74.29783457045264,\n 39.16334044244289\n ],\n [\n -74.29783457045264,\n 39.7624948836509\n ],\n [\n -75.42961619888278,\n 39.7624948836509\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698119","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kozinski, Jane","contributorId":59836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kozinski","given":"Jane","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Szabo, Zoltan 0000-0002-0760-9607 zszabo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0760-9607","contributorId":2240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Zoltan","email":"zszabo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":194626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zapecza, O. S.","contributorId":22787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zapecza","given":"O. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barringer, T. H.","contributorId":29468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barringer","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":29664,"text":"wri924088 - 1995 - Radium and radon in ground water in the Chickies Quartzite, southeastern Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-13T10:20:05","indexId":"wri924088","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4088","title":"Radium and radon in ground water in the Chickies Quartzite, southeastern Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The Chickies Quartzite, a Lower Cambrian-age formation compromised of quartzite and slate overlying a basal conglomerate, forms a narrow ridges and crops out discontinuously over 112 square miles in the Piedmont physiographic province of southeastern Pennsylvania. The formation is a low-yielding, fractured- rock, water-table aquifer recharged primarily by local precipitation. It is the sole source of water supply for thousands of domestic users. Ground water in the Chickies Quartzite generally is soft and acidic.\r\n\r\n During 1986-88, the U.S. Geological Survey sampled water from 160 wells that penetrate the Chickies Quartzite to determine the magnitude and distribution of radium-226 (Ra-226), radium-228 (Ra-228), and radon-222 (Rn-222) activities in ground water in the formation and to characterize the geochemical environmental associated with elevated activities of radium (Ra). In addition, 28 wells penetrating adjacent geologic units and 1 well in the Hardyston Quartzite were sampled to determine relative background Ra and RN-222 activities in ground water. Analyses included determination of activities of dissolved Ra-226, Ra-228, and RN-222, and concentrations of dissolved uranium (U), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and major and minor dissolved inorganic ions. Rock samples were analyzed for U and thorium (Th) and geophysical logs were run to determine sources of Ra and RN-222 in the Chickies Quartzite. Activities of up to 41 pCi/L (picocuries per liter) for Ra-226, 160 pCi/L for Ra-228, and 32,300 pCi/L for RN-222 were measured in ground water in the Chickies Quartzite. Forty-seven percent of the samples contained Ra-226 and Ra-228 activities greater than 5 pCi/L. Median activities measured were 1.2 pCi/L for Ra-226, 2.6 pCi/L for Ra-228, 4.2 pCi/L for combined Ra-226 and Ra-228, and 2,400 pCi/L for RN-222 Ra-228 activity exceeded Ra-226 activity in about 92 percent of 100 water samples; the median Ra-228/Ra226 activity ratio was 2.4. Ra-228/Ra-226 activity ratios commonly were greater in ground water than calculated Th/U ratios in rock samples, suggesting perferential leaching of Ra-228 from aquifer solids. Of ground water in the adjacent geologic units, the highest activities (up to 2.9 pCi/L for Ra-226, 12 pCi/L for Ra-228, and 25,300 pCi/L for RN-222) were measured in ground water in the Harpers Phyllite and Antietam Quartzite.\r\n\r\n Nonparametric (Spearman rho test) statistical correlations show that the activity of dissolved Ra is inversely related to pH and directly related to concentrations of total dissolved solids, DOC, barium, and sulfate. Low pH decreases absorption of Ra onto the aquifer matrix. The other factors may favor Ra mobility by enhancing complexation or increasing solubility. RN-222 activity does not correlate with and is not supported by the activity of its parent, Ra-226, in solution. Ra-226 activity correlates positively, but weakly, with U concentrations. Ra-226 does not appear to be supported by its parent, U-238, in solution.\r\n\r\n Observed distributions of Ra-228, Ra-226, and RN-222 activities in ground water in different lithologies of the Chickies Quartzite reflect different geochemical controls on absorption and distribution of parent thorium-232 (Th-232) and uranium-238 (U-238) in the formation. Radium activities were greatest in acidic ground water in the conglomerate and quartzite (median pH of 5.0 and 5.2, respectively) and least in the more neutral water in the slate (median pH of 6.4). For ground water in the conglomerate, quartzite, and slate, respectively, median activities measured were 1.3, 1.5, and .02 pCi/L for Ra-226; and 3.7, 2.5, and 1.0 pCi/L for Ra-228. Natural-gamma-ray geophysical logs and results of rock analyses indicate that the conglomerate may contain more Th and U than the quartzite and that the conglomerate may be more enriched in Th with respect to U than the quartzite; Th and U distribution in both lithogies is variable. Median RN-222 activities in gro","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri924088","usgsCitation":"Senior, L., and Vogel, K., 1995, Radium and radon in ground water in the Chickies Quartzite, southeastern Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4088, viii, 145 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924088.","productDescription":"viii, 145 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159825,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4088/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58489,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4088/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58490,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4088/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649b67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senior, L.A.","contributorId":32958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senior","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vogel, K.L.","contributorId":104917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogel","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29721,"text":"wri934073 - 1995 - Geohydrology, ground-water availability, and ground-water quality of Berkeley County, West Virginia, with emphasis on the carbonate-rock area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:01","indexId":"wri934073","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4073","title":"Geohydrology, ground-water availability, and ground-water quality of Berkeley County, West Virginia, with emphasis on the carbonate-rock area","docAbstract":"Berkeley County is underlain by carbonate rocks, upon which karst topography has developed, and by noncarbonate rocks. Ground-water levels tend to follow seasonal trends, and fluctuate more in carbonate areas than in noncarbonate areas. Well yields of greater than 100 gallons per minute are possible from the carbonate rocks, but are unlikely from the noncarbonate rocks. The largest springs, which yield more than 2,000 gallons per minute, are located in the carbonate rocks and are typically on or near faults or the limestone-shale contacts. Ground-water-flow velocities in the carbonate rocks ranged from 32 to 1,879 feet per day. Recharge was estimated to be about 10 inches per year for a 60-square-mile area of carbonate rocks. Specific yield for carbonate rocks ranged from 0.044 to 0.049. Estimated transmissivity values for carbonate rocks ranged from 730 to 9,140 feet squared per day. Concentrations of the following constituents exceeded the maximum and secondary maximum contaminant levels set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in ground water from at least one site: iron, manganese, nitrate, fecal coliform and fecal streptococcal bacteria, pH, total dissolved solids, and chloride. Analyses of the ground water indicated that the following organochlorine and organophosphate insecticides were present in detectable concentrations: chlordane, DDE, DDT, diazinon, dieldrin, endosulfan, endrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, and malathion. Triazine herbicides that were present in detectable concentrations were atrazine, cyanazine, and simazine. Radon concentrations ranged from 92 to 1,600 picocuries per liter. Ground water from four springs in the carbonate rocks was analyzed for 36 volatile organic compounds. None of the compounds were present in detectable concentrations.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934073","usgsCitation":"Shultz, R., Hobba, W., and Kozar, M., 1995, Geohydrology, ground-water availability, and ground-water quality of Berkeley County, West Virginia, with emphasis on the carbonate-rock area: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4073, vi, 88 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934073.","productDescription":"vi, 88 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123668,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4073/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58533,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4073/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6abbaa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shultz, R.A.","contributorId":27442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shultz","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hobba, W.A. Jr.","contributorId":77518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hobba","given":"W.A.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kozar, M.D.","contributorId":67544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kozar","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}