Previous investigations indicate that concentrations of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) are substantial in groundwater beneath the 9-acre former landfill at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington. The U.S. Geological Survey has continued to monitor groundwater geochemistry to ensure that conditions remain favorable for contaminant biodegradation as specified in the Record of Decision for the site.
\nThis report presents groundwater geochemical and selected CVOC data collected at Operable Unit 1 by the U.S. Geological Survey during July 6–8 and July 31, 2015 in support of long-term monitoring for natural attenuation. Water samples were collected from 13 wells, 9 piezometers, and 13 shallow groundwater passive-diffusion sampling sites in the nearby marsh. Samples from all wells and piezometers were analyzed for oxidation-reduction (redox) sensitive constituents. Samples from all piezometers and four wells also were analyzed for CVOCs and dissolved gases, as were all samples from the passive-diffusion sampling sites.
\nIn 2015, concentrations of redox-sensitive constituents measured at all wells and piezometers were consistent with those measured in previous years, with dissolved oxygen concentrations all less than 1 milligram per liter; little to no detectable nitrate; abundant dissolved manganese, iron, and methane; and commonly detected sulfide. In the upper aquifer of the northern plantation in 2015, CVOC concentrations at all piezometers were similar to those measured in previous years, and concentrations of the reductive dechlorination byproducts ethane and ethene were equivalent to the concentrations measured in 2014. In the upper aquifer of the southern plantation, CVOC concentrations measured in piezometers during 2015 continued to be variable as in previous years, and often very high, and reductive dechlorination byproducts were detected in one of the three wells and in piezometers. Beneath the marsh adjacent to the southern plantation, CVOC concentrations measured in 2015 continued to vary spatially and temporally, and were high. The total CVOC concentration, at what have been historically the most contaminated passive-diffusion sampler sites (S-4 T, S-4B T, and S-5 T), continued elevated trends, as did one of the new sampler sites (S-9 T) installed in 2015. For the intermediate aquifer in 2015, concentrations of reductive dechlorination byproducts ethane and ethene and CVOCs were consistent with those measured in previous years.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds998","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Northwest","usgsCitation":"Huffman, R.L., 2016, Groundwater geochemical and selected volatile organic compound data, Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, July 2015: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 998, 55 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ds998.","productDescription":"iv, 55 p.","numberOfPages":"64","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-074626","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321393,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0998/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":321394,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0998/ds998.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"DS 998"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Division Keyport","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.88070678710938,\n 47.60986653003798\n ],\n [\n -122.88070678710938,\n 47.803008949806895\n ],\n [\n -122.58682250976562,\n 47.803008949806895\n ],\n [\n -122.58682250976562,\n 47.60986653003798\n ],\n [\n -122.88070678710938,\n 47.60986653003798\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Washington Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
934 Broadway, Suite 300
Tacoma, Washington 98402
http://wa.water.usgs.gov
Industrial practices at the Naval Industrial Reserve Ordnance Plant, in Fridley, Minnesota, caused soil and groundwater contamination. Some volatile organic compounds from the plant might have discharged to the Mississippi River, forced by the natural hydraulic gradient in the surficial aquifer system. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency included the Naval Industrial Reserve Ordnance Plant on the Superfund National Priorities List in 1989.
\nThis report describes a preliminary characterization of trichloroethene transport in the surficial and Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer systems at the Naval Industrial Reserve Ordnance Plant. The characterization first involved simulation of 2001 conditions using a model, followed by an application of this 2001 simulator to 2011 conditions.
\nThe U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of the Navy, used a steady-state, uniform-density groundwater flow model to simulate measured potentiometric heads in aquifer systems on August 20, 2001, and a single-phase, conservative, non-reactive, miscible transport model to simulate trichloroethene concentrations in aquifer systems measured in 2001. The U.S. Department of the Navy furnished trichloroethene source areas and trichloroethene source area concentrations to the U.S. Geological Survey for this model simulation. Furnished delineations were postulated and informed by data collected from 1995 to 2011. The groundwater flow simulation of August 20, 2001, was superior to the trichloroethene transport simulation at replicating measurements; simulated potentiometric heads matched 90 percent of measured potentiometric heads on August 20, within 2 feet at selected locations whereas simulated trichloroethene concentration contours of 3, 10, 100, 1000, and 10,000 micrograms per liter (µg/L) correctly bounded 52 percent of measured concentrations in 2001 at selected locations. The degree to which the simulated trichloroethene plume does not match trichloroethene measurements in the surficial aquifer system during the 2001 simulation may suggest that furnished trichloroethene source areas and trichloroethene source area concentrations did not accurately represent all trichloroethene sources in the hydrogeologic system.
\nDuring the model simulation of 2001, trichloroethene discharged to the Mississippi River. A simulated 900-foot-long zone of benthic trichloroethene discharge flux existed in the shallow flow zone, across which simulated trichloroethene discharged from the surficial aquifer system to the Mississippi River at simulated trichloroethene concentrations that ranged from 3 µg/L to more than 100 µg/L. The Mississippi River was not sampled for volatile organic compounds in Fridley, Minn., from 1999 to 2016 (the publication of this report). Trichloroethene concentrations were measured in wells close to the Mississippi River in the surficial aquifer system on the downgradient side of the Naval Industrial Reserve Ordnance Plant groundwater flow field; for example, at well MS–43 in the shallow flow zone of the surficial aquifer system 280 feet east of the Mississippi River between December 1999 and August 2012, trichloroethene concentrations ranged from 130 to 220 µg/L. The 220-µg/L maximum concentration was reached in March 2003 and October 2006. The August 2012 concentration was 140 µg/L.
\nThe August 20, 2001, groundwater flow model simulator and the 2001 trichloroethene transport simulator were applied to a groundwater extraction and treatment system that existed in 2011. Furnished trichloroethene source areas and concentrations in the 2001 simulator were replaced with different, furnished, hypothetical source areas and concentrations. Forcing in 2001 was replaced with forcing in 2011. No trichloroethene concentrations greater than 3 µg/L were simulated as discharging to the Mississippi River during applications of the 2001 simulator to the 2011 groundwater extraction and treatment system. These applications were not intended to represent historical conditions. Differences between furnished and actual trichloroethene sources may explain differences between measurements and simulation results for the 2001 trichloroethene transport simulator. Causes of differences between furnished and actual trichloroethene sources may cause differences between hypothetical application results and the performance of the actual U.S. Department of the Navy groundwater extraction and treatment system at the Naval Industrial Reserve Ordnance Plant. Other limitations may also cause differences between application results and performance.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161066","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command","usgsCitation":"King, J.N., and Davis, J.H., 2016, Preliminary investigation of groundwater flow and trichloroethene transport in the surficial aquifer system, Naval Industrial Reserve Ordnance Plant, Fridley, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 2016–1066, 120 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161066.","productDescription":"Report: x, 120 p.; Metadata","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-039553","costCenters":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321042,"rank":3,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F798853M","text":"Data Release","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"OFR 2016-1066"},{"id":321040,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1066/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":321041,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1066/ofr20161066.pdf","text":"Report","size":"12,1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1066"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Fridley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.38172912597656,\n 45.09582203415993\n ],\n [\n -93.34877014160155,\n 45.03228854011639\n ],\n [\n -93.27735900878906,\n 45.02986219868277\n ],\n [\n -92.96905517578125,\n 45.180584858570136\n ],\n [\n -93.043212890625,\n 45.25652199219273\n ],\n [\n -93.38172912597656,\n 45.09582203415993\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Minnesota Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2280 Woodale Drive
Mounds View, MN 55112
(763) 783-3100
http://mn.water.usgs.gov/
Conifers are often used as an “air passive sampler”, but few studies have focused on the implication of broadleaf evergreens to monitor atmospheric semivolatile organic compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In this study, we used Rhododendron maximum (rhododendron) growing next to a contaminated stream to assess atmospheric PCB concentrations. The study area was located in a rural setting and approximately 2 km downstream of a former Sangamo-Weston (S-W) plant. Leaves from the same mature shrubs were collected in late fall 2010, and winter and spring 2011. PCBs were detected in the collected leaves suggesting that rhododendron can be used as air passive samplers in rural areas where active sampling is impractical. Estimated ΣPCB (47 congeners) concentrations in the atmosphere decreased from fall 2010 to spring 2011 with concentration means at 3990, 2850, and 931 pg m-3 in fall 2010, winter 2011, and spring 2011, respectively. These results indicate that the atmospheric concentrations at this location continue to be high despite termination of active discharge from the former S-W plant. Leaves had a consistent pattern of high concentrations of tetra- and penta-CBs similar to the congener distribution in polyethylene (PE) passive samplers deployed in the water column suggesting that volatilized PCBs from the stream were the primary source of contaminants in rhododendron leaves.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science","doi":"10.1002/etc.3404","usgsCitation":"Dang, V.D., Walters, D., and Lee, C.M., 2016, Assessing atmospheric concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by evergreen Rhododendron maximum next to a contaminated stream: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 35, no. 9, p. 2192-2198, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3404.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"2192","endPage":"2198","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-068484","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320339,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Pickens","otherGeospatial":"Town Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.73447513580322,\n 34.88663500030197\n ],\n [\n -82.73447513580322,\n 34.89346406486655\n ],\n [\n -82.71533489227295,\n 34.89346406486655\n ],\n [\n -82.71533489227295,\n 34.88663500030197\n ],\n [\n -82.73447513580322,\n 34.88663500030197\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"35","issue":"9","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-02-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57189a1ae4b0ef3b7caaf76f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dang, Viet D.","contributorId":168701,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dang","given":"Viet","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":7084,"text":"Clemson University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":627038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walters, David 0000-0002-4237-2158 waltersd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4237-2158","contributorId":147135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"David","email":"waltersd@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, Cindy M.","contributorId":168702,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lee","given":"Cindy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":7084,"text":"Clemson University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":627039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70154778,"text":"70154778 - 2016 - Notes on the origin of copromacrinite based on nitrogen functionalities and δ13C and δ15N determined on samples from the Peach Orchard coal bed, southern Magoffin County, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-29T15:54:47","indexId":"70154778","displayToPublicDate":"2016-04-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Notes on the origin of copromacrinite based on nitrogen functionalities and δ13C and δ15N determined on samples from the Peach Orchard coal bed, southern Magoffin County, Kentucky","docAbstract":"This paper represents the first attempt to show, by means other than just petrographic ones, that one type of macrinite, herein designated copromacrinite, may result from macrofauna feces. For that purpose a combination of coal petrography, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and elemental-analysis continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry methods were used to determine nitrogen functionalities and δ13C andδ15N compositions in 1) vitrinite-rich, 2) fusinite + semifusinite-rich, and 3) macrinite-rich (with a possible coprolitic origin) samples of the high volatile A bituminous Peach Orchard coal (Bolsovian; Middle Pennsylvanian) from Magoffin County, Kentucky. There were no significant differences between pyridinic-N and quaternary-N abundance in the three samples, however, pyrrolic-N was higher (~ 54%) in the macrinite-rich sample than in the other two samples (~ 38%). The data suggest that pyridinic-N and quaternary-N are independent of maceral group composition and that pyrrolic-N is dependent on maceral composition (fusinite + semifusinite versus macrinite). δ13C values obtained for bulk and demineralized coal of the vitrinite- and fusinite + semifusinite-rich samples are similar with δ13C values of − 24.80 ± 0.01‰ VPDB and − 24.61 ± 0.09‰ VPDB for bulk samples and − 24.81 ± 0.07‰ VPDB and − 24.52 ± 0.04‰ VPDB for demineralized samples. These values are within the expected range for vitrinite-rich samples and the slightly higher δ13C value of the fusinite + semifusinite-rich sample is expected as δ13C values for inertinite are higher than for vitrinite. However, there was a significant shift to a lower δ13C value (− 26.80 ± 0.01‰ VPDB for the bulk sample value) for the macrinite-rich sample. Because the samples are basically isorank, and δ13C (and δ15N) shifts do not occur during maturation until anthracite rank, the difference may be related to the presence or composition of the macrinite within the sample which lacks heat-effect indicators, such as devolatilization vacuoles and distorted pores. δ15N values are also similar for bulk and demineralized coal of the vitrinite- and fusinite + semifusinite-rich samples, and the bulk values were heavier in this samples (3.07 ± 0.03‰ Air and 2.92 ± 0.10‰ Air, respectively), and much lighter (− 2.83 ± 0.09‰ Air) for the macrinite-rich sample.
\nThe study of Peach Orchard coal samples using reflected-light microscopy, isotopic composition, and nitrogen-forms analyses revealed that the macrinite-rich sample contains macrinite with coprolitic features (e.g. oxidation rind, mix of undigested palynomorphs, frequent and randomly located funginite, agglutination pulp of semifusinite reflectance, internal lack of bedding fabric, and suggestion of structures resulting from intestines and stomach walls), more pyrrolic-N (~ 16%), and lower δ13C (~ 2‰ VPDB) and δ15N (~ 4‰ Air) values than the vitrinite and semifusinite + fusinite rich samples. These findings suggest that the maceral macrinite has multiple origins based on petrography and measurable chemical differences between the macrinite, vitrinite, and semifusinite + fusinite fractions within the coal. Assuming that copromacrinite observed is an excretion then the anomalies observed may result from the symbiotic relations between the macrofauna (e.g. cockroaches) and microbiota during the digestive processes, and the nitrogen balance mechanisms inside macrofauna body.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2016.05.004","usgsCitation":"Valentim, B., Algarra, M., Guedes, A., Ruppert, L.F., and Hower, J., 2016, Notes on the origin of copromacrinite based on nitrogen functionalities and δ13C and δ15N determined on samples from the Peach Orchard coal bed, southern Magoffin County, Kentucky: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 160-161, p. 63-72, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2016.05.004.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"72","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-062704","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324653,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","county":"Magoffin 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PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5774f2a3e4b07dd077c6a7b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Valentim, Bruno","contributorId":145465,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Valentim","given":"Bruno","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16122,"text":"Centro de Geologia da Universidade do Porto and Departamento de Geociências, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Algarra, Manuel","contributorId":145466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Algarra","given":"Manuel","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16122,"text":"Centro de Geologia da Universidade do Porto and Departamento de Geociências, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Guedes, Alexandra","contributorId":145467,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Guedes","given":"Alexandra","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16122,"text":"Centro de Geologia da Universidade do Porto and Departamento de Geociências, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ruppert, Leslie F. 0000-0002-7453-1061 lruppert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7453-1061","contributorId":660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"Leslie","email":"lruppert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hower, James C. 0000-0003-4694-2776","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4694-2776","contributorId":34561,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hower","given":"James C.","affiliations":[{"id":16123,"text":"University of Kentucky, Center for Applied Energy Research, 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, KY 40511, United States.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70168926,"text":"70168926 - 2016 - Asthenosphere–lithosphere interactions in Western Saudi Arabia: Inferences from 3He/4He in xenoliths and lava flows from Harrat Hutaymah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-08T16:02:15","indexId":"70168926","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2588,"text":"LITHOS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Asthenosphere–lithosphere interactions in Western Saudi Arabia: Inferences from 3He/4He in xenoliths and lava flows from Harrat Hutaymah","docAbstract":"Extensive volcanic fields on the western Arabian Plate have erupted intermittently over the last 30 Ma following emplacement of the Afar flood basalts in Ethiopia. In an effort to better understand the origin of this volcanism in western Saudi Arabia, we analyzed3He/4He, and He, CO2 and trace element concentrations in minerals separated from xenoliths and lava flows from Harrat Hutaymah, supplemented with reconnaissance He isotope data from several other volcanic fields (Harrat Al Birk, Harrat Al Kishb and Harrat Ithnayn). Harrat Hutaymah is young (< 850 ka) and the northeasternmost of the volcanic fields. There is a remarkable homogeneity of 3He/4He trapped within most xenoliths, with a weighted mean of 7.54 ± 0.03 RA (2σ, n = 20). This homogeneity occurs over at least eight different xenolith types (including spinel lherzolite, amphibole clinopyroxenite, olivine websterite, clinopyroxenite and garnet websterite), and encompasses ten different volcanic centers within an area of ~ 2500 km2. The homogeneity is caused by volatile equilibration between the xenoliths and fluids derived from their host magma, as fluid inclusions are annealed during the infiltration of vapor-saturated magmas along crystalline grain boundaries. The notable exceptions are the anhydrous spinel lherzolites, which have a lower weighted mean 3He/4He of 6.8 ± 0.3 RA (2σ, n = 2), contain lower concentrations of trapped He, and have a distinctly depleted light rare earth element signature. 3He/4He values of ~ 6.8 RA are also commonly found in spinel lherzolites from harrats Ithnayn, Al Birk, and from Zabargad Island in the Red Sea. Olivine from non-xenolith-bearing lava flows at Hutaymah spans the He isotope range of the xenoliths. The lower 3He/4He in the anhydrous spinel lherzolites appears to be tied to remnant Proterozoic lithosphere prior to metasomatic fluid overprinting.
\nElevated 3He/4He in the western harrats has been observed only at Rahat (up to 11.8 RA; Murcia et al., 2013), a volcanic field situated above thinned lithosphere beneath the Makkah-Medinah-Nafud volcanic lineament. Previous work established that spinel lherzolites at Hutaymah are sourced near the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB), while other xenolith types there are derived from shallower depths within the lithosphere itself (Thornber, 1992). Helium isotopes are consistent with melts originating near the LAB beneath many of the Arabian harrats, and any magma derived from the Afar mantle plume currently appears to be of minor importance.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.lithos.2016.01.031","usgsCitation":"Konrad, K., Graham, D.W., Thornber, C., Duncan, R.A., Kent, A., and Al-Amri, A., 2016, Asthenosphere–lithosphere interactions in Western Saudi Arabia: Inferences from 3He/4He in xenoliths and lava flows from Harrat Hutaymah: LITHOS, v. 248-251, p. 339-352, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2016.01.031.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"339","endPage":"352","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-070268","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471252,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2016.01.031","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":318695,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Saudi Arabia, Yemen","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 34.62890625,\n 28.14950321154457\n ],\n [\n 39.63867187499999,\n 30.29701788337205\n ],\n [\n 48.9990234375,\n 14.179186142354181\n ],\n [\n 43.59375,\n 12.46876014482322\n ],\n [\n 34.62890625,\n 28.14950321154457\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"248-251","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56e005c1e4b015c306fd0ef3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konrad, Kevin","contributorId":167397,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Konrad","given":"Kevin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":622137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graham, David W.","contributorId":167398,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Graham","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":622138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thornber, Carl 0000-0002-6382-4408 cthornber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6382-4408","contributorId":167396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornber","given":"Carl","email":"cthornber@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":622136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Duncan, Robert A.","contributorId":167399,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Duncan","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":622139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kent, Adam J. R.","contributorId":99842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"Adam J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Al-Amri, Abdulla","contributorId":167400,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Al-Amri","given":"Abdulla","affiliations":[{"id":24707,"text":"King Saud University, Riyahd, KSA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":622141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70160522,"text":"sir20155165 - 2016 - Potentiometric surfaces of the Arnold Engineering Development Complex Area, Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee, May and September 2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-01T08:59:35","indexId":"sir20155165","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-29T14:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5165","title":"Potentiometric surfaces of the Arnold Engineering Development Complex Area, Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee, May and September 2011","docAbstract":"Arnold Air Force Base occupies about 40,000 acres in Coffee and Franklin Counties, Tennessee. The primary mission of Arnold Air Force Base is to provide risk-reduction information in the development of aerospace products through test and evaluation. This mission is achieved in part through test facilities at Arnold Engineering Development Complex (AEDC), which occupies about 4,000 acres in the center of Arnold Air Force Base. Arnold Air Force Base is underlain by gravel and limestone aquifers, the most productive of which is the Manchester aquifer. Several volatile organic compounds, primarily chlorinated solvents, have been identified in the groundwater at Arnold Air Force Base. In 2011, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Air Force, Arnold Air Force Base, completed a study of groundwater flow focused on the Arnold Engineering Development Complex area. The Arnold Engineering Development Complex area is of particular concern because within this area (1) chlorinated solvents have been identified in the groundwater, (2) the aquifers are dewatered around below-grade test facilities, and (3) there is a regional groundwater divide.
\nDuring May 2011, when water levels were near seasonal highs, water-level data were collected from 374 monitoring wells; and during September 2011, when water levels were near seasonal lows, water-level data were collected from 376 monitoring wells. Potentiometric surfaces were mapped by contouring altitudes of water levels measured in wells completed in the shallow aquifer, the upper and lower parts of the Manchester aquifer, and the Fort Payne aquifer. Water levels are generally 2 to 14 feet lower in September compared to May. The potentiometric-surface maps for all aquifers indicate a groundwater depression at the J4 test cell. Similar groundwater depressions in the shallow and upper parts of the Manchester aquifer are within the main testing area at the Arnold Engineering Development Complex at dewatering facilities.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155165","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the United States Air Force, Arnold Air Force Base","usgsCitation":"Haugh, C.J., and Robinson, J.A., 2016, Potentiometric surfaces of the Arnold Engineering Development Complex area, Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee, May and September 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5165, 23 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155165.","productDescription":"v, 28 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059351","costCenters":[{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314981,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5165/sir20155165.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.57 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5165"},{"id":314980,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5165/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","county":"Coffee County, Franklin County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.5,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -86.5,\n 35.75\n ],\n [\n -85.5,\n 35.75\n ],\n [\n -85.5,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -86.5,\n 35\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Lower Mississippi Gulf Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
640 Grassmere Park, Suite 100
Nashville, TN 37211
http://tn.water.usgs.gov
Growth in unconventional oil and gas has spurred concerns on environmental impact and interest in beneficial uses of produced water (PW), especially in arid regions such as the Permian Basin, the largest U.S. tight-oil producer. To evaluate environmental impact, treatment, and reuse potential, there is a need to characterize the compositional variability of PW. Although hydraulic fracturing has caused a significant increase in shale-oil production, there are no high-resolution organic composition data for the shale-oil PW from the Permian Basin or other shale-oil plays (Eagle Ford, Bakken, etc.). PW was collected from shale-oil wells in the Midland sub-basin of the Permian Basin. Molecular characterization was conducted using high-resolution solid phase micro extraction gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Approximately 1400 compounds were identified, and 327 compounds had a >70% library match. PW contained alkane, cyclohexane, cyclopentane, BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene), alkyl benzenes, propyl-benzene, and naphthalene. PW also contained heteroatomic compounds containing nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. 3D van Krevelen and double bond equivalence versus carbon number analyses were used to evaluate molecular variability. Source composition, as well as solubility, controlled the distribution of volatile compounds found in shale-oil PW. The salinity also increased with depth, ranging from 105 to 162 g/L total dissolved solids. These data fill a gap for shale-oil PW composition, the associated petroleomics plots provide a fingerprinting framework, and the results for the Permian shale-oil PW suggest that partial treatment of suspended solids and organics would support some beneficial uses such as onsite reuse and bio-energy production.
","language":"English","publisher":"Pergamon Press","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.116","usgsCitation":"Khan, N.A., Engle, M.A., Dungan, B., Holguin, F.O., Xu, P., and Carroll, K., 2016, Volatile-organic molecular characterization of shale-oil produced water from the Permian Basin: Chemosphere, v. 148, p. 126-136, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.116.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"126","endPage":"136","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-068901","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330395,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico, Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.16113281249999,\n 31.541089879585808\n ],\n [\n -101.2060546875,\n 31.541089879585808\n ],\n [\n -101.2060546875,\n 35.06597313798418\n ],\n [\n -105.16113281249999,\n 35.06597313798418\n ],\n [\n -105.16113281249999,\n 31.541089879585808\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"148","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5811c0f4e4b0f497e79a5a87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Khan, Naima A.","contributorId":176304,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Khan","given":"Naima","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Engle, Mark A. 0000-0001-5258-7374 engle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5258-7374","contributorId":584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engle","given":"Mark","email":"engle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":652121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dungan, Barry","contributorId":176305,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dungan","given":"Barry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Holguin, F. Omar","contributorId":176306,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holguin","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"Omar","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Xu, Pei","contributorId":176302,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Xu","given":"Pei","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Carroll, Kenneth C.","contributorId":176303,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carroll","given":"Kenneth C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70154792,"text":"70154792 - 2016 - The conjunction of factors that lead to formation of giant gold provinces and deposits in non-arc settings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-21T10:48:27","indexId":"70154792","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-13T12:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1814,"text":"Geoscience Frontiers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The conjunction of factors that lead to formation of giant gold provinces and deposits in non-arc settings","docAbstract":"It is quite evident that it is not anomalous metal transport, nor unique depositional conditions, nor any single factor at the deposit scale, that dictates whether a mineral deposit becomes a giant or not. A hierarchical approach thus is required to progressively examine controlling parameters at successively decreasing scales in the total mineral system to understand the location of giant gold deposits in non-arc environments. For giant orogenic, intrusion-related gold systems (IRGS) and Carlin-type gold deposits and iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) deposits, there are common factors among all of these at the lithospheric to crustal scale. All are sited in giant gold provinces controlled by complex fundamental fault or shear zones that follow craton margins or, in the case of most Phanerozoic orogenic giants, define the primary suture zones between tectonic terranes. Giant provinces of IRGS, IOCG, and Carlin-type deposits require melting of metasomatized lithosphere beneath craton margins with ascent of hybrid lamprophyric to granitic magmas and associated heat flux to generate the giant province. The IRGS and IOCG deposits require direct exsolution of volatile-rich magmatic-hydrothermal fluids, whereas the association of such melts with Carlin-type ores is more indirect and enigmatic. Giant orogenic gold provinces show no direct relationship to such magmatism, forming from metamorphic fluids, but show an indirect relationship to lamprophyres that reflect the mantle connectivity of controlling first-order structures.
\nIn contrast to their province scale similarities, the different giant gold deposit styles show contrasting critical controls at the district to deposit scale. For orogenic gold deposits, the giants appear to have formed by conjunction of a greater number of parameters to those that control smaller deposits, with resultant geometrical and lithostratigraphic complexity as a guide to their location. There are few giant IRGS due to their inferior fluid-flux systems relative to orogenic gold deposits, and those few giants are essentially preservational exceptions. Many Carlin-type deposits are giants due to the exceptional conjunction of both structural and lithological parameters that caused reactive and permeable rocks, enriched in syngenetic gold, to be located below an impermeable cap along antiformal “trends”. Hydrocarbons probably played an important role in concentrating metal. The supergiant Post-Betze deposit has additional ore zones in strain heterogeneities surrounding the pre-gold Goldstrike stock. All unequivocal IOCG deposits are giant or near-giant deposits in terms of gold-equivalent resources, partly due to economic factors for this relatively poorly understood, low Cu-Au grade deposit type. The supergiant Olympic Dam deposit, the most shallowly formed deposit among the larger IOCGs, probably owes its origin to eruption of volatile-rich hybrid magma at surface, with formation of a large maar and intense and widespread brecciation, alteration and Cu-Au-U deposition in a huge rock volume.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gsf.2015.07.001","usgsCitation":"Groves, D.I., Goldfarb, R.J., and Santosh, M., 2016, The conjunction of factors that lead to formation of giant gold provinces and deposits in non-arc settings: Geoscience Frontiers, v. 7, no. 3, p. 303-314, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2015.07.001.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"303","endPage":"314","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065563","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471464,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2015.07.001","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":306645,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55cdb1b1e4b08400b1fe13c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Groves, David I.","contributorId":34194,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Groves","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":564171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldfarb, Richard J. goldfarb@usgs.gov","contributorId":1205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"Richard","email":"goldfarb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":564170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Santosh, M.","contributorId":52873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santosh","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":564172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70159801,"text":"ds973 - 2015 - Chemical concentrations and instantaneous loads, Green River to the Lower Duwamish Waterway near Seattle, Washington, 2013–15","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-28T12:34:29","indexId":"ds973","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-23T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"973","title":"Chemical concentrations and instantaneous loads, Green River to the Lower Duwamish Waterway near Seattle, Washington, 2013–15","docAbstract":"In November 2013, U.S. Geological Survey streamgaging equipment was installed at a historical water-quality station on the Duwamish River, Washington, within the tidal influence at river kilometer 16.7 (U.S. Geological Survey site 12113390; Duwamish River at Golf Course at Tukwila, WA). Publicly available, real-time continuous data includes river streamflow, stream velocity, and turbidity. Between November 2013 and March 2015, the U.S. Geological Survey collected representative samples of water, suspended sediment, or bed sediment from the streamgaging station during 28 periods of differing flow conditions. Samples were analyzed by Washington-State-accredited laboratories for a large suite of compounds, including metals, dioxins/furans, semivolatile compounds including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, butytins, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) Aroclors and the 209 PCB congeners, volatile organic compounds, hexavalent chromium, and total and dissolved organic carbon. Metals, PCB congeners, and dioxins/furans were frequently detected in unfiltered-water samples, and concentrations typically increased with increasing suspended-sediment concentrations. Chemical concentrations in suspendedsediment samples were variable between sampling periods. The highest concentrations of many chemicals in suspended sediment were measured during summer and early autumn storm periods.
\nMedian chemical concentrations in suspended-sediment samples were greater than median chemical concentrations in fine bed sediment (less than 62.5 µm) samples, which were greater than median chemical concentrations in paired bulk bed sediment (less than 2 mm) samples. Suspended-sediment concentration, sediment particle-size distribution, and general water-quality parameters were measured concurrent with the chemistry sampling. From this discrete data, combined with the continuous streamflow record, estimates of instantaneous sediment and chemical loads from the Green River to the Lower Duwamish Waterway were calculated. For most compounds, loads were higher during storms than during baseline conditions because of high streamflow and high chemical concentrations. The highest loads occurred during dam releases (periods when stored runoff from a prior storm is released from the Howard Hanson Dam into the upper Green River) because of the high river streamflow and high suspended-sediment concentration, even when chemical concentrations were lower than concentrations measured during storm events.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds973","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Washington State Department of Ecology","usgsCitation":"Conn, K.E., Black, R.W., Vanderpool-Kimura, A.M., Foreman, J.R., Peterson, N.T., Senter, C.A., and Sissel, S.K., 2015, Chemical concentrations and instantaneous loads, Green River to the Lower Duwamish Waterway near Seattle, Washington, 2013–15: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 973, 46 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ds973.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 46 p.; Appendix","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-065963","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312810,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0973/ds973.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"DS 973 PDF"},{"id":312811,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0973/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":312812,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0973/ds973_appendixa.xlsx","text":"Appendix A","size":"846 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"DS 973 Appendix A XLSX"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Green River, Lower Duwamish Waterway","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.4,\n 47.4\n ],\n [\n -122.4,\n 47.6\n ],\n [\n -122.2,\n 47.6\n ],\n [\n -122.2,\n 47.4\n ],\n [\n -122.4,\n 47.4\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Washington Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
934 Broadway, Suite 300
Tacoma, Washington 98402
http://wa.water.usgs.gov
Okmok is one of the most active volcanoes in the Aleutian Arc. In an effort to improve our ability to detect precursory activity leading to eruption at Okmok, we monitor a recent, and possibly ongoing, GPS-inferred rapid inflation event at the volcano using ambient noise interferometry (ANI). Applying this method, we identify changes in seismic velocity outside of Okmok’s caldera, which are related to the hydrologic cycle. Within the caldera, we observe decreases in seismic velocity that are associated with the GPS-inferred rapid inflation event. We also determine temporal changes in waveform decorrelation and show a continual increase in decorrelation rate over the time associated with the rapid inflation event. Themagnitude of relative velocity decreases and decorrelation rate increases are comparable to previous studies at Piton de la Fournaise that associate such changes with increased production of volatiles and/ormagmatic intrusion within the magma reservoir and associated opening of fractures and/or fissures. Notably, the largest decrease in relative velocity occurs along the intrastation path passing nearest to the center of the caldera. This observation, along with equal amplitude relative velocity decreases revealed via analysis of intracaldera autocorrelations, suggests that the inflation sourcemay be located approximately within the center of the caldera and represent recharge of shallow magma storage in this location. Importantly, there is a relative absence of seismicity associated with this and previous rapid inflation events at Okmok. Thus, these ANI results are the first seismic evidence of such rapid inflation at the volcano.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/2015JB011939","usgsCitation":"Bennington, N., Haney, M.M., De Angelis, S., Thurber, C., and Freymueller, J., 2015, Monitoring changes in seismic velocity related to an ongoing rapid inflation event at Okmok volcano, Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 120, no. 8, p. 5664-5676, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JB011939.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"5664","endPage":"5676","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-068858","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471603,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jb011939","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":325374,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Okmok Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -168.25928811603328,\n 53.48606857460288\n ],\n [\n -168.25928811603328,\n 53.35666372572206\n ],\n [\n -168.0005045660394,\n 53.35666372572206\n ],\n [\n -168.0005045660394,\n 53.48606857460288\n ],\n [\n -168.25928811603328,\n 53.48606857460288\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"120","issue":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"578dfdb4e4b0f1bea0e0f8a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennington, Ninfa","contributorId":49699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennington","given":"Ninfa","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haney, Matthew M. 0000-0003-3317-7884 mhaney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3317-7884","contributorId":172948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haney","given":"Matthew","email":"mhaney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"De Angelis, Silvio","contributorId":172953,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"De Angelis","given":"Silvio","affiliations":[{"id":27128,"text":"Univ. of Liverpool","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":642732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thurber, Clifford","contributorId":44067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurber","given":"Clifford","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Freymueller, Jeff","contributorId":82190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freymueller","given":"Jeff","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70162582,"text":"70162582 - 2015 - Substantial contribution of biomethylation to aquifer arsenic cycling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-28T10:08:09","indexId":"70162582","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2845,"text":"Nature Geoscience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Substantial contribution of biomethylation to aquifer arsenic cycling","docAbstract":"Microbes play a prominent role in transforming arsenic to and from immobile forms in aquifers1. Much of this cycling involves inorganic forms of arsenic2, but microbes can also generate organic forms through methylation3, although this process is often considered insignificant in aquifers4, 5, 6, 7. Here we identify the presence of dimethylarsinate and other methylated arsenic species in an aquifer hosted in volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks. We find that dimethylarsinate is widespread in the aquifer and its concentration correlates strongly with arsenite concentration. We use laboratory incubation experiments and an aquifer injection test to show that aquifer microbes can produce dimethylarsinate at rates of about 0.1% of total dissolved arsenic per day, comparable to rates of dimethylarsinate production in surface environments. Based on these results, we estimate that globally, biomethylation in aquifers has the potential to transform 100 tons of inorganic arsenic to methylated arsenic species per year, compared with the 420–1,250 tons of inorganic arsenic that undergoes biomethylation in soils8. We therefore conclude that biomethylation could contribute significantly to aquifer arsenic cycling. Because biomethylation yields arsine and methylarsines, which are more volatile and prone to diffusion than other arsenic species, we further suggest that biomethylation may serve as a link between surface and subsurface arsenic cycling.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","doi":"10.1038/ngeo2383","usgsCitation":"Maguffin, S.C., Kirk, M.F., Daigle, A.R., Hinkle, S.R., and Jin, Q., 2015, Substantial contribution of biomethylation to aquifer arsenic cycling: Nature Geoscience, v. 8, p. 290-293, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2383.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"290","endPage":"293","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-051926","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314941,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-03-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56ab49d3e4b07ca61bfea5e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maguffin, Scott C.","contributorId":152597,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maguffin","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6604,"text":"University of Oregon","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":589878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirk, Matthew F.","contributorId":152598,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kirk","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":12661,"text":"Kansas State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":589879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Daigle, Ashley R.","contributorId":152599,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Daigle","given":"Ashley","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":590,"text":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","active":false,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":589880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hinkle, Stephen R. srhinkle@usgs.gov","contributorId":1171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkle","given":"Stephen","email":"srhinkle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":589877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jin, Qusheng","contributorId":152600,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jin","given":"Qusheng","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6604,"text":"University of Oregon","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":589881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70156833,"text":"ofr20151168 - 2015 - Groundwater quality in the Chemung River, Eastern Lake Ontario, and Lower Hudson River Basins, New York, 2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-10T12:38:32","indexId":"ofr20151168","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-10T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1168","title":"Groundwater quality in the Chemung River, Eastern Lake Ontario, and Lower Hudson River Basins, New York, 2013","docAbstract":"In a study conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, water samples were collected from 4 production wells and 4 domestic wells in the Chemung River Basin, 8 production wells and 7 domestic wells in the Eastern Lake Ontario Basin, and 12 production wells and 13 domestic wells in the Lower Hudson River Basin (south of the Federal Lock and Dam at Troy) in New York. All samples were collected in June, July, and August 2013 to characterize groundwater quality in these basins. The samples were collected and processed using standard USGS procedures and were analyzed for 148 physiochemical properties and constituents, including dissolved gases, major ions, nutrients, trace elements, pesticides, volatile organic compounds, radionuclides, and indicator bacteria.
\nThe Chemung River Basin study area covers 1,744 square miles in south-central New York and encompasses the part of the Chemung River Basin that lies within New York. Two of the wells sampled in the Chemung River Basin are completed in sand and gravel, and 6 are completed in bedrock. Groundwater in the Chemung River Basin was generally of good quality, although properties and concentrations of some constituents—sodium, arsenic, aluminum, iron, manganese, radon-222, total coliform bacteria, and Escherichia coli bacteria—equaled or exceeded primary, secondary, or proposed drinking-water standards. The constituent most frequently detected in concentrations exceeding drinking-water standards (six of eight samples) was radon-222.
\nThe Eastern Lake Ontario Basin study area covers 3,225 square miles in north-central New York. The Eastern Lake Ontario Basin (between the Oswego River Basin and the St. Lawrence River Basin) includes the Mid-Northern Lake Ontario Basin, the Black River Basin, and the Chaumont River-Perch River Basin. Five of the wells sampled in the Eastern Lake Ontario Basin are completed in sand and gravel, and 10 are completed in bedrock. Groundwater in the Eastern Lake Ontario Basin was generally of good quality, although properties and concentrations of some constituents—color, pH, sodium, dissolved solids, fluoride, iron, manganese, uranium, gross-α radioactivity, radon-222, total coliform bacteria, and fecal coliform bacteria—equaled or exceeded primary, secondary, or proposed drinking-water standards. The constituent most frequently detected in concentrations exceeding drinking-water standards (10 of 15 samples) was radon-222.
\nThe Lower Hudson River Basin study area covers 5,607 square miles and encompasses the part of the Lower Hudson River Basin that lies within New York plus the parts of the Housatonic, Hackensack, Bronx, and Saugatuck River Basins that are in New York. Twelve of the wells sampled in the Lower Hudson River Basin are completed in sand-and-gravel deposits, and 13 are completed in bedrock. Groundwater in the Lower Hudson River Basin was generally of good quality, although properties and concentrations of some constituents—pH, sodium, chloride, dissolved solids, arsenic, aluminum, iron, manganese, radon-222, total coliform bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli bacteria, and heterotrophic plate count—equaled or exceeded primary, secondary, or proposed drinking-water standards. The constituent most frequently detected in concentrations exceeding drinking-water standards (20 of 25 samples) was radon-222.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151168","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","usgsCitation":"Scott, T.-M., Nystrom, E.A., and Reddy, J.E., 2015, Groundwater quality in the Chemung River, eastern Lake Ontario, and lower Hudson River Basins, New York, 2013: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1168, 41 p., appendixes, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151168.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 39 p.; Appendixes: 1-2","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2013-01-01","temporalEnd":"2013-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-061358","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310960,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1168/ofr20151168.pdf","text":"Report","size":"15.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1168"},{"id":310961,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1168/appendix/ofr20151168_appendix1.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1","size":"113 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"OFR 2015-1168","linkHelpText":"Results of Water-Sample Analyses, 2013"},{"id":310962,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1168/appendix/ofr20151168_appendix2.xlsx","text":"Appendix 2","size":"58.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"OFR 2015-1168","linkHelpText":"Results of Water-Sample Analyses, 2008 and 2013"},{"id":310959,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1168/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Chemung River Basin, Eastern Lake Ontario Basin, Lower Hudson River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.6845703125,\n 43.30119623257966\n ],\n [\n -76.6845703125,\n 44.41024041296011\n ],\n [\n -73.76220703125,\n 44.41024041296011\n ],\n [\n -73.76220703125,\n 43.30119623257966\n ],\n [\n -76.6845703125,\n 43.30119623257966\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.7227783203125,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -77.7227783203125,\n 42.44778143462245\n ],\n [\n -76.4263916015625,\n 42.44778143462245\n ],\n [\n -76.4263916015625,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -77.7227783203125,\n 42.00032514831621\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.817138671875,\n 40.81796653313175\n ],\n [\n -73.641357421875,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -73.7127685546875,\n 41.10005163093046\n ],\n [\n -73.4600830078125,\n 41.20758898181025\n ],\n [\n -73.5479736328125,\n 41.29844430929419\n ],\n [\n -73.27880859375,\n 42.742978093466434\n ],\n [\n -74.2291259765625,\n 42.90011265525328\n ],\n [\n -74.72351074218749,\n 41.364441530542244\n ],\n [\n -73.916015625,\n 41.000629848685385\n ],\n [\n -74.036865234375,\n 40.713955826286046\n ],\n [\n -73.817138671875,\n 40.81796653313175\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Road
Troy, NY 12180-8349
Information requests:
(518) 285-5602
or visit our Web site at:
http://ny.water.usgs.gov
The Athabasca Valles flood lava is among the most recent (<50 Ma) and best preserved effusive lava flows on Mars and was probably emplaced turbulently. The Williams et al. (2005) model of thermal erosion by lava has been applied to what we term “proximal Athabasca,” the 75 km long upstream portion of Athabasca Valles. For emplacement volumes of 5000 and 7500 km3and average flow thicknesses of 20 and 30 m, the duration of the eruption varies between ~11 and ~37 days. The erosion of the lava flow substrate is investigated for three eruption temperatures (1270°C, 1260°C, and 1250°C), and volatile contents equivalent to 0–65 vol % bubbles. The largest erosion depths of ~3.8–7.5 m are at the lava source, for 20 m thick and bubble-free flows that erupted at their liquidus temperature (1270°C). A substrate containing 25 vol % ice leads to maximum erosion. A lava temperature 20°C below liquidus reduces erosion depths by a factor of ~2.2. If flow viscosity increases with increasing bubble content in the lava, the presence of 30–50 vol % bubbles leads to erosion depths lower than those relative to bubble-free lava by a factor of ~2.4. The presence of 25 vol % ice in the substrate increases erosion depths by a factor of 1.3. Nevertheless, modeled erosion depths, consistent with the emplacement volume and flow duration constraints, are far less than the depth of the channel (~35–100 m). We conclude that thermal erosion does not appear to have had a major role in excavating Athabasca Valles.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/2014JE004761","usgsCitation":"Cataldo, V., Williams, D., Dundas, C.M., and Keszthelyi, L.P., 2015, Limited role for thermal erosion by turbulent lava in proximal Athabasca Valles, Mars: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 120, no. 11, p. 1800-1819, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JE004761.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1800","endPage":"1819","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059899","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471687,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.1002/2014JE004761","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":314324,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"120","issue":"11","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-11-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5698d4cfe4b0fbd3f7fa4c4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cataldo, Vincenzo","contributorId":150474,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cataldo","given":"Vincenzo","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6607,"text":"Arizona State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, David A.","contributorId":84604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"David A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dundas, Colin M. 0000-0003-2343-7224 cdundas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2343-7224","contributorId":2937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dundas","given":"Colin","email":"cdundas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keszthelyi, Laszlo P. 0000-0003-1879-4331 laz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1879-4331","contributorId":227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keszthelyi","given":"Laszlo","email":"laz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70155230,"text":"70155230 - 2015 - Stable carbon isotope fractionation during bacterial acetylene fermentation: Potential for life detection in hydrocarbon-rich volatiles of icy planet(oid)s","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-04T15:45:53","indexId":"70155230","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":912,"text":"Astrobiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stable carbon isotope fractionation during bacterial acetylene fermentation: Potential for life detection in hydrocarbon-rich volatiles of icy planet(oid)s","docAbstract":"We report the first study of stable carbon isotope fractionation during microbial fermentation of acetylene (C2H2) in sediments, sediment enrichments, and bacterial cultures. Kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) averaged 3.7 ± 0.5‰ for slurries prepared with sediment collected at an intertidal mudflat in San Francisco Bay and 2.7 ± 0.2‰ for a pure culture of Pelobacter sp. isolated from these sediments. A similar KIE of 1.8 ± 0.7‰ was obtained for methanogenic enrichments derived from sediment collected at freshwater Searsville Lake, California. However, C2H2 uptake by a highly enriched mixed culture (strain SV7) obtained from Searsville Lake sediments resulted in a larger KIE of 9.0 ± 0.7‰. These are modest KIEs when compared with fractionation observed during oxidation of C1 compounds such as methane and methyl halides but are comparable to results obtained with other C2compounds. These observations may be useful in distinguishing biologically active processes operating at distant locales in the Solar System where C2H2 is present. These locales include the surface of Saturn's largest moon Titan and the vaporous water- and hydrocarbon-rich jets emanating from Enceladus.
","language":"English","publisher":"Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","doi":"10.1089/ast.2015.1355","usgsCitation":"Miller, L., Baesman, S., and Oremland, R., 2015, Stable carbon isotope fractionation during bacterial acetylene fermentation: Potential for life detection in hydrocarbon-rich volatiles of icy planet(oid)s: Astrobiology, v. 15, no. 11, p. 977-986, https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2015.1355.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"977","endPage":"986","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065877","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471675,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2015.1355","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":324709,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"11","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57779435e4b07dd077c9062c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Laurence lgmiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":145772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Laurence","email":"lgmiller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baesman, Shaun 0000-0003-0741-8269 sbaesman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0741-8269","contributorId":3478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baesman","given":"Shaun","email":"sbaesman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oremland, Ron roremlan@usgs.gov","contributorId":145773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"Ron","email":"roremlan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70157597,"text":"70157597 - 2015 - Monitoring gas emissions can help forecast volcanic eruptions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-29T18:27:50","indexId":"70157597","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-29T17:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3879,"text":"Eos, Earth and Space Science News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring gas emissions can help forecast volcanic eruptions","docAbstract":"As magma ascends in active volcanoes, dissolved volatiles partition from melt into a gas phase, rise, and are released into the atmosphere from volcanic vents. The major components of high-temperature volcanic gas are typically water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide.
\nVolcanologists have long recognized that measuring the chemical composition and emission rates of these discharged volatiles can help them understand the physical and chemical processes occurring within volcanic systems. However, in the past, continuous monitoring of gas emissions has been difficult because of the remote locations of many active volcanoes and the harsh environmental conditions at these sites.
\nIn late April, 40 scientists collaborating in the Network for Observation of Volcanic and Atmospheric Change (NOVAC) gathered for the first time in 5 years. The meeting, held on Turrialba Volcano in Costa Rica, was intended to provide a platform for the exchange of experiences with NOVAC instrumentation, spectral evaluation, and data interpretation.
\n","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.1029/2015EO034081","usgsCitation":"Kern, C., de Moor, J.M., and Bo Galle, 2015, Monitoring gas emissions can help forecast volcanic eruptions: Eos, Earth and Space Science News, v. 96, no. 17, p. 6-6, https://doi.org/10.1029/2015EO034081.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"6","endPage":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065812","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471761,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2015eo034081","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":309053,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"17","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"560ba842e4b058f706e53a9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kern, Christoph 0000-0002-8920-5701 ckern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8920-5701","contributorId":3387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kern","given":"Christoph","email":"ckern@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"de Moor, J. Maarten","contributorId":148063,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"de Moor","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Maarten","affiliations":[{"id":16987,"text":"OVSICORI, Costa Rica","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":573733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bo Galle","contributorId":148064,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bo Galle","affiliations":[{"id":16988,"text":"Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":573734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70148466,"text":"sir20155054 - 2015 - Feasibility and potential effects of the proposed Amargosa Creek Recharge Project, Palmdale, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-13T22:02:09.573603","indexId":"sir20155054","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-17T18:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5054","title":"Feasibility and potential effects of the proposed Amargosa Creek Recharge Project, Palmdale, California","docAbstract":"
Historically, the city of Palmdale and vicinity have relied on groundwater as the primary source of water, owing, in large part, to the scarcity of surface water in the region. Despite recent importing of surface water, groundwater withdrawal for municipal, industrial, and agricultural use has resulted in groundwater-level declines near the city of Palmdale in excess of 200 feet since the early 1900s. To meet the growing water demand in the area, the city of Palmdale has proposed the Amargosa Creek Recharge Project (ACRP), which has a footprint of about 150 acres along the Amargosa Creek 2 miles west of Palmdale, California. The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term feasibility of recharging the Antelope Valley aquifer system by using infiltration of imported surface water from the California State Water Project in percolation basins at the ACRP.
\nThree monitoring sites were constructed, and geophysical surveys (gravity, seismic, and resistivity) were completed to define the thickness of valley-fill deposits, depth to water, and location of faults that could influence groundwater flow. Data collected at the monitoring sites, and results from the geophysical surveys, were used to identify three northwest-southeast trending faults in the vicinity of the proposed recharge facility; these faults are probably related to the nearby San Andreas fault zone. Water levels collected from wells at the monitoring sites showed water-level altitude differences as much as 230 feet between the upgradient and downgradient sides of the faults, indicating that these faults are barriers to groundwater flow. Lithologic and geophysical logs indicated the presence of a coarse gravel and sand unit extending from land surface to about 150 feet below land surface that did not appear to be disrupted by faulting.
\nWater samples collected from the monitoring wells were analyzed for major ions, nutrients, trace elements, dissolved organic carbon, volatile organic compounds, stable isotopes of oxygen (oxygen-18) and hydrogen (hydrogen-2, or deuterium), and the radioactive isotopes of hydrogen (hydrogen-3, or tritium) and carbon (carbon-14, or 14C) to determine the water quality of the aquifer system and to help determine the source and age of the groundwater. Results of the water-quality analysis indicated that the source of natural recharge is Amargosa Creek near the ACRP, but that the creek does not provide modern-day recharge downstream of the ACRP.
\nPotential effects of artificial recharge at the ACRP were evaluated by using a local-scale model of groundwater flow. On the basis of geologic samples collected during drilling, the hydraulic conductivity of the sand and gravel unit in the upper 150 feet was assumed to range from 10 to 100 feet per day. To address the goal of minimizing the potential for liquefaction during an earthquake from water-table rise associated with groundwater recharge at the ACRP, simulated water levels were constrained to remain at least 50 feet below land surface, except beneath the proposed artificial-recharge facility.
\nThe hydraulic conductivities of faults were estimated on the basis of water-level data and an estimate of natural recharge along Amargosa Creek. With assumed horizontal hydraulic conductivities of 10 and 100 feet per day in the upper 150 feet, the simulated maximum artificial recharge rates to the regional flow system at the ACRP were 3,400 and 9,400 acre-feet per year, respectively. These maximum recharge rates were limited primarily by the horizontal hydraulic conductivity in the upper 150 feet and by the liquefaction constraint. Future monitoring of water-level and soil-water content changes during the proposed project would allow improved estimation of aquifer hydraulic properties, the effect of the faults on groundwater movement, and the overall recharge capacity of the ACRP.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155054","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the city of Palmdale, California","usgsCitation":"Christensen, A.H., Siade, A.J., Martin, Peter, Langeheim, V.E., Catchings, R.D., and Burgess, M.K., 2015, Feasibility and potential effects of the proposed Amargosa Creek recharge project, Palmdale, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5054, 48 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/SIR20155054.","productDescription":"viii, 48 p.","numberOfPages":"60","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-029364","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307894,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5054/sir20155054.pdf","text":"Report","size":"24.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5054"},{"id":307893,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5054/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Palmdale","otherGeospatial":"Antelope Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.58779907226561,\n 34.41710628141647\n ],\n [\n -118.58779907226561,\n 34.813803317113155\n ],\n [\n -117.73635864257812,\n 34.813803317113155\n ],\n [\n -117.73635864257812,\n 34.41710628141647\n ],\n [\n -118.58779907226561,\n 34.41710628141647\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, California Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6000 J Street, Placer Hall
Sacramento, CA 95829
http://ca.water.usgs.gov
In order to provide constraints on the sources of chlorine in spring waters associated with arc volcanism, the major/minor element concentrations and stable isotope compositions of chlorine, oxygen, and hydrogen were measured in 28 thermal and mineral springs along the Cascade Range in northwestern USA. Chloride concentrations in the springs range from 64 to 19,000 mg/L and View the MathML source values range from +0.2‰ to +1.9‰ (average=+1.0±0.4‰), with no systematic variation along or across the arc, nor correlations with their presumed underlying basement lithologies. Additionally, nine geochemically well-characterized lavas from across the Mt. St. Helens/Mt. Adams region of the Cascade Range (Leeman et al., 2004 and Leeman et al., 2005) were analyzed for their halogen concentrations and Cl isotope compositions. In the arc lavas, Cl and Br concentrations from the volcanic front are higher than in lavas from the forearc and backarc. F and I concentrations progressively decrease from forearc to backarc, similar to the trend documented for B in most arcs. View the MathML source values of the lavas range from −0.1 to +0.8‰ (average = +0.4±0.3‰). Our results suggest that the predominantly positive View the MathML source values observed in the springs are consistent with water interaction with underlying 37Cl-enriched basalt and/or altered oceanic crust, thereby making thermal spring waters a reasonable proxy for the Cl isotope compositions of associated volcanic rocks in the Cascades. However, waters with View the MathML source values >+1.0‰ also suggest additional contributions of chlorine degassed from cooling magmas due to subsurface vapor–liquid HCl fractionation in which Cl is lost to the aqueous fluid phase and 37Cl is concentrated in the ascending magmatic HCl vapor. Future work is necessary to better constrain Cl isotope behavior during volcanic degassing and fluid–rock interaction in order to improve volatile flux estimates through subduction zones.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"New York","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2015.06.052","usgsCitation":"Cullen, J.T., Barnes, J., Hurwitz, S., and Leeman, W.P., 2015, Tracing chlorine sources of thermal and mineral springs along and across the Cascade Range using halogen and chlorine isotope compositions: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 426, p. 225-234, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.06.052.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"225","endPage":"234","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065832","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471791,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.06.052","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":310605,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Cascade Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -127.50732421874999,\n 38.839707613545144\n ],\n [\n -127.50732421874999,\n 50.17689812200105\n ],\n [\n -118.71826171875,\n 50.17689812200105\n ],\n [\n -118.71826171875,\n 38.839707613545144\n ],\n [\n -127.50732421874999,\n 38.839707613545144\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"426","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"562b5a37e4b00162522207f0","chorus":{"doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2015.06.052","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.06.052","publisher":"Elsevier BV","authors":"Cullen Jeffrey T., Barnes Jaime D., Hurwitz Shaul, Leeman William P.","journalName":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","publicationDate":"9/2015","auditedOn":"7/24/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cullen, Jeffrey T.","contributorId":140885,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cullen","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":13603,"text":"University of Texas, Austin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":547395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnes, Jaime D.","contributorId":140886,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barnes","given":"Jaime D.","affiliations":[{"id":13603,"text":"University of Texas, Austin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":547396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hurwitz, Shaul 0000-0001-5142-6886 shaulh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5142-6886","contributorId":140884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hurwitz","given":"Shaul","email":"shaulh@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":547394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Leeman, William P.","contributorId":87142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leeman","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":547397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70162104,"text":"70162104 - 2015 - Evaluation of the toxicity of sediments from the Anniston PCB Site to the mussel Lampsilis siliquoidea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-14T13:58:54","indexId":"70162104","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Evaluation of the toxicity of sediments from the Anniston PCB Site to the mussel Lampsilis siliquoidea","docAbstract":"The Anniston Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Site is located in the vicinity of the municipality of Anniston in Calhoun County, in the north-eastern portion of Alabama. Although there are a variety of land-use activities within the Choccolocco Creek watershed, environmental concerns in the area have focused mainly on releases of PCBs to aquatic and riparian habitats. PCBs were manufactured by Monsanto, Inc. at the Anniston facility from 1935 to 1971. The chemicals of potential concern (COPCs) in sediments at the Anniston PCB Site include: PCBs, mercury, metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine and organophosphorous pesticides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs).\n\nThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of PCB-contaminated sediments to the juvenile fatmucket mussel (Lampsilis siliquoidea) and to characterize relationships between sediment chemistry and the toxicity of sediment samples collected from the Anniston PCB Site using laboratory sediment testing. Samples were collected in August 2010 from OU-4 of the Anniston PCB Site, as well as from selected reference locations. A total of 32 samples were initially collected from six test sites and one reference site within the watershed. A total of 23 of these 32 samples were evaluated in 28-day whole-sediment toxicity tests conducted with juvenile mussels (L. siliquoidea). Physical and chemical characterization of whole sediment included grain size, total organic carbon (TOC), nutrients, PCBs, parent and \nalkylated PAHs, organochlorine pesticides, PCDD/PCDFs, total metals, \nsimultaneously extracted metals (SEM), and acid volatile sulfide (AVS). \n\nSediment collected from Snow Creek and Choccolocco Creek contained a variety of COPCs. Organic contaminants detected in sediment included PCBs, organochlorine pesticides, PCDDs/PCDFs, and PAHs. In general, the highest concentrations of PCBs were associated with the highest concentrations of PAHs, PCDDs/PCDFs, and organochlorine pesticides. Specifically, sediments 08, 18, and 19 exceeded probable effect concentration quotients (PEC-Qs) of 1.0 for all organic classes of contaminants. These three sediment samples also had high concentrations of mercury and lead, which were the only metals found at elevated concentrations (i.e., above the probable effect concentration [PEC]) in the samples collected. Many sediment samples were \nhighly contaminated with mercury, based on comparisons to samples collected from reference locations.\n\nThe whole-sediment laboratory toxicity tests conducted with L. siliquoidea met the test acceptability criteria (e.g., control survival was greater than or equal to 80%). Survival of mussels was high in most samples, with 4 of 23 samples (17%) classified as toxic based on the survival endpoint. Biomass and weight were more sensitive endpoints for the L. siliquoidea toxicity tests, with both endpoints classifying 52% of the samples as toxic. Samples 19 and 30 were most toxic to L. siliquoidea, as they were classified as toxic according to all four endpoints (survival, biomass, weight, and length).\n\nMussels were less sensitive in toxicity tests conducted with sediments from the Anniston PCB Site than Hyalella azteca and Chironomus dilutus. Biomass of L. siliquoidea was less sensitive compared to biomass of H. azteca or biomass of larval C. dilutus. Based on the most sensitive endpoint for each species, 52% of the samples were toxic to L. siliquoidea, whereas 67% of sediments were toxic to H. azteca (based on reproduction) and 65% were toxic to C. dilutus (based on adult biomass). The low-risk toxicity threshold (TTLR) was higher for L. siliquoidea biomass (e.g., 20,400 µg/kg dry weight [DW]) compared to that for H. azteca reproduction (e.g., 499 µg/kg DW) or C. dilutus adult biomass (e.g., 1,140 µg/kg DW; MacDonald et al. 2014). While mussels such as L. sili","language":"English","publisher":"MacDonald Environmental Sciences Ltd","collaboration":"MacDonald Environmental Science St.","usgsCitation":"Schein, A., Sinclair, J., MacDonald, D., Ingersoll, C.G., Kemble, N.E., and Kunz, J.L., 2015, Evaluation of the toxicity of sediments from the Anniston PCB Site to the mussel Lampsilis siliquoidea, 113 p. .","productDescription":"113 p. ","startPage":"1","endPage":"112","ipdsId":"IP-063231","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332133,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314264,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.fws.gov/daphne/Contaminants/index-AnnistonNRDA.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama ","otherGeospatial":"Choccolocco creek ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.253662109375,\n 33.37182502950726\n ],\n [\n -86.253662109375,\n 33.500178528242294\n ],\n [\n -85.9954833984375,\n 33.500178528242294\n ],\n [\n -85.9954833984375,\n 33.37182502950726\n ],\n [\n -86.253662109375,\n 33.37182502950726\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"585268e3e4b0e2663625ec8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schein, Allison","contributorId":152229,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schein","given":"Allison","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":18887,"text":"MacDonald Environmental Sciences Ltd., #24 - 4800 Island Highway North, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9T 1W6","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":588554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sinclair, Jesse A.","contributorId":66967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sinclair","given":"Jesse A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"MacDonald, Donald D.","contributorId":49911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacDonald","given":"Donald D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ingersoll, Christopher G. 0000-0003-4531-5949 cingersoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":2071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Christopher","email":"cingersoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":588553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kemble, Nile E. 0000-0002-3608-0538 nkemble@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3608-0538","contributorId":2626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemble","given":"Nile","email":"nkemble@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":588557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kunz, James L. 0000-0002-1027-158X jkunz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1027-158X","contributorId":3309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunz","given":"James","email":"jkunz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":588558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70186701,"text":"70186701 - 2015 - Mineral Resource of the Month: Bromine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T13:01:24","indexId":"70186701","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1419,"text":"Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineral Resource of the Month: Bromine","docAbstract":"Bromine, along with mercury, is one of only two elements that are liquid at room temperature. Bromine is a highly volatile and corrosive reddish-brown liquid that evaporates easily and converts to a metal at extreme pressures — above about 540,000 times atmospheric pressure. Bromine occurs in seawater, evaporitic (salt) lakes and underground brines associated with petroleum deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGI","usgsCitation":"Schnebele, E., 2015, Mineral Resource of the Month: Bromine: Earth, v. September 2015, HTML Document.","productDescription":"HTML Document","ipdsId":"IP-066750","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339439,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339415,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.earthmagazine.org/article/mineral-resource-month-bromine"}],"volume":"September 2015","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a544e4b09da6799d63a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schnebele, Emily eschnebele@usgs.gov","contributorId":190190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schnebele","given":"Emily","email":"eschnebele@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70148018,"text":"ds919 - 2015 - Groundwater quality data in 15 GAMA study units: results from the 2006–10 Initial sampling and the 2009–13 resampling of wells, California GAMA Priority Basin Project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-03T08:44:52","indexId":"ds919","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-31T19:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"919","title":"Groundwater quality data in 15 GAMA study units: results from the 2006–10 Initial sampling and the 2009–13 resampling of wells, California GAMA Priority Basin Project","docAbstract":"The Priority Basin Project (PBP) of the Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) program was developed in response to the Groundwater Quality Monitoring Act of 2001 and is being conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB). From May 2004 to March 2012, the GAMA-PBP collected samples from more than 2,300 wells in 35 study units across the State. Selected wells in each study unit were sampled again approximately 3 years after initial sampling as part of an assessment of temporal trends in water quality by the GAMA-PBP. This triennial (every 3 years) trend sampling of GAMA-PBP study units concluded in December 2013. Fifteen of the study units, initially sampled between January 2006 and June 2010 and sampled a second time between April 2009 and April 2013 to assess temporal trends, are the subject of this report.
\nThe initial sampling was designed to provide a spatially unbiased assessment of the quality of untreated groundwater used for public water supplies in the 15 study units. In these study units, 730 wells were selected by using a spatially distributed, randomized grid-based method to provide statistical representation of the areas assessed (grid wells, also called “status wells”). Approximately 3 years after the initial sampling, 93 of the previously sampled status wells (approximately 10 percent in each study unit) were randomly selected for trend sampling (“trend wells”). The 15 study units sampled for trends were distributed among 4 hydrogeologic provinces: Central Valley, Basin and Range, Desert, and Transverse and selected Peninsular Ranges.
\nThe total number of status wells sampled, along with those sampled again for trends, varied by study unit. In the Central Valley hydrogeologic province, the numbers of status wells and trend wells in each study unit were as follows:
\nIn the Transverse and Selected Peninsular Ranges hydrogeologic province, the numbers of wells were as follows:
\n\n
The groundwater samples were analyzed for a number of synthetic organic constituents (volatile organic compounds, pesticides, and pesticide degradates), constituents of special interest (perchlorate, N-nitrosodimethylamine [NDMA], and 1,2,3-trichloropropane [1,2,3-TCP]), and naturally occurring inorganic constituents (nutrients, major and minor ions, and trace elements). Naturally occurring isotopes (tritium, carbon-14, and stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in water) also were measured to help identify processes affecting groundwater quality and the sources and ages of the sampled groundwater. More than 200 constituents and water-quality indicators were investigated.
\nQuality-control samples (blanks, replicates, or samples for matrix spikes) were collected at 34 percent of the trend wells, and the results for these samples were used to evaluate the quality of the data for the groundwater samples. On the basis of detections in laboratory and field blanks in samples from GAMA-PBP study units, including the study units presented here, some groundwater results were adjusted in this report. Differences between replicate samples were mostly within acceptable ranges, indicating acceptably low variability in analytical results. Median matrix-spike recoveries were within the acceptable range (70 to 130 percent) for 189 of the 224 compounds for which matrix spikes were analyzed (84 percent).
\nThis study did not attempt to evaluate the quality of water delivered to consumers. After withdrawal, groundwater used for drinking water typically is treated, disinfected, and blended with other waters to attain acceptable water quality. The benchmarks used in this report apply to treated water that is served to the consumer, not to untreated groundwater. To provide some context for the results, however, concentrations of constituents measured in these groundwater samples were compared with benchmarks established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and California Department of Public Health. Comparisons between data collected for this study and benchmarks for drinking-water quality are for illustrative purposes only and are not indicative of compliance or non-compliance with those benchmarks.
\nMost constituents that were detected in groundwater samples from the trend wells were found at concentrations less than drinking-water benchmarks. Two volatile organic compounds (VOCs)—tetrachloroethene and trichloroethene—were detected in samples from one or more wells at concentrations greater than their health-based benchmarks, and three VOCs—chloroform, tetrachloroethene, and trichloroethene—were detected in at least 10 percent of the trend-well samples from the initial sampling period and the later trend sampling period. No pesticides were detected at concentrations near or greater than their health-based benchmarks. Three pesticide constituents—atrazine, deethylatrazine, and simazine—were detected in more than 10 percent of the trend-well samples in both sampling periods. Perchlorate, a constituent of special interest, was detected at a concentration greater than its health-based benchmark in samples from one trend well in the initial sampling and trend sampling periods, and in an additional trend well sample only in the trend sampling period. Most detections of nutrients, major and minor ions, and trace elements in samples from trend wells were less than health-based benchmarks in both sampling periods. Exceptions included nitrate, fluoride, arsenic, boron, molybdenum, strontium, and uranium; these were all detected at concentrations greater than their health-based benchmarks in at least one well sample in both sampling periods. Lead and vanadium were detected above their health-based benchmarks in one sample each collected in the initial sampling period only. The isotopic ratios of oxygen and hydrogen in water and the activities of tritium and carbon-14 generally changed little between sampling periods.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds919","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"Kent, Robert, 2015, Groundwater quality data in 15 GAMA study units: Results from the 2006–10 initial sampling and the 2009–13 resampling of wells, California GAMA Priority Basin Project: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 919, 219 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ds919.","productDescription":"Report: x, 220 p.; Appendix tables","numberOfPages":"234","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-050712","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307704,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0919/ds919.pdf","text":"Report","size":"20.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"DS 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\"}}]}","contact":"Director, California Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6000 J Street, Placer Hall
Sacramento, CA 95819
http://ca.water.usgs.gov
Hydraulically fractured shales are becoming an increasingly important source of natural gas production in the United States. This process has been known to create up to 420 gallons of produced water (PW) per day, but the volume varies depending on the formation, and the characteristics of individual hydraulic fracture. PW from hydraulic fracturing of shales are comprised of injected fracturing fluids and natural formation waters in proportions that change over time. Across the state of Pennsylvania, shale gas production is booming; therefore, it is important to assess the variability in PW chemistry and microbiology across this geographical span. We quantified the inorganic and organic chemical composition and microbial communities in PW samples from 13 shale gas wells in north central Pennsylvania. Microbial abundance was generally low (66–9400 cells/mL). Non-volatile dissolved organic carbon (NVDOC) was high (7–31 mg/L) relative to typical shallow groundwater, and the presence of organic acid anions (e.g., acetate, formate, and pyruvate) indicated microbial activity. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected in four samples (∼1 to 11.7 μg/L): benzene and toluene in the Burket sample, toluene in two Marcellus samples, and tetrachloroethylene (PCE) in one Marcellus sample. VOCs can be either naturally occurring or from industrial activity, making the source of VOCs unclear. Despite the addition of biocides during hydraulic fracturing, H2S-producing, fermenting, and methanogenic bacteria were cultured from PW samples. The presence of culturable bacteria was not associated with salinity or location; although organic compound concentrations and time in production were correlated with microbial activity. Interestingly, we found that unlike the inorganic chemistry, PW organic chemistry and microbial viability were highly variable across the 13 wells sampled, which can have important implications for the reuse and handling of these fluids
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.04.011","usgsCitation":"Akob, D.M., Cozzarelli, I.M., Dunlap, D.S., Rowan, E.L., and Lorah, M.M., 2015, Organic and inorganic composition and microbiology of produced waters from Pennsylvania shale gas wells: Applied Geochemistry, v. 60, p. 116-125, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.04.011.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"116","endPage":"125","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061928","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306602,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Lycoming, 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erowan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5753-6189","contributorId":2075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"Elisabeth","email":"erowan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lorah, Michelle M. 0000-0002-9236-587X mmlorah@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9236-587X","contributorId":1437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorah","given":"Michelle","email":"mmlorah@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70157599,"text":"70157599 - 2015 - An automated SO2 camera system for continuous, real-time monitoring of gas emissions from Kīlauea Volcano's summit Overlook Crater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-01T19:40:32.197367","indexId":"70157599","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-15T13:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"An automated SO2 camera system for continuous, real-time monitoring of gas emissions from Kīlauea Volcano's summit Overlook Crater","title":"An automated SO2 camera system for continuous, real-time monitoring of gas emissions from Kīlauea Volcano's summit Overlook Crater","docAbstract":"SO2 camera systems allow rapid two-dimensional imaging of sulfur dioxide (SO2) emitted from volcanic vents. Here, we describe the development of an SO2 camera system specifically designed for semi-permanent field installation and continuous use. The integration of innovative but largely “off-the-shelf” components allowed us to assemble a robust and highly customizable instrument capable of continuous, long-term deployment at Kīlauea Volcano's summit Overlook Crater. Recorded imagery is telemetered to the USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) where a novel automatic retrieval algorithm derives SO2 column densities and emission rates in real-time. Imagery and corresponding emission rates displayed in the HVO operations center and on the internal observatory website provide HVO staff with useful information for assessing the volcano's current activity. The ever-growing archive of continuous imagery and high-resolution emission rates in combination with continuous data from other monitoring techniques provides insight into shallow volcanic processes occurring at the Overlook Crater. An exemplary dataset from September 2013 is discussed in which a variation in the efficiency of shallow circulation and convection, the processes that transport volatile-rich magma to the surface of the summit lava lake, appears to have caused two distinctly different phases of lake activity and degassing. This first successful deployment of an SO2 camera for continuous, real-time volcano monitoring shows how this versatile technique might soon be adapted and applied to monitor SO2 degassing at other volcanoes around the world.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.12.004","usgsCitation":"Kern, C., Sutton, J., Elias, T., Lee, R., Kamibayashi, K.P., Antolik, L., and Werner, C.A., 2015, An automated SO2 camera system for continuous, real-time monitoring of gas emissions from Kīlauea Volcano's summit Overlook Crater: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 300, p. 81-94, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.12.004.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"94","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056630","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309082,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Kīlauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n[\n [\n -155.4338836669922,\n 19.25605301966428\n ],\n [\n -155.4338836669922,\n 19.47500813674323\n ],\n [\n -155.11940002441406,\n 19.47500813674323\n ],\n [\n -155.11940002441406,\n 19.25605301966428\n ],\n [\n -155.4338836669922,\n 19.25605301966428\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"300","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"560bb634e4b058f706e53b19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kern, Christoph 0000-0002-8920-5701 ckern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8920-5701","contributorId":3387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kern","given":"Christoph","email":"ckern@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sutton, Jeff","contributorId":51287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutton","given":"Jeff","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":573743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elias, Tamar 0000-0002-9592-4518 telias@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9592-4518","contributorId":3916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elias","given":"Tamar","email":"telias@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lee, Robert Lopaka rclee@usgs.gov","contributorId":1984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Robert Lopaka","email":"rclee@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":573745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kamibayashi, Kevan P. kevank@usgs.gov","contributorId":5184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kamibayashi","given":"Kevan","email":"kevank@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Antolik, Loren lantolik@usgs.gov","contributorId":4144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Antolik","given":"Loren","email":"lantolik@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Werner, Cynthia A. cwerner@usgs.gov","contributorId":2540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werner","given":"Cynthia","email":"cwerner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70188827,"text":"70188827 - 2015 - Mapping of coal quality using stochastic simulation and isometric logratio transformation with an application to a Texas lignite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-26T12:59:12","indexId":"70188827","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping of coal quality using stochastic simulation and isometric logratio transformation with an application to a Texas lignite","docAbstract":"Coal is a chemically complex commodity that often contains most of the natural elements in the periodic table. Coal constituents are conventionally grouped into four components (proximate analysis): fixed carbon, ash, inherent moisture, and volatile matter. These four parts, customarily measured as weight losses and expressed as percentages, share all properties and statistical challenges of compositional data. Consequently, adequate modeling should be done in terms of a logratio transformation, a requirement that is commonly overlooked by modelers. The transformation of choice is the isometric logratio transformation because of its geometrical and statistical advantages. The modeling is done through a series of realizations prepared by applying sequential simulation for the purpose of displaying the parts in maps incorporating uncertainty. The approach makes realistic assumptions and the results honor the data and basic considerations, such as percentages between 0 and 100, all four parts adding to 100% at any location in the study area, and a style of spatial fluctuation in the realizations equal to that of the data. The realizations are used to prepare different results, including probability distributions across a deposit, E-type maps displaying average properties, and probability maps summarizing joint fluctuations of several parts. Application of these maps to a lignite bed clearly delineates the deposit boundary, reveals a channel cutting across, and shows that the most favorable coal quality is to the north and deteriorates toward the southeast.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2015.10.003","usgsCitation":"Olea, R.A., and Luppens, J.A., 2015, Mapping of coal quality using stochastic simulation and isometric logratio transformation with an application to a Texas lignite: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 152, no. Part B, p. 80-93, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2015.10.003.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"80","endPage":"93","ipdsId":"IP-069055","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342888,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"152","issue":"Part B","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59521d22e4b062508e3c3691","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olea, Ricardo A. 0000-0003-4308-0808 rolea@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4308-0808","contributorId":139555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olea","given":"Ricardo","email":"rolea@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":700520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luppens, James A. 0000-0001-7607-8750 jluppens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7607-8750","contributorId":550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luppens","given":"James","email":"jluppens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":700521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70143962,"text":"sir20155032 - 2015 - Groundwater quality in Geauga County, Ohio: status, including detection frequency of methane in water wells, 2009, and changes during 1978-2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-07-03T11:05:27","indexId":"sir20155032","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-03T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5032","title":"Groundwater quality in Geauga County, Ohio: status, including detection frequency of methane in water wells, 2009, and changes during 1978-2009","docAbstract":"Domestic wells that are not safeguarded by regular water-quality testing provide drinking water for 79 percent of the residents of Geauga County, in northeastern Ohio. Since 1978, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has worked cooperatively with the Board of Commissioners and Geauga County Planning Commission to monitor the quality of groundwater in four commonly used aquifers in county—the glacial deposits, the Pottsville Formation, the Cuyahoga Group, and the Berea Sandstone. A 33-percent growth in population from 1980 to 2009 increased the potential for humans to influence groundwater resources by withdrawing more groundwater, disposing of more human waste near the land surface, treating an expanded network of township roads with deicing salt, and likely using more solvents, pesticides, and other chemicals on the land surface than were used in preceding decades.
\nTo describe the status of groundwater quality in 2009 and its suitability for drinking, USGS personnel collected samples of water prior to treatment from 16 wells (mostly domestic) during June 9–19. The samples were analyzed for 92 properties and constituents, 41 of which had human-health benchmarks to which analytical results could be compared to evaluate suitability for drinking. Four of these benchmarks were exceeded at the following frequencies: arsenic (2 of 16 wells, 12.5 percent), total coliform bacteria (2 of 16 wells, 12.5 percent), fecal coliform bacteria (1 of 14 wells, 7 percent), and sodium (6 of 16 wells, 38 percent). No domestic wells sampled in 2009 exceeded the health-based benchmark of 300 micrograms per liter (µg/L) for manganese, although 5 of 65 wells (8 percent) sampled since 1978 have. Analyses from domestic wells were augmented with water-quality data from seven public-supply well fields that were obtained from the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. These public-supply data were typically collected between 2000 and 2010 and represent water samples that were collected prior to treatment or that were treated by a method that does not effectively remove the constituents of interest. Similar to the domestic-well data, these data indicated that some samples from public-supply wells have also exceeded health-based benchmarks for arsenic and sodium, along with occasional exceedances of health-based benchmarks for cadmium and lead. Concentrations of nitrate, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds in ground-water samples from domestic and (or) public-supply wells were either considerably less than the human-health benchmarks for these constituents or were not detected.
\nWater-quality data collected in 2009 were also compared to aesthetically based benchmarks developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, called Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels (SMCLs). Iron and manganese most frequently exceeded SMCLs (in samples from 10 of 16 domestic wells and in untreated water from 3 of 4 public-supply well fields).
\nTo evaluate the frequency of methane detection in water wells in the county, the USGS sampled 16 wells across the county and screened the samples for combustible gas within the headspace (the air above the water in a closed container). Water from three (19 percent) of the wells contained detectable combustible gas (0.10 to 0.40 percent by volume). All three detections were from wells tapping the Cuyahoga Group or the Berea Sandstone, and all detections were less than the lower explosive limit of 5 percent by volume—the concentration at which methane in air can be flammable if an ignition source is present. Analyses of dissolved gas composition in water from these three wells showed methane concentrations ranging from 0.007 to 1.8 milligrams per liter (mg/L).
\nThe primary effect of human activities on groundwater quality found during this study is the input of salinity, or chloride, near land surface. On the basis of ratios of chloride to bromide, the main sources of chloride are road salt and septic leachate rather than oil-field brines (either spilled at land surface or sprayed on roads for dust control). The correlation of chloride concentration to distance of well from road for 31 wells in the county sampled by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1999 suggests that road salt is the dominant source of chloride.
\nThe majority of constituents exceeding health-based and aesthetically based benchmarks in groundwater were those that are naturally present in aquifer rocks and sediments rather than constituents introduced by human activities. Concentrations of such natural contaminants are controlled by geochemical processes in the subsurface, particularly by oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions. The categorization of redox conditions based on the water quality of 116 samples collected from 65 wells in Geauga County during 1978 through 2009 indicates that most groundwater samples were strongly reducing (60 percent) or oxic (18 percent). Oxic waters were found only in the Pottsville Formation and Berea Sandstone and were generally associated with nitrate at concentrations of 0.38 to 6.0 mg/L. Strongly reducing waters occurred in all four commonly used aquifers and were associated with the following naturally occurring contaminants: (1) arsenic and manganese at concentrations exceeding the health-based benchmarks (10 µg/L and 300 µg/L, respectively) in some samples, (2) iron and manganese at concentrations exceeding the aesthetically based standards (300 µg/L and 50 µg/L, respectively) in most samples, and (3) total sulfides (consisting of hydrogen sulfide gas with its characteristic rotten-egg odor and [or] iron sulfide minerals that appear as finely disseminated particulates in water).
\nBecause of the association of redox conditions with specific contaminants, attempts were made to further document spatially where oxic and strongly reducing conditions occur so that contaminant occurrence can be better anticipated by planners and well owners. Within the Pottsville Formation, wells tapping strongly reducing groundwater tended to have a greater thickness of overlying low-permeability (recharge-inhibiting) material such as clay and shale than other wells tapping oxic or nitrate-reducing groundwater. In the Berea Sandstone, oxic conditions were found at well locations where either depth to groundwater was shallow (less than 45 feet [ft] below land surface) or the measured water level was within the open interval (uncased portion) of the well, whereas strongly reducing groundwater was found at well locations where depths to water were greater than 60 ft below land surface and measured water levels were 15 ft or more above the open interval of the well.
\nTo evaluate whether constituent concentrations consistently increased or decreased over time, the strength of the association between sampling year (time) and constituent concentration was statistically evaluated for 116 water-quality samples collected by the USGS in 1978, 1980, 1986, 1999, and 2009 from a total of 65 wells across the county (generally domestic wells or wells serving small businesses or churches). Results indicate that many of the constituents that have been analyzed for decades exhibited no consistent temporal trends at a statistically significant level (p-value less than 0.05); fluctuations in concentrations of these constituents represent natural variation in groundwater quality. Dissolved oxygen, calcium, and sulfate concentrations and chloride:bromide ratios increased over time in one or more aquifers, while pH and concentrations of bromide and dissolved organic carbon decreased over time. Detections of total coliform bacteria and nitrate did not become more frequent from 1986 to 2009, even though potential sources of these constituents, such as number of septic systems (linked to population) and percent developed land in the county, increased during this period.
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