More than 2 million Californians rely on groundwater from domestic wells for drinking-water supply. This report summarizes a 2022 California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment Priority Basin Project (GAMA-PBP) water-quality survey of 33 domestic and small-system drinking-water supply wells in the Gilroy-Hollister Valley groundwater basin and the surrounding areas, where more than 20,000 residents are estimated to utilize privately owned domestic wells. The study area includes the Llagas subbasin in the north, the North San Benito subbasin in the south, and the surrounding uplands. The study was focused on groundwater resources used for domestic drinking-water supply, which are mostly drawn from shallower parts of aquifer systems rather than those of groundwater resources used for public drinking-water supply in the same area. This assessment characterized the quality of ambient groundwater in the aquifer before filtration or treatment, rather than the quality of drinking water delivered to the tap.
To provide context, the measured concentrations of constituents in groundwater were compared to Federal and California State regulatory and non-regulatory benchmarks for drinking-water quality. A grid-based method was used to estimate the areal proportions of groundwater resources used for domestic drinking wells that have water-quality constituents present at high concentrations (above the benchmark), moderate concentrations (between one-half of the benchmark and the benchmark for inorganic constituents, or between one-tenth of the benchmark and the benchmark for organic constituents), and low concentrations (less than one-half or one-tenth the benchmark for inorganic and organic constituents, respectively). This method provides statistically representative results at the study-area scale and permits comparisons to other GAMA-PBP study areas. In the study area, inorganic constituents in groundwater were greater than regulatory benchmarks (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] or State of California maximum contaminant levels [MCLs]) for public drinking-water quality in 24 percent of domestic groundwater resources. The inorganic constituents present at concentrations greater than MCLs for drinking water were nitrate (as nitrogen), barium, chromium, and selenium. Total dissolved solids (TDS) or manganese were present at concentrations greater than the secondary maximum contaminant levels (SMCLs) that the State of California uses as aesthetic-based benchmarks in 48 percent of domestic groundwater resources. No volatile organic compounds or pesticide constituents were present at concentrations greater than regulatory benchmarks. Total coliform bacteria and enterococci were detected in 4 percent of domestic groundwater resources. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were detected in 19 percent of domestic groundwater resources, and 10 percent had concentrations greater than recently enacted (April 2024) EPA MCLs.
Physical and chemical factors from natural and anthropogenic sources that could affect the groundwater quality were evaluated using results from statistical testing of associations between constituent concentrations and potential explanatory variables. In this study, relevant physical factors include well construction characteristics, groundwater age, site proximity to groundwater recharge or discharge zones, and potential sources of contamination. Relevant chemical factors include the initial chemistry of the recharge water, the mineralogy of the aquifer sediments, and the subsequent shifts in chemistry as biologic and geologic reactions alter groundwater in the subsurface.
Nitrate concentrations were correlated to agricultural land use, distance from the boundary of the Gilroy-Hollister Valley groundwater basin, and the proportion of modern (post-1950s) water captured by the well. Denitrification under anoxic redox conditions can mitigate some nitrate derived from fertilizer application. Total dissolved solids primarily were derived from water-rock interactions with soils and aquifer materials in the study area, but there were high concentrations where agricultural practices contributed additional TDS. Mineralogy of aquifer sediments and rocks also affect barium, selenium, boron, and chromium concentrations in the Gilroy-Hollister Valley groundwater basin. PFAS were positively correlated with urban land use and the proportion of modern water captured by the well.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20255097","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"Faulkner, K.E., and Jurgens, B.C., 2025, Quality of groundwater used for domestic supply in the Gilroy-Hollister basin and surrounding areas, California, 2022: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2025–5097, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20255097.","productDescription":"viii, 26 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-160699","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":496802,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5097/sir20255097.XML","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2025-5097"},{"id":496800,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5097/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":497802,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_119048.htm"},{"id":496804,"rank":5,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5097/sir20255097.XML"},{"id":496803,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5097/images"},{"id":496801,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5097/sir20255097.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2025-5097"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Gilroy-Hollister basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.61037451371827,\n 37.22507246909019\n ],\n [\n -121.7786749960862,\n 37.08414386069212\n ],\n [\n -121.42503094452843,\n 36.75628159886837\n ],\n [\n -121.29294616762297,\n 36.61961329116167\n ],\n [\n -121.07884238942088,\n 36.64012907347609\n ],\n [\n -121.29720693932853,\n 36.95316849961171\n ],\n [\n -121.61037451371827,\n 37.22507246909019\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, California Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6000 J Street, Placer Hall
Sacramento, California 95819
The U.S. Geological Survey works with the California State Water Resources Control Boards’ Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment Program to study the quality of groundwater used for drinking-water supplies across California. This report examines the quality of groundwater collected from 33 private domestic wells in the Gilroy-Hollister Valley groundwater basin and surrounding area in California’s Central Coast region. Groundwater samples were analyzed for human-made and naturally occurring substances that can be found dissolved in groundwater. They were also analyzed for geochemical tracers that can be used to help determined the age of the groundwater and processes affecting the concentrations of dissolved constituents. The water-quality data were compared to Federal and State benchmarks that are applied to public drinking water, such as regulatory maximum contaminant levels (MCLs). Nitrate was detected at concentrations greater than its Federal MCL benchmark in 17 percent of the groundwater samples. Nitrate concentrations above natural background levels were associated with greater agricultural land use near the well, wells tapping a higher proportion of younger groundwater, and absence of anoxic conditions that promote degradation of nitrate. No volatile organic compounds or pesticide constituents were detected at concentrations greater than MCLs, however per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were detected at concentrations greater than the Federal MCLs enacted in April 2024 in about 10 percent of the groundwater samples. PFAS are used in many consumer products and industrial processes. Occurrences of these elevated concentrations of PFAS were not associated with known potential sources of PFAS contamination to groundwater but were positively correlated with urban land use and the proportion of younger groundwater tapped by the well. Total dissolved solids (TDS, a measure of salinity) were detected at concentrations about the State nonregulatory upper secondary MCL in 24 percent of the groundwater samples. TDS is primarily derived from natural interactions between water and aquifer materials although agricultural practices may contribute additional TDS is some areas. About 20,000 residents in the Gilroy-Hollister area, and more than 2 million people in California, use private domestic wells for drinking water. Therefore, assessing the quality of groundwater used by domestic wells and understanding the factors affecting that quality is important for protecting public health.
","publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faulkner, Kirsten E. 0000-0003-1628-2877","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1628-2877","contributorId":362930,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Faulkner","given":"Kirsten","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":68550,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":950836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jurgens, Bryant C. 0000-0002-1572-113X bjurgens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1572-113X","contributorId":127839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jurgens","given":"Bryant C.","email":"bjurgens@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":950837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70273375,"text":"70273375 - 2025 - Environmental DNA monitoring of invasive Central American boas in St. Croix at Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve (SARI)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-09T15:44:43.191562","indexId":"70273375","displayToPublicDate":"2025-12-01T09:35:32","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":18517,"text":"Science Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"NPS/SR—2025/367","title":"Environmental DNA monitoring of invasive Central American boas in St. Croix at Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve (SARI)","docAbstract":"Invasive Central American boas (Boa imperator) have established a reproducing population on the western side of St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands but prevalence throughout the island is largely unknown. The large snakes threaten endemic and endangered species through competition and predation, jeopardizing island biodiversity. Environmental DNA (eDNA) methods were used to investigate occurrence and focal areas for management efforts in the Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve (SARI). To validate a previously developed assay, we collected tissue samples and 13 × 60 mL water samples from a captive boa enclosure in St. Croix. We implemented this assay for both a pilot and main field sampling effort. The pilot in December 2023 resulted in analysis of 7 × 60 mL water samples per site from SARI (3 sites) and from the western forests where boas are established (1 site). The main sampling event in July 2024 collected 15 × 60 mL water samples per site within SARI (11 sites) and western forests (4 sites). Pilot sample replicates were filtered individually, while main samples were consolidated into groups, resulting in seven replicates for pilot sites and five replicates for main event sites, totaling 103 environmental samples. eDNA was isolated using a modified phenol-chloroform isolation method to remove PCR inhibitors, and target eDNA was amplified using droplet digital PCR technology. Water samples from the captive boa amplified target eDNA in 12 of 13 samples, indicating assay effectiveness ex-situ. Low concentrations of eDNA (below the 95% limit of detection) were amplified in 4 of 5 sites in the western forest and in 8 of 14 sites within the National Historic Park. Overall, boa eDNA concentrations were consistently low, as expected in water samples targeting a semi-arboreal snake species with a low rate of eDNA shedding. Further optimization of methods could enable recovery of greater eDNA concentrations in future studies. Additional eDNA method testing and ground-truthing may help to improve the assessment of invasive Boa imperator in St. Croix.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service","doi":"10.36967/2315977","usgsCitation":"Beaver, C., Tays, A.B., Santos, W.F., Harman, M.E., Ewen, K.A., Gwilliam, E.L., and Hunter, M., 2025, Environmental DNA monitoring of invasive Central American boas in St. Croix at Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve (SARI): Science Report NPS/SR—2025/367, viii, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.36967/2315977.","productDescription":"viii, 29 p.","ipdsId":"IP-174727","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":498507,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -64.74577979277969,\n 17.784510212625392\n ],\n [\n -64.76840137024325,\n 17.784510212625392\n ],\n [\n -64.76840137024325,\n 17.762099330966706\n ],\n [\n -64.74577979277969,\n 17.762099330966706\n ],\n [\n -64.74577979277969,\n 17.784510212625392\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -64.884402535326,\n 17.754263542763113\n ],\n [\n -64.884402535326,\n 17.73094175462235\n ],\n [\n -64.83671110195341,\n 17.73094175462235\n ],\n [\n -64.83671110195341,\n 17.754263542763113\n ],\n [\n -64.884402535326,\n 17.754263542763113\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beaver, Caitlin 0000-0002-9269-7604","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9269-7604","contributorId":219703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beaver","given":"Caitlin","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":953496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tays, Alexis B.","contributorId":364932,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tays","given":"Alexis","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":64427,"text":"Cherokee Nation System Solutions","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Santos, Wilfre Fuentes","contributorId":364934,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Santos","given":"Wilfre","middleInitial":"Fuentes","affiliations":[{"id":87017,"text":"Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection ServiceDepartment of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harman, Madison E.A. 0000-0003-1560-6024","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1560-6024","contributorId":364936,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harman","given":"Madison","middleInitial":"E.A.","affiliations":[{"id":78927,"text":"Cherokee Nation Systems Solutions","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ewen, Kristen A.","contributorId":364937,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ewen","given":"Kristen","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":36189,"text":"National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gwilliam, Evan L.","contributorId":364938,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gwilliam","given":"Evan","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":36189,"text":"National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hunter, Margaret 0000-0002-4760-9302","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4760-9302","contributorId":207584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunter","given":"Margaret","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":953502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70273724,"text":"70273724 - 2025 - Exploring Martian geothermal and liquid water potential with basin modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-26T15:33:39.007527","indexId":"70273724","displayToPublicDate":"2025-12-01T09:27:01","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Exploring Martian geothermal and liquid water potential with basin modeling","docAbstract":"Assessing the potential for geothermal energy and liquid water presence in the Martian subsurface is crucial for future exploration and habitability studies. In this work, we employed comprehensive finite element model simulations adapted specifically for Martian conditions to estimate subsurface temperatures and the potential for liquid water at depth within Martian crater basins. Rock and fluid property values for basin fill were carefully adjusted to match Martian gravity, radiogenic heat generation, and compositional characteristics derived from rover analyses, Martian meteorite samples, and orbital spectroscopy data. Multiple modeling scenarios were explored to systematically evaluate end-member cases across critical variables such as heat flow, lithological composition, and average surface temperature. Sensitivity testing revealed that heat flow and average annual surface temperatures are the most important variables. Results were used in calculations based on a database of Martian craters to estimate the temperature of crater fill at depth. Our model results indicate significant potential for sustained liquid water in the subsurface within sedimentary deposits across a range of crater sizes and latitudes. They further suggest that viable geothermal reservoirs likely exist and are potentially accessible for future Martian missions seeking energy sources or exploring astrobiological hypotheses. This study provides a methodological framework for geothermal and hydrological assessments for the subsurface of Mars, contributing to ongoing planetary exploration strategies.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Using the Earth to save the Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geothermal Resources Council","usgsCitation":"Gardner, R., Birdwell, J.E., French, K.L., Okubo, C., Pitman, J., Paxton, S.T., and Flaum, J.A., 2025, Exploring Martian geothermal and liquid water potential with basin modeling, in Using the Earth to save the Earth, v. 49, p. 1526-1541.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1526","endPage":"1541","ipdsId":"IP-180860","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499017,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":499005,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.geothermal-library.org/index.php?mode=pubs&action=view&record=1035310"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"49","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gardner, Rand 0000-0001-8711-5334","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8711-5334","contributorId":316831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"Rand","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Birdwell, Justin E. 0000-0001-8263-1452 jbirdwell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8263-1452","contributorId":3302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Birdwell","given":"Justin","email":"jbirdwell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":569,"text":"Southwest Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"French, Katherine L. 0000-0002-0153-8035","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0153-8035","contributorId":205462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"French","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":954445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Okubo, Chris 0000-0001-9776-8128 cokubo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9776-8128","contributorId":174209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okubo","given":"Chris","email":"cokubo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pitman, Janet K. 0000-0002-0441-779X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0441-779X","contributorId":228982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitman","given":"Janet K.","affiliations":[{"id":547,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Paxton, Stanley T. 0000-0002-9098-1740 spaxton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9098-1740","contributorId":739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paxton","given":"Stanley","email":"spaxton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Flaum, Jason A. 0000-0003-1251-1142","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1251-1142","contributorId":300809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flaum","given":"Jason","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70272001,"text":"70272001 - 2025 - Evaluating mountain goat population structure in Glacier National Park and Waterton Lakes National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-16T14:24:14.993784","indexId":"70272001","displayToPublicDate":"2025-12-01T09:14:30","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Evaluating mountain goat population structure in Glacier National Park and Waterton Lakes National Park","docAbstract":"Mountain goats are an iconic, climate-sensitive species across their North American alpine range. Among its nearly complete complement of native wildlife, no single species embodies Glacier National Park (GNP) more than the mountain goat. They play an important role as an alpine food source for many of the park’s carnivores including wolverines, mountain lions, and grizzly bears. Mountain goats face many increasing threats, particularly at the southern extent of their range. These include changes in precipitation and temperature, shifts in forage and fire frequency and intensity, and rapidly increasing visitation and recreation. Although the high latitude and elevations of GNP offer refugia, the mountain goat population likely declined between 2008 and 2019 and may also have a smaller distribution. In Montana, many other native mountain goat populations are also declining or have disappeared entirely. Using a combination of staff and citizen scientists, we collected fecal pellets across GNP in Montana, USA, and adjoining Waterton Lakes National Park (WLNP) in Alberta, Canada, between 2019 and 2023. We used genotypes of 6 to 19 loci microsatellites to identify individuals and assess isolation by distance, genetic structure, and genetic diversity. We found no evidence of genetic structure and only limited isolation by distance. This suggests that mountain goats in GNP and WLNP can be considered a single population, so samples can be combined across the area to estimate a single population size. Genetic diversity was similar to recent mountain goat studies conducted in other regions; allelic richness was 3.54 and inbreeding coefficients (FIS) ranged from 0.01–0.19, with values >0.11 only in the Livingston Range in the northwest of the study area. The high FIS in the Livingston Range suggests several closely related groups with little interchange, and perhaps a recent decrease in gene flow, both of which are consistent with a recent population decline in that area. We detected a high number of closely related individuals throughout our study area, consistent with the high adult survival, low reproductive success life history of goats, but also suggesting that we sampled much of the overall population.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Graves, T., Stein, E., Dose, L.M., Crowhurst, R.S., Thomas, H., Epps, C.W., Found, R., Belt, J., and Biel, M., 2025, Evaluating mountain goat population structure in Glacier National Park and Waterton Lakes National Park, 23 p.","productDescription":"23 p.","ipdsId":"IP-175367","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":501174,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":501173,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/Reference/Profile/2314005"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alberta, Montana","otherGeospatial":"Glacier National Park, Waterton Lakes National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.65813170614295,\n 49.01864965992118\n ],\n [\n -113.9402382048133,\n 49.21093114844521\n ],\n [\n -114.19203574081646,\n 49.15606962898178\n ],\n [\n -114.0684684314816,\n 49.0064161433462\n ],\n [\n -114.47414223948681,\n 49.0064161433462\n ],\n [\n -114.11742906348216,\n 48.46980034937002\n ],\n [\n -113.865631527479,\n 48.4512474620191\n ],\n [\n -113.56020972371306,\n 48.22963785940766\n ],\n [\n -113.42964803837785,\n 48.24827158953556\n ],\n [\n -113.19883363037496,\n 48.406384328301044\n ],\n [\n -113.40400199304446,\n 48.70267920865706\n ],\n [\n -113.59285014504675,\n 48.92988954507129\n ],\n [\n -113.5951816037133,\n 48.994180616558\n ],\n [\n -113.65813170614295,\n 49.01864965992118\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graves, Tabitha A. 0000-0001-5145-2400","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5145-2400","contributorId":202084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graves","given":"Tabitha A.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":949682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stein, Eliza 0009-0009-1939-4971","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1939-4971","contributorId":361933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"Eliza","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":949683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dose, Lindsay M","contributorId":361935,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dose","given":"Lindsay","middleInitial":"M","affiliations":[{"id":27609,"text":"Contractor to USGS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":949684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crowhurst, Rachel S.","contributorId":198153,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Crowhurst","given":"Rachel","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":949685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thomas, Heather","contributorId":361939,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thomas","given":"Heather","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":949686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Epps, Clinton W.","contributorId":359530,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Epps","given":"Clinton","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":85841,"text":"Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Nash Hall Room 104, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":949687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Found, Rob","contributorId":361942,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Found","given":"Rob","affiliations":[{"id":6658,"text":"Parks Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":949688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Belt, Jami","contributorId":177314,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Belt","given":"Jami","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":949689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Biel, Mark","contributorId":317264,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Biel","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":68985,"text":"GNP","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":949690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70273756,"text":"70273756 - 2025 - Effects of climate change on Midwestern ecosystems: Central and Eastern North American Grassland and Shrubland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-28T15:15:53.882062","indexId":"70273756","displayToPublicDate":"2025-12-01T09:10:37","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Effects of climate change on Midwestern ecosystems: Central and Eastern North American Grassland and Shrubland","docAbstract":"The Central and Eastern North American Grassland and Shrubland ecosystem may be increasingly shaped by intensifying drought and shifting seasonality. Rising temperatures and more variable precipitation, marked by longer dry spells, are projected to increase evapotranspiration and soil moisture deficits, and yield more frequent drought. At the same time, warming temperatures are projected to advance spring onset and extend the growing season. Drought may alter habitat structure by accelerating soil erosion, disrupting nutrient cycling, increasing physiological stress on plants, and reducing productivity. These changes are expected to shift community composition toward species adapted to water limitation and fluctuating resources, reducing much of the herbaceous cover that characterizes this ecosystem. Seasonal shifts may restructure habitat by altering phenology and f lowering dynamics, potentially increasing productivity but also heightening the risk of late-season frost damage. Community composition is expected to shift toward early-emerging species, particularly coolseason (C3) grasses, and species with phenological flexibility. Altered phenology may also lead to mismatches between plants and pollinators and increase pollinator competition at the beginning and end of the growing season, with potential consequences for reproduction.
Although these overarching stressors affect the entire ecosystem, their specific impacts likely vary with local habitat conditions. In the Central and Northern Tallgrass Prairie, which are historically firemaintained habitats dominated by a mix of warm-season (C4) and cool-season (C3) grasses and forbs, climate change may shift community composition by favoring deep-rooted forbs and established shrubs while displacing shallow-rooted species, including many native grasses. These changes, especially in the absence of fire, may promote woody encroachment and drive long-term community reassembly. In the Central Interior Acidic Open Glade and Barrens, characterized by shallow, drought-prone soils, climate change may reinforce xeric assemblages and reduce the abundance of mesic species. In the absence of f ire, shrubs rather than larger woody species, are more likely to increase, as water limitations constrain the establishment of trees. In the Eastern North American Ruderal Meadow and Shrubland, which lack native species richness and structural stability, disturbance-tolerant invaders may increasingly dominate. Drought and earlier springs are expected to reinforce early successional dynamics and further constrain the restoration potential of these already degraded habitats.
Across the region, invasive species, herbivory, and microbial and fungal communities are also expected to respond to climate change. Invasive plants with ruderal traits and flexible phenologies are likely to benefit from drought-driven disturbance, post-drought resource pulses, and longer, earlier growing seasons. These species often germinate and flower earlier than natives, gaining priority access to resources as seasonal timing shifts. Herbivory by increasing white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations is expected to intensify, particularly during drought, when plant defenses are weakened, and during extended growing seasons, which prolong forage availability. This selective browsing may contribute to declines in native forbs while indirectly promoting non-native grasses. Microbial and fungal communities, like plant communities, are likely vulnerable to both drought and shifting seasonality. Reduced soil moisture may suppress microbial activity and decomposition, while shifts in fungal community composition, particularly declines in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, may impair plant drought tolerance.
Adaptation strategies for the Central and Eastern North American Grassland and Shrubland may require managers to anticipate and respond to these changes through both resistance-based approaches, such as restoring fire regimes and reinforcing native species dominance, and acceptance of some potential transitions, such as facilitating drought-tolerant and phenologically flexible species establishment and adjusting fire regimes to align with altered phenology.
","language":"English","publisher":"Climate Change Adaptation Centers","usgsCitation":"Ratcliffe, H., Charton, K., Siddons, T., Lyons, M.P., and LeDee, O.E., 2025, Effects of climate change on Midwestern ecosystems: Central and Eastern North American Grassland and Shrubland, 116 p.","productDescription":"116 p.","ipdsId":"IP-180909","costCenters":[{"id":65882,"text":"Midwest Climate Adaptation Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499167,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":499142,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://cascprojects.org/#/project/5e2f3f59e4b0a79317d422af/646e20cbd34ee02593fb5809"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri Ohio, 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ratcliffe, Hugh","contributorId":352942,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ratcliffe","given":"Hugh","affiliations":[{"id":84312,"text":"Oak Ridge Institute for Higher Education","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Charton, Katherine","contributorId":352943,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Charton","given":"Katherine","affiliations":[{"id":6626,"text":"University of Minnesota","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Siddons, Taylor","contributorId":343020,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Siddons","given":"Taylor","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6911,"text":"Iowa State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lyons, Marta P. 0000-0002-8117-8710 mlyons@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8117-8710","contributorId":270223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyons","given":"Marta","email":"mlyons@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":65882,"text":"Midwest Climate Adaptation Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"LeDee, Olivia E. 0000-0002-7791-5829 oledee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7791-5829","contributorId":242820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeDee","given":"Olivia","email":"oledee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":65882,"text":"Midwest Climate Adaptation Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70273470,"text":"70273470 - 2025 - Geochemistry and Soils of the Big Smoky Valley Fens, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-16T14:23:48.418624","indexId":"70273470","displayToPublicDate":"2025-12-01T09:00:59","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2562,"text":"Journal of the Nevada Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry and Soils of the Big Smoky Valley Fens, Nevada","docAbstract":"Fens are groundwater-fed wetlands that can provide habitat for plants and animals. Due to anthropogenic activities and climate change, many fens around the world are at risk. This paper presents the results of a study of the hydrology and geochemistry of fens in Big Smoky Valley, central Nevada to support the Bureau of Land Management’s activities in the area. A water sample from the largest fen in the study area was analyzed for its water chemistry and compared to a nearby alluvial aquifer and hot spring. The high SiO2 concentration of the fen sample implies that the fen water may originate from geothermal water. A soil core was taken to analyze radiocarbon age and soil type. A majority of the core was composed of silt and clay interlayered with water-filled voids. Changes in the character of the clay with depth suggest that there may have been changes in the depositional environment over time. Radiocarbon dating of Ruppia seeds showed longevity of the fen, with the minimum 14C age of the core as 4,375±40 years. This paper provides reconnaissance-level information on the Big Smoky Valley fens, but further information would be needed to better understand the source of water to the fens or how the fen environment has changed over time with climate.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nevada Water Resources Association","doi":"10.22542/jnwra/2025/1/2","usgsCitation":"Cromratie Clemons, S.K., Moret, G.J., and Earp, K.J., 2025, Geochemistry and Soils of the Big Smoky Valley Fens, Nevada: Journal of the Nevada Water Resources Association, v. 2025, no. Winter, p. 27-40, https://doi.org/10.22542/jnwra/2025/1/2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"40","ipdsId":"IP-153124","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":498650,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Big Smoky Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.75,\n 39.75\n ],\n [\n -117.75,\n 38.5\n ],\n [\n -116.5,\n 38.5\n ],\n [\n -116.5,\n 39.75\n ],\n [\n -117.75,\n 39.75\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2025","issue":"Winter","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cromratie Clemons, Sade K. 0009-0002-2846-7158","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2846-7158","contributorId":346168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cromratie Clemons","given":"Sade","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":953853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moret, Geoffrey John 0000-0002-6589-5699","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6589-5699","contributorId":365162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moret","given":"Geoffrey","middleInitial":"John","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":953854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Earp, Katherine J. 0000-0002-5291-6737 kjearp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5291-6737","contributorId":223704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Earp","given":"Katherine","email":"kjearp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":953855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70273848,"text":"70273848 - 2025 - Environmental DNA metabarcoding for monitoring fish biodiversity in remote lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-06T15:14:32.840311","indexId":"70273848","displayToPublicDate":"2025-12-01T08:07:49","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental DNA metabarcoding for monitoring fish biodiversity in remote lakes","docAbstract":"Objective
Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding provides an attractive option for monitoring biodiversity in remote freshwater ecosystems, where the deployment of conventional gears encounters major logistical constraints. We evaluated eDNA metabarcoding for monitoring fish communities and early detection of nonnative species in three remote lakes on Isle Royale, Michigan, USA.
Methods
At each of the three lakes, we collected surface, midwater, and lake bottom samples from 10 sites during spring and fall sampling events. We performed metabarcoding on all the water samples, targeting the 12S region of all fish species.
Results
Despite a relatively small sample size (N = 60 samples per lake across two visits; 10 locations with three depths per location), we recovered 70% of all the species that were previously observed using conventional methods. We recovered several detections of putative Cisco Coregonus artedi, a vulnerable coldwater species, providing evidence that Cisco have persisted in these lakes. However, we found disentangling likely false positives from rare species challenging, which we overcame by employing multiple types of detection thresholds and a species-specific quantitative PCR assay.
Conclusions
Although we were able to successfully characterize the fish communities using eDNA metabarcoding, more attention needs to be given to the detection thresholds and communication protocols that provide guidance in interpretating new eDNA detections and using eDNA detections to inform management decisions. Although eDNA metabarcoding has limitations that should be accounted for at the outset of the project, the ease of sample collection makes eDNA metabarcoding an option for monitoring freshwater biodiversity in remote systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/najfmt/vqaf106","usgsCitation":"Iacaruso, N.J., Myers, J.T., Seider, M.J., and Davis, M.A., 2025, Environmental DNA metabarcoding for monitoring fish biodiversity in remote lakes: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 46, no. 1, p. 84-100, https://doi.org/10.1093/najfmt/vqaf106.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"84","endPage":"100","ipdsId":"IP-176505","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499648,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Isle Royale, Lake Superior","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.31231479627827,\n 48.18989928985803\n ],\n [\n -89.31231479627827,\n 47.823253980655494\n ],\n [\n -88.40909564980919,\n 47.823253980655494\n ],\n [\n -88.40909564980919,\n 48.18989928985803\n ],\n [\n -89.31231479627827,\n 48.18989928985803\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"46","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iacaruso, Nicholas J. 0009-0004-0829-2252","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0829-2252","contributorId":366087,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Iacaruso","given":"Nicholas","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":38021,"text":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":955227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Myers, Jared Thomas 0009-0004-9362-8792","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9362-8792","contributorId":363104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"Jared","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":955228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seider, Michael J. 0000-0002-6500-4710","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6500-4710","contributorId":366088,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seider","given":"Michael","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36188,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":955229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davis, Mark A. 0000-0001-9034-9430","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9034-9430","contributorId":366089,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davis","given":"Mark","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":38021,"text":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":955230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70274024,"text":"70274024 - 2025 - Predicted fish vulnerability to stream drying in the western U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-24T14:45:01.973166","indexId":"70274024","displayToPublicDate":"2025-11-30T09:17:36","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1471,"text":"Ecology of Freshwater Fish","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicted fish vulnerability to stream drying in the western U.S.A.","docAbstract":"The frequency, magnitude and extent of stream drying is increasing due to climate change and human water demand. Fish vulnerability to increased stream drying is a combination of sensitivity (innate tolerance to low streamflow) and exposure to stream drying. To understand fish tolerance to low flow and susceptibility to decline under changing streamflow conditions, we estimated species-specific measures of sensitivity to low streamflow, determined relationships to species traits and evaluated vulnerability to future reductions in streamflow for 60 species. We found that sensitivity varied across species, and some variation was explained by life history strategy, spawning strategy and body size. Periodic life history strategy, pelagic spawning and larger size corresponded to an increased sensitivity to stream drying. Under future projections of August streamflow, 90% of sites were predicted to decrease in flow magnitude. Vulnerability to changes in streamflow, the combination of sensitivity and exposure, varied slightly across the study species, with the percent of inhospitable sites under future climate scenarios increasing for 87% of the species. Despite being relatively insensitive to low streamflow, vulnerability was high for multiple species dominant in mountainous areas, driven by high levels of exposure to stream drying. Our results illustrate the potential for species traits to predict sensitivity to low streamflow and demonstrate that exposure may play a large role when defining species vulnerability to stream drying. The ability to predict species tolerances and susceptibility to decline will become increasingly important in prioritising conservation efforts under changing environmental conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/eff.70030","usgsCitation":"Rieger, E.A., Clancy, N.G., McShane, R., Sando, R., Walters, A.W., 2025, Predicted fish vulnerability to stream drying in the western U.S.A.: Ecology of Freshwater Fish, v. 35, no. 1, e70030, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1111/eff.70030.","productDescription":"e70030, 15 p.","ipdsId":"IP-181256","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":500416,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.17687504578194,\n 48.99895279833029\n ],\n [\n -117.17687504578194,\n 41.52556699198976\n ],\n [\n -102.07830601878965,\n 41.52556699198976\n ],\n [\n -102.07830601878965,\n 48.99895279833029\n ],\n [\n -117.17687504578194,\n 48.99895279833029\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2025-11-30","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rieger, Elizabeth A.","contributorId":366763,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rieger","given":"Elizabeth","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":36628,"text":"University of Wyoming","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":956192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clancy, Niall G.","contributorId":366764,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clancy","given":"Niall","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":36628,"text":"University of Wyoming","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":956193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McShane, Ryan R. 0000-0002-3128-0039","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3128-0039","contributorId":219009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McShane","given":"Ryan R.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":956194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sando, Roy 0000-0003-0704-6258","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0704-6258","contributorId":3874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sando","given":"Roy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":685,"text":"Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":956195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Walters, Annika W. 0000-0002-8638-6682 awalters@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8638-6682","contributorId":4190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"Annika","email":"awalters@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":956196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70272712,"text":"70272712 - 2025 - Disentangling geomorphic equifinality in sediment and hydrologic connectivity through the analyses of landscape drivers of hysteresis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-05T14:42:36.637757","indexId":"70272712","displayToPublicDate":"2025-11-28T08:34:15","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1425,"text":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Disentangling geomorphic equifinality in sediment and hydrologic connectivity through the analyses of landscape drivers of hysteresis","docAbstract":"Sources, transport mechanisms and pathways of fine sediment in river systems are dependent on a multitude of climatic, geomorphic and anthropogenic factors, resulting in geomorphic equifinality, in which it is difficult to parse how different landscape processes affect sediment transport across different spatiotemporal scales. The objectives of this study are to 1) provide a conceptual model to consider how differing spatial distributions and hydrologic timing of sediment sources, both upland and in-channel, can result in equifinal sediment transport outcomes, and 2) utilize analytical methods with widely available environmental datasets to infer sediment processes from stream gaging data. Hysteretic patterns of observed storm events were classified based on their direction and timing of peak sediment concentration, relative to streamflow, using records from 35 U.S. Geological Survey stream gages in the period between 2007 and 2023 within two different physiographic regions: the Mid-Atlantic Delaware River Basin (DRB) and the Midwestern Illinois River Basin (IRB). The DRB contains mixed forest, urban, suburban and agricultural watersheds over diverse topography, and the IRB is primarily an intensively managed agricultural watershed on flat terrain. We use principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis to infer regional hydrologic relations with turbidity dynamics, and to identify the primary hydrologic and land surface characteristics most effective at distinguishing between hysteretic classes in each region. These analyses reveal underlying regional relations in storm event hydrodynamics and landscape characteristics that contribute to varying patterns in sediment dynamics. Incorporating these sediment dynamic relations with spatial distributions and hydrologic timing of sediment sources could help to improve process understanding and predictive capability of fine sediment transport in watersheds.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/esp.70176","usgsCitation":"Cho, J., Lund, J.W., Ball, G., Brown, J., Gellis, A.C., Gurley, L., Hamshaw, S.D., Kwang, J., Laws, A.R., Noe, G.E., Oelsner, G.P., Parchaso, F., Peterman-Phipps, C.L., Skalak, K., and Sutfin, N., 2025, Disentangling geomorphic equifinality in sediment and hydrologic connectivity through the analyses of landscape drivers of hysteresis: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 50, no. 15, e70176, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70176.","productDescription":"e70176, 17 p.","ipdsId":"IP-170744","costCenters":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":497386,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70176","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":497134,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Delaware River basin, Illinois River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.68954408345827,\n 38.950028597513835\n ],\n [\n -74.89989316012007,\n 39.102240996914645\n ],\n [\n -74.6338466936656,\n 39.87992689710077\n ],\n [\n -74.54209298691838,\n 42.48383357009601\n ],\n [\n -75.32901972577082,\n 42.66606930681047\n ],\n [\n -75.68467393558525,\n 41.52390339255501\n ],\n [\n -75.94651156666464,\n 40.974819350541964\n ],\n [\n -75.68954408345827,\n 38.950028597513835\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.28425444320338,\n 40.20557521013771\n ],\n [\n -85.90911218453002,\n 41.38513214136876\n ],\n [\n -85.85862424909708,\n 41.667539228044404\n ],\n [\n -86.89276221760612,\n 41.62541848585033\n ],\n [\n -87.491709790281,\n 41.28303800296328\n ],\n [\n -87.72477917112869,\n 41.742290318896494\n ],\n [\n -87.899547984402,\n 42.784080379148435\n ],\n [\n -88.60462403328552,\n 42.60113489689337\n ],\n [\n -88.63226716784871,\n 41.75576859115819\n ],\n [\n -91.24345346002825,\n 40.535056911723274\n ],\n [\n -91.45289956006285,\n 39.49144562335394\n ],\n [\n -89.96846822396331,\n 39.00606367341052\n ],\n [\n -87.23317921294202,\n 40.09312885971303\n ],\n [\n -87.28425444320338,\n 40.20557521013771\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"50","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cho, Jong 0000-0001-5514-6056","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5514-6056","contributorId":291384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cho","given":"Jong","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":951405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lund, J. William 0000-0002-8830-4468","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8830-4468","contributorId":211157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lund","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"William","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":951413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ball, Grady 0000-0003-3030-055X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3030-055X","contributorId":220746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"Grady","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":951406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, Jeb E. 0000-0001-7671-2379","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7671-2379","contributorId":225088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Jeb E.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":951407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gellis, Allen C. 0000-0002-3449-2889 agellis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3449-2889","contributorId":197684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gellis","given":"Allen","email":"agellis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":951408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gurley, Laura N. 0000-0002-2881-1038","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2881-1038","contributorId":93834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gurley","given":"Laura N.","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":951409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hamshaw, Scott Douglas 0000-0002-0583-4237","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0583-4237","contributorId":305601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamshaw","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"Douglas","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":951410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kwang, Jeffrey Stephen 0000-0002-3165-9700","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3165-9700","contributorId":348190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwang","given":"Jeffrey Stephen","affiliations":[{"id":37316,"text":"WMA - Integrated Information Dissemination Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":951411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Laws, Andrew Roy 0009-0001-6928-8335","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6928-8335","contributorId":363272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laws","given":"Andrew","middleInitial":"Roy","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":951412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Noe, Gregory E. 0000-0002-6661-2646 gnoe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6661-2646","contributorId":139100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noe","given":"Gregory","email":"gnoe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":951414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Oelsner, Gretchen P. 0000-0001-9329-7357 goelsner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9329-7357","contributorId":4440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oelsner","given":"Gretchen","email":"goelsner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":951415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Parchaso, Francis 0000-0002-9471-7787 parchaso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9471-7787","contributorId":217719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parchaso","given":"Francis","email":"parchaso@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":951416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Peterman-Phipps, Cara L. 0000-0003-1822-2552","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1822-2552","contributorId":259166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterman-Phipps","given":"Cara","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":951417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Skalak, Katherine 0000-0003-4122-1240 kskalak@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4122-1240","contributorId":3990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skalak","given":"Katherine","email":"kskalak@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":951418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Sutfin, Nicholas Alan 0000-0003-4429-7814","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4429-7814","contributorId":357883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutfin","given":"Nicholas Alan","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":951419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15}]}} ,{"id":70273268,"text":"70273268 - 2025 - Rare milkvetch (Astragalus) persistence at a utility-scale solar energy facility in the Mojave Desert","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-29T15:38:48.704275","indexId":"70273268","displayToPublicDate":"2025-11-27T09:31:48","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3910,"text":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","onlineIssn":"2296-701X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Rare milkvetch (Astragalus) persistence at a utility-scale solar energy facility in the Mojave Desert","title":"Rare milkvetch (Astragalus) persistence at a utility-scale solar energy facility in the Mojave Desert","docAbstract":"Utility-scale solar energy (USSE) development is driving the projected growth in global renewable energy capacity but comes with environmental tradeoffs. New, alternative construction methods are promoted to minimize impacts to soils, vegetation, and hydrology; however, the disturbance created by these methods requires further investigation. We evaluated the population of a rare annual species, threecorner milkvetch (Astragalus geyeri var. triquetrus), at the Gemini Solar Project in the Mojave Desert, USA, two years after construction. Gemini was required to minimize disturbance in the threecorner milkvetch habitat, providing a unique opportunity to study the plant population and life history characteristics of a rare plant species under novel construction methods. Our objectives were to compare plant population characteristics of threecorner milkvetch inside and outside the Gemini footprint and in different photovoltaic (PV) panel microsites (interspace, panel dripline, under panel). We hypothesized that 1) threecorner milkvetch would have lower survival, reproduction, and growth, and a later phenology, inside compared to outside the facility, and 2) that these negative effects on plant demography and phenology would intensify with increasing proximity to photovoltaic panels in the solar array due to an increasing effect of disturbance and reduction of light and water availability. The results of this 1-year study during a favorable year of rainfall demonstrate the persistence of a rare Mojave annual plant species within an altered environment at a USSE facility. We found that threecorner milkvetch had an earlier phenology, grew larger, and had a higher fecundity at Gemini compared to plants off-site. Survivorship between the two populations, however, was not significantly different. Although growth and reproductive metrics were not correlated with distance to panel, minimal threecorner milkvetch emergence occurred directly under the PV panels and along their driplines, indicating a potential loss of suitable habitat if this pattern becomes more widespread in space or through time. Novel construction techniques for USSE could be considered moving forward to minimize impact on aboveground vegetation and maintain viable seed banks. The results of this study can assist land managers in making decisions about USSE development as the demand grows.
","language":"English","publisher":"Frontiers Media","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2025.1697878","usgsCitation":"Pereira, T.J., Karban, C.C., Kobelt, L., and Munson, S.M., 2025, Rare milkvetch (Astragalus) persistence at a utility-scale solar energy facility in the Mojave Desert: Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, v. 13, 1697878, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2025.1697878.","productDescription":"1697878, 12 p.","ipdsId":"IP-182848","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":498294,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2025.1697878","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":498143,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Mojave Desert","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.87877698144997,\n 36.55309391567229\n ],\n [\n -114.87877698144997,\n 36.398061936746544\n ],\n [\n -114.70717521419876,\n 36.398061936746544\n ],\n [\n -114.70717521419876,\n 36.55309391567229\n ],\n [\n -114.87877698144997,\n 36.55309391567229\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pereira, Tiffany J.","contributorId":364633,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pereira","given":"Tiffany","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":86877,"text":"Desert Research Institute [DRI] Conservation Ecology Lab, Division of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, DRI, Las Vegas, NV, US","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":952964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karban, Claire C 0000-0002-6157-031X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6157-031X","contributorId":344987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karban","given":"Claire","email":"","middleInitial":"C","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":952965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kobelt, Lara A.","contributorId":350355,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kobelt","given":"Lara A.","affiliations":[{"id":83722,"text":"Bureau of Land Management, Southern Nevada District Office, 4701 North Torrey Pines Dr., Las Vegas, NV 89130","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":952966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Munson, Seth M. 0000-0002-2736-6374 smunson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2736-6374","contributorId":220026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munson","given":"Seth","email":"smunson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":952967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70273131,"text":"70273131 - 2025 - Summer snow determines the depth to ice-cemented ground under dry permafrost in Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-16T15:15:06.148615","indexId":"70273131","displayToPublicDate":"2025-11-27T09:10:10","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":814,"text":"Antarctic Science","onlineIssn":"1365-2079","printIssn":"0954-1020","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Summer snow determines the depth to ice-cemented ground under dry permafrost in Antarctica","docAbstract":"Dry permafrost underlain by ice-cemented permafrost has been reported in several locations in Antarctica. Initially thought to be relic ice, it is now understood that this subsurface ice is in equilibrium with the surface conditions, although it is not in equilibrium with the atmosphere. We use year-round data from University Valley in the Dry Valleys and Elephant Head in the Ellsworth Mountains to investigate the seasonal variations in water vapour flux that control the depth to the ice table under dry permafrost. Our analysis shows that the mean annual water vapour density of the soil surface exceeds the atmospheric value by a factor of up to ~2 due to summer snow. The attenuation and phase shift of the annual temperature cycle with depth result in colder temperatures at the ice table than at the surface of the soil in summer. We conclude that this temperature gradient, combined with the summer snow, provides the flux of water to the ice table necessary to maintain the ice. In University Valley, reducing the snow days by 40% moves the stability depth of the ice table from 42 to 66 cm. Increasing the snow days by 60% shifts the ice table to 17 cm. These variations can explain the observed gradient in the depth to the ice table in University Valley.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/S0954102025100448","usgsCitation":"McKay, C.P., Marinova, M., Williams, K.E., and Mellon, M., 2025, Summer snow determines the depth to ice-cemented ground under dry permafrost in Antarctica: Antarctic Science, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102025100448.","ipdsId":"IP-173704","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":497724,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954102025100448","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":497566,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Online First","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKay, C. P.","contributorId":237824,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKay","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":24796,"text":"NASA Ames Research Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":952401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marinova, M.","contributorId":364258,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marinova","given":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":86775,"text":"M3 Interplanetary Corp.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":952402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, Kaj E. 0000-0003-1755-1872 kewilliams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1755-1872","contributorId":196988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Kaj","email":"kewilliams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":952403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mellon, M.","contributorId":241722,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mellon","given":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":12722,"text":"Cornell University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":952404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70272658,"text":"70272658 - 2025 - The acoustic-Doppler current profiler (ADCP): A comprehensive tool for river-reach hydromorphodynamics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-03T17:19:25.259086","indexId":"70272658","displayToPublicDate":"2025-11-26T11:01:15","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The acoustic-Doppler current profiler (ADCP): A comprehensive tool for river-reach hydromorphodynamics","docAbstract":"This paper introduces the use of acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) measurements as input for the Acoustic Mapping Velocimetry (AMV) method, a technique for characterizing the dynamics of riverine bedforms. The performance of this new approach, ADCP-AMV, is compared with input from a multibeam echosounder through a field study conducted on the Mississippi River (USA). A virtual ADCP tool has been created to support the ADCP-AMV measurements with optimal data density predictions. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time ADCP measurements have been used in conjunction with the AMV dune-tracking method. Subsequently, the paper discusses the coupling of ADCP-AMV measurements with ancillary data extracted from the ADCP. These ancillary data are processed using previously developed protocols to characterize hydrodynamics and the suspended sediment distribution in the water column. This paper emphasizes the capability of ADCPs to characterize open-channel river hydromorphodynamic parameters with high spatiotemporal resolution. Recommendations to accurately and efficiently acquire these multi-variable measurements and derived datasets are discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105180","usgsCitation":"Fleit, G., Muste, M., Baranya, S., Kim, D., Whaling, A., McAlpin, T., and You, H., 2025, The acoustic-Doppler current profiler (ADCP): A comprehensive tool for river-reach hydromorphodynamics: Advances in Water Resources, v. 206, 105180, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105180.","productDescription":"105180, 15 p.","ipdsId":"IP-177812","costCenters":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":497092,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105180","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":497018,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","city":"Memphis","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.08,\n 35.13\n ],\n [\n -90.08,\n 35.12\n ],\n [\n -90.07,\n 35.12\n ],\n [\n -90.07,\n 35.13\n ],\n [\n -90.08,\n 35.13\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"206","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleit, Gábor","contributorId":363187,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fleit","given":"Gábor","affiliations":[{"id":86640,"text":"Research fellow at Budapest University of Technology and Economics","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":951233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Muste, Marian 0000-0002-5975-462X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5975-462X","contributorId":192136,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Muste","given":"Marian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":951234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baranya, Sándor","contributorId":363188,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baranya","given":"Sándor","affiliations":[{"id":86642,"text":"Professor (Associate) at Budapest University of Technology and Economics","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":951235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kim, Dongsu","contributorId":363189,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kim","given":"Dongsu","affiliations":[{"id":86643,"text":"Professor at Dankook University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":951236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Whaling, Amanda 0000-0003-1375-8323","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1375-8323","contributorId":213953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whaling","given":"Amanda","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":951237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McAlpin, Tate","contributorId":363190,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McAlpin","given":"Tate","affiliations":[{"id":86644,"text":"Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":951238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"You, Hojun","contributorId":363191,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"You","given":"Hojun","affiliations":[{"id":86646,"text":"Senior Researcher at K-water Research Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":951239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70272640,"text":"70272640 - 2025 - Potential thiamine deficiency of phytoplankton across a productivity gradient and seasons in Ohio lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-02T16:25:40.80763","indexId":"70272640","displayToPublicDate":"2025-11-26T10:21:30","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1696,"text":"Freshwater Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential thiamine deficiency of phytoplankton across a productivity gradient and seasons in Ohio lakes","docAbstract":"This report describes a cooperative study by the U.S. Geological Survey and Missouri Department of Natural Resources that evaluated temporal changes in total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in the Lower Grand River hydrologic unit. The study focused on trends since 2010, when the basin was designated as a priority drainage basin of the Mississippi River Basin Healthy Watersheds Initiative (MRBI). At three local drainage basins within the Lower Grand hydrological unit (MRBI sites), stream nutrient trends were evaluated using flow-adjusted (FA) TN and TP concentrations for water years 2011 through 2023. FATN concentration trends were not statistically significant for any MRBI site. One site (site 2) showed a statistically significant increasing trend in FATP concentration, indicating a possible increase in phosphorus sources in parts of the basin. Overall, streamflow variability appeared to be the dominant factor affecting nutrient concentrations at MRBI sites. At five regional drainage basins, including the Grand River and nearby rivers with data from 1994 through 2023 (long-term sites), annual flow-normalized (FN) TN and TP concentrations were evaluated for trends before (water years 2000–10) and during (water years 2010–23) the MRBI. For water years 2010 through 2023, annual FNTN and FNTP concentrations decreased in the Grand River, as well as in the Nodaway and Chariton Rivers, which were not targeted by the MRBI. The Grand River (site 9) reversed from increasing to decreasing FNTP concentrations after 2010, with a 26-percent reduction. Annual FNTN and FNTP concentrations also decreased at the Missouri River sites. While nutrient reductions in the Grand River may reflect the effects of implemented conservation practices, similar trends in nearby, nontargeted rivers and the absence of strong decreasing trends at MRBI sites suggest that broader regional factors, instead of or in addition to MRBI efforts, may have contributed to nutrient reductions in the Grand River.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20255099","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Kamrath, B.J.W., Lauderback, C.N., and Murphy, J.C., 2025, Temporal changes in nutrient concentrations in the Lower Grand River and selected drainage basins, Missouri and Iowa, during the Mississippi River Basin Healthy Watersheds Initiative (2010–23): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2025–5099, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20255099.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 19 p.; 5 Linked Tables; Data Release; Dataset","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-167198","costCenters":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":497801,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_118990.htm"},{"id":496854,"rank":7,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","text":"USGS National Water Information System database","linkHelpText":"- USGS water data for the Nation"},{"id":496853,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P13FQ2YN","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Archive of the load estimation models used in the analyses of temporal changes in nutrient concentrations in the Lower Grand River and selected drainage basins, Missouri and Iowa (2010–23)"},{"id":496855,"rank":8,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20255099/full"},{"id":496848,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5099/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":496852,"rank":5,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5099/downloads/","text":"Tables 1.1 to 1.5","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":496851,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5099/images/"},{"id":496849,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5099/sir20255099.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2025-5099"},{"id":496850,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5099/sir20255099.XML"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Lower Grand River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.5,\n 41.5\n ],\n [\n -95.5,\n 38.5\n ],\n [\n -91.5,\n 38.5\n ],\n [\n -91.5,\n 41.5\n ],\n [\n -95.5,\n 41.5\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
405 North Goodwin
Urbana, IL 61801
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, estimated total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations at three local and five regional monitoring sites in Missouri. Temporal changes in total nitrogen and total phosphorus were quantified to evaluate whether instream nutrient concentrations have changed at local or regional scales. At the local scale sites, total phosphorus concentrations substantially increased at one site, which indicated a possible increase in phosphorus sources in the Lower Grand River hydrologic unit, while total nitrogen concentrations did not change substantially. At the regional site, annual total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations generally decreased. The regional decline in stream nutrients paired with the lack of nutrient reduction at the local sites indicated that nutrient reductions in the Grand River may have been driven by regional changes in nutrient export, instead of or in addition to conservation practices implemented as part of the Mississippi River Basin Healthy Watersheds Initiative.
","publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kamrath, Brock J.W. 0000-0001-7118-0537","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7118-0537","contributorId":347859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kamrath","given":"Brock","middleInitial":"J.W.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":950957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lauderback, Courtney N. 0000-0002-6975-0331","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6975-0331","contributorId":363041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lauderback","given":"Courtney","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":950958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murphy, Jennifer C. 0000-0002-0881-0919 jmurphy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0881-0919","contributorId":4281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Jennifer","email":"jmurphy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":950959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70272103,"text":"sir20255062 - 2025 - An evaluation of the effects of different deicing salt application rates on three watersheds in Essex County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-03T16:38:12.480343","indexId":"sir20255062","displayToPublicDate":"2025-11-25T15:50:00","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2025-5062","displayTitle":"An Evaluation of the Effects of Different Deicing Salt Application Rates on Three Watersheds in Essex County, New York","title":"An evaluation of the effects of different deicing salt application rates on three watersheds in Essex County, New York","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the New York State Department of Transportation, evaluated the effects of different deicing salt application rates on surface water, groundwater, and highway runoff quality near State highways in northern New York. Three reaches of State highways were tested with different deicing treatments between October 2019 and November 2022: a salt-sand mixture (Treatment A), a salt mixture applied at a lower rate (Treatment B), and a control mixture consistent with typical deicing salt amounts and application rates. Data on pavement conditions and the quality of surface water, highway runoff, and groundwater were collected. Surface electromagnetic data were also collected. Surface-water and groundwater quality downgradient from the State highways were compared with water quality at upgradient locations. The percentage of snow or ice coverage was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the salt applications.
This report provides an overview of the transport of deicing salt. The Treatment B watershed had deicing mixture applied more frequently than other highway reaches, which caused it to have the highest annual total chloride application. Despite differences in chloride application, flow-weighted mean chloride concentrations in highway runoff were comparable across treatments. Chloride concentrations were elevated in surface water and groundwater downgradient from highways relative to chloride concentrations upgradient from highways. A chloride mass balance, calculated for one treatment watershed, indicated that groundwater affected by legacy deicing practices may be contributing additional chloride to surface water. Spatial patterns from electromagnetic surveys show a shallow saline plume alongside the highway in that area.
Differences in winter severity and pavement-surface conditions drove deicing salt applications in the treatment areas. This study found that several factors affect chloride loads in the watersheds, including variable winter conditions, adaptive snow and ice management, legacy management practices, and area-specific aquifer and groundwater conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20255062","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York State Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Gutchess, K., Scavotto, N., Dondero, A., Woda, J., Terry, N., Smith, K., and Williams, J., 2025, An evaluation of the effects of different deicing salt application rates on three watersheds in Essex County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2025–5062, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20255062.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 31 p.; 2 Data Releases","numberOfPages":"31","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-160931","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":497798,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_118989.htm"},{"id":496533,"rank":7,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data 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U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Road
Troy, NY 1280–8349
When sampling for waterborne microbes, researchers may need to diverge from recommended sample volumes due to logistical constraints, novel targets, or challenging matrices, with little guidance about the potential impact on results. In field studies, we measured bacteria, viruses, and protozoa (15 quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays) in paired large- and small-volume samples to evaluate method performance and relevant factors. Concordance between methods was low. Large-volume ultrafiltration yielded more detections than small-volume sampling, especially for pathogens in groundwater. Greater microbial concentrations were associated with more frequent detections in small-volume samples and greater concordance between paired samples. Large-volume samples appeared to be more susceptible to diminished sensitivity from complex sample matrices. In laboratory studies, recovery of microbes was poorer for large- than small-volume methods, although large-volume methods more reliably detected low-concentration targets. Large-volume samples were less stable than small-volume samples during storage. Overall, large-volume sampling was superior for detecting pathogens but may underestimate concentrations; small-volume sampling was more prone to false negatives but was adequate when concentrations were relatively high, like we observed for microbial source tracking in surface waters.
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2025 - Estimating flood discharges at selected annual exceedance probabilities for unregulated, rural streams in Vermont, 2023","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-03T16:37:13.651834","indexId":"sir20255088","displayToPublicDate":"2025-11-24T13:01:21","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2025-5088","displayTitle":"Estimating Flood Discharges at Selected Annual Exceedance Probabilities for Unregulated, Rural Streams in Vermont, 2023","title":"Estimating flood discharges at selected annual exceedance probabilities for unregulated, rural streams in Vermont, 2023","docAbstract":"This report provides estimates of flood discharge at selected annual exceedance probabilities (AEPs) for streamgages in and adjacent to Vermont and equations for estimating flood discharges at AEPs of 50-, 20-, 10-, 4-, 2-, 1-, 0.5-, and 0.2-percent (recurrence intervals of 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, and 500-years, respectively) for ungaged, unregulated, rural streams in Vermont with drainage areas between 0.47 and 851 square miles. The equations were developed using generalized least-squares regression and flood-frequency and drainage-basin characteristics from 156 streamgages. Flood-frequency analyses were completed using data through the 2023 water year. The drainage-basin characteristics used as explanatory variables in the regression equations are drainage area, percentage of wetland area, and basin-wide mean of the average annual precipitation. The average standard errors of prediction used to estimate flood discharges at the 50-, 20-, 10-, 4-, 2-, 1-, 0.5-, and 0.2-percent AEP with these equations are 34.9, 37.1, 38.2, 41.6, 43.8, 46.0, 49.1, and 53.2 percent, respectively.
Flood discharges at selected AEPs for streamgages were computed using the Expected Moments Algorithm. Techniques used to adjust an AEP discharge computed from a streamgage record with results from the regression equations and to estimate flood discharge at a selected AEP for an ungaged site upstream or downstream from a streamgage using a drainage-area adjustment are both described. The final regression equations and the flood-discharge frequency data used in this study will be available in StreamStats. StreamStats is an internet-based application that provides automated regression-equation solutions for user-selected sites on streams.
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\"}}]}","contact":"Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
10 Bearfoot Road
Northborough, MA 01532
Surface water quantity and quality is important for arid and semi-arid regions where many people, including underserved and Indigenous communities, rely on a scarce resource for drinking water, irrigation, livestock and ceremonial uses. The southwestern United States, and specifically the Four Corners Region (Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico and Utah), is an example of this situation. Elevated concentrations of metals including aluminium, arsenic and lead were identified in previous studies and this study in the San Juan River from below the Navajo Dam, through the Navajo Nation to Mexican Hat, Utah. An interdisciplinary team applied approaches and principles of geology, geochemistry, geomorphology, hydrology and statistics to gain a better understanding of the tributaries supplying the source(s) of metals to the San Juan River. This introductory paper provides an overview of the ‘Metal geochemical fingerprinting to identify sub-watershed source contributions to surface water at a regional arid watershed scale, Four Corners Region, USA’ thematic collection. An overview of sampling sites, techniques and potential sources of metals is provided. Approaches used in this study could be applied to investigations in similar systems globally.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of London","doi":"10.1144/geochem2024-027","usgsCitation":"Blake, J., Austin, S.A., Johnson, F., Brown, J., Chavarria, S., Mixon, R., Van Zante, C., Wilkins, K., Whiting, M.R., Ferguson, C.L., Shephard, Z., Bosch, K., Austring, T.J., Ratigan, Z., Shomour, A.A., and Yager, D., 2025, Tracking the sources of metals to the San Juan River, Four Corners Region, USA: An introduction to the thematic issue: Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, v. 25, no. 4, geochem2024-027, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.1144/geochem2024-027.","productDescription":"geochem2024-027, 16 p.","ipdsId":"IP-163791","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":501870,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"state":"Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Four Corners region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.73849819939772,\n 37.90517872002948\n ],\n [\n -111.80435454605075,\n 37.90517872002948\n ],\n [\n -111.80435454605075,\n 35.07498855685233\n ],\n [\n -107.73849819939772,\n 35.07498855685233\n ],\n [\n -107.73849819939772,\n 37.90517872002948\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blake, Johanna 0000-0003-4667-0096","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4667-0096","contributorId":217272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blake","given":"Johanna","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":958094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Austin, Stephen A.","contributorId":167625,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Austin","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":590,"text":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","active":false,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":958095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Fred","contributorId":295463,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Fred","affiliations":[{"id":6963,"text":"Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":958096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, Jeb E. 0000-0001-7671-2379","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7671-2379","contributorId":225088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Jeb E.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":958097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chavarria, Shaleene 0000-0001-8792-1010","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8792-1010","contributorId":222578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chavarria","given":"Shaleene","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":958098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mixon, Rachel Lynn 0000-0001-9863-6784","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9863-6784","contributorId":328595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mixon","given":"Rachel Lynn","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":958099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Van Zante, C.A. 0000-0003-0266-9827","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0266-9827","contributorId":334817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Zante","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":958100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wilkins, Kate 0000-0002-8096-0153","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8096-0153","contributorId":368916,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilkins","given":"Kate","affiliations":[{"id":36189,"text":"National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":958101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Whiting, Michael Ray 0009-0000-9749-6601","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9749-6601","contributorId":368917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whiting","given":"Michael","middleInitial":"Ray","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":958102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Ferguson, Christina L. 0000-0003-3368-0770","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3368-0770","contributorId":225087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferguson","given":"Christina","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":958103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Shephard, Zachary 0000-0003-2994-3355 zshephard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2994-3355","contributorId":187680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shephard","given":"Zachary","email":"zshephard@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":958104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Bosch, K. 0000-0002-3874-4609","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3874-4609","contributorId":369065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bosch","given":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":958105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Austring, Tristan Joel 0000-0002-5790-5498","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5790-5498","contributorId":338725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Austring","given":"Tristan","email":"","middleInitial":"Joel","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":958106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Ratigan, Zoreya (Zev) Eden 0009-0005-1075-8266","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1075-8266","contributorId":334365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratigan","given":"Zoreya (Zev) Eden","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":958107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Shomour, Anani Atahnibaa 0009-0005-2626-392X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2626-392X","contributorId":368918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shomour","given":"Anani","middleInitial":"Atahnibaa","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":958108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Yager, Douglas 0000-0001-5074-4022","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5074-4022","contributorId":305726,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yager","given":"Douglas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":958109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}} ,{"id":70273153,"text":"70273153 - 2025 - Groundwater structures fish growth and production across a riverscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-17T15:07:26.397254","indexId":"70273153","displayToPublicDate":"2025-11-23T08:59:12","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1696,"text":"Freshwater Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater structures fish growth and production across a riverscape","docAbstract":"Increased variability in precipitation associated with climate change creates extreme conditions of drought and deluge that can have profound effects on the abundance and composition of plant communities. Responses to these extremes likely vary across climatic gradients and depend on local plant community composition, which includes the emergent, aboveground vegetation as well as belowground seed banks. Because seed banks can both buffer the effects of environmental change and influence the future trajectories of communities, it is critical to understand seed bank responses to precipitation extremes in relation to the aboveground vegetation and how patterns vary across environmental gradients. Here we quantified the responses of aboveground and seed bank communities at five perennial grass-dominated sites across an elevational gradient to 6 years of extreme drought and deluge, by implementing experimental water exclusion and water addition treatments. Responses were stronger for drought than for deluge. Drought decreased abundance aboveground, while seed bank abundances were generally unaffected. Similarly, drought decreased richness and diversity of aboveground vegetation at intermediate elevations, without concurrent changes in seed banks. Surprisingly, the lowest and middle elevation sites showed stronger shifts in functional composition and dissimilarity in response to treatments, despite the expectation of greater buffering in seed banks in more arid environments. The relatively attenuated responses of seed bank communities to drought and deluge suggest potential for resistance and recovery, though species and functional composition may show greater responses to change particularly in more arid, lower elevation sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00442-025-05833-x","usgsCitation":"Gremer, J.R., Moore, M.M., Laughlin, D.C., and Munson, S.M., 2025, Divergent responses of seed banks and aboveground vegetation to drought and deluge in grasslands across an elevational gradient: Oecologia, v. 207, 195, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-025-05833-x.","productDescription":"195, 13 p.","ipdsId":"IP-177518","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":498160,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","city":"Flagstaff","volume":"207","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gremer, Jennifer R.","contributorId":364660,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gremer","given":"Jennifer","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":86883,"text":"Dept of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA; Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, Margaret M.","contributorId":364661,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moore","given":"Margaret","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":39973,"text":"School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Laughlin, Daniel C.","contributorId":364662,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Laughlin","given":"Daniel","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":86885,"text":"Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Munson, Seth M. 0000-0002-2736-6374 smunson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2736-6374","contributorId":220026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munson","given":"Seth","email":"smunson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":953016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70272209,"text":"70272209 - 2025 - Simulation of the impacts of spring fiversions on streamflow in the Strawberry Creek watershed, San Bernardino County, California, using an integrated hydrological model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-19T17:06:16.579717","indexId":"70272209","displayToPublicDate":"2025-11-21T11:02:59","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":27,"text":"Preprint"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":32,"text":"Preprint"},"seriesTitle":{"id":18346,"text":"EarthArXiv","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":32}},"title":"Simulation of the impacts of spring fiversions on streamflow in the Strawberry Creek watershed, San Bernardino County, California, using an integrated hydrological model","docAbstract":"The Strawberry Creek watershed, situated in the San Bernardino Mountains of southern California, features a group of natural springs known as Arrowhead Springs that have been augmented with diversions in the form of sub-horizontal borings and tunnels. Understanding the impact of these structures on streamflow through groundwater capture is crucial for managing surface-water resources in this watershed. In this study we constructed the Strawberry Creek integrated hydrological model (SCIHM) to increase this understanding. The SCIHM is an integrated surface runoff and groundwater model that uses the coupled groundwater and surface-water flow model (GSFLOW), which is based on the integration of the precipitation-runoff modeling system (PRMS) and the modular groundwater flow model commonly called MODFLOW, version MODFLOW-2005 software to simulate surface runoff and infiltration and groundwater flow. The model has three layers, 263 rows, and 176 columns. The model area includes the Strawberry Creek and four adjacent watersheds. The PRMS model was calibrated using two streamflow gaging stations and the GSFLOW model was calibrated to reported spring diversion discharge and a sparse number of groundwater-level measurements. The SCIHM was run with and without diversions active and simulated streamflow was compared, finding that in the headwaters of Strawberry Creek about 35 percent of the diversion flow was captured from base flow.
","language":"English","publisher":"EartharXiv","doi":"10.31223/X5JB2K","usgsCitation":"Ryter, D.W., Hevesi, J.A., and Woolfenden, L.R., 2025, Simulation of the impacts of spring fiversions on streamflow in the Strawberry Creek watershed, San Bernardino County, California, using an integrated hydrological model: EarthArXiv, https://doi.org/10.31223/X5JB2K.","productDescription":"52 p.","ipdsId":"IP-181734","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":497778,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryter, Derek W. 0000-0002-2488-626X dryter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2488-626X","contributorId":3395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryter","given":"Derek","email":"dryter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":950446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hevesi, Joseph A.","contributorId":362410,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hevesi","given":"Joseph","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":36206,"text":"Retired","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":950447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Woolfenden, Linda R.","contributorId":362411,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Woolfenden","given":"Linda","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":36206,"text":"Retired","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":950448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70274557,"text":"70274557 - 2025 - Wetter winters, drier summers: Quantifying the change in hydrological response around the Puget Sound area using the wflow_sbm hydrological model and CMIP6 projections","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-31T13:53:52.426422","indexId":"70274557","displayToPublicDate":"2025-11-21T08:40:53","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":27,"text":"Preprint"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":32,"text":"Preprint"},"seriesTitle":{"id":18346,"text":"EarthArXiv","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":32}},"title":"Wetter winters, drier summers: Quantifying the change in hydrological response around the Puget Sound area using the wflow_sbm hydrological model and CMIP6 projections","docAbstract":"Climate change is expected to impact hydrological regimes worldwide, including the Pacific Northwest of the United States. This study investigates how climate change will affect river discharge in the Puget Sound region of the State of Washington, with a focus on King and Pierce Counties. We simulated river discharge under historical and future conditions using
the physically based, spatially distributed wflow_sbm hydrological model, which was calibrated and validated against U.S. Geological Survey discharge records. Future forcing was based on an ensemble of six high-resolution CMIP6 climate models, which were bias corrected using empirical quantile mapping. The results indicate a decrease in summer discharges (5–10%) and an increase in winter discharges (5–10%) across the study region. The high discharges (90th percentile) are projected to increase in winter, and the low discharges are projected to decrease in summer, due to shifts in precipitation regimes, snowpack hydrology, and evapotranspiration. However, variability between individual CMIP6 models often exceeds the magnitude of ensemble mean changes, underscoring substantial uncertainty in climate projections and the importance of including multiple climate models in climate change analysis. Furthermore, model consensus increased with elevation, which could be the result of the higher elevation areas being driven by less diverse hydrological processes. These findings highlight potential challenges for regional water management, ecosystem health, and flood risk mitigation in the Puget Sound region under future climate conditions.
Effects of large-scale flooding on forest composition and structure are a function of flood duration, depth, timing, and frequency. Throughout the Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS), floods in 1993 and 2019 were record-setting events followed by high rates of tree mortality. These events generated interest in species adaptations to flood event characteristics and how forest communities have changed in response to large-scale floods. We investigated associated tree mortality, how the floods differed spatially, and how floodplain forest communities have changed since 1993. Eight UMRS reaches were surveyed in a 1995 study, documenting vegetation species composition, size, and abundance. In 2021, a selection of plots (63%) were revisited and surveyed to quantify 2019 flood effects. For each site, we extracted daily inundation data for flood years and preceding decades from a surface water inundation model. We found post-flood mortality varied spatially and generally reflected inundation duration patterns. Lower latitude reaches experienced longer inundation durations and greater tree mortality in 1993 than in 2019, while higher latitude reaches experienced similar inundation duration and depth and similar mortality between events. Decadal inundation attributes also differed. During 2009–2018, inundation duration was greater and events occurred later than during 1983–1992 in all reaches. Most forest trajectories were Acer saccharinum-dominated and changed relatively little in species composition and structure. The greatest change in composition occurred at plots with high mortality from the 1993 flood, particularly in more flood-prone locations or where there were many small-diameter individuals. In plots dominated by either Quercus spp. or Populus deltoides, species importance shifted toward more shade and flood-tolerant species after 1995 surveys. Self-replacement of these species may be limited by a change in regeneration conditions resulting from an ongoing inundation regime shift in the case of Quercus spp., or succession to more shade-tolerant species in the case of Populus communities. Overall, effects on floodplain forests from the two flood events were heterogeneous. In some cases, forest change was likely just as influenced by shifts in flood regime as it was from singular flood events.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70440","usgsCitation":"Weiss, S.A., Guyon, L.J., De Jager, N.R., Cosgriff, R.J., and Van Appledorn, M., 2025, Quantifying floodplain forest community change following large-scale flood events in the Upper Mississippi River System: Ecosphere, v. 16, no. 11, e70440, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70440.","productDescription":"e70440, 25 p.","ipdsId":"IP-168280","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502048,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70440","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":501951,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Upper Mississippi River System","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.95959025406495,\n 44.864528650415735\n ],\n [\n -91.03900071075344,\n 42.05364635279252\n ],\n [\n -91.77356103532435,\n 40.00507367513167\n ],\n [\n -90.02194205702455,\n 36.004010100510584\n ],\n [\n -88.88384187139445,\n 36.26259089451513\n ],\n [\n -90.52583463005158,\n 39.94132189789401\n ],\n [\n -89.73636511669805,\n 42.189192561781\n ],\n [\n -91.24649150402311,\n 45.075229707941105\n ],\n [\n -92.95959025406495,\n 44.864528650415735\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2025-11-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weiss, Shelby A.","contributorId":368922,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weiss","given":"Shelby","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":55549,"text":"National Great Rivers Research and Education Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":958115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guyon, Lyle J.","contributorId":215690,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Guyon","given":"Lyle","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36894,"text":"Illinois Natural History Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":958116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"De Jager, Nathan R. 0000-0002-6649-4125 ndejager@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6649-4125","contributorId":3717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Jager","given":"Nathan","email":"ndejager@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":958117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cosgriff, Robert J.","contributorId":215692,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cosgriff","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":590,"text":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","active":false,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":958118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Van Appledorn, Molly 0000-0002-8029-0014","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8029-0014","contributorId":205785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Appledorn","given":"Molly","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":958119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70272760,"text":"70272760 - 2025 - Structural controls on splay fault rupture dynamics during Cascadia megathrust earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-08T16:27:04.053909","indexId":"70272760","displayToPublicDate":"2025-11-20T09:20:07","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7751,"text":"AGU Advances","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structural controls on splay fault rupture dynamics during Cascadia megathrust earthquakes","docAbstract":"Great subduction earthquakes (Mw ≥ 8.0) can generate devastating tsunamis by rapidly displacing the seafloor and overlying water column. These potentially tsunamigenic seafloor offsets result from coseismic fault slip and deformation beneath or within the accretionary wedge. The mechanics of these shallow rupture phenomena and their dependence on subduction zone properties remain unresolved, partly due to the sparsity of offshore observations of shallow megathrust earthquake deformation. Here, we analyze how offshore structure influences shallow rupture mechanics and slip partitioning using 3D dynamic earthquake simulations of the Cascadia subduction zone (CSZ) megathrust with and without variably dipping seaward- or landward-vergent splay faults in the wedge that sole into the megathrust. Resulting tradeoffs between splay and megathrust slip reveal structural controls on rupture partitioning, with greater splay slip leading to less shallow megathrust slip updip. Gently dipping and seaward-vergent splays host more slip than those with steeper, landward-vergent splays. To isolate the underlying mechanisms, we compare models with Andersonian and plunging principal stresses. Results suggest distinct static and dynamic processes control the dip- and vergence-dependence of splay rupture: static (mis)alignment relative to far-field tectonic loading favors slip on more optimally oriented, shallowly dipping splay faults. In contrast, dynamic stress interactions of an updip-propagating megathrust rupture front with the free surface and potential branch faults favor forward branching onto seaward-vergent splays and inhibit backward branching onto landward-vergent splays. Resulting seafloor displacements suggest splay fault structure may influence coseismic tsunami source processes, highlighting the importance of dynamically viable rupture scenarios in subduction hazard assessments.
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