The biogeochemical cycling of metals and other contaminants in river-floodplain corridors is controlled by microbial activity responding to dynamic redox conditions. Riverine flooding thus has the potential to affect speciation of redox-sensitive metals such as mercury (Hg). Therefore, inundation history over a period of decades potentially holds information on past production of bioavailable Hg. We investigate this within a Northern California river system with a legacy of landscape-scale 19th century hydraulic gold mining. We combine hydraulic modeling, Hg measurements in sediment and biota, and first-order calculations of mercury transformation to assess the potential role of river floodplains in producing monomethylmercury (MMHg), a neurotoxin which accumulates in local and migratory food webs. We identify frequently inundated floodplain areas, as well as floodplain areas inundated for long periods. We quantify the probability of MMHg production potential (MPP) associated with hydrology in each sector of the river system as a function of the spatial patterns of overbank inundation and drainage, which affect long-term redox history of contaminated sediments. Our findings identify river floodplains as periodic, temporary, yet potentially important, loci of biogeochemical transformation in which contaminants may undergo change during limited periods of the hydrologic record. We suggest that inundation is an important driver of MPP in river corridors and that the entire flow history must be analyzed retrospectively in terms of inundation magnitude and frequency in order to accurately assess biogeochemical risks, rather than merely highlighting the largest floods or low-flow periods. MMHg bioaccumulation within the aquatic food web in this system may pose a major risk to humans and waterfowl that eat migratory salmonids, which are being encouraged to come up these rivers to spawn. There is a long-term pattern of MPP under the current flow regime that is likely to be accentuated by increasingly common large floods with extended duration.
","language":"English","publisher":"ScienceDirect","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.005","usgsCitation":"Singer, M.B., Harrison, L.R., Donovan, P.M., Blum, J.D., and Marvin-DiPasquale, M.C., 2016, Hydrologic indicators of hot spots and hot moments of mercury methylation potential along river corridors: Science of the Total Environment, v. 568, p. 697-711, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.005.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"697","endPage":"711","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-071066","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":29789,"text":"John Wesley Powell Center for Analysis and Synthesis","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471145,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.005","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":328234,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Bear River, Feather River, Sacramento River, Yuba River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.01965332031249,\n 38.13887716726548\n ],\n [\n -122.01965332031249,\n 39.317300373271024\n ],\n [\n -121.2451171875,\n 39.317300373271024\n ],\n [\n -121.2451171875,\n 38.13887716726548\n ],\n [\n -122.01965332031249,\n 38.13887716726548\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"568","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57cd45abe4b0f2f0cec4cb4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, Michael B.","contributorId":168369,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Singer","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":25268,"text":"University of St Andrews, UK","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":647993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harrison, Lee R.","contributorId":174322,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harrison","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":6710,"text":"University of California, Santa Barbara, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":647994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Donovan, Patrick M.","contributorId":168368,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Donovan","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":25267,"text":"Univ. of Michigan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":647995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blum, Joel D.","contributorId":83657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blum","given":"Joel","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Marvin-DiPasquale, Mark C. 0000-0002-8186-9167 mmarvin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8186-9167","contributorId":1485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marvin-DiPasquale","given":"Mark","email":"mmarvin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70168374,"text":"sir20165024 - 2016 - Estimating flood magnitude and frequency at gaged and ungaged sites on streams in Alaska and conterminous basins in Canada, based on data through water year 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-15T18:41:32.475293","indexId":"sir20165024","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-16T14:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-5024","title":"Estimating flood magnitude and frequency at gaged and ungaged sites on streams in Alaska and conterminous basins in Canada, based on data through water year 2012","docAbstract":"Estimates of the magnitude and frequency of floods are needed across Alaska for engineering design of transportation and water-conveyance structures, flood-insurance studies, flood-plain management, and other water-resource purposes. This report updates methods for estimating flood magnitude and frequency in Alaska and conterminous basins in Canada. Annual peak-flow data through water year 2012 were compiled from 387 streamgages on unregulated streams with at least 10 years of record. Flood-frequency estimates were computed for each streamgage using the Expected Moments Algorithm to fit a Pearson Type III distribution to the logarithms of annual peak flows. A multiple Grubbs-Beck test was used to identify potentially influential low floods in the time series of peak flows for censoring in the flood frequency analysis.
For two new regional skew areas, flood-frequency estimates using station skew were computed for stations with at least 25 years of record for use in a Bayesian least-squares regression analysis to determine a regional skew value. The consideration of basin characteristics as explanatory variables for regional skew resulted in improvements in precision too small to warrant the additional model complexity, and a constant model was adopted. Regional Skew Area 1 in eastern-central Alaska had a regional skew of 0.54 and an average variance of prediction of 0.45, corresponding to an effective record length of 22 years. Regional Skew Area 2, encompassing coastal areas bordering the Gulf of Alaska, had a regional skew of 0.18 and an average variance of prediction of 0.12, corresponding to an effective record length of 59 years. Station flood-frequency estimates for study sites in regional skew areas were then recomputed using a weighted skew incorporating the station skew and regional skew. In a new regional skew exclusion area outside the regional skew areas, the density of long-record streamgages was too sparse for regional analysis and station skew was used for all estimates. Final station flood frequency estimates for all study streamgages are presented for the 50-, 20-, 10-, 4-, 2-, 1-, 0.5-, and 0.2-percent annual exceedance probabilities.
Regional multiple-regression analysis was used to produce equations for estimating flood frequency statistics from explanatory basin characteristics. Basin characteristics, including physical and climatic variables, were updated for all study streamgages using a geographical information system and geospatial source data. Screening for similar-sized nested basins eliminated hydrologically redundant sites, and screening for eligibility for analysis of explanatory variables eliminated regulated peaks, outburst peaks, and sites with indeterminate basin characteristics. An ordinary least‑squares regression used flood-frequency statistics and basin characteristics for 341 streamgages (284 in Alaska and 57 in Canada) to determine the most suitable combination of basin characteristics for a flood-frequency regression model and to explore regional grouping of streamgages for explaining variability in flood-frequency statistics across the study area. The most suitable model for explaining flood frequency used drainage area and mean annual precipitation as explanatory variables for the entire study area as a region. Final regression equations for estimating the 50-, 20-, 10-, 4-, 2-, 1-, 0.5-, and 0.2-percent annual exceedance probability discharge in Alaska and conterminous basins in Canada were developed using a generalized least-squares regression. The average standard error of prediction for the regression equations for the various annual exceedance probabilities ranged from 69 to 82 percent, and the pseudo-coefficient of determination (pseudo-R2) ranged from 85 to 91 percent.
The regional regression equations from this study were incorporated into the U.S. Geological Survey StreamStats program for a limited area of the State—the Cook Inlet Basin. StreamStats is a national web-based geographic information system application that facilitates retrieval of streamflow statistics and associated information. StreamStats retrieves published data for gaged sites and, for user-selected ungaged sites, delineates drainage areas from topographic and hydrographic data, computes basin characteristics, and computes flood frequency estimates using the regional regression equations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165024","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities, Alaska Department of Natural Resources, and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Curran, J.H., Barth, N.A., Veilleux, A.G., and Ourso, R.T., 2016, Estimating flood magnitude and frequency at gaged and ungaged sites on streams in Alaska and conterminous basins in Canada, based on data through water year 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5024, 47 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165024.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 47 p.; 3 Tables; 1 Appendix; Companion File; Database","numberOfPages":"58","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2011-10-01","ipdsId":"IP-068358","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science 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2011-2021"},{"id":438632,"rank":9,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9JEL0UU","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Flood Frequency Data and 2020 Observed Flood Probability for Selected Streamgages in the Fortymile River Basin, Alaska, 1911-2020"},{"id":318921,"rank":7,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5024/sir20165024_table09.xlsx","text":"Table 9","size":"78 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":318920,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5024/sir20165024_appendixa.xlsx","text":"Appendix A","size":"99 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":318919,"rank":5,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5024/sir20165024_table04.xlsx","text":"Table 4","size":"88 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U.S. Geological Survey
4210 University Drive
Anchorage, Alaska 99508-4560
http://alaska.usgs.gov
The Comprehensive Sturgeon Research Project is a multiyear, multiagency collaborative research framework developed to provide information to support pallid sturgeon recovery and Missouri River management decisions. The project strategy integrates field and laboratory studies of sturgeon reproductive ecology, early life history, habitat requirements, and physiology. The project scope of work is developed annually with collaborating research partners and in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Missouri River Recovery Program–Integrated Science Program. The project research consists of several interdependent and complementary tasks that involve multiple disciplines.
The project research tasks in the 2014 scope of work emphasized understanding of reproductive migrations and spawning of adult pallid sturgeon and hatch and drift of larvae. These tasks were addressed in three hydrologically and geomorphologically distinct parts of the Missouri River Basin: the Lower Missouri River downstream from Gavins Point Dam, the Upper Missouri River downstream from Fort Peck Dam and downstream reaches of the Milk River, and the Lower Yellowstone River. The project research is designed to inform management decisions related to channel re-engineering, flow modification, and pallid sturgeon population augmentation on the Missouri River and throughout the range of the species. Research and progress made through this project are reported to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers annually. This annual report details the research effort and progress made by the Comprehensive Sturgeon Research Project during 2014.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161013","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Missouri River Recovery—Integrated Science Program","usgsCitation":"DeLonay, A.J., Chojnacki, K.A., Jacobson, R.B., Braaten, P.J., Buhl, K.J., Elliott, C.M., Erwin, S.O., Faulkner, J.D.A., Candrl, J.S., Fuller, D.B., Backes, K.M., Haddix, T.M., Rugg, M.L., Wesolek, C.J., Eder, B.L., and Mestl, G.E., 2016,\nEcological requirements for pallid sturgeon reproduction and recruitment in the Missouri River—Annual report 2014: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1013, 131 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161013.","productDescription":"xv, 131 p.","numberOfPages":"152","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065464","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318883,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1013/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":318884,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1013/ofr20161013.pdf","text":"Report","size":"24.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016–1013"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri, Montana, Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"Missouri River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.57812499999999,\n 47.956823800497475\n ],\n [\n -107.57812499999999,\n 48.629278127969414\n ],\n [\n -104.029541015625,\n 48.629278127969414\n ],\n [\n -104.029541015625,\n 47.956823800497475\n ],\n [\n -107.57812499999999,\n 47.956823800497475\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.84423828125,\n 41.054501963290505\n ],\n [\n -97.84423828125,\n 42.956422511073335\n ],\n [\n -95.78979492187499,\n 42.956422511073335\n ],\n [\n -95.78979492187499,\n 41.054501963290505\n ],\n [\n -97.84423828125,\n 41.054501963290505\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.08441162109374,\n 38.52668162061619\n ],\n [\n -93.08441162109374,\n 39.3024245604149\n ],\n [\n -91.67816162109375,\n 39.3024245604149\n ],\n [\n -91.67816162109375,\n 38.52668162061619\n ],\n [\n -93.08441162109374,\n 38.52668162061619\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Columbia Environmental Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
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To address concerns about the effects of water-resource management practices and rising sea level on saltwater intrusion, the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Broward County Environmental Planning and Community Resilience Division, initiated a study to examine causes of saltwater intrusion and predict the effects of future alterations to the hydrologic system on salinity distribution in eastern Broward County, Florida. A three-dimensional, variable-density solute-transport model was calibrated to conditions from 1970 to 2012, the period for which data are most complete and reliable, and was used to simulate historical conditions from 1950 to 2012. These types of models are typically difficult to calibrate by matching to observed groundwater salinities because of spatial variability in aquifer properties that are unknown, and natural and anthropogenic processes that are complex and unknown; therefore, the primary goal was to reproduce major trends and locally generalized distributions of salinity in the Biscayne aquifer. The methods used in this study are relatively new, and results will provide transferable techniques for protecting groundwater resources and maximizing groundwater availability in coastal areas. The model was used to (1) evaluate the sensitivity of the salinity distribution in groundwater to sea-level rise and groundwater pumping, and (2) simulate the potential effects of increases in pumping, variable rates of sea-level rise, movement of a salinity control structure, and use of drainage recharge wells on the future distribution of salinity in the aquifer.
\nResults from the simulation of historical conditions indicate that the model generally represents the observed greater westward extent of elevated salinity in the central part of the intruded area relative to the northern and southernmost parts of the intruded area. Results of sensitivity testing indicate that the extent of elevated salinity is most sensitive to pumping in areas where the source of saltwater is largely offshore, from the Atlantic Ocean, and is most sensitive to sea-level rise in areas where the source of salinity is downward leakage of brackish water from canals.
\nSimulations of future scenarios indicate that increases in pumping near the existing interface may cause the interface to advance and decreases in pumping may cause it to retreat. Climatic effects, such as periods of prolonged drought or high precipitation, may augment or counteract long-term effects of changes in pumping on aquifer salinity at well fields. With increasing rates of sea-level rise, the freshwater-saltwater interface advances progressively inland, and flow-averaged salinities at well fields near the existing interface increase commensurately. Hypothetical southeastward (downstream) re-positioning of the existing G–54 salinity-control structure may prevent the interface from moving northwestward along and near the North New River canal, but beneficial effects are localized. Implementation of freshwater recharge wells in the city of Hallandale Beach may also have only a localized freshening effect in the aquifer and little appreciable effect on the freshwater-saltwater interface or on concentrations of salinity at well fields.
\nModel accuracy and use are limited by uncertainty in the physical properties and boundary conditions of the system, uncertainty in historical and future conditions, and generalizations made in the mathematical relationships used to describe the physical processes of groundwater flow and transport. Because of these limitations, model results should be considered in relative rather than absolute terms. Nonetheless, model results do provide useful information on the relative scale of response of the system to changes in pumping distribution, sea-level rise, and mitigation activities.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165022","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Broward County Environmental Planning and Community Resilience Division","usgsCitation":"Hughes, J.D., Sifuentes, D.F., and White, J.T., 2016, Potential effects of alterations to the hydrologic system on the distribution of salinity in the Biscayne aquifer in Broward County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5022, 114 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165022.","productDescription":"Report: x, 114 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"128","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-056536","costCenters":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. 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Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4446 Pet Lane, Suite 108
Lutz, FL 33559
http://fl.water.usgs.gov/
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) collected data and simulated groundwater flow to increase understanding of the hydrology and the effects of drainage alterations on the water table in the vicinity of Great Marsh, near Beverly Shores and Town of Pines, Indiana. Prior land-management practices have modified drainage and caused changes in the distribution of open water, streams and ditches, and groundwater abundance and flow paths.
\nCollected hydrologic data indicate that the majority of water entering Great Marsh flows from the southern dune ridge beneath Town of Pines, Indiana. Groundwater flow is intercepted by Brown Ditch in the eastern portion of the study area and Derby Ditch in the western portion of the study area. A smaller amount of groundwater from the northern dune ridge beneath Beverly Shores also contributed water to Great Marsh. Continuous groundwater-level data collected indicate that the predominant north-south groundwater-flow gradients vary during the course of the year due to increased levels of precipitation or during periods of drainage obstructions. Continuous surface-water discharge and surface-water elevation were measured at three USGS streamgages, one each on Brown, Kintzele and Derby Ditches. The monthly mean discharge statistics indicate that during the period of record— June 2012 to September 2013—streamflow in Kintzele Ditch was lowest during July 2012 and highest during April 2013. In Derby Ditch, streamflow also was lowest during July 2012 and highest during April 2013.
\nPeriods of relatively high and low groundwater levels during August 1982, March 2013, and April 2014 were examined and simulated by using MODFLOW and companion software. Results from the simulation of conditions during March 2013 include that nearly 100 percent of all water entering the area simulating Town of Pines is from recharge. Of all the water simulated to enter the eastern and western portions of Great Marsh, nearly 20 and 18 percent, respectively, flows from Town of Pines to the western and eastern portions of Great Marsh. The dune ridges beneath Town of Pines and to a lesser extent beneath Beverly Shores are a major source of recharge to the surficial aquifer and Great Marsh.
\nResults from the simulation of the conditions of April 2014 include that, despite increases in the amount of water entering Great Marsh due to a beaver-dam-modified hydrologic condition, there is still virtually zero simulated groundwater flow from Great Marsh to Town of Pines. The volume of water simulated to be entering the zone representing Beverly Shores decreased by 0.43 cubic foot per second from the results of the March 2013 simulation. This simulated difference in water budgets can be attributed to increased simulated recharge in Great Marsh and Town of Pines. Effects of the inclusion of the beaver dam included the increase of the simulated water table and simulated inundated area upstream of the beaver dam due to the effects of ponding surface water.
\nResults from the simulation scenario that includes six proposed pool-riffle control structures in Brown Ditch under the hydrologic conditions of March 2013 indicate areas inundated by water are larger, including areas just to the north of the entrance of Brown Ditch into Great Marsh, and areas north of the confluence of Brown and Kintzele Ditches.
\nResults from the scenario simulating the increase of the Lake Michigan water level to the historical high of May 31, 1998, showed inundated areas of Great Marsh south of Beverly Shores enlarged on both sides of Lakeshore County Road with the greatest enlargement simulated to be southeast of the intersection of Lakeshore County Road and Beverly Drive. For the scenario simulating the decrease of the Lake Michigan water level to the historical low of December 23, 2007, results show little change from the original March 2013 inundated area.
\nThe results of this study can be used by water-resource managers to understand how surrounding ditches affect water levels in Great Marsh and other inland wetlands and residential areas. The groundwater model developed can be applied to answer questions about how alterations to the drainage system in the area affects water levels in the public and residential areas surrounding Great Marsh. The modeling methods developed in this study provide a template for other studies of groundwater flow and groundwater/surface-water interactions within the shallow surficial aquifer in northern Indiana, and in similar hydrologic settings that include surficial sand aquifers in coastal areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155141","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Lampe, D.C., 2015, Hydrologic data and groundwater-flow simulations in the Brown Ditch Watershed, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, near Beverly Shores and Town of Pines, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015– 5141, 97 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155141.","productDescription":"xi, 97 p.","numberOfPages":"116","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055857","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318807,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5141/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":318808,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5141/sir20155141.pdf","text":"Report","size":"34 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5141"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Brown Ditch Watershed, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.1,\n 41.65\n ],\n [\n -87.1,\n 41.73\n ],\n [\n -86.9,\n 41.73\n ],\n [\n -86.9,\n 41.65\n ],\n [\n -87.1,\n 41.65\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Indiana Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
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Indianapolis, IN 46278
Phone: (317) 290-3333
http://in.water.usgs.gov/
Drought conditions during the study period of January 1, 2009, to September 30, 2013, caused a reduction in surface-water releases from water-supply storage infrastructure of the Rio Grande Project, which led to changes in surface-water and groundwater (conjunctive) use in downstream agricultural alluvial valleys. Surface water and groundwater in the agriculturally dominated alluvial Rincon and Mesilla Valleys were investigated in this study to measure the influence of drought and subsequent change in conjunctive water use on quantity and quality of these water resources. In 2013, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the New Mexico Environment Department and the New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission, began a study to (1) calculate dissolved-solids loads over the study period at streamgages in the study area where data are available, (2) assess the temporal variability of dissolved-solids loads at and between each streamgage where data are available, and (3) relate the spatiotemporal variability of shallow groundwater data (groundwater levels and quality) within the alluvial valleys of the study area to spatiotemporal variability of surface-water data over the study period. This assessment included the calculation of surface-water dissolved-solids loads at streamgages as well as a mass-balance approach to measure the change in salt load between these streamgages. Bimodal surface-water discharge data led to a temporally-dynamic volumetric definition of release and nonrelease seasons. Continuous surface-water discharge and water-quality data from three streamgages on the Rio Grande were used to calculate daily dissolved-solids loads over the study period, and the results were aggregated annually and seasonally. Results show the majority of dissolved-solids loading occurs during release season; however, decreased duration of the release season over the 5-year study period has resulted in a decrease of the total annual loads at each streamgage. Calculation of the change of salt loads using a mass-balance approach was applied between streamgages. Results from these calculations suggest differing responses to releases in the Rincon and Mesilla Valleys over the period of study; there is a decreasing sink of salt in the Rincon Valley whereas there is an increasing sink of salt in the Mesilla Valley. Daily groundwater-level and water-quality data from shallow wells within the two alluvial valleys show spatial heterogeneity of water quality over the study period. Mass-balance salt-loading trends during the study period are similar to previous trends during the 1950s drought as well as a wet period in the 1980s. The similarity of salt-loading trends from the 1950s, 1980s, and 2000s independent of the climate indicates salt loading in this hydrologic setting may be driven by water-use practices rather than a single climatic variable.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165006","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Mexico Environment Department and the New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission","usgsCitation":"Driscoll, J.M., and Sherson, L.R., 2016, Variability of surface-water quantity and quality and shallow groundwater levels and quality within the Rio Grande Project area, New Mexico and Texas, 2009–13: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5006, 33 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165006.","productDescription":"vi, 33 p.","numberOfPages":"42","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065706","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318886,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5006/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":318887,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5006/sir20165006.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.66 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5006"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico, Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.46826171874999,\n 31.076460800121122\n ],\n [\n -107.46826171874999,\n 33.367237465838315\n ],\n [\n -105.6060791015625,\n 33.367237465838315\n ],\n [\n -105.6060791015625,\n 31.076460800121122\n ],\n [\n -107.46826171874999,\n 31.076460800121122\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New Mexico Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
5338 Montgomery, NE
Albuquerque, NM 87109–1311
The fate and transport of inorganic nitrogen (N) is a critically important issue for human and aquatic ecosystem health because discharging N-contaminated groundwater can foul drinking water and cause algal blooms. Factors controlling N-processing were examined in sediments at three sites with contrasting hydrologic regimes at a lake on Cape Cod, MA. These factors included water chemistry, seepage rates and direction of groundwater flow, and the abundance and potential rates of activity of N-cycling microbial communities. Genes coding for denitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), and nitrification were identified at all sites regardless of flow direction or groundwater dissolved oxygen concentrations. Flow direction was, however, a controlling factor in the potential for N-attenuation via denitrification in the sediments. Potential rates of denitrification varied from 6 to 4500 pmol N/g/h from the inflow to the outflow side of the lake, owing to fundamental differences in the supply of labile organic matter. The results of laboratory incubations suggested that when anoxia and limiting labile organic matter prevailed, the potential existed for concomitant anammox and denitrification. Where oxic lake water was downwelling, potential rates of nitrification at shallow depths were substantial (1640 pmol N/g/h). Rates of anammox, denitrification, and nitrification may be linked to rates of organic N-mineralization, serving to increase N-mobility and transport downgradient.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.5b06155","usgsCitation":"Stoliker, D., Repert, D.A., Smith, R.L., Song, B., LeBlanc, D.R., McCobb, T.D., Conaway, C.H., Hyun, S.P., Koh, D., Moon, H.S., and Kent, D.B., 2016, Hydrologic controls on nitrogen cycling processes and functional gene abundance in sediments of a groundwater flow-through lake: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 50, no. 7, p. 3649-3657, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b06155.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"3649","endPage":"3657","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-071251","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology 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Geoscience and Mineral Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":623319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Kent, Douglas B. 0000-0003-3758-8322 dbkent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3758-8322","contributorId":1871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"Douglas","email":"dbkent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70173767,"text":"70173767 - 2016 - Evaluation of air-soil temperature relationships simulated by land surface models during winter across the permafrost region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-22T15:40:36","indexId":"70173767","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-11T07:45:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3554,"text":"The Cryosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of air-soil temperature relationships simulated by land surface models during winter across the permafrost region","docAbstract":"A realistic simulation of snow cover and its thermal properties are important for accurate modelling of permafrost. We analyze simulated relationships between air and near-surface (20 cm) soil temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere permafrost region during winter, with a particular focus on snow insulation effects in nine land surface models and compare them with observations from 268 Russian stations. There are large across-model differences as expressed by simulated differences between near-surface soil and air temperatures, (ΔT), of 3 to 14 K, in the gradients between soil and air temperatures (0.13 to 0.96°C/°C), and in the relationship between ΔT and snow depth. The observed relationship between ΔT and snow depth can be used as a metric to evaluate the effects of each model's representation of snow insulation, and hence guide improvements to the model’s conceptual structure and process parameterizations. Models with better performance apply multi-layer snow schemes and consider complex snow processes. Some models show poor performance in representing snow insulation due to underestimation of snow depth and/or overestimation of snow conductivity. Generally, models identified as most acceptable with respect to snow insulation simulate reasonable areas of near-surface permafrost (12–16 million km2). However, there is not a simple relationship between the quality of the snow insulation in the acceptable models and the simulated area of Northern Hemisphere near-surface permafrost, likely because several other factors such as differences in the treatment of soil organic matter, soil hydrology, surface energy calculations, and vegetation also provide important controls on simulated permafrost distribution.
\n","language":"English","publisher":"European Geosciences Union","doi":"10.5194/tc-2016-36","usgsCitation":"Wang, W., Rinke, A., Moore, J., Ji, D., Cui, X., Peng, S., Lawrence, D.M., McGuire, A., Burke, E.J., Chen, X., Delire, C., Koven, C., MacDougall, A., Saito, K., Zhang, W., Alkama, R., Bohn, T.J., Ciais, P., Decharme, B., Gouttevin, I., Hajima, T., Krinner, G., Lettenmaier, D.P., Miller, P.A., Smith, B., and Sueyoshi, T., 2016, Evaluation of air-soil temperature relationships simulated by land surface models during winter across the permafrost region: The Cryosphere, no. Online First, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2016-36.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059649","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471155,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2016-36","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":324264,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"Online First","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"576bb6b4e4b07657d1a228a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, Wenli","contributorId":172351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Wenli","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rinke, Annette","contributorId":172352,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rinke","given":"Annette","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12916,"text":"Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":640443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, John C.","contributorId":152072,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moore","given":"John C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ji, Duoying","contributorId":172353,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ji","given":"Duoying","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cui, Xuefeng","contributorId":172354,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cui","given":"Xuefeng","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Peng, Shushi","contributorId":172355,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peng","given":"Shushi","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16636,"text":"CNRS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":640447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lawrence, David M.","contributorId":105206,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lawrence","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":7166,"text":"Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":640448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"McGuire, A. David","contributorId":18494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A. 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2016 - Application of effective discharge analysis to environmental flow decision-making","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-02T15:14:07","indexId":"70170764","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-10T16:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of effective discharge analysis to environmental flow decision-making","docAbstract":"
Well-informed river management decisions rely on an explicit statement of objectives, repeatable analyses, and a transparent system for assessing trade-offs. These components may then be applied to compare alternative operational regimes for water resource infrastructure (e.g., diversions, locks, and dams). Intra- and inter-annual hydrologic variability further complicates these already complex environmental flow decisions. Effective discharge analysis (developed in studies of geomorphology) is a powerful tool for integrating temporal variability of flow magnitude and associated ecological consequences. Here, we adapt the effectiveness framework to include multiple elements of the natural flow regime (i.e., timing, duration, and rate-of-change) as well as two flow variables. We demonstrate this analytical approach using a case study of environmental flow management based on long-term (60 years) daily discharge records in the Middle Oconee River near Athens, GA, USA. Specifically, we apply an existing model for estimating young-of-year fish recruitment based on flow-dependent metrics to an effective discharge analysis that incorporates hydrologic variability and multiple focal taxa. We then compare three alternative methods of environmental flow provision. Percentage-based withdrawal schemes outcompete other environmental flow methods across all levels of water withdrawal and ecological outcomes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","publisherLocation":"New York","doi":"10.1007/s00267-016-0684-4","usgsCitation":"McKay, S.K., Freeman, M., and Covich, A., 2016, Application of effective discharge analysis to environmental flow decision-making: Environmental Management, v. 575, no. 6, p. 1153-1165, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-016-0684-4.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1153","endPage":"1165","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-073347","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320849,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"575","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-03-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57287a2be4b0b13d391865af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKay, S. Kyle","contributorId":169086,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKay","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kyle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freeman, Mary 0000-0001-7615-6923 mcfreeman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7615-6923","contributorId":3528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"Mary","email":"mcfreeman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":628391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Covich, A.P.","contributorId":14965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Covich","given":"A.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70169123,"text":"70169123 - 2016 - Stress in mangrove forests: early detection and preemptive rehabilitation are essential for future successful worldwide mangrove forest management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T10:26:16","indexId":"70169123","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-10T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2676,"text":"Marine Pollution Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stress in mangrove forests: early detection and preemptive rehabilitation are essential for future successful worldwide mangrove forest management","docAbstract":"Mangrove forest rehabilitation should begin much sooner than at the point of catastrophic loss. We describe the need for “mangrove forest heart attack prevention”, and how that might be accomplished in a general sense by embedding plot and remote sensing monitoring within coastal management plans. The major cause of mangrove stress at many sites globally is often linked to reduced tidal flows and exchanges. Blocked water flows can reduce flushing not only from the seaward side, but also result in higher salinity and reduced sediments when flows are blocked landward. Long-term degradation of function leads to acute mortality prompted by acute events, but created by a systematic propensity for long-term neglect of mangroves. Often, mangroves are lost within a few years; however, vulnerability is re-set decades earlier when seemingly innocuous hydrological modifications are made (e.g., road construction, blocked tidal channels), but which remain undetected without reasonable large-scale monitoring.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Pollution Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.006","usgsCitation":"Lewis, R.R., Milbrandt, E.C., Brown, B., Krauss, K.W., Rovai, A.S., Beever, J.W., and Flynn, L., 2016, Stress in mangrove forests: early detection and preemptive rehabilitation are essential for future successful worldwide mangrove forest management: Marine Pollution Bulletin, v. 109, no. 2, p. 764-771, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.006.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"764","endPage":"771","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-070524","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319080,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Worldwide","volume":"109","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f11b70e4b0f59b85ddc517","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewis, Roy R","contributorId":167668,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lewis","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"R","affiliations":[{"id":24798,"text":"Coastal Resources Group, Salt Springs, FL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":623077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Milbrandt, Eric C","contributorId":167669,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Milbrandt","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"C","affiliations":[{"id":24799,"text":"Sanibel-Captiva Conservation Foundation, Sanibel, FL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":623078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, Benjamin","contributorId":167670,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Benjamin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24800,"text":"Charles Darwin University, Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoolds, AUS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":623079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Krauss, Ken W. 0000-0003-2195-0729 kraussk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2195-0729","contributorId":2017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krauss","given":"Ken","email":"kraussk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rovai, Andre S.","contributorId":167671,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rovai","given":"Andre","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":24801,"text":"Federal University of Santa Catarina, Dept. Ecology and Zoology, Brazil","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":623080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Beever, James W.","contributorId":167672,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beever","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":24802,"text":"Southwest Florida Regional Planning Council, Fort Myers, FL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":623081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Flynn, Laura L","contributorId":167673,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Flynn","given":"Laura L","affiliations":[{"id":24798,"text":"Coastal Resources Group, Salt Springs, FL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":623082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70164560,"text":"ofr20161014 - 2016 - The effect of suspended sediment and color on ultraviolet spectrophotometric nitrate sensors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-26T09:12:19","indexId":"ofr20161014","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-08T16:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-1014","title":"The effect of suspended sediment and color on ultraviolet spectrophotometric nitrate sensors","docAbstract":"Four commercially available ultraviolet nitrate spectrophotometric sensors were evaluated by the U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Instrumentation Facility (HIF) to determine the effects of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) on sensor accuracy. The evaluated sensors were: the Hach NITRATAX plus sc (5-millimeters (mm) path length), Hach NITRATAX plus sc (2 mm), S::CAN Spectro::lyser (5 mm), and the Satlantic SUNA V2 (5 mm). A National Institute of Standards and Technology-traceable nitrate-free sediment standard was purchased and used to create the turbid environment, and an easily made filtered tea solution was used for the CDOM test. All four sensors performed well in the test that evaluated the effect of suspended sediment on accuracy. The Hach 5 mm, Hach 2 mm, and the SUNA V2 met their respective manufacturer accuracy specifications up to concentrations of 4,500 milligrams per liter (mg/L) SSC. The S::CAN failed to meet its accuracy specifications when the SSC concentrations exceeded 4,000 mg/L. Test results from the effect of CDOM on accuracy indicated a significant skewing of data from all four sensors and showed an artificial elevation of measured nitrate to varying amounts. Of the four sensors tested, the Satlantic SUNA V2’s accuracy was affected the least in the CDOM test. The nitrate concentration measured by the SUNA V2 was approximately 24 percent higher than the actual concentration when estimated total organic carbon values exceeded 44 mg/L. Measured nitrate concentration falsely increased 49 percent when measured by the Hach 5 mm, and 75 percent when measured by the Hach 2 mm. The S::CAN’s reported nitrate concentration increased 96 percent. Path length plays an important role in the sensor’s ability to compensate measurements for matrix interferences, but does not solely determine how well a sensor can handle all interferences. The sensor’s proprietary algorithms also play a key role in matrix interference compensation. The sensors’ ability to compensate for CDOM varied significantly during the tests, even among the three with 5-mm path lengths. Results of this evaluation suggest that the proprietary algorithms of the nitrate analyzers are more effective compensating for suspended sediment, and less effective compensating for CDOM (color) when sensor path length remains constant.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161014","usgsCitation":"Snazelle, T.T., 2016, The effect of suspended sediment and color on ultraviolet spectrophotometric nitrate sensors: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 2016−1014, 10 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161014.","productDescription":"Report: v,10 p.; Tables: 2-4","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-064543","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318658,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1014/ofr20161014.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.60 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1014"},{"id":318676,"rank":5,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1014/table/ofr20161014_table4.xlsx","text":"Table 4 - Nitrate measurements by four ultraviolet sensors in water with a 5-mg-NL concentration with varying concentrations ofChief, Hydrologic Instrumentation Facility
U.S. Geological Survey
Building 2101
Stennis Space Center, MS 39529
http://water.usgs.gov/hif/
An increase of groundwater withdrawals from the surficial aquifer system on Jekyll Island, Georgia, prompted an investigation of hydrologic conditions and water quality by the U.S. Geological Survey during October 2012 through December 2013. The study demonstrated the importance of rainfall as the island’s main source of recharge to maintain freshwater resources by replenishing the water table from the effects of hydrologic stresses, primarily evapotranspiration and pumping. Groundwater-flow directions, recharge, and water quality of the water-table zone on the island were investigated by installing 26 shallow wells and three pond staff gages to monitor groundwater levels and water quality in the water-table zone. Climatic data from Brunswick, Georgia, were used to calculate potential maximum recharge to the water-table zone on Jekyll Island. A weather station located on the island provided only precipitation data. Additional meteorological data from the island would enhance potential evapotranspiration estimates for recharge calculations.
\nGroundwater levels and specific-conductance measurements showed the dependence of freshwater resources on rainfall to recharge the water-table zone of the surficial aquifer system and to influence groundwater flow on Jekyll Island. The unseasonably dry conditions during November 2012 to April 2013 induced saline water infiltration to the water-table zone from the marshland separating the Jekyll River from the island. A strong correlation (R2 = 0.97) of specific conductance to chloride concentration in water samples from wells installed in the water-table zone provided support for the determination of seasonal directions of groundwater flow by confirming salinity changes in the water-table zone. Unseasonably wet conditions during the late spring to August caused groundwater-flow reversals in some areas. The high dependence of the water-table zone in the surficial aquifer system on precipitation to replenish the aquifer with freshwater underscored the importance of monitoring groundwater levels, water quality, and water use to identify aquifer-discharge conditions that have the potential to promote seawater encroachment and degrade freshwater resources on Jekyll Island.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161017","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Jekyll Island Authority","usgsCitation":"Gordon, D.W., and Torak, L.J., 2016, Hydrologic conditions, recharge, and baseline water quality of the surficial aquifer system at Jekyll Island, Georgia, 2012–13: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1017, 34 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161017.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 34 p.; Appendixes: 1-3","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-055404","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318637,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1017/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":318641,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1017/ofr20161017_appendix3.xlsx","text":"Appendix 3. Groundwater-Level Measurements Made onDirector, South Atlantic Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
720 Gracern Road
Columbia, SC 29210
http://www.usgs.gov/water/southatlantic/
As the permafrost region warms, its large organic carbon pool will be increasingly vulnerable to decomposition, combustion, and hydrologic export. Models predict that some portion of this release will be offset by increased production of Arctic and boreal biomass; however, the lack of robust estimates of net carbon balance increases the risk of further overshooting international emissions targets. Precise empirical or model-based assessments of the critical factors driving carbon balance are unlikely in the near future, so to address this gap, we present estimates from 98 permafrost-region experts of the response of biomass, wildfire, and hydrologic carbon flux to climate change. Results suggest that contrary to model projections, total permafrost-region biomass could decrease due to water stress and disturbance, factors that are not adequately incorporated in current models. Assessments indicate that end-of-the-century organic carbon release from Arctic rivers and collapsing coastlines could increase by 75% while carbon loss via burning could increase four-fold. Experts identified water balance, shifts in vegetation community, and permafrost degradation as the key sources of uncertainty in predicting future system response. In combination with previous findings, results suggest the permafrost region will become a carbon source to the atmosphere by 2100 regardless of warming scenario but that 65%–85% of permafrost carbon release can still be avoided if human emissions are actively reduced.
","language":"English","publisher":"Institute of Physics and IOP Pub.","publisherLocation":"Bristol, U.K.","doi":"10.1088/1748-9326/11/3/034014","usgsCitation":"Abbott, B.W., Jeremy B. Jones, Schuur, E.A., Chapin, F., Bowden, W.B., Bret-Harte, M.S., Epstein, H.E., Flannigan, M.D., Harms, T.K., Hollingsworth, T.N., Mack, M.C., McGuire, A.D., Natali, S.M., Adrian V. Rocha, Tank, S.E., Turetsky, M.R., Vonk, J.E., Wickland, K.P., and Aiken, G.R., 2016, Biomass offsets little or none of permafrost carbon release from soils, streams, and wildfire: an expert assessment: Environmental Research Letters, v. 11, no. 3, p. 1-13, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/3/034014.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"13","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065090","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471176,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/3/034014","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":321285,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-03-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"574d644fe4b07e28b66835bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abbott, Benjamin W.","contributorId":150799,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Abbott","given":"Benjamin","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":18106,"text":"Universite de Rennes, Rennes, France","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jeremy B. Jones","contributorId":169385,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jeremy B. Jones","affiliations":[{"id":7211,"text":"University of Alaska, Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schuur, Edward A.G.","contributorId":169386,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schuur","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"A.G.","affiliations":[{"id":12557,"text":"University of Florida, FLREC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chapin, F.S.","contributorId":169387,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chapin","given":"F.S.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7211,"text":"University of Alaska, Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bowden, William B.","contributorId":169388,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowden","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":6735,"text":"University of Vermont, Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bret-Harte, M. Syndonia","contributorId":169389,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bret-Harte","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Syndonia","affiliations":[{"id":7211,"text":"University of Alaska, Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Epstein, Howard E.","contributorId":169390,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Epstein","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":25492,"text":"University of Virginia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Flannigan, Michael D.","contributorId":169391,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Flannigan","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":25493,"text":"University of Alberta, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Harms, Tamara K.","contributorId":169392,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harms","given":"Tamara","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":7211,"text":"University of Alaska, Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hollingsworth, Teresa N.","contributorId":169393,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hollingsworth","given":"Teresa","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":6684,"text":"USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Aiken, SC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Mack, Michelle C.","contributorId":169394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mack","given":"Michelle","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":12557,"text":"University of Florida, FLREC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"McGuire, A. David 0000-0003-4646-0750 ffadm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4646-0750","contributorId":166708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A.","email":"ffadm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":629488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Natali, Susan M.","contributorId":169395,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Natali","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16705,"text":"Woods Hole Research Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Adrian V. Rocha","contributorId":169396,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adrian V. Rocha","affiliations":[{"id":16905,"text":"University of Notre Dame, Dept. of Biological Sciences, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Tank, Suzanne E.","contributorId":150795,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tank","given":"Suzanne","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":18102,"text":"University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Turetsky, Merrit R.","contributorId":169397,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Turetsky","given":"Merrit","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":25494,"text":"University of Geulph","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Vonk, Jorien E.","contributorId":150794,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vonk","given":"Jorien","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":18101,"text":"Utrecht University, The Netherlands","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Wickland, Kimberly P. 0000-0002-6400-0590 kpwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6400-0590","contributorId":1835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wickland","given":"Kimberly","email":"kpwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Aiken, George R. 0000-0001-8454-0984 graiken@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":1322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"George","email":"graiken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19}]}} ,{"id":70177886,"text":"70177886 - 2016 - Uncertainty analysis of the Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop) model at multiple flux tower sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-17T19:17:22","indexId":"70177886","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uncertainty analysis of the Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop) model at multiple flux tower sites","docAbstract":"Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important component of the water cycle – ET from the land surface returns approximately 60% of the global precipitation back to the atmosphere. ET also plays an important role in energy transport among the biosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere. Current regional to global and daily to annual ET estimation relies mainly on surface energy balance (SEB) ET models or statistical and empirical methods driven by remote sensing data and various climatological databases. These models have uncertainties due to inevitable input errors, poorly defined parameters, and inadequate model structures. The eddy covariance measurements on water, energy, and carbon fluxes at the AmeriFlux tower sites provide an opportunity to assess the ET modeling uncertainties. In this study, we focused on uncertainty analysis of the Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop) model for ET estimation at multiple AmeriFlux tower sites with diverse land cover characteristics and climatic conditions. The 8-day composite 1-km MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperature (LST) was used as input land surface temperature for the SSEBop algorithms. The other input data were taken from the AmeriFlux database. Results of statistical analysis indicated that the SSEBop model performed well in estimating ET with an R2 of 0.86 between estimated ET and eddy covariance measurements at 42 AmeriFlux tower sites during 2001–2007. It was encouraging to see that the best performance was observed for croplands, where R2 was 0.92 with a root mean square error of 13 mm/month. The uncertainties or random errors from input variables and parameters of the SSEBop model led to monthly ET estimates with relative errors less than 20% across multiple flux tower sites distributed across different biomes. This uncertainty of the SSEBop model lies within the error range of other SEB models, suggesting systematic error or bias of the SSEBop model is within the normal range. This finding implies that the simplified parameterization of the SSEBop model did not significantly affect the accuracy of the ET estimate while increasing the ease of model setup for operational applications. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the SSEBop model is most sensitive to input variables, land surface temperature (LST) and reference ET (ETo); and parameters, differential temperature (dT), and maximum ET scalar (Kmax), particularly during the non-growing season and in dry areas. In summary, the uncertainty assessment verifies that the SSEBop model is a reliable and robust method for large-area ET estimation. The SSEBop model estimates can be further improved by reducing errors in two input variables (ETo and LST) and two key parameters (Kmax and dT).
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.02.026","usgsCitation":"Chen, M., Senay, G.B., Singh, R.K., and Verdin, J.P., 2016, Uncertainty analysis of the Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop) model at multiple flux tower sites: Journal of Hydrology, v. 536, p. 384-399, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.02.026.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"384","endPage":"399","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-071555","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471180,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.02.026","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":330417,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"536","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5811c0f3e4b0f497e79a5a7b","chorus":{"doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.02.026","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.02.026","publisher":"Elsevier BV","authors":"Chen Mingshi, Senay Gabriel B., Singh Ramesh K., Verdin James P.","journalName":"Journal of Hydrology","publicationDate":"5/2016","auditedOn":"4/1/2016","publiclyAccessibleDate":"2/23/2016"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chen, Mingshi mchen@usgs.gov","contributorId":4204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"Mingshi","email":"mchen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":652025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Senay, Gabriel B. 0000-0002-8810-8539 senay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-8539","contributorId":3114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senay","given":"Gabriel","email":"senay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":652236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Singh, Ramesh K. 0000-0002-8164-3483 rsingh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8164-3483","contributorId":3895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singh","given":"Ramesh","email":"rsingh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":652026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Verdin, James P. 0000-0003-0238-9657 verdin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0238-9657","contributorId":720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verdin","given":"James","email":"verdin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":652237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70164631,"text":"sir20165020 - 2016 - Groundwater quality, age, and susceptibility and vulnerability to nitrate contamination with linkages to land use and groundwater flow, Upper Black Squirrel Creek Basin, Colorado, 2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-09T17:48:45","indexId":"sir20165020","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-03T18:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-5020","title":"Groundwater quality, age, and susceptibility and vulnerability to nitrate contamination with linkages to land use and groundwater flow, Upper Black Squirrel Creek Basin, Colorado, 2013","docAbstract":"The Upper Black Squirrel Creek Basin is located about 25 kilometers east of Colorado Springs, Colorado. The primary aquifer is a productive section of unconsolidated deposits that overlies bedrock units of the Denver Basin and is a critical resource for local water needs, including irrigation, domestic, and commercial use. The primary aquifer also serves an important regional role by the export of water to nearby communities in the Colorado Springs area. Changes in land use and development over the last decade, which includes substantial growth of subdivisions in the Upper Black Squirrel Creek Basin, have led to uncertainty regarding the potential effects to water quality throughout the basin. In response, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Cherokee Metropolitan District, El Paso County, Meridian Service Metropolitan District, Mountain View Electric Association, Upper Black Squirrel Creek Groundwater Management District, Woodmen Hills Metropolitan District, Colorado State Land Board, and Colorado Water Conservation Board, and the stakeholders represented in the Groundwater Quality Study Committee of El Paso County conducted an assessment of groundwater quality and groundwater age with an emphasis on characterizing nitrate in the groundwater.
\nGroundwater-quality samples were collected from 50 randomly selected wells between May and June 2013. The samples were analyzed for major ions, nutrients, dissolved gases, tritium (3H), chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-113), and fuel products (such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes). None of the groundwater samples exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Primary Drinking Water Regulations for primary maximum contaminant levels (MCL) for major ions. Secondary maximum contaminant levels, which are not health concerns and affect mainly taste, color, or odor of the water, were observed in rare instances for pH (2 samples), chloride (1 sample), iron (3 samples), and manganese (8 samples). The secondary maximum contaminant level for total dissolved solids was also exceeded for two samples.
\nNitrate (nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen in groundwater) was elevated above the estimated background concentration of natural recharge waters of 1 milligram per liter (mg/L) in 44 of the 50 wells sampled and showed a median concentration of 5.4 mg/L. Nitrate concentrations were above the MCL of 10 mg/L in 5 of the 50 wells sampled and above half of the EPA MCL (5 mg/L) in 27 of the 50 wells sampled, which included samples above the MCL. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations exceeded 0.5 mg/L in 95 percent of reported values (40 of 42 samples) and exceeded 2.0 mg/L in 90 percent of reported values (38 of 42 samples). The oxidized conditions observed in most areas indicate that nitrate from fertilizers and animal or human waste was geochemically stable and could persist in the groundwater for decades or perhaps longer. A historical analysis of median nitrate concentrations over nearly three decades showed an increase in nitrate of approximately 1 mg/L from 4.3 to 5.4 mg/L, although the increase was not determined to be significantly different using nonparametric statistical methods.
\nMajor-ion data indicate that groundwater representative of the primary aquifer was classified as calcium-sodium bicarbonate type water. Other water samples from wells located mainly along the periphery of the primary aquifer had cation-anion compositions consistent with distinct water sources, including groundwater contributions from the underlying bedrock aquifers. The areas with differentiable water sources were located mainly where alluvial deposits were thin and geologic contacts to the underlying bedrock aquifers were relatively shallow.
\nNitrate concentrations in the groundwater were evaluated for relations to land use. An agricultural region was defined using a sequence of land satellite imagery. Groundwater flow directions interpreted from median water-table elevations measured from 2000 to 2013 were used in conjunction with cropland locations to define the agricultural region boundaries by encompassing potential pathways of nitrate transport in the groundwater from nitrogen-based fertilizers. A statistically significant higher median nitrate concentration was observed for areas inside the agricultural region (6.7 mg/L) compared to areas outside the agricultural region (2.3 mg/L), although median concentrations in both areas were below the MCL (10 mg/L). Median nitrate concentration was also significantly greater in land parcels with septic use (4.9 mg/L) compared to nonseptic parcels (1.7 mg/L). In general, agriculture or septic use was identified as the primary source of nitrate, depending on location, while commercial, county, grazing, and residential land uses were generally secondary sources of nitrate.
\nApparent groundwater ages were estimated from chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-113) and tritium (3H) data using models that assumed piston flow and binary mixing (dilution of a young component with old, tracer-free water). The mean and median groundwater ages were about 30 years and the standard deviation was 6 years, indicating that most groundwater in the primary aquifer was “young” water that had recharged to the aquifer over the last few decades (post-1950s). The median fraction of young water was about 71 percent, and the standard deviation was 29 percent. The remaining water predated the 1950s, which may have originated from deeper geologic formations or may represent slow moving groundwater within the primary aquifer. Some of the oldest groundwater ages (older than 30 years) were observed in the upper reaches of the aquifer to the northwest where the primary aquifer is thin and intersects bedrock, supporting the hypothesis of geochemically distinct groundwater entering the primary aquifer from below. Groundwater that had reached the central part of the aquifer from upgradient areas of the basin was variable in age because of differences in flow paths and travel velocities. The groundwater age analysis showed that current (2013) land-use practices could affect water quality over decades to come, and that responses to remedial actions could be slow, especially for constituents, such as nitrate, that are stable under oxidized conditions.
\nFuel products (including acetone, benzene, diisopropyl ether, ethylbenzene, methyl acetate, methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), methyl tert-pentyl ether, m- + p-xylene, o-xylene, tert-amyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl ethyl ether, and toluene) were analyzed in groundwater from 49 of the 50 wells. Water from seven sites had detections for fuel compounds; all concentrations were below MCL. The results provided assurance of water quality and a valuable baseline to evaluate future trends of fuel constituents as the region is further developed.
\nProbability maps were developed from logistic regression models to examine the likelihood that nitrate concentrations in groundwater exceeded specified levels. Susceptibility analysis examined relations between mid-level (5.0 mg/L) nitrate concentrations and climatic, hydrologic, and geologic variables; the significant variables were identified as depth to groundwater, soil organic matter, and soil water storage to 25-centimeter (cm) depth. The vulnerability assessments included natural factors driving susceptibility but also human factors related to land use and septic use. Vulnerability to low-level (2.5 mg/L) nitrate was related to depth to groundwater, septic zoning, and soil organic matter. The results highlighted that septic zoning affected low-level nitrate concentrations. Vulnerability to mid-level (5.0 mg/L) nitrate was examined using all 50 samples and also with two data outliers removed, which showed relatively high nitrate concentrations but also anomalous water chemistry or were located beyond the primary study area. Vulnerability to mid-level (5.0 mg/L) nitrate using all 50 samples was related to depth to groundwater, land use, septic use within a 500-meter (m) radius, soil water storage to a 25-cm depth, soil organic matter, and whether a location was within the agricultural region. The mid-level (5.0 mg/L) vulnerability model using 48 samples (two outliers removed) produced the best overall fit and was related to the same variables as when using all samples except septic use. The results for mid-level vulnerability provided additional support that septic use was associated with low levels of nitrate in the groundwater. Soil properties and land use were identified as the main drivers of moderate nitrate concentrations. Probabilities of exceeding low-level nitrate concentrations were high in most areas with the lowest probabilities usually to the northwest along thin geologic deposits in the upper part of the basin.
\nThe results of this investigation offer the foundational information needed for developing best management practices to mitigate nitrate contamination, basic concepts on water quality to aid public education, and information to guide regulatory measures if policy makers determine this is warranted. Science-based decision making will require continued monitoring and analysis of water quality in the future.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165020","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Cherokee Metropolitan District, El Paso County, Meridian Service Metropolitan District, Mountain View Electric Association, Upper Black Squirrel Creek Groundwater Management District, Woodmen Hills Metropolitan District, Colorado State Land Board, Colorado Water Conservation Board, and the stakeholders represented in the Groundwater Quality Study Committee of El Paso County","usgsCitation":"Wellman, T.P., and Rupert, M.G., 2016, Groundwater quality, age, and susceptibility and vulnerability to nitrate contamination with linkages to land use and groundwater flow, Upper Black Squirrel Creek Basin, Colorado, 2013: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report, 2016–5020, 78 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165020.","productDescription":"viii, 77 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-068864","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318534,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5020/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":318535,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5020/sir20165020.pdf","text":"Report","size":"63.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5020"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"El Paso","otherGeospatial":"Black Squirrel Management District","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.67361450195312,\n 38.91668153637508\n ],\n [\n -104.7271728515625,\n 38.971154274048345\n ],\n [\n -104.74090576171875,\n 39.02345139405932\n ],\n [\n -104.75875854492188,\n 39.07784203269269\n ],\n [\n -104.77111816406249,\n 39.12579898118164\n ],\n [\n -104.79034423828125,\n 39.172658670429946\n ],\n [\n -104.73953247070311,\n 39.20459056764483\n ],\n [\n -104.69284057617186,\n 39.218423217141485\n ],\n [\n -104.61868286132812,\n 39.23757161784572\n ],\n [\n -104.53628540039062,\n 39.23863526469436\n ],\n [\n -104.49508666992188,\n 39.198205348894795\n ],\n [\n -104.42642211914062,\n 39.196076813671695\n ],\n [\n -104.34951782226561,\n 39.17052936145295\n ],\n [\n -104.32479858398438,\n 39.135386455771076\n ],\n [\n -104.32342529296875,\n 39.08423817730926\n ],\n [\n -104.32754516601562,\n 39.05651736286005\n ],\n [\n -104.27261352539062,\n 39.04158626095001\n ],\n [\n -104.24102783203124,\n 39.01811672409787\n ],\n [\n -104.23278808593749,\n 38.95940879245423\n ],\n [\n -104.22866821289062,\n 38.9177500315307\n ],\n [\n -104.26437377929686,\n 38.882481197550774\n ],\n [\n -104.33441162109374,\n 38.87179021382536\n ],\n [\n -104.40170288085938,\n 38.87499767781738\n ],\n [\n -104.403076171875,\n 38.72623322072787\n ],\n [\n -104.42092895507812,\n 38.6833657775237\n ],\n [\n -104.45663452148438,\n 38.65227081329621\n ],\n [\n -104.51431274414062,\n 38.65334327823747\n ],\n [\n -104.52804565429688,\n 38.67907761983558\n ],\n [\n -104.53216552734375,\n 38.71873327340352\n ],\n [\n -104.56787109374999,\n 38.749799358878526\n ],\n [\n -104.59945678710936,\n 38.805470223177466\n ],\n [\n -104.62554931640625,\n 38.841846903808985\n ],\n [\n -104.67636108398438,\n 38.922023851268925\n ],\n [\n -104.67361450195312,\n 38.91668153637508\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, USGS Colorado Water Science Center
Box 25046, Mail Stop 415
Denver, CO 80225
In this study, we investigate the fluvial, sedimentary, and volcanic history of Margaritifer basin and the Uzboi-Ladon-Morava (ULM) outflow channel system. This network of valleys and basins spans more than 8000 km in length, linking the fluvially dissected southern highlands and Argyre Basin with the northern lowlands via Ares Vallis. Compositionally, thermophysically, and morphologically distinct geologic units are identified and are used to place critical relative stratigraphic constraints on the timing of geologic processes in Margaritifer basin. Our analyses show that fluvial activity was separated in time by significant episodes of geologic activity, including the widespread volcanic resurfacing of Margaritifer basin and the formation of chaos terrain. The most recent fluvial activity within Margaritifer basin appears to terminate at a region of chaos terrain, suggesting possible communication between surface and subsurface water reservoirs. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of these observations on our current knowledge of Martian hydrologic evolution in this important region.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/2015JE004938","usgsCitation":"Salvatore, M.R., Kraft, M.D., Edwards, C., and Christensen, P.R., 2016, The geologic history of Margaritifer basin, Mars: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 121, no. 3, p. 273-295, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JE004938.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"273","endPage":"295","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-069142","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471186,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015je004938","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":318497,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"121","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-03-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56d80eb5e4b015c306f5ea20","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Salvatore, M. R.","contributorId":167279,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Salvatore","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":24673,"text":"University of Michigan-Dearborne","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":621666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kraft, M. D.","contributorId":167280,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kraft","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":24674,"text":"Arizona State University; Western Washington University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":621667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edwards, Christopher cedwards@usgs.gov","contributorId":147768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Christopher","email":"cedwards@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":621665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Christensen, P. R.","contributorId":7819,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christensen","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70169107,"text":"70169107 - 2016 - Effect of wastewater treatment facility closure on endocrine disrupting chemicals in a Coastal Plain stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-10T10:05:13","indexId":"70169107","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-02T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3249,"text":"Remediation Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of wastewater treatment facility closure on endocrine disrupting chemicals in a Coastal Plain stream","docAbstract":"Wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) closures are rare environmental remediation events; offering unique insight into contaminant persistence, long-term wastewater impacts, and ecosystem recovery processes. The U.S. Geological Survey assessed the fate of select endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) in surface water and streambed sediment one year before and one year after closure of a long-term WWTF located within the Spirit Creek watershed at Fort Gordon, Georgia. Sample sites included a WWTF-effluent control located upstream from the outfall, three downstream effluent-impacted sites located between the outfall and Spirit Lake, and one downstream from the lake's outfall. Prior to closure, the 2.2-km stream segment downstream from the WWTF outfall was characterized by EDC concentrations significantly higher (α = 0.05) than at the control site; indicating substantial downstream transport and limited in-stream attenuation of EDC, including pharmaceuticals, estrogens, alkylphenol ethoxylate (APE) metabolites, and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFR). Wastewater-derived pharmaceutical, APE metabolites, and OPFR compounds were also detected in the outflow of Spirit Lake, indicating the potential for EDC transport to aquatic ecosystems downstream of Fort Gordon under effluent discharge conditions. After the WWTF closure, no significant differences in concentrations or numbers of detected EDC compounds were observed between control and downstream locations. The results indicated EDC pseudo-persistence under preclosure, continuous supply conditions, with rapid attenuation following WWTF closure. Low concentrations of EDC at the control site throughout the study and comparable concentrations in downstream locations after WWTF closure indicated additional, continuing, upstream contaminant sources within the Spirit Creek watershed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1002/rem.21455","usgsCitation":"Bradley, P.M., Journey, C.A., and Clark, J.M., 2016, Effect of wastewater treatment facility closure on endocrine disrupting chemicals in a Coastal Plain stream: Remediation Journal, v. 26, no. 2, p. 9-24, https://doi.org/10.1002/rem.21455.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"24","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-071584","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318955,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Spirit Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.14048385620117,\n 33.37268517076214\n ],\n [\n -82.13722229003906,\n 33.37232677960624\n ],\n [\n -82.13644981384277,\n 33.373330271121596\n ],\n [\n -82.13747978210449,\n 33.37655570115267\n ],\n [\n -82.1389389038086,\n 33.3804977309726\n ],\n [\n -82.14177131652832,\n 33.38142945736583\n ],\n [\n -82.14571952819824,\n 33.382432843855234\n ],\n [\n -82.14923858642578,\n 33.38515626310354\n ],\n [\n -82.15018272399902,\n 33.38644627402568\n ],\n [\n -82.15344429016113,\n 33.38737793667645\n ],\n [\n -82.15524673461914,\n 33.38809459345993\n ],\n [\n -82.15644836425781,\n 33.38981454563582\n ],\n [\n -82.15696334838867,\n 33.39146280120461\n ],\n [\n -82.15696334838867,\n 33.392896041511285\n ],\n [\n -82.15893745422363,\n 33.39389929566411\n ],\n [\n -82.16116905212402,\n 33.39461589868319\n ],\n [\n -82.16176986694336,\n 33.39511751728097\n ],\n [\n -82.16357231140135,\n 33.39511751728097\n ],\n [\n -82.1641731262207,\n 33.39382763503726\n ],\n [\n -82.16297149658203,\n 33.3923227482246\n ],\n [\n -82.16082572937012,\n 33.39153446378123\n ],\n [\n -82.15953826904297,\n 33.38981454563582\n ],\n [\n -82.15902328491211,\n 33.387951262575854\n ],\n [\n -82.15799331665038,\n 33.385944605385994\n ],\n [\n -82.15361595153809,\n 33.38465458702014\n ],\n [\n -82.15198516845703,\n 33.38264785373944\n ],\n [\n -82.15009689331053,\n 33.38071274564174\n ],\n [\n -82.14752197265625,\n 33.379709339303815\n ],\n [\n -82.14503288269043,\n 33.37906428625834\n ],\n [\n -82.14340209960938,\n 33.37727244713804\n ],\n [\n -82.14194297790527,\n 33.37612565072615\n ],\n [\n -82.14168548583984,\n 33.374262074305484\n ],\n [\n -82.14125633239746,\n 33.372900204746884\n ],\n [\n -82.14048385620117,\n 33.37268517076214\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-03-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56ed26b0e4b0f59b85db09f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, Paul M. 0000-0001-7522-8606 pbradley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Paul","email":"pbradley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":622958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Journey, Celeste A. 0000-0002-2284-5851 cjourney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2284-5851","contributorId":2617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Journey","given":"Celeste","email":"cjourney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":622959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clark, Jimmy M. 0000-0002-3138-5738 jmclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3138-5738","contributorId":4773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Jimmy","email":"jmclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":622960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70168806,"text":"70168806 - 2016 - Establishing a pre-mining geochemical baseline at a uranium mine near Grand Canyon National Park, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-08T10:31:11","indexId":"70168806","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-01T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1760,"text":"Geoderma","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Establishing a pre-mining geochemical baseline at a uranium mine near Grand Canyon National Park, USA","docAbstract":"During 2012, approximately 404,000 ha of Federal Land in northern Arizona was withdrawn from consideration of mineral extraction for a 20-year period to protect the Grand Canyon watershed from potentially adverse effects of U mineral exploration and development. The development, operation, and reclamation of the Canyon Mine during the withdrawal period provide an excellent field site to understand and document off-site migration of radionuclides within the withdrawal area. As part of the Department of Interior's (DOI's) study plan for the exclusion area, the objective of our study is to utilize pre-defined decision units (DUs) in areas within and surrounding the Canyon Mine to demonstrate how newly established incremental sampling methodologies (ISM) combined with multivariate statistical methods can be used to document a repeatable and statistically defensible measure of pre-mining baseline conditions in surface soils and stream sediment samples prior to ore extraction. During the survey in June 2013, the highest pre-mining 95% upper confidence level (UCL) concentrations with respect to As, Mo, U, and V were found in the triplicate samples collected from surface soils in the mine site DU designated as M1. Gamma activities were slightly elevated in soils within the M1 DU (up to 28 μR/h); however, off-site gamma activities in soil and stream-sediment samples were lower (< 6 to 12 μR/h). Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was applied to 33 chemical constituents contained in the multivariate data generated from the analysis of triplicate samples collected in the soil and stream sediment DUs within and surrounding Canyon Mine. Most of the triplicate samples from individual DUs were grouped in the same dendrogram cluster when using a similarity value (SV) of 0.70 (unitless). Different group membership of triplicate samples from two of the four haul road DUs was likely the result of heterogeneity induced by non-native soil material introduced from the gravel road base or from vehicular traffic. Application of HCA and ISM will provide critical metrics to meet DOI's long-term goals for assessing off-site migration of radionuclides resulting from mining and reclamation in the current (2015) exclusion area associated within the Grand Canyon watershed and the associated national park.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2016.01.004","usgsCitation":"Naftz, D.L., and Walton-Day, K., 2016, Establishing a pre-mining geochemical baseline at a uranium mine near Grand Canyon National Park, USA: Geoderma, v. 7, no. 1, p. 76-92, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geodrs.2016.01.004.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"76","endPage":"92","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-062046","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471188,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geodrs.2016.01.004","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":318556,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.0380859375,\n 35.44724605551148\n ],\n [\n -114.0380859375,\n 36.99377838872517\n ],\n [\n -111.566162109375,\n 36.99377838872517\n ],\n [\n -111.566162109375,\n 35.44724605551148\n ],\n [\n -114.0380859375,\n 35.44724605551148\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"7","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56dabfdbe4b015c306f84c84","chorus":{"doi":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2016.01.004","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geodrs.2016.01.004","publisher":"Elsevier BV","authors":"Naftz David, Walton-Day Katie","journalName":"Geoderma Regional","publicationDate":"3/2016"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naftz, David L. 0000-0003-1130-6892 dlnaftz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1130-6892","contributorId":1041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naftz","given":"David","email":"dlnaftz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":621831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walton-Day, Katherine 0000-0002-9146-6193 kwaltond@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9146-6193","contributorId":1245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walton-Day","given":"Katherine","email":"kwaltond@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":621832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70175547,"text":"70175547 - 2016 - Elevation dynamics in a restored versus a submerging salt marsh in Long Island Sound","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-03T13:35:50","indexId":"70175547","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Elevation dynamics in a restored versus a submerging salt marsh in Long Island Sound","docAbstract":"Accelerated sea-level rise (SLR) poses the threat of salt marsh submergence, especially in marshes that are relatively low-lying. At the same time, restoration efforts are producing new low-lying marshes, many of which are thriving and avoiding submergence. To understand the causes of these different fates, we studied two Long Island Sound marshes: one that is experiencing submergence and mudflat expansion, and one that is undergoing successful restoration. We examined sedimentation using a variety of methods, each of which captures different time periods and different aspects of marsh elevation change: surface-elevation tables, marker horizons, sediment cores, and sediment traps. We also studied marsh hydrology, productivity, respiration, nutrient content, and suspended sediment. We found that, despite the expansion of mudflat in the submerging marsh, the areas that remain vegetated have been gaining elevation at roughly the rate of SLR over the last 10 years. However, this elevation gain was only possible thanks to an increase in belowground volume, which may be a temporary response to waterlogging. In addition, accretion rates in the first half of the twentieth century were much lower than current rates, so century-scale accretion in the submerging marsh was lower than SLR. In contrast, at the restored marsh, accretion rates are now averaging about 10 mm yr−1 (several times the rate of SLR), much higher than before restoration. The main cause of the different trajectories at the two marshes appeared to be the availability of suspended sediment, which was much higher in the restored marsh. We considered and rejected alternative hypotheses, including differences in tidal flooding, plant productivity, and nutrient loading. In the submerging marsh, suspended and deposited sediment had relatively high organic content, which may be a useful indicator of sediment starvation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecss.2016.01.017","usgsCitation":"Anisfeld, S.C., Hill, T.D., and Cahoon, D.R., 2016, Elevation dynamics in a restored versus a submerging salt marsh in Long Island Sound: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 170, p. 145-154, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2016.01.017.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"145","endPage":"154","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064523","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326583,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"170","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b43943e4b03bcb01039fb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anisfeld, Shimon C.","contributorId":173724,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anisfeld","given":"Shimon","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, Troy D.","contributorId":150000,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hill","given":"Troy","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":17883,"text":"Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, New Haven, CT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":645635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cahoon, Donald R. 0000-0002-2591-5667 dcahoon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2591-5667","contributorId":3791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahoon","given":"Donald","email":"dcahoon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":645636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70169136,"text":"70169136 - 2016 - Isotope hydrology of the Chalk River Laboratories site, Ontario, Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-22T10:07:24","indexId":"70169136","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotope hydrology of the Chalk River Laboratories site, Ontario, Canada","docAbstract":"This paper presents results of hydrochemical and isotopic analyses of groundwater (fracture water) and porewater, and physical property and water content measurements of bedrock core at the Chalk River Laboratories (CRL) site in Ontario. Density and water contents were determined and water-loss porosity values were calculated for core samples. Average and standard deviations of density and water-loss porosity of 50 core samples from four boreholes are 2.73 ± 12 g/cc and 1.32 ± 1.24 percent. Respective median values are 2.68 and 0.83 indicating a positive skewness in the distributions. Groundwater samples from four deep boreholes were analyzed for strontium (87Sr/86Sr) and uranium (234U/238U) isotope ratios. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope analyses and selected solute concentrations determined by CRL are included for comparison. Groundwater from borehole CRG-1 in a zone between approximately +60 and −240 m elevation is relatively depleted in δ18O and δ2H perhaps reflecting a slug of water recharged during colder climatic conditions. Porewater was extracted from core samples by centrifugation and analyzed for major dissolved ions and for strontium and uranium isotopes. On average, the extracted water contains 15 times larger concentration of solutes than the groundwater. 234U/238U and correlation of 87Sr/86Sr with Rb/Sr values indicate that the porewater may be substantially older than the groundwater. Results of this study show that the Precambrian gneisses at Chalk River are similar in physical properties and hydrochemical aspects to crystalline rocks being considered for the construction of nuclear waste repositories in other regions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.12.004","collaboration":"Atomic Energy of Canada","usgsCitation":"Peterman, Z.E., Neymark, L., King-Sharp, K., and Gascoyne, M., 2016, Isotope hydrology of the Chalk River Laboratories site, Ontario, Canada: Applied Geochemistry, v. 66, p. 149-161, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.12.004.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"161","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064233","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319186,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":319118,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.12.004"}],"country":"Canada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.43026733398438,\n 46.080256375438374\n ],\n [\n -77.45859146118164,\n 46.06334542881816\n ],\n [\n -77.46477127075195,\n 46.0653702518009\n ],\n [\n -77.4235725402832,\n 46.01043551674464\n ],\n [\n -77.36949920654297,\n 46.02843533842512\n ],\n [\n -77.37035751342772,\n 46.03069980161169\n ],\n [\n -77.34598159790039,\n 46.03844594778183\n ],\n [\n -77.36263275146484,\n 46.051671471790684\n ],\n [\n -77.38100051879883,\n 46.06108230348094\n ],\n [\n -77.38117218017578,\n 46.06310720946706\n ],\n [\n -77.37945556640625,\n 46.06251165659222\n ],\n [\n -77.38065719604492,\n 46.06441740317782\n ],\n [\n -77.38323211669922,\n 46.065132041186985\n ],\n [\n -77.38460540771484,\n 46.065132041186985\n ],\n [\n -77.38306045532227,\n 46.06370275591751\n ],\n [\n -77.38443374633789,\n 46.06370275591751\n ],\n [\n -77.41241455078125,\n 46.075374169392795\n ],\n [\n -77.42717742919922,\n 46.08037544823821\n ],\n [\n -77.43026733398438,\n 46.080256375438374\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"66","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f26cc9e4b0f59b85deccc6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterman, Zell E. 0000-0002-5694-8082 peterman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5694-8082","contributorId":167699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterman","given":"Zell","email":"peterman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neymark, Leonid A. 0000-0003-4190-0278 lneymark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4190-0278","contributorId":140338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neymark","given":"Leonid A.","email":"lneymark@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"King-Sharp, K.J.","contributorId":167700,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"King-Sharp","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24808,"text":"Atomic Energy of Canada, Chalk River, Ontario","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":623176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gascoyne, Mel","contributorId":167701,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gascoyne","given":"Mel","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24809,"text":"Gascoyne GeoProjects Inc., Pinawa, Manitoba","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":623177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70189227,"text":"70189227 - 2016 - Mercury transformation and release differs with depth and time in a contaminated riparian soil during simulated flooding","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-06T13:12:52","indexId":"70189227","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury transformation and release differs with depth and time in a contaminated riparian soil during simulated flooding","docAbstract":"Riparian soils are an important environment in the transport of mercury in rivers and wetlands, but the biogeochemical factors controlling mercury dynamics under transient redox conditions in these soils are not well understood. Mercury release and transformations in the Oa and underlying A horizons of a contaminated riparian soil were characterized in microcosms and an intact soil core under saturation conditions. Pore water dynamics of total mercury (HgT), methylmercury (MeHg), and dissolved gaseous mercury (Hg0(aq)) along with selected anions, major elements, and trace metals were characterized across redox transitions during 36 d of flooding in microcosms. Next, HgT dynamics were characterized over successive flooding (17 d), drying (28 d), and flooding (36 d) periods in the intact core. The observed mercury dynamics exhibit depth and temporal variability. At the onset of flooding in microcosms (1–3 d), mercury in the Oa horizon soil, present as a combination of ionic mercury (Hg(II)) bound to thiol groups in the soil organic matter (SOM) and nanoparticulate metacinnabar (b-HgS), was mobilized with organic matter of high molecular weight. Subsequently, under anoxic conditions, pore water HgT declined coincident with sulfate (3–11 d) and the proportion of nanoparticulate b-HgS in the Oa horizon soil increased slightly. Redox oscillations in the intact Oa horizon soil exhausted the mobile mercury pool associated with organic matter. In contrast, mercury in the A horizon soil, present predominantly as nanoparticulate b-HgS, was mobilized primarily as Hg0(aq) under strongly reducing conditions (5–18 d). The concentration of Hg0(aq) under dark reducing conditions correlated positively with byproducts of dissimilatory metal reduction (P(Fe,Mn)). Mercury dynamics in intact A horizon soil were consistent over two periods of flooding, indicating that nanoparticulate b-HgS was an accessible pool of mobile mercury over recurrent reducing conditions. The concentration of MeHg increased with flooding time in both the Oa and A horizon pore waters. Temporal changes in pore water constituents (iron, manganese, sulfate, inorganic carbon, headspace methane) all implicate microbial control of redox transitions. The mobilization of mercury in multiple forms, including HgT associated with organic matter, MeHg, and Hg0(aq), to pore waters during periodic soil flooding may contribute to mercury releases to adjacent surface waters and the recycling of the legacy mercury to the atmosphere.","language":"English","publisher":"Elesevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2015.12.024","usgsCitation":"Poulin, B., Aiken, G.R., Nagy, K.L., Manceau, A., Krabbenhoft, D.P., and Ryan, J.N., 2016, Mercury transformation and release differs with depth and time in a contaminated riparian soil during simulated flooding: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 176, p. 118-138, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.12.024.","productDescription":"21 p. 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bpoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5555-7733","contributorId":194253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poulin","given":"Brett","email":"bpoulin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aiken, George R. 0000-0001-8454-0984 graiken@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":1322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"George","email":"graiken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nagy, Kathryn L.","contributorId":189327,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nagy","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Manceau, Alain 0000-0003-0845-611X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0845-611X","contributorId":194255,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Manceau","given":"Alain","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, David P. 0000-0003-1964-5020 dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":1658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"David","email":"dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ryan, Joseph N.","contributorId":54290,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ryan","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":604,"text":"University of Colorado- Boulder","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":703608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70177906,"text":"70177906 - 2016 - Influence of vertical and lateral heat transfer on permafrost thaw, peatland landscape transition, and groundwater flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-10T16:14:39","indexId":"70177906","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-26T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of vertical and lateral heat transfer on permafrost thaw, peatland landscape transition, and groundwater flow","docAbstract":"Recent climate change has reduced the spatial extent and thickness of permafrost in many discontinuous permafrost regions. Rapid permafrost thaw is producing distinct landscape changes in the Taiga Plains of the Northwest Territories, Canada. As permafrost bodies underlying forested peat plateaus shrink, the landscape slowly transitions into unforested wetlands. The expansion of wetlands has enhanced the hydrologic connectivity of many watersheds via new surface and near-surface flow paths, and increased streamflow has been observed. Furthermore, the decrease in forested peat plateaus results in a net loss of boreal forest and associated ecosystems. This study investigates fundamental processes that contribute to permafrost thaw by comparing observed and simulated thaw development and landscape transition of a peat plateau-wetland complex in the Northwest Territories, Canada from 1970 to 2012. Measured climate data are first used to drive surface energy balance simulations for the wetland and peat plateau. Near-surface soil temperatures simulated in the surface energy balance model are then applied as the upper boundary condition to a three-dimensional model of subsurface water flow and coupled energy transport with freeze-thaw. Simulation results demonstrate that lateral heat transfer, which is not considered in many permafrost models, can influence permafrost thaw rates. Furthermore, the simulations indicate that landscape evolution arising from permafrost thaw acts as a positive feedback mechanism that increases the energy absorbed at the land surface and produces additional permafrost thaw. The modeling results also demonstrate that flow rates in local groundwater flow systems may be enhanced by the degradation of isolated permafrost bodies.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/2015WR018057","usgsCitation":"Kurylyk, B.L., Hayashi, M., Quinton, W.L., McKenzie, J.M., and Voss, C.I., 2016, Influence of vertical and lateral heat transfer on permafrost thaw, peatland landscape transition, and groundwater flow: Water Resources Research, v. 52, no. 2, p. 1286-1305, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR018057.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1286","endPage":"1305","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-071592","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471208,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015wr018057","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":330403,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"Northwest Territories","otherGeospatial":"Scotty Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.53027343749999,\n 60.05935761134086\n ],\n [\n -123.53027343749999,\n 62.63376960786813\n ],\n [\n -119.11376953125,\n 62.63376960786813\n ],\n [\n -119.11376953125,\n 60.05935761134086\n ],\n [\n -123.53027343749999,\n 60.05935761134086\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"52","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-02-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5811c0f3e4b0f497e79a5a7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kurylyk, Barret L.","contributorId":176296,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kurylyk","given":"Barret","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hayashi, Masaki","contributorId":176832,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hayashi","given":"Masaki","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Quinton, William L.","contributorId":176298,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quinton","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McKenzie, Jeffrey M.","contributorId":176299,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKenzie","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752 cvoss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":1559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","email":"cvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":652152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70162153,"text":"sir20165005 - 2016 - Statistical analysis and mapping of water levels in the Biscayne aquifer, water conservation areas, and Everglades National Park, Miami-Dade County, Florida, 2000–2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-14T08:58:36","indexId":"sir20165005","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-25T15:45:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-5005","title":"Statistical analysis and mapping of water levels in the Biscayne aquifer, water conservation areas, and Everglades National Park, Miami-Dade County, Florida, 2000–2009","docAbstract":"Statistical analyses and maps representing mean, high, and low water-level conditions in the surface water and groundwater of Miami-Dade County were made by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Miami-Dade County Department of Regulatory and Economic Resources, to help inform decisions necessary for urban planning and development. Sixteen maps were created that show contours of (1) the mean of daily water levels at each site during October and May for the 2000–2009 water years; (2) the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles of the daily water levels at each site during October and May and for all months during 2000–2009; and (3) the differences between mean October and May water levels, as well as the differences in the percentiles of water levels for all months, between 1990–1999 and 2000–2009. The 80th, 90th, and 96th percentiles of the annual maximums of daily groundwater levels during 1974–2009 (a 35-year period) were computed to provide an indication of unusually high groundwater-level conditions. These maps and statistics provide a generalized understanding of the variations of water levels in the aquifer, rather than a survey of concurrent water levels. Water-level measurements from 473 sites in Miami-Dade County and surrounding counties were analyzed to generate statistical analyses. The monitored water levels included surface-water levels in canals and wetland areas and groundwater levels in the Biscayne aquifer.
\nMaps were created by importing site coordinates, summary water-level statistics, and completeness of record statistics into a geographic information system, and by interpolating between water levels at monitoring sites in the canals and water levels along the coastline. Raster surfaces were created from these data by using the triangular irregular network interpolation method. The raster surfaces were contoured by using geographic information system software. These contours were imprecise in some areas because the software could not fully evaluate the hydrology given available information; therefore, contours were manually modified where necessary. The ability to evaluate differences in water levels between 1990–1999 and 2000–2009 is limited in some areas because most of the monitoring sites did not have 80 percent complete records for one or both of these periods. The quality of the analyses was limited by (1) deficiencies in spatial coverage; (2) the combination of pre- and post-construction water levels in areas where canals, levees, retention basins, detention basins, or water-control structures were installed or removed; (3) an inability to address the potential effects of the vertical hydraulic head gradient on water levels in wells of different depths; and (4) an inability to correct for the differences between daily water-level statistics. Contours are dashed in areas where the locations of contours have been approximated because of the uncertainty caused by these limitations. Although the ability of the maps to depict differences in water levels between 1990–1999 and 2000–2009 was limited by missing data, results indicate that near the coast water levels were generally higher in May during 2000–2009 than during 1990–1999; and that inland water levels were generally lower during 2000–2009 than during 1990–1999. Generally, the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles of water levels from all months were also higher near the coast and lower inland during 2000–2009 than during 1990–1999. Mean October water levels during 2000–2009 were generally higher than during 1990–1999 in much of western Miami-Dade County, but were lower in a large part of eastern Miami-Dade County.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165005","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Miami-Dade County Department of Regulatory and Economic Resources","usgsCitation":"Prinos, S.T., and Dixon, J.F., 2016, Statistical analysis and mapping of water levels in the Biscayne aquifer, water conservation areas, and Everglades National Park, Miami-Dade County, Florida, 2000–2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5005, 42 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165005.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 42 p.; 16 Plates: 23.00 x 30.00 inches or smaller; Appendix; Companion File","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-053912","costCenters":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318341,"rank":20,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5005/sir20165005_appendix8.pdf","text":"Figure 8-1 - (11x17)","size":"1.35 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5005","linkHelpText":"Locations of all sites used to map water levels in the Biscayne aquifer, water conservation areas, and Everglades National Park, in Miami-Dade County, Florida, during the 2000-2009 water years. The same index number may be used for adjacent sites."},{"id":318331,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5005/plates/sir20165005_plate7.pdf","size":"5.04 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5005","linkHelpText":"50th Percentile of October Water Levels During the 2000–2009 Water Years, Miami-Dade County, Florida"},{"id":318329,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5005/plates/sir20165005_plate5.pdf","size":"4.90 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5005","linkHelpText":"75th Percentile of May Water Levels During the 2000–2009 Water Years, Miami-Dade County, Florida"},{"id":318330,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5005/plates/sir20165005_plate6.pdf","size":"5.05 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5005","linkHelpText":"25th Percentile of October Water Levels During the 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U.S. Geological Survey
4446 Pet Lane, Suite 108
Lutz, FL 3355
http://fl.water.usgs.gov/
Groundwater represents the terrestrial subsurface component of the hydrologic cycle. As such, groundwater is generally in motion, moving from elevated areas of recharge to lower areas of discharge. Groundwater usually moves in accordance with Darcy’s law (Dalmont, Paris: Les Fontaines Publiques de la Ville de Dijon, 1856). Groundwater residence times can be under a day in small upland catchments to over a million years in subcontinental-sized desert basins. The broadest definition of groundwater includes water in the unsaturated zone, considered briefly here. Water chemically bound to minerals, as in gypsum (CaSO4 • 2H2O) or hydrated clays, cannot flow in response to gradients in total hydraulic head (pressure head plus elevation head); such water is thus usually excluded from consideration as groundwater. In 1940, M. King Hubbert showed Darcy’s law to be a special case of thermodynamically based potential field equations governing fluid motion, thereby establishing groundwater hydraulics as a rigorous engineering science (Journal of Geology 48, pp. 785–944). The development of computer-enabled numerical methods for solving the field equations with real-world approximating geometries and boundary conditions in the mid-1960s ushered in the era of digital groundwater modeling. An estimated 30 percent of global fresh water is groundwater, compared to 0.3 percent that is surface water, 0.04 percent atmospheric water, and 70 percent that exists as ice, including permafrost (Shiklomanov and Rodda 2004, cited under Groundwater Occurrence). Groundwater thus constitutes the vast majority—over 98 percent—of the unfrozen fresh-water resources of the planet, excluding surface-water reservoirs. Environmental dimensions of groundwater are equally large, receiving attention on multiple disciplinary fronts. Riparian, streambed, and spring-pool habitats can be sensitively dependent on the amount and quality of groundwater inputs that modulate temperature and solutes, including nutrients and dissolved oxygen. Groundwater withdrawals can negatively impact riparian habitats by depriving ecosystems of adequate fresh water and fragmenting communities when streams go dry. Biochemical reactions in shallow groundwater can remove anthropogenically elevated nitrogen compounds and reduce—but only to a point—the greening of waterways and shorelines with periphyton and harmful algal blooms. Groundwater extraction for beneficial use is increasingly limited by water-quality constraints imposed by naturally occurring and introduced substances. Overdrafting can cause land-surface subsidence, damaging buildings and roads and disrupting canals, sewers, and other gravity-flow conveyances. Increases in groundwater levels can cause soil salinization in dry regions and erosive sapping and flooding in wet regions. Coastal saltwater intrusion, groundwater flooding, salinization associated with groundwater-irrigated agriculture, induced seismicity from injected wastes, and the detrimental impacts of groundwater depletion are among the major environmental challenges of our time.
","largerWorkTitle":"Oxford Bibliographies in Environmental Science","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/obo/9780199363445-0053","usgsCitation":"Stonestrom, D.A., 2016, Groundwater, chap. of Oxford Bibliographies in Environmental Science, HTML document, https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199363445-0053.","productDescription":"HTML document","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-068189","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320010,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"570e1c32e4b0ef3b7ca24c2d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wohl, Ellen E.","contributorId":16969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wohl","given":"Ellen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626576,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Stonestrom, David A. 0000-0001-7883-3385 dastones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7883-3385","contributorId":2280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonestrom","given":"David","email":"dastones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":626222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70168543,"text":"ofr20161021 - 2016 - Ecoregions of California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T18:41:14.173917","indexId":"ofr20161021","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-23T17:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-1021","title":"Ecoregions of California","docAbstract":"Ecoregions denote areas of general similarity in ecosystems and in the type, quality, and quantity of environmental resources. They are designed to serve as a spatial framework for the research, assessment, management, and monitoring of ecosystems and ecosystem components. By recognizing the spatial differences in the capacities and potentials of ecosystems, ecoregions stratify the environment by its probable response to disturbance (Bryce and others, 1999). These general purpose regions are critical for structuring and implementing ecosystem management strategies across Federal agencies, State agencies, and nongovernment organizations that are responsible for different types of resources in the same geographical areas (Omernik and others, 2000).
The approach used to compile this map is based on the premise that ecological regions are hierarchical and can be identified through the analysis of the spatial patterns and the composition of biotic and abiotic phenomena that affect or reflect differences in ecosystem quality and integrity (Wiken, 1986; Omernik, 1987, 1995). These phenomena include geology, physiography, vegetation, climate, soils, land use, wildlife, and hydrology. The relative importance of each characteristic varies from one ecological region to another regardless of the hierarchical level. A Roman numeral hierarchical scheme has been adopted for different levels of ecological regions. Level I is the coarsest level, dividing North America into 15 ecological regions. Level II divides the continent into 50 regions (Commission for Environmental Cooperation Working Group, 1997, map revised 2006). At level III, the continental United States contains 105 ecoregions and the conterminous United States has 85 ecoregions (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013). Level IV, depicted here for California, is a further refinement of level III ecoregions. Explanations of the methods used to define these ecoregions are given in Omernik (1995), Omernik and others (2000), and Omernik and Griffith (2014).
California has great ecological and biological diversity. The State contains offshore islands and coastal lowlands, large alluvial valleys, forested mountain ranges, deserts, and various aquatic habitats. There are 13 level III ecoregions and 177 level IV ecoregions in California and most continue into ecologically similar parts of adjacent States of the United States or Mexico (Bryce and others, 2003; Thorson and others, 2003; Griffith and others, 2014).
The California ecoregion map was compiled at a scale of 1:250,000. It revises and subdivides an earlier national ecoregion map that was originally compiled at a smaller scale (Omernik, 1987; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013). This poster is the result of a collaborative project primarily between U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Region IX, USEPA National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (Corvallis, Oregon), California Department of Fish and Wildlife (DFW), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), U.S. Department of the Interior–Geological Survey (USGS), and other State of California agencies and universities.
The project is associated with interagency efforts to develop a common framework of ecological regions (McMahon and others, 2001). Reaching that objective requires recognition of the differences in the conceptual approaches and mapping methodologies applied to develop the most common ecoregion-type frameworks, including those developed by the USDA–Forest Service (Bailey and others, 1994; Miles and Goudy, 1997; Cleland and others, 2007), the USEPA (Omernik 1987, 1995), and the NRCS (U.S. Department of Agriculture–Soil Conservation Service, 1981; U.S. Department of Agriculture–Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2006). As each of these frameworks is further refined, their differences are becoming less discernible. Regional collaborative projects such as this one in California, where some agreement has been reached among multiple resource-management agencies, are a step toward attaining consensus and consistency in ecoregion frameworks for the entire nation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161021","collaboration":"Prepared in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IX, Regional Applied Research Effort (RARE) program.","usgsCitation":"Griffith, G.E., Omernik, J.M., Smith, D.W., Cook, T.D.,\nTallyn, E., Moseley, K., and Johnson, C.B., 2016, Ecoregions of California (poster):\nU.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1021, with map, scale 1:1,100,000,\nhttps://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161021.","productDescription":"2 Sheets: 36.00 x 47.00 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-057004","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318343,"rank":2,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1021/ofr20161021_sheet1.pdf","text":"Sheet 1 - Map","size":"21 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\"}}]}","contact":"Western Geographic Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 531
Menlo Park, CA 94025
http://geography.wr.usgs.gov/