The Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation has the main objective of inferring the ground-water chemistry at an active mine site. Hence, existing ground-water chemistry and its quality assurance and quality control is of crucial importance to this study and a substantial effort was spent on this activity. Analyses of seventy-two blanks demonstrated that contamination from processing, handling, and analyses were minimal. Blanks collected using water deionized with anion and cation exchange resins contained elevated concentrations of boron (0.17 milligrams per liter (mg/L)) and silica (3.90 mg/L), whereas double-distilled water did not. Boron and silica were not completely retained by the resins because they can exist as uncharged species in water. Chloride was detected in ten blanks, the highest being 3.9 mg/L, probably as the result of washing bottles, filter apparatuses, and tubing with hydrochloric acid. Sulfate was detected in seven blanks; the highest value was 3.0 mg/L, most likely because of carryover from the high sulfate waters sampled. With only a few exceptions, the remaining blank analyses were near or below method detection limits. Analyses of standard reference water samples by cold-vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry, ion chromatography, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, FerroZine, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, hydride generation atomic spectrometry, and titration provided an accuracy check. For constituents greater than 10 times the detection limit, 95 percent of the samples had a percent error of less than 8.5. For constituents within 10 percent of the detection limit, the percent error often increased as a result of measurement imprecision. Charge imbalance was calculated using WATEQ4F and 251 out of 257 samples had a charge imbalance less than 11.8 percent. The charge imbalance for all samples ranged from -16 to 16 percent. Spike recoveries were performed by spiking ground-water samples from SC2B, SC3A, SC3B, CC2A, and Hottentot with a mixed-element standard and then analyzing them by ICP-OES. The mean recovery for all the constituents by ICP-OES was 103 percent with a standard deviation of 16 percent. Fifteen surface- and ground-water sequential duplicates were collected from Straight Creek, Hottentot, and the Red River from 2002 to 2003. Except for chloride from well SC5B and low concentrations of iron (<0.05 mg/L) and aluminum (<0.01 mg/L), constituents of sequential duplicates are generally within 10 percent of each other. Analytical results from different methods and different laboratories, with rare exceptions, were within 10 percent. Chromium analyses were in poor agreement when comparing analyses from the USGS and a contract laboratory, but USGS analyses by ICP-OES and ICP-MS were usually within 10 percent for chromium concentrations above 0.03 mg/L and analyses by ICP-OES and GFAAS were usually within 15 percent for chromium concentrations as much as 0.1 mg/L.
Filtration studies also were performed to study the effects of filtration apparatuses (Minitan, plate, capsule, and syringe), pore sizes, and timing on dissolved metal concentrations. Except for iron and aluminum, constituents with concentrations greater than about 0.05 mg/L were generally not affected by the filtration apparatus, membrane pore-size, and filtration delays. Iron, aluminum, and some dissolved metals concentrations less than about 0.05 mg/L, especially copper, were generally lowest in filtrates from the tangential flow Minitan system containing a filter membrane with a pore size of 10,000 Daltons. As part of a filtration timing study, grab samples were collected from two sites along the Red River and were processed immediately and then again 1 to 3 hours later. Aluminum and iron colloids formed during the delay in the sample collected at the USGS gaging station and, after the delay, 0.1-ìm filtrate aluminum and iron concentrations approached the ultrafiltrate (Minitan) concentrations. In the upstream site below Fawn Lakes, aluminum in the 0.1-ìm filtrate decreased but did not decrease in the 0.45-ìm filtrate, signifying that the colloids formed during the delay are between 0.1 and 0.45 ìm. Dissolved nickel and pH also decreased in both samples during the delay. Except for ferrous iron and barium, a sequential filtration study 2 demonstrated that water collected from the Red River at the gage did not affect dissolved metal concentrations with increasing sample volume passing through a plate filter with 0.45- or 0.1-ìm membranes. Barium and ferrous iron both slightly decreased in the filtrate from the 0.45-ìm filter.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041341","usgsCitation":"McCleskey, R.B., Nordstrom, D.K., and Naus, C.A., 2004, Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water-quality investigation. 16. Quality assurance and quality control for water analyses: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1341, 115 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041341.","productDescription":"115 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":185258,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":353002,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1341/pdf/ofr2004-1341b.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":5747,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr2004-1341/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"48","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a065","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCleskey, R. Blaine 0000-0002-2521-8052 rbmccles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2521-8052","contributorId":147399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCleskey","given":"R.","email":"rbmccles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Blaine","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":258383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Naus, Cheryl A.","contributorId":82749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naus","given":"Cheryl","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5224284,"text":"5224284 - 2003 - New record of the rare emballonurid bat Centronycteris centralis Thomas, 1912 in Costa Rica, with notes on feeding habits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-03T14:39:49.130179","indexId":"5224284","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:46","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1185,"text":"Caribbean Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New record of the rare emballonurid bat Centronycteris centralis Thomas, 1912 in Costa Rica, with notes on feeding habits","docAbstract":"The shaggy sac-winged bat, Centronycteris centralis, occurs mainly in lowland forests from Veracruz, Mexico, to Peru, although it has been reported from elevations as high at 1450 m in Panama. Most captures of the species are of single individuals, and throughout its distribution, this bat is rare and poorly-known. Centronycteris centralis generally has been assumed to be an aerial insectivore, capturing flying insects on the wing. However, direct evidence supporting this trophic role has been lacking. Herein, I report on a specimen of C. centralis from seasonally-inundated swamp forest in the Caribbean lowlands of northeastern Costa Rica that provides valuable information on distribution, morphological variation, reproduction, and feeding habits of this species.","language":"English","publisher":"University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez","usgsCitation":"Woodman, N., 2003, New record of the rare emballonurid bat Centronycteris centralis Thomas, 1912 in Costa Rica, with notes on feeding habits: Caribbean Journal of Science, v. 39, no. 3, p. 399-402.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"399","endPage":"402","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198210,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17280,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://academic.uprm.edu/publications/cjs/Vol39c/39_399-402.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Costa Rica","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-82.96578,8.22503],[-83.50844,8.44693],[-83.71147,8.65684],[-83.59631,8.83044],[-83.63264,9.05139],[-83.90989,9.2908],[-84.3034,9.48735],[-84.64764,9.61554],[-84.71335,9.90805],[-84.97566,10.08672],[-84.91137,9.79599],[-85.11092,9.55704],[-85.33949,9.83454],[-85.66079,9.93335],[-85.79744,10.13489],[-85.79171,10.43934],[-85.65931,10.75433],[-85.94173,10.89528],[-85.71254,11.08844],[-85.56185,11.21712],[-84.903,10.9523],[-84.67307,11.08266],[-84.35593,10.99923],[-84.19018,10.79345],[-83.89505,10.72684],[-83.65561,10.93876],[-83.40232,10.39544],[-83.01568,9.99298],[-82.5462,9.56613],[-82.93289,9.47681],[-82.92715,9.07433],[-82.71918,8.92571],[-82.86866,8.80727],[-82.82977,8.6263],[-82.91318,8.42352],[-82.96578,8.22503]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Costa Rica\"}}]}","volume":"39","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa5bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodman, N. 0000-0003-2689-7373","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2689-7373","contributorId":104176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodman","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70159589,"text":"70159589 - 2003 - Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Greater Prairie-Chicken","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-18T08:47:35","indexId":"70159589","displayToPublicDate":"2010-02-02T05:15:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Greater Prairie-Chicken","docAbstract":"Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on grassland birds were summarized from information in more than 5,500 published and unpublished papers. A range map is provided to indicate the breeding distribution of Greater Prairie-Chicken in the United States and southern Canada. Although birds frequently are observed outside the breeding range indicated, the maps are intended to show areas where managers might concentrate their attention. It may be ineffectual to manage habitat at a site for a species that rarely occurs in an area. The species account begins with a brief capsule statement, which provides the fundamental components or keys to management for the species. A section on breeding range outlines the current breeding distribution of the species in North America. The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species, especially those habitats that occur in the Great Plains. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. A special section on prey habitat is included for those predatory species that have more specific prey requirements. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species’ response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes specific recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. If management recommendations differ in different portions of the species’ breeding range, recommendations are given separately by region. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of grassland birds and their responses to habitat management is posted at the Web site mentioned below.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","doi":"10.3133/70159589","usgsCitation":"Svedarsky, W.D., Toepfer, J., Westemeier, R., and Robel, R., 2003, Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Greater Prairie-Chicken, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159589.","productDescription":"41 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311156,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159589.JPG"},{"id":311462,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159589/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States, Canada","state":"Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, Missouri, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.818359375,\n 53.61857936489517\n ],\n [\n -114.12597656249999,\n 51.508742458803326\n ],\n [\n -112.763671875,\n 49.35375571830993\n ],\n [\n -104.150390625,\n 49.35375571830993\n ],\n [\n -104.19433593749999,\n 47.78363463526376\n ],\n [\n -104.765625,\n 42.61779143282346\n ],\n [\n -106.25976562499999,\n 39.842286020743394\n ],\n [\n -103.9306640625,\n 35.31736632923788\n ],\n [\n -100.2392578125,\n 31.80289258670676\n ],\n [\n -97.3388671875,\n 29.726222319395504\n ],\n [\n -94.4384765625,\n 30.751277776257812\n ],\n [\n -94.306640625,\n 31.728167146023935\n ],\n [\n -89.6044921875,\n 34.95799531086792\n ],\n [\n -87.1875,\n 36.13787471840729\n ],\n [\n -86.044921875,\n 40.54720023441049\n ],\n [\n -84.4189453125,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -83.5400390625,\n 46.13417004624326\n ],\n [\n -84.375,\n 48.31242790407178\n ],\n [\n -88.8134765625,\n 49.49667452747045\n ],\n [\n -103.7548828125,\n 53.09402405506325\n ],\n [\n -111.09374999999999,\n 54.08517342088679\n ],\n [\n -113.818359375,\n 53.61857936489517\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56432344e4b0aafbcd017ff0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Svedarsky, W. Daniel","contributorId":52763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Svedarsky","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Daniel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Toepfer, J.E.","contributorId":149792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toepfer","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Westemeier, R.L.","contributorId":149793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westemeier","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robel, R.J.","contributorId":20297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robel","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5211232,"text":"5211232 - 2003 - Storms as agents of wetland elevation change: their impact on surface and subsurface sediment processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:28","indexId":"5211232","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Storms as agents of wetland elevation change: their impact on surface and subsurface sediment processes","docAbstract":"Direct measures of the impact of major storms on wetland sediment elevation are rare. Recently developed techniques have enabled simultaneous, quantitative observations of surface and subsurface processes affecting sediment elevation. An analysis of ten wetland sites revealed the following patterns of sediment elevation change after storm passage: (1) elevation change equivalent to sediment accretion or erosion, (2) elevation loss in spite of sediment deposition, or in excess of erosion, and (3) elevation gain greater than the amount of sediment accretion. These observations suggest that storms influence sediment elevation not only by sediment deposition and erosion but also through subsurface processes of sediment compaction, root growth and decomposition, and water flux. Wetlands receiving a substantial deposit of sediment did not always realize an equivalent elevation gain. Some realized a net loss in elevation as a result of sediment compaction apparently caused by the weight of the sediment deposit or the tidal surge waters, or both. Sediment elevation collapsed in two mangrove forests with highly organic substrate when the storm killed the forest. In two marshes, elevation gain exceeded deposition apparently through increased sediment water storage or plant root growth via nutrient enrichment from storm sediment deposits. The elevation responses were either temporary or permanent on an ecological time scale (> 8 years). In one organic marsh substrate, compaction was followed by expansion, only to be compacted again by another storm. Thus the elevation response of coastal wetlands to major storms varied depending on local substrate conditions and degree of storm impact.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coastal Sediments ?03 Conference: Crossing Disciplinary Boundaries: proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Coastal Engineering and Science of Coastal Sediment Processes, Clearwater Beach, FL, May 18-23 ","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"World Scientific Publishing Corp. and East Meets West Productions","publisherLocation":"Corpus Christi, Texas [CD-Rom]","usgsCitation":"Cahoon, D.R., 2003, Storms as agents of wetland elevation change: their impact on surface and subsurface sediment processes, chap. of Coastal Sediments ?03 Conference: Crossing Disciplinary Boundaries: proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Coastal Engineering and Science of Coastal Sediment Processes, Clearwater Beach, FL, May 18-23 .","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202697,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b1569","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cahoon, Donald R. 0000-0002-2591-5667","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2591-5667","contributorId":65424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahoon","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":330453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44273,"text":"b2209 - 2003 - Contributions to Industrial-Minerals Research","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":54148,"text":"b2209H - 2004 - Stratiform barite deposits in the Roberts Mountains allochthon, Nevada: A review of potential analogs in modern sea-floor environments","indexId":"b2209H","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"chapter":"H","title":"Stratiform barite deposits in the Roberts Mountains allochthon, Nevada: A review of potential analogs in modern sea-floor environments"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":44273,"text":"b2209 - 2003 - Contributions to Industrial-Minerals Research","indexId":"b2209","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to Industrial-Minerals Research"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":54225,"text":"b2209B - 2003 - Regional geologic setting of Late Cenozoic lacustrine diatomite deposits, Great Basin and surrounding region: Overview and plans for investigation","indexId":"b2209B","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Regional geologic setting of Late Cenozoic lacustrine diatomite deposits, Great Basin and surrounding region: Overview and plans for investigation"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":44273,"text":"b2209 - 2003 - Contributions to Industrial-Minerals Research","indexId":"b2209","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to Industrial-Minerals Research"},"id":2},{"subject":{"id":79711,"text":"b2209L - 2006 - U.S. industrial garnet","indexId":"b2209L","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"chapter":"L","title":"U.S. industrial garnet"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":44273,"text":"b2209 - 2003 - Contributions to Industrial-Minerals Research","indexId":"b2209","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to Industrial-Minerals Research"},"id":3}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:30","indexId":"b2209","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2209","title":"Contributions to Industrial-Minerals Research","docAbstract":"Contributions to Industrial-Minerals Research, an ongoing series of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Bulletin chapters, presents research strategies, results, and updates of investigations of industrial minerals by USGS scientists and cooperators. Industrial minerals are defined as valuable nonmetallic, nonfuel geologic materials, generally rocks or minerals, used in a wide range of construction and industrial applications-for example, sand, gravel, and crushed rock used as aggregate for construction; limestone used for cement; phosphate for fertilizers and insecticides; and diatomite used for filtration, fillers, and abrasives. The term also comprises some processed materials, such as cement and metallic compounds with major utilization in nonmetallic forms. For example, titanium is commonly grouped with industrial minerals because more than 90 percent of it is sold and utilized in the form of the oxide (TiO2) rather than as Ti metal. Other metals and metallic compounds commonly grouped with industrial minerals include Mn, Cr, Fe oxides, and rare-earth elements (REEs).","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/b2209","usgsCitation":"Bliss, J.D., Moyle, P.R., and Long, K.R., 2003, Contributions to Industrial-Minerals Research (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2209, Chapters A through L available online, https://doi.org/10.3133/b2209.","productDescription":"Chapters A through L available online","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":658,"text":"Western Mineral Resources","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":173769,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3698,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2209/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aeee4b07f02db691375","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bliss, James D. jbliss@usgs.gov","contributorId":2790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bliss","given":"James","email":"jbliss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":229446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moyle, Phillip R.","contributorId":100898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moyle","given":"Phillip","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Long, Keith R. 0000-0002-6457-2820 klong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6457-2820","contributorId":2279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"Keith","email":"klong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":229445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53620,"text":"wri034228 - 2003 - Arsenic in midwestern glacial deposits — Occurrence and relation to selected hydrogeologic and geochemical factors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-14T19:12:49.979292","indexId":"wri034228","displayToPublicDate":"2004-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4228","title":"Arsenic in midwestern glacial deposits — Occurrence and relation to selected hydrogeologic and geochemical factors","docAbstract":"Ground-water-quality data collected as part of 12 U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment studies during 1996-2001 were analyzed to (1) document arsenic occurrence in four types of gla-cial deposits that occur in large areas of the Midwest, (2) identify hydrogeologic or geochemical factors asso-ciated with elevated arsenic concentrations, and (3) search for clues as to arsenic source(s) or mechanism(s) of mobilization that could be useful for designing future studies.\r\n\r\nArsenic and other water-quality constituents were sampled in 342 monitor and domestic wells in parts of Illinois Indiana Ohio Michigan and Wisconsin. Arsenic was detected (at a concentration >1 ?g/L) in one-third of the samples. The maximum concentration was 84 ?g/L, and the median was less than 1 ?g/L. Eight percent of samples had arsenic concentrations that exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 10?g/L. \r\n\r\nSamples were from four aquifer types?confined valley fill, unconfined valley fill, outwash plain, and till with sand lenses. Highest arsenic concentrations were found in reducing waters from valley-fill depos-its. In confined valley fill, all waters were reducing and old (recharged before 1953), and almost half of sam-ples had arsenic concentrations greater than the MCL. In unconfined valley fill, redox conditions and ages were varied, and elevated arsenic concentrations were sporadic. In both types of valley fill, elevated arsenic concentrations are linked to the underlying bedrock on the basis of spatial relations and geochemical correla-tions.\r\n\r\nIn shallow (<50 ft) till with sand lenses, arsenic was detected in oxic or mixed waters, but concentra-tions were rarely greater than the MCL. In shallow out-wash-plain deposits, arsenic concentrations greater than the MCL were detected in waters that were reduc-ing and young (recharged after 1953).\r\n\r\nAlthough arsenic concentrations were signifi-cantly higher in deep wells (>150 ft), all deep wells were from a distinctive aquifer type (confined valley fill). It is not known whether wells at similar depths in other aquifer types would produce waters with simi-larly high arsenic concentrations.\r\n\r\nCorrelations of arsenic with fluoride, strontium, and barium suggest that arsenic might be related to epi-genetic (Mississippi Valley-type) sulfide deposits in Paleozoic bedrock. Arsenic is typically released from sulfides by oxidation, but in the current study, the highest arsenic concentrations in glacial deposits were detected in reducing waters. Therefore, a link between epigenetic sulfides and elevated arsenic concentrations in glacial deposits would probably require a multi-step process.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034228","usgsCitation":"Thomas, M.A., 2003, Arsenic in midwestern glacial deposits — Occurrence and relation to selected hydrogeologic and geochemical factors: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4228, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034228.","productDescription":"36 p.","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177063,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":394410,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_62836.htm"},{"id":4903,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034228/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Ohio","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.1667,\n 39.0667\n ],\n [\n -83.3333,\n 39.0667\n ],\n [\n -83.3333,\n 41.0833\n ],\n [\n -91.1667,\n 41.0833\n ],\n [\n -91.1667,\n 39.0667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db672d05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, Mary Ann mathomas@usgs.gov","contributorId":2536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Mary","email":"mathomas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53578,"text":"wri034044 - 2003 - Water quality and trend analysis of Colorado-Big Thompson system reservoirs and related conveyances, 1969 through 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-09T21:59:50.068341","indexId":"wri034044","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4044","title":"Water quality and trend analysis of Colorado-Big Thompson system reservoirs and related conveyances, 1969 through 2000","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in an ongoing cooperative monitoring program with the Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District, Bureau of Reclamation, and City of Fort Collins, has collected water-quality data in north-central Colorado since 1969 in reservoirs and conveyances, such as canals and tunnels, related to the Colorado–Big Thompson Project, a water-storage, collection, and distribution system. Ongoing changes in water use among agricultural and municipal users on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, changing land use in reservoir watersheds, and other water-quality issues among Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District customers necessitated a reexamination of water-quality trends in the Colorado–Big Thompson system reservoirs and related conveyances. The sampling sites are on reservoirs, canals, and tunnels in the headwaters of the Colorado River (on the western side of the transcontinental diversion operations) and the headwaters of the Big Thompson River (on the eastern side of the transcontinental diversion operations). Carter Lake Reservoir and Horsetooth Reservoir are off-channel water-storage facilities, located in the foothills of the northern Colorado Front Range, for water supplied from the Colorado–Big Thompson Project. The length of water-quality record ranges from approximately 3 to 30 years depending on the site and the type of measurement or constituent. Changes in sampling frequency, analytical methods, and minimum reporting limits have occurred repeatedly over the period of record.
The objective of this report was to complete a retrospective water-quality and trend analysis of reservoir profiles, nutrients, major ions, selected trace elements, chlorophyll-a, and hypolimnetic oxygen data from 1969 through 2000 in Lake Granby, Shadow Mountain Lake, and the Granby Pump Canal in Grand County, Colorado, and Horsetooth Reservoir, Carter Lake, Lake Estes, Alva B. Adams Tunnel, and Olympus Tunnel in Larimer County, Colorado.
This report summarizes and assesses:
Water quality was generally acceptable for primary uses throughout the Colorado–Big Thompson system over the site periods of record, which are all within the span of 1969 to 2000. Dissolved solids and nutrient concentrations were low and typical of a forested/mountainous/crystalline bedrock hydrologic setting. Most of the more toxic trace elements were rarely detected or were found in low concentrations, due at least in part to a relative lack of ore-mineral deposits within the drainage areas of the Colorado–Big Thompson Project.
Constituent concentrations consistently met water-quality standard thresholds set by the State of Colorado. Trophic-State Index Values indicated mesotrophic conditions generally prevailed at reservoirs, based on available Secchi depth, total phosphorus concentrations, and chlorophyll-a concentrations.
Based on plots of time-series values and concentrations and seasonal Kendall nonparametric trends testing, dissolved solids and most major ions are decreasing at most sites. Many of the nutrient data did not meet the minimum criteria for time-series testing; but for those that did, nutrient concentrations were generally stable (no statistical trend) or decreasing (ammonia plus organic nitrogen and total phosphorus). Iron and manganese concentrations were stable or decreasing at most sites that met testing criteria. Chlorophyll-a data were only collected for 11 years but generally indicated quasi-stable or downward temporal trends.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034044","usgsCitation":"Stevens, M.R., 2003, Water quality and trend analysis of Colorado-Big Thompson system reservoirs and related conveyances, 1969 through 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4044, vi, 150 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034044.","productDescription":"vi, 150 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178124,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":410242,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_63278.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":4801,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034044/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Colorado-Big Thompson system reservoirs","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.1667,\n 40.6167\n ],\n [\n -105.9225,\n 40.6167\n ],\n [\n -105.9225,\n 40.1167\n ],\n [\n -105.1667,\n 40.1167\n ],\n [\n -105.1667,\n 40.6167\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9b59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stevens, Michael R. 0000-0002-9476-6335 mrsteven@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9476-6335","contributorId":769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Michael","email":"mrsteven@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47790,"text":"wri034013 - 2003 - Sediment quantity and quality in three impoundments in Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:43","indexId":"wri034013","displayToPublicDate":"2004-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4013","title":"Sediment quantity and quality in three impoundments in Massachusetts","docAbstract":"As part of a study with an overriding goal of providing information that would assist State and Federal agencies in developing screening protocols for managing sediments impounded behind dams that are potential candidates for removal, the U.S Geological Survey determined sediment quantity and quality at three locations: one on the French River and two on Yokum Brook, a tributary to the west branch of the Westfield River. Data collected with a global positioning system, a geographic information system, and sediment-thickness data aided in the creation of sediment maps and the calculation of sediment volumes at Perryville Pond on the French River in Webster, Massachusetts, and at the Silk Mill and Ballou Dams on Yokum Brook in Becket, Massachusetts. From these data the following sediment volumes were determined: Perryville Pond, 71,000 cubic yards, Silk Mill, 1,600 cubic yards, and Ballou, 800 cubic yards. Sediment characteristics were assessed in terms of grain size and concentrations of potentially hazardous organic compounds and metals.\r\n\r\n\r\nAssessment of the approaches and methods used at study sites indicated that ground-penetrating radar produced data that were extremely difficult and time-consuming to interpret for the three study sites. Because of these difficulties, a steel probe was ultimately used to determine sediment depth and extent for inclusion in the sediment maps. Use of these methods showed that, where sampling sites were accessible, a machine-driven coring device would be preferable to the physically exhausting, manual sediment-coring methods used in this investigation. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were an effective tool for screening large numbers of samples for a range of organic contaminant compounds. An example calculation of the number of samples needed to characterize mean concentrations of contaminants indicated that the number of samples collected for most analytes was adequate; however, additional analyses for lead, copper, silver, arsenic, total petroleum hydrocarbons, and chlordane are needed to meet the criteria determined from the calculations.\r\n\r\n\r\nParticle-size analysis did not reveal a clear spatial distribution pattern at Perryville Pond. On average, less than 65 percent of each sample was greater in size than very fine sand. The sample with the highest percentage of clay-sized particles (24.3 percent) was collected just upstream from the dam and generally had the highest concentrations of contaminants determined here. In contrast, more than 90 percent of the sediment samples in the Becket impoundments had grain sizes larger than very fine sand; as determined by direct observation, rocks, cobbles, and boulders constituted a substantial amount of the material impounded at Becket. In general, the highest percentages of the finest particles, clays, occurred in association with the highest concentrations of contaminants.\r\n\r\n\r\nEnzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of the Perryville samples showed the widespread presence of petroleum hydrocarbons (16 out of 26 samples), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (23 out of 26 samples), and chlordane (18 out of 26 samples); polychlorinated biphenyls were detected in five samples from four locations. Neither petroleum hydrocarbons nor polychlorinated biphenyls were detected at Becket, and chlordane was detected in only one sample. All 14 Becket samples contained polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Replicate quality-control analyses revealed consistent results between paired samples.\r\n\r\n\r\nSamples from throughout Perryville Pond contained a number of metals at potentially toxic concentrations. These metals included arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc. At Becket, no metals were found in elevated concentrations.\r\n\r\n\r\nIn general, most of the concentrations of organic compounds and metals detected in Perryville Pond exceeded standards for benthic organisms, but only rarely exceeded standards for human contact. The most highly contaminated samples were ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034013","usgsCitation":"Zimmerman, M., and Breault, R., 2003, Sediment quantity and quality in three impoundments in Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4013, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034013.","productDescription":"36 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170944,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4001,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034013/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbfd7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimmerman, Marc James","contributorId":104888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Marc James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Breault, Robert F. 0000-0002-2517-407X rbreault@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2517-407X","contributorId":2219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breault","given":"Robert F.","email":"rbreault@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":236241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70187855,"text":"70187855 - 2003 - Population status of Kittlitz's and Marbled Murrelets and surveys for other marine bird and mammal species in the Kenai Fjords area, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-23T08:14:36","indexId":"70187855","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Population status of Kittlitz's and Marbled Murrelets and surveys for other marine bird and mammal species in the Kenai Fjords area, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Kittlitz's murrelet (Brachyramphus brevirostris) is a rare seabird that nests in alpine terrain and generally forages near tidewater glaciers during the breeding season. More than 95% of the global population breeds in Alaska, with the remainder occurring in the Russian Far East. A global population estimate using best-available data in the early 1990s was 20,000 individuals. However, survey data from two core areas (Prince William Sound and Glacier Bay) suggest that populations have declined by 80-90% during the past 10-20 years. In response to these declines, a coalition of environmental groups petitioned the USFWS in May of 2001 to list the Kittlitz’s murrelet under the Endangered Species Act. In 2002, we began a three-year project to examine population status and trend of Kittlitz’s Murrelets in areas where distribution and abundance are poorly known. Here we report on the first field season, focused on the south coast of the Kenai Peninsula. We re-surveyed selected historical transects to evaluate trends, and surveyed new transects for improved population estimation during early July 2002. From a total of 66 Kittlitz’s Murrelets seen on transects, we estimate a total population of 509 Kittlitz’s Murrelets along the south coast of the Kenai Peninsula. Comparisons with past surveys suggest a decline of 83% since 1976, with an average rate of decline calculated as–6.9 % per annum. This decline is in agreement with population declines observed elsewhere in the species’ core glaciated range, indicating that steep population declines observed to date are likely to be a range-wide phenomenon. While the focus of the study was Kittlitz’s Murrelets, other species of marine birds and mammals were also surveyed. Populations of the closely related Marbled Murrelet appear to have increased during the same time period. The abundance and distribution of other species are presented in appendices.
","language":"English","publisher":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","usgsCitation":"van Pelt, T.I., and Piatt, J.F., 2003, Population status of Kittlitz's and Marbled Murrelets and surveys for other marine bird and mammal species in the Kenai Fjords area, Alaska, 65 p.","productDescription":"65 p.","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341558,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.3251953125,\n 58.92733441827545\n ],\n [\n -143.7890625,\n 58.92733441827545\n ],\n [\n -143.7890625,\n 62.79493487887006\n ],\n [\n -153.3251953125,\n 62.79493487887006\n ],\n [\n -153.3251953125,\n 58.92733441827545\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59254a6fe4b0b7ff9fb361bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"van Pelt, Thomas I.","contributorId":13392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Pelt","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":695765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53545,"text":"b2210D - 2003 - Historic mills and mill tailings as potential sources of contamination in and near the Humboldt River basin, northern Nevada","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":53545,"text":"b2210D - 2003 - Historic mills and mill tailings as potential sources of contamination in and near the Humboldt River basin, northern Nevada","indexId":"b2210D","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Historic mills and mill tailings as potential sources of contamination in and near the Humboldt River basin, northern Nevada"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":76850,"text":"b2210 - 2003 - Geoenvironmental Investigations of the Humboldt River Basin, Northern Nevada","indexId":"b2210","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"title":"Geoenvironmental Investigations of the Humboldt River Basin, Northern Nevada"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":76850,"text":"b2210 - 2003 - Geoenvironmental Investigations of the Humboldt River Basin, Northern Nevada","indexId":"b2210","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"title":"Geoenvironmental Investigations of the Humboldt River Basin, Northern Nevada"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-12T20:18:58.874471","indexId":"b2210D","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2210","chapter":"D","title":"Historic mills and mill tailings as potential sources of contamination in and near the Humboldt River basin, northern Nevada","docAbstract":"Reconnaissance field studies of 40 mining districts in and near the Humboldt River basin have identified 83 mills and associated tailings impoundments and several other kinds of mineral-processing facilities (smelters, mercury retorts, heap-leach pads) related to historic mining. The majority of the mills and tailings sites are not recorded in the literature. All tailings impoundments show evidence of substantial amounts of erosion.\r\nAt least 11 tailings dams were breached by flood waters, carrying fluvial tailings 1 to 15 km down canyons and across alluvial fans. Most of the tailings sites are dry most of the year, but some are near streams. Tailings that are wet for part of the year do not appear to be reacting significantly with those waters because physical factors such as clay layers and hard-pan cement appear to limit permeability and release of metals to surface waters. The major impact of mill tailings on surface-\r\nwater quality may be brief flushes of runoff during storm events that carry acid and metals released from soluble mineral crusts. Small ephemeral ponds and puddles that tend to collect in trenches and low areas on tailings impoundments tend to be acidic and extremely enriched in metals, in part through cycles of evaporation. Ponded water that is rich in salts and metals could be acutely toxic to unsuspecting animals. Rare extreme storms have the potential to cause catastrophic failure of tailings\r\nimpoundments, carry away metals in stormwaters, and transport tailings as debris flows for 1 to 15 km. In most situations\r\nthese stormwaters and transported tailings could impact wildlife but probably would impact few or no people or domes-tic water wells. Because all identified historic tailings sites are several kilometers or more from the Humboldt River and major tributaries, tailings probably have no measurable impact on water quality in the main stem of the Humboldt River.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geoenvironmental investigations of the Humboldt River basin, northern Nevada","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2210D","usgsCitation":"Nash, J.T., and Stillings, L., 2003, Historic mills and mill tailings as potential sources of contamination in and near the Humboldt River basin, northern Nevada (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2210, vi, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2210D.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p.","temporalStart":"1995-01-01","temporalEnd":"2000-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177997,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":390441,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_61751.htm"},{"id":4767,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2210-d/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"0","country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Humboldt River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119,\n 39.1667\n ],\n [\n -115,\n 39.1667\n ],\n [\n -115,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 39.1667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62ed70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nash, J. Thomas","contributorId":26306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nash","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stillings, Lisa L. 0000-0002-9011-8891 stilling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9011-8891","contributorId":3143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stillings","given":"Lisa L.","email":"stilling@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":247780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":54004,"text":"b2210E - 2003 - Overview of mine drainage geochemistry at historical mines, Humboldt River basin and adjacent mining areas, Nevada","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":54004,"text":"b2210E - 2003 - Overview of mine drainage geochemistry at historical mines, Humboldt River basin and adjacent mining areas, Nevada","indexId":"b2210E","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","title":"Overview of mine drainage geochemistry at historical mines, Humboldt River basin and adjacent mining areas, Nevada"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":76850,"text":"b2210 - 2003 - Geoenvironmental Investigations of the Humboldt River Basin, Northern Nevada","indexId":"b2210","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"title":"Geoenvironmental Investigations of the Humboldt River Basin, Northern Nevada"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":76850,"text":"b2210 - 2003 - Geoenvironmental Investigations of the Humboldt River Basin, Northern Nevada","indexId":"b2210","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"title":"Geoenvironmental Investigations of the Humboldt River Basin, Northern Nevada"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-29T19:42:40.64968","indexId":"b2210E","displayToPublicDate":"2003-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2210","chapter":"E","title":"Overview of mine drainage geochemistry at historical mines, Humboldt River basin and adjacent mining areas, Nevada","docAbstract":"Reconnaissance hydrogeochemical studies of the Humboldt River basin and adjacent areas of northern Nevada have identified local sources of acidic waters generated by historical mine workings and mine waste. The mine-related acidic waters are rare and generally flow less than a kilometer before being neutralized by natural processes. Where waters have a pH of less than about 3, particularly in the presence of sulfide minerals, the waters take on high to extremely high concentrations of many potentially toxic metals. The processes that create these acidic, metal-rich waters in Nevada are the same as for other parts of the world, but the scale of transport and the fate of metals are much more localized because of the ubiquitous presence of caliche soils. Acid mine drainage is rare in historical mining districts of northern Nevada, and the volume of drainage rarely exceeds about 20 gpm. My findings are in close agreement with those of Price and others (1995) who estimated that less than 0.05 percent of inactive and abandoned mines in Nevada are likely to be a concern for acid mine drainage. Most historical mining districts have no draining mines. Only in two districts (Hilltop and National) does water affected by mining flow into streams of significant size and length (more than 8 km). Water quality in even the worst cases is naturally attenuated to meet water-quality standards within about 1 km of the source. Only a few historical mines release acidic water with elevated metal concentrations to small streams that reach the Humboldt River, and these contaminants and are not detectable in the Humboldt. These reconnaissance studies offer encouraging evidence that abandoned mines in Nevada create only minimal and local water-quality problems. Natural attenuation processes are sufficient to compensate for these relatively small sources of contamination. These results may provide useful analogs for future mining in the Humboldt River basin, but attention must be given to matters of scale: larger volumes of waste and larger volumes of water could easily overwhelm the delicate balance of natural attenuation described here.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geoenvironmental Investigations of the Humboldt River Basin, Northern Nevada (Bulletin 2210)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2210E","usgsCitation":"Nash, J.T., and Stillings, L., 2003, Overview of mine drainage geochemistry at historical mines, Humboldt River basin and adjacent mining areas, Nevada (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2210, vi, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2210E.","productDescription":"vi, 28 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"1995-01-01","temporalEnd":"2000-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420257,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_62417.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8024,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2210-e/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":178207,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Humboldt River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.1,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -114.25,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -114.25,\n 39.1333\n ],\n [\n -119.1,\n 39.1333\n ],\n [\n -119.1,\n 42\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a190","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nash, J. Thomas","contributorId":26306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nash","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stillings, Lisa L. 0000-0002-9011-8891 stilling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9011-8891","contributorId":3143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stillings","given":"Lisa L.","email":"stilling@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":248884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":48851,"text":"ofr03172 - 2003 - User's Manual for the National Water-Quality Assessment Program Invertebrate Data Analysis System (IDAS) Software: Version 3","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:22","indexId":"ofr03172","displayToPublicDate":"2003-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-172","title":"User's Manual for the National Water-Quality Assessment Program Invertebrate Data Analysis System (IDAS) Software: Version 3","docAbstract":"The Invertebrate Data Analysis System (IDAS) software provides an accurate, consistent, and efficient mechanism for analyzing invertebrate data collected as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program and stored in the Biological Transactional Database (Bio-TDB). The IDAS software is a stand-alone program for personal computers that run Microsoft (MS) Windows?. It allows users to read data downloaded from Bio-TDB and stored either as MS Excel? or MS Access? files. The program consists of five modules. The Edit Data module allows the user to subset, combine, delete, and summarize community data. The Data Preparation module allows the user to select the type(s) of sample(s) to process, calculate densities, delete taxa based on laboratory processing notes, combine lifestages or keep them separate, select a lowest taxonomic level for analysis, delete rare taxa, and resolve taxonomic ambiguities. The Calculate Community Metrics module allows the user to calculate over 130 community metrics, including metrics based on organism tolerances and functional feeding groups. The Calculate Diversities and Similarities module allows the user to calculate nine diversity and eight similarity indices. The Data export module allows the user to export data to other software packages and produce tables of community data that can be imported into spreadsheet and word-processing programs. Though the IDAS program was developed to process invertebrate data downloaded from USGS databases, it will work with other data sets that are converted to the USGS (Bio-TDB) format. Consequently, the data manipulation, analysis, and export procedures provided by the IDAS program can be used by anyone involved in using benthic macroinvertebrates in applied or basic research.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr03172","usgsCitation":"Cuffney, T.F., 2003, User's Manual for the National Water-Quality Assessment Program Invertebrate Data Analysis System (IDAS) Software: Version 3 (Version 3): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-172, 114 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03172.","productDescription":"114 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169785,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4071,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr03172/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db603f9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cuffney, Thomas F. 0000-0003-1164-5560 tcuffney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1164-5560","contributorId":517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuffney","given":"Thomas","email":"tcuffney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":238429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50847,"text":"wri024272 - 2003 - Trends in chemical concentration in sediment cores from three lakes in New Jersey and one lake on Long Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-23T16:22:12","indexId":"wri024272","displayToPublicDate":"2003-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4272","title":"Trends in chemical concentration in sediment cores from three lakes in New Jersey and one lake on Long Island, New York","docAbstract":"Sediment cores were extracted from three lakes in northeastern New Jersey and one lake on western Long Island, New York, as part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Sediment layers were dated by use of cesium-137 (137Cs), copper, lead, or dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) profiles. Sediment layers were analyzed for seven selected trace elements, including arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc, and five hydrophobic organochlorine compounds, including chlordane, dieldrin, total DDT, total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
\nAll seven trace elements were detected throughout the cores from all four lakes. Concentrations of all elements, except arsenic, were elevated in the three cores from lakes within urbanized watersheds (Packanack Lake, Orange Reservoir, and Newbridge Pond) relative to the concentrations in the lake core collected below the largely forested, reference watershed (Clyde Potts Reservoir). Results of trend analyses indicate that concentrations of all trace elements, with the exception of arsenic and lead, were relatively constant throughout the core from the minimally urbanized Clyde Potts Reservoir. In urban lakes, significant upward trends in concentrations from deeper to shallower sediments were observed either to peak concentrations or throughout the core for all elements, with the exception of chromium at all lakes and arsenic and nickel at Orange Reservoir. This finding indicates that changes in population and land use in the urbanized watersheds over the period of sedimentary record have contributed to upward trends in trace-element concentrations. Although downward trends in concentrations were observed for some trace elements in the years after their concentrations peaked, concentrations of all trace elements in urban lake cores were higher in the most recently deposited sediments than at the base of each respective core.
\nLead concentrations over time were highly correlated with the population in the vicinity of the lake until the concentration peak in sediment deposited in the mid-1970’s. Concentrations of lead in lake sediment appear to be closely related to the use of leaded gasoline because lead concentrations generally decreased after the use of leaded gasoline was phased-out in the mid-1970’s. Zinc concentrations were highly correlated with population over the entire length of the core. In general, zinc concentrations increased in the three urbanized watersheds, probably in response to increasing population and vehicular use. This trend was not evident at Clyde Potts Reservoir, however, where vehicular traffic in the watershed is minimal.
\nDetectable concentrations of chlordane, total DDT, and total PCBs were present in cores from all lakes; however, dieldrin was detected only in the Newbridge Pond and Packanack Lake cores. Concentrations generally were higher in cores from the urbanized Newbridge Pond and Orange Reservoir watersheds than in those from the minimally urbanized Clyde Potts Reservoir watershed. With the exception of chlordane in the Clyde Potts and Orange Reservoir cores, concentrations of the four organochlorine compounds had significant downward trends from peak concentrations to recently deposited sediment or non-significant trends throughout the core. On the basis of these findings and as a result of regulatory actions prohibiting the production and use of these compounds, downward trends in sedimentary concentrations are expected to continue; however, the persistence of these compounds indicates that a substantial amount of time may be required to purge them from the watersheds.
\nConcentrations of PAHs in sediment generally increased with population growth and urbanization, probably as a result of increased fossil-fuel combustion (gasoline and home-heating fuels and other uses (roads and parking lots paved with asphalt) associated with increased urban development and vehicular traffic. This finding is supported by low concentrations of PAHs in Packanack Lake sediments in the 1930’s, before the watershed was urbanized and when automobiles were comparatively rare. As vehicular use and urbanization increase in these watersheds, the general increase of PAH concentrations in lake sediments can be expected to continue.
\nData from this study indicate that changes in population, land use, and chemical use in the urbanized watersheds over the period of sedimentary record have contributed to upward trends in concentrations of trace elements and hydrophobic organic compounds. Although downward trends were observed for some constituents in the years after their concentrations peaked, concentrations of most constituents in urban lake cores were higher in the most recently deposited sediments than at the base of each respective core and in the reference lake cores. Similar trends in concentrations of these constituents have been observed in sediment cores from other urban lakes across the United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"West Trenton, NJ","doi":"10.3133/wri024272","usgsCitation":"Long, G.R., Callender, E.C., Ayers, M.A., and Van Metre, P., 2003, Trends in chemical concentration in sediment cores from three lakes in New Jersey and one lake on Long Island, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4272, vi, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024272.","productDescription":"vi, 23 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178580,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri024272.PNG"},{"id":4618,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4272/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey, New York","otherGeospatial":"Clyde Potts Reservoir, Long Island, Newbridge Pond, Orange Reservoir, Packanack Lake,","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ce4b07f02db6265c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Long, Gary R.","contributorId":77190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Callender, Edward C.","contributorId":40208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Callender","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ayers, Mark A.","contributorId":84730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayers","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Van Metre, Peter C. 0000-0001-7564-9814 pcvanmet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7564-9814","contributorId":197363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Metre","given":"Peter C.","email":"pcvanmet@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":749474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70170382,"text":"70170382 - 2003 - Predicting rare plant occurrence in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-21T16:03:44.478368","indexId":"70170382","displayToPublicDate":"2003-07-01T01:15:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2821,"text":"Natural Areas Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting rare plant occurrence in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA","docAbstract":"We investigated the applicability of biometric habitat modeling to rare plant inventory and conservation by developing and field testing a geographically explicit model for Cardamine clematitis Shuttleworth ex A. Gray (mountain bittercress), an endemic plant of the southern Blue Ridge Mountains, USA. For each of 187 confirmed coordinates for C. clematitis in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 13 habitat variables were measured with a geographic information system. These data were used to calculate Mahalanobis distances for each 30-m x 30-m pixel within the study area; small values of Mahalanobis distance represented site conditions similar to those of known locations of C. clematitis, whereas larger distance values represented dissimilar conditions. Following model development, we tested model performance by sampling 120 randomly distributed plots for C. clematitis presence. Logistic regression showed that Mahalanobis distance values were strongly related to C. clematitis occurrence (P = 0.039). Overall, 75% of all known occurrences of C. clematitis had associated Mahalanobis distance values below 17.7, and 95% of all occurrences were below 33.8; the median Mahalanobis distance value for the study area as a whole was 40.0. A habitat suitability cutoff value was defined which identified roughly 23,640 ha (19.5% of the study area) as suitable habitat. Although the model successfully predicted species absence in test plots with high Mahalanobis distance values, many sites with low values did not contain C. clematitis. Only 16.2% of test plots below the habitat suitability cutoff contained C. clematitis. The absence of C. clematitis from sites with low Mahalanobis distance values (low specificity) is not necessarily indicative of a poor model; metapopulation processes (e.g., recolonizations, local extinctions) have been shown to play a major role in presence or absence of many plant species. That may be partially the case with our model as evidenced by a relationship between C. clematitis presence and habitat patch size.
Nucleotide variation was assessed from the mitochondrial control region of North American moose (Alces alces) to test predictions of a model of range expansion by stepping-stone dispersal and to determine whether patterns of genetic variation support the current recognition of 4 subspecies. Haplotypes formed a star phylogeny indicative of a recent expansion of populations. Values of nucleotide and haplotype diversity were low continentwide but were greatest in the central part of the continent and lowest in peripheral populations. Despite low mitochondrial diversity, moose exhibited a high degree of differentiation regionally, which was not explained by isolation by distance. Our data indicate a pattern of colonization consistent with a large central population that supplied founders to peripheral populations (other than Alaska), perhaps through rare, long-distance dispersal events (leptokurtic dispersal) rather than mass dispersal by a stepping-stone model. The colonization scenario does not account for the low haplotype diversity observed in Alaska, which may be derived from a postcolonization bottleneck. Establishment of peripheral populations by leptokurtic dispersal and subsequent local adaptation may have been sufficient for development of morphological differentiation among extant subspecies.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Mammalogists","publisherLocation":"Provo, UT","doi":"10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0718:MPOMAA>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hundertmark, K.J., Bowyer, R., Shields, G.F., and Schwartz, C.C., 2003, Mitochondrial phylogeography of moose (Alces alces) in North America: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 84, no. 2, p. 718-728, https://doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0718:MPOMAA>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"718","endPage":"728","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488265,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0718:mpomaa>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":319545,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North 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America\"}}]}","volume":"84","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56fa55ffe4b0a6037df0ab3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hundertmark, Kris J.","contributorId":150026,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hundertmark","given":"Kris","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":625375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bowyer, R. Terry","contributorId":9533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowyer","given":"R. Terry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":625376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shields, Gerald F.","contributorId":149916,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shields","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":625377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schwartz, Charles C.","contributorId":124574,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5119,"text":"Retired from U.S. Geological Survey, Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, 2327 University Way, suite 2, Bozeman, MT 59715","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":625378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":40090,"text":"ofr02490 - 2003 - Correlation of the Klamath Mountains and Sierra Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-23T15:21:04.454118","indexId":"ofr02490","displayToPublicDate":"2003-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-490","title":"Correlation of the Klamath Mountains and Sierra Nevada","docAbstract":"This report graphically portrays the broadly parallel tectonic development of the Klamath Mountains and Sierra Nevada from early Paleozoic to Early Cretaceous time. It is dedicated to J.S. Diller of the U.S. Geological Survey who, during his pioneer field studies a century ago, recognized significant similarities between these two important provinces. The report is based mainly on the numerous published reports of the field and laboratory studies by various geologists and students during the last century, and to a lesser extent on my own field work which has been substantial in the Klamath Mountains but minimal in the Sierra Nevada. For brevity, required by the format of this report, little of the extensive literature pertaining to these two provinces is referenced. This report is preliminary in nature and was prepared as an aid to further study of the tectonic relations between the Klamath Mountains and Sierra Nevada. This report consists of two sheets: Sheet 1, Map showing accreted terranes and plutons of the Klamath Mountains and Sierra Nevada, and Sheet 2, Successive accretionary episodes of the Klamath mountains and northern part of Sierra Nevada, showing related plutonic, volcanic, and metamorphic events. The map on Sheet 1 was compiled and modified from two Open-File maps (Irwin and Wooden, 1999 and 2001) which had been compiled and modified mainly from Jennings (1977), Harwood (1992), Irwin (1994), Jayko (1988), Graymer and Jones (1994), Edelman and Sharp (1989), Schweickert and others (1999), Saucedo and Wagner(1992), Saleeby and Sharp (1980), Wagner and others (1981), and various other sources. For detailed lists of the sources for the isotopic age data used in Sheets 1 and 2, see Irwin and Wooden (1999 and 2001). On Sheet 2, the accretionary episodes are shown sequentially from left to right in two tiers of figures. Episodes for the Klamath Mountains are in the upper tier; correlative episodes of the Sierra Nevada are directly below in the lower tier. The sequence shown for the Klamath Mountains is modified from Irwin and Mankinen (1998) and Irwin and Wooden (1999). The episodes are named for the accreting terranes of the Klamath Mountains, but those names may not be suitable for reference to the correlative episodes of the Sierra Nevada. In the figure for each episode, a heavy black line represents the active suture that separated oceanic crustal rocks on the left from the earlier accreted terranes on the right. Plutons are particularly useful for timing the accretionary episodes. The preaccretionary plutons, which commonly represent the roots of oceanic volcanic arcs, are shown in the accreting oceanic crustal rocks to the left of the heavy black line. The accretionary plutons consist of rock that has been subducted and remobilized as magma during the accretionary process and injected into an overlying earlier accreted terrane on the right of the heavy black line. Thus, isotopic dating of the accretionary plutons (preferably U/Pb dates measured on zircon extracted from the plutonic rock) provides a useful basis for assigning ages to the accretionary episodes. Many plutons are rootless at depth, as they tend to be truncated by the subduction zone sutures of younger accreting terranes. Volcanic deposits resulting from accretionary episodes apparently are uncommon except for those deposited on the backstop terranes. In the Klamath Mountains, the Eastern Klamath terrane, which consists of the Yreka, Trinity and Redding subterranes, was the backstop for the Central Metamorphic and younger accretionary episodes, and displays a remarkable record of sedimentation, volcanism and plutonism from Silurian-Devonian to Jurassic time. In the Sierra Nevada, the correlative backstop was the Northern Sierra terrane which shows a similar long record of volcanism in the Taylorsville, Permian, and Jurassic volcanic arc sequences. During some accretionary episodes the subducting oceanic rocks were dynamically metamorphosed to schist along the suture zone beneath the overriding accreted terranes. Examples of this in the Klamath Mountains are the Devonian Salmon and Abrams Schists of the Central Metamorphic terrane, the Triassic(?) schist of the Fort Jones terrane , and the Early Cretaceous South Fork Mountain Schist that structurally underlies Klamath Mountains terranes along much of the western edge of the province. The Fort Jones terrane and South Fork Mountains Schist were metamorphosed under blueschist-facies conditions. In the Sierra Nevada, schist that is correlative with the Central Metamorphic terrane is present in patches along the Feather River terrane (see Hacker and Peacock, 1990); the Triassic(?) Red Ant Schist is correlative with the Fort Jones terrane; but a correlative of the South Fork Mountain Schist is not present. In addition to the similarities in the sequences of accretion, plutonism, volcanism, and metamorphism, strong ties between the two provinces are also provided by paleontologic data. The Permian McCloud fusulinid fauna of the Redding subterrane also is present in the Northern Sierra terrane. Rare Tethyan fusulinids are found in Permian limestone of the Eastern Hayfork terrane of the Klamath Mountains and also in limestone blocks in the Central Belt of the Sierra Nevada. Ichthyosaur fossils have been collected from the Triassic of both the Redding subterrane and Northern Sierra terrane. Jurassic ammonites and the pelecypod Buchia concentrica occur in both the Galice Formation of the western Klamath Mountains and the Mariposa Formation of the western Sierra Nevada. Events that preceded the Central Metamorphic episode prior to Silurian-Devonian time are not clearly understood and are not shown in the succession of diagrams on Sheet 2. The oldest rocks of the Klamath Mountains are Neoproterozic and they predate the Central Metamorphic episode by possibly a hundred million years or more. They include ophiolitic rocks of the Trinity subterrane and the Antelope Mountain Quartzite of the Yreka subterrane (see Mankinen and others, 2002). In the Sierra Nevada, correlatives of the ancient ophiolitic rocks may be part of the Feather River terrane. Although Neoproterozoic fossils have not yet been found in the Sierra Nevada, petrologic study shows the quartzite of the Lang sequence is closely similar to the Antelope Mountain Quartzite (see Bond and Devay, 1980). Correlation of the two quartzite formations is also suggested by the similarity of their positions in the accretionary sequence.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02490","usgsCitation":"Irwin, W., 2003, Correlation of the Klamath Mountains and Sierra Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-490, 2 Plates: 39.10 x 38.30 inches and 39.35 x 33.80 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02490.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 39.10 x 38.30 inches and 39.35 x 33.80 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":169671,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr02490.jpg"},{"id":285188,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0490/of02-490_s2.eps"},{"id":285187,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0490/of02-490_s1.eps"},{"id":3542,"rank":6,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0490/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":110383,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54412.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"54412"},{"id":285185,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0490/pdf/of02-490_s1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":285186,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0490/pdf/of02-490_s2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"1000000","country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Klamath Mountains, Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.0,34.75 ], [ -124.0,43.0 ], [ -117.0,43.0 ], [ -117.0,34.75 ], [ -124.0,34.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db684563","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Irwin, William P.","contributorId":12889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irwin","given":"William P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70200693,"text":"70200693 - 2003 - Paleointensity in Hawaiian Scientific Drilling Project Hole (HSDP2): Results from submarine basaltic glass","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-29T12:02:40","indexId":"70200693","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T12:02:31","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1757,"text":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleointensity in Hawaiian Scientific Drilling Project Hole (HSDP2): Results from submarine basaltic glass","docAbstract":"Paleointensity estimates based on the high quality Thellier‐Thellier data from the early Brunhes (420–780 ka) are rare (only 30 in the published literature). The Second Hawaiian Scientific Drilling Project (HSDP2) drill hole recovered submarine volcanics spanning the approximate time period of 420–550 ka. These are of particular interest for absolute paleointensity studies owing to the abundance of fresh submarine basaltic glass, which can preserve an excellent record of ancient geomagnetic field intensity. We present here new results of Thellier‐Thellier paleointensity experiments that nearly double the number of reliable paleointensity data available for the early Brunhes. We also show that the magnetizations of the associated submarine basalts are dominated by viscous magnetizations and therefore do not reflect the true ancient geomagnetic field intensity at the time of extrusion. The viscous contamination is particularly severe because of a combination of low blocking temperatures in the basalts and relatively high temperatures in the deeper parts of the drill core. Our new data, when placed on the approximate timescale available for HSDP and HSDP2, are at odds with other contemporaneous paleointensity data. The discrepancy can be reconciled by adjusting the HSDP timescales to be younger by about 35 kyr.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2001GC000276","usgsCitation":"Tauxe, L., and Love, J.J., 2003, Paleointensity in Hawaiian Scientific Drilling Project Hole (HSDP2): Results from submarine basaltic glass: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 4, no. 2, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GC000276.","productDescription":"18 p.","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478373,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001gc000276","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":358890,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-02-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10ed11e4b034bf6a803a8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tauxe, L.","contributorId":53522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tauxe","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Love, Jeffrey J. 0000-0002-3324-0348 jlove@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3324-0348","contributorId":760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jlove@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":750145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70187629,"text":"70187629 - 2003 - Ecology of selected marine communities in Glacier Bay: Zooplankton, forage fish, seabirds and marine mammals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-11T13:22:00","indexId":"70187629","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Ecology of selected marine communities in Glacier Bay: Zooplankton, forage fish, seabirds and marine mammals","docAbstract":"We studied oceanography (including primary production), secondary production, small schooling fish (SSF), and marine bird and mammal predators in Glacier Bay during 1999 and 2000. Results from these field efforts were combined with a review of current literature relating to the Glacier Bay environment. Since the conceptual model developed by Hale and Wright (1979) ‘changes and cycles’ continue to be the underlying theme of the Glacier Bay ecosystem. We found marked seasonality in many of the parameters that we investigated over the two years of research, and here we provide a comprehensive description of the distribution and relative abundance of a wide array of marine biota.
Glacier Bay is a tidally mixed estuary that leads into basins, which stratify in summer, with the upper arms behaving as traditional estuaries. The Bay is characterized by renewal and mixing events throughout the year, and markedly higher primary production than in many neighboring southeast Alaska fjords (Hooge and Hooge, 2002).
Zooplankton diversity and abundance within the upper 50 meters of the water column in Glacier Bay is similar to communities seen throughout the Gulf of Alaska. Zooplankton in the lower regions of Glacier Bay peak in abundance in late May or early June, as observed at Auke Bay and in the Gulf of Alaska. The key distinction between the lower Bay and other estuaries in the Gulf of Alaska is that a second smaller peak in densities occurs in August. The upper Bay behaved uniformly in temporal trends, peaking in July. Densities had begun to decline in August, but were still more than twice those observed in that region in May. The highest density of zooplankton observed was 17,870 organisms/m3 in Tarr Inlet during July. Trends in zooplankton community abundance and diversity within the lower Bay were distinct from upper-Glacier Bay trends. Whereas the lower Bay is strongly influenced by Gulf of Alaska processes, local processes are the strongest influence in the upper-Bay.
We identified 55 species of fish during this study (1999 and 2000) from beach seines, mid-water trawls, and rod and line catches. The diversity of physical, oceanographic, and glacial chronological conditions within Glacier Bay contribute a suite of factors that influence the distribution and abundance of fish. Accordingly, we observed significant differences in the abundance and distribution of fish within the Bay. Most significantly, abundance and diversity (primarily juvenile fish including walleye Pollock, eelblennies, and capelin) were greatest at the head of both the east and west arms where zooplankton abundance was greatest – in close proximity to tidewater glaciers and freshwater runoff.
All of Glacier Bay and Icy Strait were surveyed hydroacoustically for plankton and fish during June 1999 surveys. Acoustically determined forage biomass was concentrated in relatively few important areas such as Pt. Adolphus, Berg Bay, on the Geikie-Scidmore shelf, around the Beardslee/Marble islands, and the upper arms of Glacier Bay. Forage biomass (primarily small schooling fish and euphausiids) was concentrated in shallow, nearshore waters; 50 % of acoustic biomass was found at depths < 35m, 80 % of biomass at depths < 80m. During our sampling, high density patches of prey were very rare, and less than 8 % of the area surveyed in Glacier Bay contained patch densities suitable (e.g., > 0.01 fish/m3) for seabirds foraging on zooplankton and small schooling fish. Less than 1 % of the area contained patches suitable (e.g., >0.1 fish/m3) for whales foraging on zooplankton and small schooling fish. High-density aggregations of 0.1-10 fish/m3 were comprised mostly of schools containing capelin, pollock, herring or euphausiids (0.1-1 kg/m3).
During predator surveys (1999-2000), we observed 63 species of birds and 7 species of marine mammals. Seasonal distribution and abundance of these “apex” predators was highly variable by species. Glacier Bay supports high numbers of seabirds and marine mammals that consume zooplankton and small schooling fish. Nearshore areas had higher densities of both birds and marine mammals. Several areas, such as Pt. Adolphus, Berg Bay, on the Geikie-Scidmore shelf, the Beardslee/Marble islands, and the upper arms of Glacier Bay were focal points of small schooling fish and zooplankton consuming marine birds and mammals. Comparisons between surveys and a prior study (1991) suggested that the assemblage of birds and marine mammals in the Bay is undergoing change. Most notable was a clear decline in Brachyramphus spp. murrelets while other apex species are increasing or remaining stable.
It should be noted that many of the birds and mammals observed during this project, e.g. mergansers, do not forage on zooplankton and small schooling fish; rather they forage on benthic fish and sessile invertebrates. While distribution and sampling data for these marine predator species are valid, this study did not sample benthic fish and sessile invertebrates. Thus, recommendations made by this project should be interpreted as generally specific to the zooplankton/small schooling fish marine food web components of the Glacier Bay Ecosystem.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","usgsCitation":"Robards, M.D., Drew, G.S., Piatt, J.F., Anson, J.M., Abookire, A.A., Bodkin, J.L., Hooge, P.N., and Speckman, S., 2003, Ecology of selected marine communities in Glacier Bay: Zooplankton, forage fish, seabirds and marine mammals, xiii, 156 p.","productDescription":"xiii, 156 p.","numberOfPages":"169","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341116,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341115,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://alaska.usgs.gov/science/biology/seabirds_foragefish/products/reports/Glacier_Bay_Marine_Communities.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Glacier Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -135,\n 58\n ],\n [\n -137.5,\n 58\n ],\n [\n -137.5,\n 59.25\n ],\n [\n -135,\n 59.25\n ],\n [\n -135,\n 58\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59155bf1e4b01a342e69138e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robards, Martin D.","contributorId":40148,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robards","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drew, Gary S. 0000-0002-6789-0891 gdrew@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6789-0891","contributorId":3311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"Gary","email":"gdrew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":694836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":694837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anson, Jennifer Marie","contributorId":2712,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anson","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"Marie","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":694838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Abookire, Alisa A.","contributorId":107224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abookire","given":"Alisa","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":694850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":694851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hooge, Philip N.","contributorId":52029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooge","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":694852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Speckman, Suzann G.","contributorId":88217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Speckman","given":"Suzann G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70025483,"text":"70025483 - 2003 - Investigation of frog abnormalities on national wildlife refuges in the Northeast U.S.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70025483","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Investigation of frog abnormalities on national wildlife refuges in the Northeast U.S.","docAbstract":"To address concerns about frog abnormalities, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service examined over 3,643 frogs and toads on National Wildlife Refuges (NWRs) in the Northeast U.S. The objectives were to: 1) determine if certain refuges had sites where abnormalities were frequently observed; 2) evaluate if the prevalence of abnormalities at a site was consistent within a season and among years; and 3) investigate possible causes. Sampling was conducted from 1999 through 2001. A complete sample from a site consisted of ???50 metamorphs of one species. The prevalence of abnormalities ranged from 0 to 15% and fluctuated within season and among years. The most common external abnormalities were truncated limbs, and missing limbs, feet, and digits. Frogs with duplication of limb segments were rare (6). Based on radiographical examinations of 89 abnormal frogs, 55 had abnormalities due to trauma, 22 due to malformations, and 12 could not be classified. Metacercariae of the trematode Ribeiroia were detected in substantial numbers in two species from Iroquois NWR, with one specimen having supernumerary hindlimbs. We recommend continued sampling and integrated, causal evaluations on NWRs where the prevalence of abnormalities exceeds 5% or where the types of abnormalities warrant further study.","largerWorkTitle":"ASTM Special Technical Publication","conferenceTitle":"Multiple Stressor Effects in Relation to Declining Amphibian Populations","conferenceDate":"16 April 2002 through 17 April 2002","conferenceLocation":"Pittsburgh, PA","language":"English","issn":"10403094","usgsCitation":"Eaton-Poole, L., Pinkney, A., Green, D.E., Sutherland, D., and Babbitt, K., 2003, Investigation of frog abnormalities on national wildlife refuges in the Northeast U.S., in ASTM Special Technical Publication, no. 1443, Pittsburgh, PA, 16 April 2002 through 17 April 2002, p. 63-78.","startPage":"63","endPage":"78","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236232,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"1443","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3e8ae4b0c8380cd63e59","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Linder G.L.Krest S.Sparling D.Little E.E.","contributorId":128348,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Linder G.L.Krest S.Sparling D.Little E.E.","id":536569,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Eaton-Poole, L.","contributorId":69521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eaton-Poole","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pinkney, A.E.","contributorId":87501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pinkney","given":"A.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Green, D. E. 0000-0002-7663-1832","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7663-1832","contributorId":58971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sutherland, D.R.","contributorId":15376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutherland","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Babbitt, K.J.","contributorId":73392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Babbitt","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025426,"text":"70025426 - 2003 - Geochemistry of the furnace magnetite bed, Franklin, New Jersey, and the relationship between stratiform iron oxide ores and stratiform zinc oxide-silicate ores in the New Jersey highlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-27T18:31:45.534612","indexId":"70025426","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of the furnace magnetite bed, Franklin, New Jersey, and the relationship between stratiform iron oxide ores and stratiform zinc oxide-silicate ores in the New Jersey highlands","docAbstract":"The New Jersey Highlands terrace, which is an exposure of the Middle Proterozoic Grenville orogenic belt located in northeastern United States, contains stratiform zinc oxide-silicate deposits at Franklin and Sterling Hill and numerous massive magnetite deposits. The origins of the zinc and magnetite deposits have rarely been considered together, but a genetic link is suggested by the occurrence of the Furnace magnetite bed and small magnetite lenses immediately beneath the Franklin zinc deposit. The Furnace bed was metamorphosed and deformed along with its enclosing rocks during the Grenvillian orogeny, obscuring the original mineralogy and obliterating the original rock fabrics. The present mineralogy is manganiferous magnetite plus calcite. Trace hydrous silicates, some coexisting with fluorite, have fluorine contents that are among the highest ever observed in natural assemblages. Furnace bed calcite has ??13C values of -5 ?? 1 per mil relative to Peedee belemnite (PDB) and ??18O values of 11 to 20 per mil relative to Vienna-standard mean ocean water (VSMOW). The isotopic compositions do not vary as expected for an original siderite layer that decarbonated during metamorphism, but they are consistent with nearly isochemical metamorphism of an iron oxide + calcite protolith that is chemically and minerlogically similar to iron-rich sediments found near the Red Sea brine pools and isotopically similar to Superior-type banded iron formations. Other magniferous magnite + calcite bodies occur at approximately the same stratigraphic position as far 50 km from the zinc deposits. A model is presented in which the iron and zinc deposits formed along the western edge of a Middle Proterozoic marine basin. Zinc was transported by sulfate-stable brines and was precipitated under sulfate-stable conditions as zincian carbonates and Fe-Mn-Zn oxides and silicates. Whether the zincian assemblages settled from the water column or formed by replacement reactions in shallowly buried sediments is uncertain. The iron deposits formed at interfaces between anoxic and oxygenated waters. The Furnace magnetite bed resulted from seawater oxidation of hydrothermally transported iron near a brine conduit. Iron deposits also formed regionally on the basin floor at the interface betveen anoxic deep waters and oxygenated shallower waters. These deposits include not only manganiferous magnetite + calcite bodies similar to the Furnace magnetite bed but also silicate-facies deposits that formed by iron oxide accumulation where detrital sediment was abundant. A basin margin model can be extended to Grenvillian stratiform deposits in the northwest Adirondacks of New York and the Mont Laurier basin of Quebec. In these areas iron deposits (pyrite or magnetite) are found basinward of marble-hosted sphalerite deposits, such as those in the Balmat-Edwards district. Whether the iron and zinc precipitated as sulfide assemblages or carbonate-oxide-silicate assemblages depended on whether sufficient organic matter or other reductants were available in local sediments or bottom waters to stabilize H2S.","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.98.4.837","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Johnson, C.A., and Skinner, B.J., 2003, Geochemistry of the furnace magnetite bed, Franklin, New Jersey, and the relationship between stratiform iron oxide ores and stratiform zinc oxide-silicate ores in the New Jersey highlands: Economic Geology, v. 98, no. 4, p. 837-854, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.98.4.837.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"837","endPage":"854","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387488,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"northern New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.2291259765625,\n 40.46784549077255\n ],\n [\n -74.0313720703125,\n 40.60561205826018\n ],\n [\n -73.9654541015625,\n 40.88029480552824\n ],\n [\n -73.9544677734375,\n 41.03793062246529\n ],\n [\n -74.68505859374999,\n 41.36031866306708\n ],\n [\n -75.1300048828125,\n 41.000629848685385\n ],\n [\n -75.069580078125,\n 40.84706035607122\n ],\n [\n -75.1739501953125,\n 40.75974059207392\n ],\n [\n -75.21240234375,\n 40.622291783092706\n ],\n [\n -75.21240234375,\n 40.60561205826018\n ],\n [\n -75.0640869140625,\n 40.509622849596695\n ],\n [\n -75.0531005859375,\n 40.40931350359072\n ],\n [\n -74.2291259765625,\n 40.46784549077255\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"98","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1722e4b0c8380cd553be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, C. A. 0000-0002-1334-2996","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-2996","contributorId":27492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"C.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skinner, B. J.","contributorId":64867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70187741,"text":"70187741 - 2003 - High latitude marine reserve research in Glacier Bay National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-16T15:00:38","indexId":"70187741","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":691,"text":"Alaska Park Science","printIssn":"1545- 496","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High latitude marine reserve research in Glacier Bay National Park","docAbstract":"Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve is dominated by the marine waters that make up nearly one-fifth of the park’s area. Since the late 1800s, the nutrient rich waters of Glacier Bay have supported highly productive commercial fisheries. Congress closed fishing in parts of Glacier Bay National Park in 1999, creating one of North America’s largest marine reserves. Throughout the world, marine reserves are being promoted as effective tools for managing fisheries while simultaneously meeting marine conservation goals and maintaining marine biodiversity. Increases in individual size, density, biomass, and diversity have been demonstrated in studies of fish and invertebrates from both temperate and tropical marine reserves (Halpern 2003). Studies on the effectiveness of marine reserves at high latitudes, however, are rare. The formation of marine reserves in Glacier Bay National Park provides a unique opportunity for marine reserve research in a high latitude ecosystem.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Taggart, S.J., Mondragon, J., Andrews, A., and Nielsen, J., 2003, High latitude marine reserve research in Glacier Bay National Park: Alaska Park Science, v. 2, p. 27-31.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"31","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341385,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341384,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.nps.gov/akso/nature/science/ak_park_science/PDF/2003Vol2-2/high-latitude-marine-reserve.pdf"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"591c0fcee4b0a7fdb43ddf0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taggart, S. James","contributorId":30131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taggart","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mondragon, Jennifer","contributorId":57580,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mondragon","given":"Jennifer","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Andrews, A.G.","contributorId":92401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nielsen, J.K.","contributorId":84488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025807,"text":"70025807 - 2003 - Radio tag retention and tag-related mortality among adult sockeye salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-10T09:00:15","indexId":"70025807","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radio tag retention and tag-related mortality among adult sockeye salmon","docAbstract":"Tag retention and tag-related mortality are concerns for any tagging study but are rarely estimated. We assessed retention and mortality rates for esophageal radio tag implants in adult sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka. Migrating sockeye salmon captured at the outlet of Lake Clark, Alaska, were implanted with one of four different radio tags (14.5 × 43 mm (diameter × length), 14.5 × 49 mm, 16 × 46 mm, and 19 × 51 mm). Fish were observed for 15 to 35 d after tagging to determine retention and mortality rates. The overall tag retention rate was high (0.98; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.92-1.00; minimum, 33 d), with one loss of a 19-mm × 51- mm tag. Mortality of tagged sockeye salmon (0.02; 95% CI, 0-0.08) was similar to that of untagged controls (0.03 (0-0.15)). Sockeye salmon with body lengths (mid-eye to tail fork) of 585-649 mm retained tags as large as 19 × 51 mm and those with body lengths of 499-628 mm retained tags as small as 14.5 × 43 mm for a minimum of 33 d with no increase in mortality. The tags used in this study represent a suite of radio tags that vary in size, operational life, and cost but that are effective in tracking adult anadromous salmon with little tag loss or increase in fish mortality.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(2003)023<0978:RTRATM>2.0.CO;2","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Ramstad, K.M., and Woody, C.A., 2003, Radio tag retention and tag-related mortality among adult sockeye salmon: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 23, no. 3, p. 978-982, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2003)023<0978:RTRATM>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"978","endPage":"982","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235044,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Lake Clark","volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a939ae4b0c8380cd80f13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramstad, Kristina M.","contributorId":172547,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ramstad","given":"Kristina","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woody, Carol Ann","contributorId":172548,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Woody","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53199,"text":"ofr2003288 - 2003 - The Role of stocking in the reestablishment and augmentation of native fish in the Lower Colorado River mainstream (1998-2002)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T15:18:51","indexId":"ofr2003288","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-288","title":"The Role of stocking in the reestablishment and augmentation of native fish in the Lower Colorado River mainstream (1998-2002)","docAbstract":"The Colorado River has experienced dramatic physical and biological change. Rated as the fifth largest river in the USA by volume, today its waters seldom reach the sea. Water diversions gradually reduce its flow to a point where its last remaining waters are diverted at Morales Dam leaving nearly 100 km of historic channel dry. In contrast, lower basin storage reservoirs cover 36% of the historic channel. Remaining portions of the flowing river have been channelized and straightened to a point where it now resembles a large canal. Levees, mechanical dredging, and the natural forces of erosion have degraded the river channel nearly 2 m in some locations, isolating it from its floodplain and affecting local water tables. The river no longer functions as a natural stream system characteristic of spring run-off, summer spates, and droughts. Today it serves as a water storage and conveyance system to meet human needs.
\nPhysical change has been severe, but not as devastating as the biological pollution. More than 80 nonnative fish species have been introduced to the lower basin. Today, over 20 fish species have established, many forming economically important sport fisheries. As these alien species expanded their range, native communities rapidly declined and disappeared from much of their historic range. By 1930, most had become rare. The last remnant populations of bonytail, razorback sucker, and Colorado pikeminnow in the lower basin were taken downstream of Davis Dam during the 1960’s and 1970’s. Today, Colorado pikeminnow, and it appears, wild bonytail are extirpated downstream of Glen Canyon Dam, and wild razorback suckers are extremely rare. The Colorado River and its fish assemblage is a totally different ecosystem than it was a century ago.
\nState and federal agencies have been attempting to reestablish native communities for nearly three decades. More than 12 million razorback suckers, most of them small, were stocked between 1981 and 1991. Few of these fish survived and during the past decade managers have switched to stocking larger suckers to improve survival. Since 1995, nearly 18,000 bonytail and 30,000 large razorback suckers have been stocked in Lake Havasu. There was also a single stocking (611) of flannelmouth suckers in 1976. These programs have produced mixed results. The single introduction of flannelmouth sucker has resulted in a thriving community, estimated at more than 4,000 fish. This success spirited hopes by many that other natives would respond similarly but unfortunately, that has not occurred.
\nInitial stocking returns suggest that stocking survival of bonytail and razorback sucker is relatively poor (<12%) and the absence of any detectable recruitment indicates present reintroduction efforts are falling short of anticipated survival or potential recovery. In contrast, the single introduction of wild flannelmouth sucker, out-performed millions of hatchery produced razorback sucker. This suggests hatchery reared fish may be inferior to wild fish in terms of survival skills, which has been found to be the case for terrestrial animal introductions. A review of culturing, stocking, and repatriation techniques is warranted which examines ways to better prepare fish to convert to natural foods, recognize predators, and be physically conditioned to cope with currents and hopefully avoid or escape predators.
\nComparison of flannelmouth sucker success and the razorback sucker’s failure provides compelling evidence that helps explain the dramatic physical habitat changes that have occurred and the possible role of habitat selection and predator communities. It mimics conditions observed in portions of the upper basin where flannelmouth suckers are still common but razorback suckers have been extirpated. Both sucker species are successfully spawning in the lower basin, however, recruitment can only be detected for flannelmouth. Habitat preference and associated predation pressure of those habitats appear to be the primary factors responsible for recruitment. Flannelmouth suckers prefer channel habitat that supports a fraction of the predators found in off-channel habitats where razorback suckers reside. The dependence of razorback sucker young on slack water habitat puts the species at a much higher predation risk.
\nThrough a process of trial and error during the past two decades, managers are now stocking large natives to increase their survival. Small native fish simply have not survived. While this improves short-term stocking survival, it ignores or at least delays dealing with the predation issue. Current stocking programs have reestablished or augmented relatively small populations of bonytail, razorback, and flannelmouth suckers between Davis and Parker Dams. All three species are better off than they were a decade ago in this section of the river. Unfortunately, bonytail and razorback sucker will only maintain a presence in the Colorado River main stem through continued stocking and it remains to be seen if management agencies will make that long-term commitment.
\nWhile the gains for the bonytail and razorback sucker have been difficult, the successful reintroduction of flannelmouth sucker highlights the ecological changes that have taken place and suggests this, and possibly other channel oriented species (i.e., Gila robusta) could be established. In contrast, there is no evidence to suggest we can expect similar recruitment or expansions for bonytail and razorback sucker. Their dependence on slack water habitat leaves their young vulnerable to overwhelming predation.
\nRecovery in the main stem will only be accomplished with a dramatic decrease and possibly a total removal of nonnative species. After ten years and over $6 million in expenditures to remove nonnative fish it appears this philosophy is neither technically nor politically viable. In the meantime, stocking is the only alternative available to insure these species don’t disappear. The only viable option appears the creation and maintenance of small, isolated refuge communities where these species have shown they can produce young.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/ofr2003288","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation, Arizona State University, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and California Fish and Game Department","usgsCitation":"Mueller, G., 2003, The Role of stocking in the reestablishment and augmentation of native fish in the Lower Colorado River mainstream (1998-2002): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-288, vi, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2003288.","productDescription":"vi, 43 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177921,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr2003288.PNG"},{"id":320295,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0288/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.60937499999999,\n 35.263561862152095\n ],\n [\n -114.60662841796875,\n 35.14237113713991\n ],\n [\n -114.6697998046875,\n 35.10193405724606\n ],\n [\n -114.63409423828125,\n 35.068221159859256\n ],\n [\n -114.6533203125,\n 35.03224538129597\n ],\n [\n -114.6697998046875,\n 34.872411827691025\n ],\n [\n -114.49676513671875,\n 34.687427949314845\n ],\n [\n -114.41436767578124,\n 34.522398580663314\n ],\n [\n -114.43634033203125,\n 34.447688696497444\n ],\n [\n -114.17816162109375,\n 34.29579932143427\n ],\n [\n -114.3402099609375,\n 34.15499986715356\n ],\n [\n -114.3017578125,\n 34.125447565116126\n ],\n [\n -114.1094970703125,\n 34.261756524459805\n ],\n [\n -114.0765380859375,\n 34.30714385628804\n ],\n [\n -114.32373046875,\n 34.4793919710481\n ],\n [\n -114.35943603515625,\n 34.54049998801135\n ],\n [\n -114.40887451171875,\n 34.617387052407175\n ],\n [\n -114.45281982421875,\n 34.732584206123626\n ],\n [\n -114.49676513671875,\n 34.856636719051735\n ],\n [\n -114.60113525390625,\n 34.89043681762452\n ],\n [\n -114.58740234375,\n 35.05698043137265\n ],\n [\n -114.55169677734375,\n 35.11766197360177\n ],\n [\n -114.54620361328125,\n 35.22767235493586\n ],\n [\n -114.56268310546874,\n 35.26580442886754\n ],\n [\n -114.60937499999999,\n 35.263561862152095\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ac4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, Gordon","contributorId":7729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"Gordon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1002995,"text":"1002995 - 2003 - Movement and habitat use by radio-tagged paddlefish in the upper Mississippi River and tributaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:44","indexId":"1002995","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movement and habitat use by radio-tagged paddlefish in the upper Mississippi River and tributaries","docAbstract":"We used radio telemetry to evaluate the movement and habitat use of paddlefish Polyodon spathula in the upper Mississippi River and two tributary rivers. Radio transmitters were surgically implanted into 71 paddlefish in Navigation Pools 5A and 8 of the upper Mississippi River, the Chippewa River, and the Wisconsin River during fall 1994 through fall 1996. Radiotagged paddlefish were located through summer 1997. The range of paddlefish movement was typically low during all seasons except spring, but some paddlefish moved throughout the 420-km extent of the study area. Paddlefish tagged in the Chippewa River were closely linked with the upper Mississippi River, as substantial portions of the population inhabited the adjacent Navigation Pool 4 each spring; paddlefish in the Wisconsin River, however, rarely ventured out of that tributary. The use of aquatic area types by paddlefish varied among the study reaches. A cartographic model of paddlefish habitat suitability was developed for Navigation Pool 8 based on geographic information systems (GIS) coverages of bathymetry and current velocity. The value of paddlefish habitat in the cartographic model increased with depth and decreased with current velocity. For example, areas modeled as excellent corresponded to regions classified as having both deep water (greater than or equal to6.0 m) and negligible (<5 cm/s) current velocities. Our study suggests that aquatic area types are an inadequate basis for making sound management decisions regarding the critical habitats of paddlefish in complex riverine systems because such strata rely on gross geomorpological features rather than on the physicochemical variables that fish use to choose habitats. The development of systemic GIS coverages of such variables could improve the understanding of fish habitat selection and management in the upper Mississippi River.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Zigler, S.J., Dewey, M.R., Knights, B., Runstrom, A., and Steingraeber, M., 2003, Movement and habitat use by radio-tagged paddlefish in the upper Mississippi River and tributaries: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 23, no. 1, p. 189-205.","productDescription":"pp. 189-205","startPage":"189","endPage":"205","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200250,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db6984a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zigler, S. J.","contributorId":21513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zigler","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dewey, M. R.","contributorId":48908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dewey","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knights, B.C. 0000-0001-8526-8468","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8526-8468","contributorId":42937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knights","given":"B.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Runstrom, A.L.","contributorId":87206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runstrom","given":"A.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Steingraeber, M.T.","contributorId":106192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steingraeber","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}