Public concern for wildlife and human health problems due to mercury (Hg) toxicity has increased substantially since the mid-1980's. These concerns are manifested primarily by the issuance of fish consumption advisories in the majority of U.S. states, Canada, and several European countries because of high levels of mercury in game fish. Although the precise causes for this contamination problem are not completely understood, it appears that there are both source and ecosystem-specific factors that can result in elevated levels of mercury in game fish. Because mercury is known to adverse affect the human brain and nervous system, health concerns arise when elevated concentrations of mercury are detected in game fish from ecosystems where there is subsistence level consumption of fish. In extreme cases such as the Everglades, where mercury concentrations in fish consistently exceed the Florida advisory level of 1.5 parts per million, even occasional fish consumption is not recommended.
For most aquatic ecosystems, atmospheric deposition is the primary source of mercury. although there are numerous instances of geologic and anthropogenic point-source contamination. There are many sources of mercury to the atmosphere, both natural and human related. Natural sources include outgassing from the oceans, volcanoes, and natural mercury deposits. Coal combustion, waste incineration, chloralkai production, and metal processing are the dominant human-related sources to the atmosphere. In ecosystems for which atmospheric deposition is the dominant source, resulting concentrations of total mercury in water are very low, generally less than 10 nanograms per liter (ng/L). The challenge to scientists is to explain the series of processes that lead to toxic or near-toxic levels of mercury in organisms near the top of the food chain (bioaccumulation), when aqueous concentrations and source-delivery rates are so low. To understand this phenomenon adequately, scientists must apply an interdisciplinary approach wherein various components of an ecosystem (atmosphere, biota, surface water, ground water, and sediments) are studied-contemporaneously. The purpose of this fact sheet is to describe the mercury contamination problem in south Florida, and the interdisciplinary project that was assembled under the auspices of the U.S. Geological Survey South Florida Ecosystem Program to investigate the underlying processes that cause mercury bioaccumulation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs16696","usgsCitation":"Krabbenhoft, D.P., 2000, Mercury studies in the Florida Everglades: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 1996–166, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs16696.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":286152,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0166-96/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":286153,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0166-96/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 166-96"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Everglades","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -80.75,25.5 ], [ -80.75,26.5 ], [ -80.0,26.5 ], [ -80.0,25.5 ], [ -80.75,25.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","contact":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
600 4th Street South
St. Petersburg, FL 33701
In the past decade seagrass die-offs, algal blooms, and declining numbers of shellfish and sponges have occurred in Florida Bay. These changes have been attributed to human activities; however, neither the natural patterns of change, nor the pre-human baseline for the environment have been determined. Currently, efforts are underway to restore the Everglades ecosystem to a more natural state, but the restoration should be guided by a clear understanding of the natural range of variability that exists within the ecosystem.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs14496","usgsCitation":"Ecosystem history of Florida Bay; 2000; FS; 144-96; Geological Survey (U.S.)","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121780,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0144/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":633,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0144/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.2893735478387,\n 25.378087761326483\n ],\n [\n -81.60695738630159,\n 25.378087761326483\n ],\n [\n -81.60695738630159,\n 24.522191015352064\n ],\n [\n -80.2893735478387,\n 24.522191015352064\n ],\n [\n -80.2893735478387,\n 25.378087761326483\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
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Chesapeake Bay, the Nation’s largest and most productive estuary (fig. 1), faces complex environmental issues related to nutrients and oxygen, turbidity and sedimentation, toxic dinoflagellates, sea-level rise, and coastal erosion. The Chesapeake Bay Program (CBP) is a partnership among the Chesapeake Bay Commission, the Federal Government, the District of Columbia, and the States of Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania. The CBP is working to preserve, restore, and protect the bay’s living resources, vital habitats, and water quality, to protect human health, and to promote sound land-use policies in the watershed. The CBP began to set restoration goals for the ecosystem in the mid-1980’s and is now refining current goals and setting new ones as part of a new bay agreement— Chesapeake 2000. As the CBP sets restoration goals for the next 10–20 years, it will be critical to understand the long-term changes of the bay ecosystem due to climate variability and the influence of past and future human activities.
For the past 4 years, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has been engaged in research designed to provide objective scientific answers to questions about long-term changes in the bay ecosystem:
Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
In small streams, flow and water-quality concentrations often change quickly in response to meteorological events. Hydrologists, field technicians, or locally hired stream ob- servers involved in water-data collection are often unable to reach streams quickly enough to observe or measure these rapid changes. Therefore, in hydrologic studies designed to describe changes in water quality, a combination of manual and automated sampling methods have commonly been used manual methods when flow is relatively stable and automated methods when flow is rapidly changing. Auto- mated sampling, which makes use of equipment programmed to collect samples in response to changes in stage and flow of a stream, has been shown to be an effective method of sampling to describe the rapid changes in water quality (Graczyk and others, 1993). Because of the high cost of automated sampling, however, especially for studies examining a large number of sites, alternative methods have been considered for collecting samples during rapidly changing stream conditions. One such method employs the siphon sampler (fig. 1). also referred to as the \"single-stage sampler.\" Siphon samplers are inexpensive to build (about $25- $50 per sampler), operate, and maintain, so they are cost effective to use at a large number of sites. Their ability to collect samples representing the average quality of water passing though the entire cross section of a stream, however, has not been fully demonstrated for many types of stream sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs06700","usgsCitation":"Graczyk, D., Robertson, D.M., Rose, W., and Steur, J.J., 2000, Comparison of water-quality samples collected by siphon samplers and automatic samplers in Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 067-00, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs06700.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":845,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wi.water.usgs.gov/pubs/FS-067-00/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":117824,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0067/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":34043,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0067/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Dane","city":"Middleton","otherGeospatial":"Pheasant Branch Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.48132514953613,\n 43.126609264645346\n ],\n [\n -89.49162483215332,\n 43.12667190770115\n ],\n [\n -89.49213981628417,\n 43.11144775893178\n ],\n [\n -89.49445724487303,\n 43.10750013906385\n ],\n [\n -89.49531555175781,\n 43.104993581605505\n ],\n [\n -89.48973655700684,\n 43.10424159435386\n ],\n [\n -89.48621749877928,\n 43.10474292021466\n ],\n [\n -89.48390007019042,\n 43.10994393376548\n ],\n [\n -89.48278427124023,\n 43.11169839286719\n ],\n [\n -89.4806385040283,\n 43.11414201994837\n ],\n [\n -89.47840690612793,\n 43.116397589114314\n ],\n [\n -89.47711944580078,\n 43.118214514926\n ],\n [\n -89.47840690612793,\n 43.11996873693199\n ],\n [\n -89.48055267333984,\n 43.12028198556927\n ],\n [\n -89.48141098022461,\n 43.122599975640405\n ],\n [\n -89.48149681091309,\n 43.12397819837346\n ],\n [\n -89.48132514953613,\n 43.126609264645346\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae3d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graczyk, David J.","contributorId":107265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graczyk","given":"David J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":152914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":152911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rose, William J. wjrose@usgs.gov","contributorId":2182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"William J.","email":"wjrose@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":152912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Steur, Jeffrey J.","contributorId":44137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steur","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5504,"text":"fs16299 - 2000 - Panola Mountain, Georgia: A Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets Program Site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-13T10:10:02","indexId":"fs16299","displayToPublicDate":"2000-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"162-99","title":"Panola Mountain, Georgia: A Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets Program Site","docAbstract":"The Panola Mountain Research Watershed (PMRW) is a 41-hectare forested watershed in the southern Piedmont physiographic province near Atlanta, Georgia. The watershed contains a naturally regenerated second-growth forest on abandoned agricultural land, typical of the Piedmont. Research at PMRW has focused on how streamflow is generated, and in particular, on how water and solutes move from hillslopes to the stream. The research shows that streamflow and solute concentrations of precipitation, throughfall, soil water and streamwater change rapidly during rainstorms. Furthermore, these variations are strongly associated with the soil-moisture conditions, the soil type and thickness, and the rainfall intensity, all of which effect the chemical interactions and mixing of water traveling along hydrological pathways over and through the bedrock and soils.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs16299","usgsCitation":"Peters, N.E., Hooper, R.P., Huntington, T.G., and Aulenback, B.T., 2000, Panola Mountain, Georgia: A Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets Program Site: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 162-99, 1 folded sheet ([4] p.) : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm. col. ill., col. map ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs16299.","productDescription":"1 folded sheet ([4] p.) : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm. col. ill., col. map ;","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":117652,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_162_99.jpg"},{"id":680,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/FS/fs-162-99/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Panola Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.19046401977539,\n 33.60575555447343\n ],\n [\n -84.19046401977539,\n 33.654066160697056\n ],\n [\n -84.12368774414062,\n 33.654066160697056\n ],\n [\n -84.12368774414062,\n 33.60575555447343\n ],\n [\n -84.19046401977539,\n 33.60575555447343\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db6893fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, Norman E. nepeters@usgs.gov","contributorId":1324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"Norman","email":"nepeters@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":151096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hooper, Richard P.","contributorId":19144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huntington, Thomas G. 0000-0002-9427-3530 thunting@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-3530","contributorId":1884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntington","given":"Thomas","email":"thunting@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":151097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aulenback, Brent T.","contributorId":67500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aulenback","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5413,"text":"fs08100 - 2000 - Water flow in the high plains aquifer in Northwestern Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-26T16:25:29","indexId":"fs08100","displayToPublicDate":"2000-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"081-00","displayTitle":"Water Flow in the High Plains Aquifer in Northwestern Oklahoma","title":"Water flow in the high plains aquifer in Northwestern Oklahoma","docAbstract":"The High Plains is a major agricultural area, supported primarily by water from the High Plains aquifer, which is used to irrigate wheat and corn and to raise cattle and swine. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Oklahoma Water Resources Board (OWRB) began a study of the High Plains aquifer in 1996. One purpose of the study was to develop a ground-water flow model that the OWRB could use to allocate the amount of water withdrawn from the a aquifer. The study area in Oklahoma covers all or parts of Beaver, Cimarron, Dewey, Ellis, Harper, Texas, and Woodward Counties. To provide appropriate hydrologic boundaries for the ground-water flow model, the study area was expanded to include parts of Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, and Texas.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs08100","usgsCitation":"Luckey, R.R., Osborn, N.I., Becker, M.F., and Andrews, W.J., 2000, Water flow in the high plains aquifer in Northwestern Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 081-00, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs08100.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117246,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_081_00.bmp"},{"id":526,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-081-00/pdf/fs-081-00.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.99755859375,\n 35.77771427205079\n ],\n [\n -98.734130859375,\n 36.049098959065645\n ],\n [\n -98.76708984374999,\n 36.686041276581925\n ],\n [\n -98.78356933593749,\n 37.00693943418586\n ],\n [\n -103.0133056640625,\n 36.99816565700228\n ],\n [\n -103.018798828125,\n 36.49638952000399\n ],\n [\n -100.0030517578125,\n 36.49638952000399\n ],\n [\n -99.99755859375,\n 35.77771427205079\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd420","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luckey, Richard R.","contributorId":17980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luckey","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Osborn, Noel I. nosborn@usgs.gov","contributorId":3305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osborn","given":"Noel","email":"nosborn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":150940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Becker, Mark F.","contributorId":40180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Andrews, William J. 0000-0003-4780-8835 wandrews@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4780-8835","contributorId":328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"William","email":"wandrews@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":150939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5276,"text":"fs09400 - 2000 - Health Impacts of Coal Combustion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:31","indexId":"fs09400","displayToPublicDate":"2000-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"094-00","title":"Health Impacts of Coal Combustion","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs09400","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000, Health Impacts of Coal Combustion: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 094-00, [2] p. : col. ill. ; 28 cm. col. ill. ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs09400.","productDescription":"[2] p. : col. ill. ; 28 cm. col. ill. ;","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118378,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_094_00.bmp"},{"id":215,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/factsheet/fs94-00/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63d2bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5593,"text":"fs09500 - 2000 - The Sun and climate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-23T16:42:09","indexId":"fs09500","displayToPublicDate":"2000-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"095-00","title":"The Sun and climate","docAbstract":"Many geologic records of climatic and environmental change based on various proxy variables exhibit distinct cyclicities that have been attributed to extraterrestrial forcing. The best known of these are the changes in Earth’s orbital geometry called Milankovitch Cycles, with periodicities of tens to hundreds of thousands of years. However, many cycles seem to have subMilankovitch periodicities, commonly on decadal and centennial scales, similar to those of known solar cycles. A direct connection between solar irradiance (solar constant) and weather and climate has been suggested for more than 100 years but generally rejected by most scientists, who assume that the effect of solar variations would be small. However, recent satellite radiometer measurements and modeling studies indicate that small changes in total solar irradiance could produce global temperature changes of the magnitude suggested for climatic events such as the Little Ice Age (A.D. 1550–1700).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs09500","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000, The Sun and climate: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 095-00, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs09500.","productDescription":"1 sheet","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":341,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-0095-00/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":121267,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_095_00.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a7f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5611,"text":"fs09000 - 2000 - Availability of Ground-Water Data for California, Water Year 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:43","indexId":"fs09000","displayToPublicDate":"2000-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"090-00","title":"Availability of Ground-Water Data for California, Water Year 1999","docAbstract":"The Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Federal, State, and local water agencies, obtains a large amount of data pertaining to the ground-water resources of California each water year. These data constitute a valuable data base for developing an improved understanding of the water resources of the State. Beginning with the 1985 water year and continuing through 1993, these data were published in a report series entitled ?Water Resources Data for California, Volume 5. Ground-Water Data.? Prior to the introduction of this series, historical ground-water information was published in U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Papers.\r\n\r\nIn 1994, the Volume 5 Ground-Water Data report was discontinued, but data continue to be available in our data bases. This Fact Sheet serves as an index to ground-water data for 1999. The 2-page report contains a map of California showing the number of wells (by county) with available water-level and water-quality data for the current water year (fig. 2) and instructions for obtaining this and other ground-water information contained in the data bases of the Water Resources Division, California District.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs09000","usgsCitation":"Huff, J., 2000, Availability of Ground-Water Data for California, Water Year 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 090-00, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs09000.","productDescription":"2 p.","temporalStart":"1998-10-01","temporalEnd":"1999-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125752,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_090_00.bmp"},{"id":11164,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/fs09000/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db667fcb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huff, Julia A.","contributorId":23130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huff","given":"Julia A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5299,"text":"fs17999 - 2000 - Ground-water flow and water quality of the Indian Island well field near Grand Island, Nebraska, 1994-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:31","indexId":"fs17999","displayToPublicDate":"2000-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"179-99","title":"Ground-water flow and water quality of the Indian Island well field near Grand Island, Nebraska, 1994-95","docAbstract":"Ground water is the principal source of water for public and self-supplied domestic use in Nebraska. Ground water supplied about 235 Mgal/d (million gallons per day) in 1990, or about 78 percent of the estimated public-water supply in Nebraska. In addition, ground water supplied about 1,017 Mgal/d, or about 83 percent of the irrigation water in the Platte River Valley (Nebraska Natural Resources Commission, 1994). Withdrawing ground water in the valley induces recharge from the river and has the potential to change ground-water quality near the river where many public-supply wells are located.\r\n\r\nThe Platte River alluvial aquifer, which underlies the Platte River Valley (fig. 1), is the single most important source of water for public supply in central and eastern Nebraska. The aquifer, which is part of the High Plains aquifer, consists of stream-laid deposits of sand and gravel with discontinuous layers of clay and silt, and is connected hydraulically to the Platte River. The aquifer provides about 117 Mgal/d, or nearly 50 percent of the total daily ground-water production for Nebraska (Nebraska Natural Resources Commission, 1994). 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The VHG can be used to determine whether a stream is receiving or losing water at the point of measurement. Used as part of a spatial or temporal survey, such measurements can yield valuable information about the local hydrology of a stream/ground-water system. This device also can be used to withdraw shallow subsurface water for chemical analyses. The device is inexpensive and lightweight, but lacks the precision and range of measurement of other probes, such as those described by Winter and others (1988) and Duff and others (1998).
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