{"pageNumber":"1102","pageRowStart":"27525","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40845,"records":[{"id":70026347,"text":"70026347 - 2003 - A comprehensive approach to monitoring volcano deformation as a window on the eruption cycle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-22T19:02:18.707061","indexId":"70026347","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comprehensive approach to monitoring volcano deformation as a window on the eruption cycle","docAbstract":"<p><span>Since the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, volcanologists have made considerable progress toward predicting eruptions on the basis of precursors that typically start a few days to several months in advance. Although accurate eruption prediction is by no means routine, it may now be possible in some cases to extend the effective warning period by anticipating the onset of short-term precursors. Three promising indicators of deep magmatic processes are (1) deep, long-period earthquakes and tremor that indicate the ascent of magma through the crust, (2) magmatic CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;emission rate as a proxy for magma supply rate, and (3) relatively broad, generally aseismic surface uplift caused by magmatic intrusions. In the latter case it is essential to sample the deformation field thoroughly in both time and space to adequately constrain source models. Until recently, this has been nearly impossible because high-precision sensors could not be deployed in sufficient numbers, nor could extensive geodetic surveys be conducted often enough. Advances in instrumentation, interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), and telecommunications are helping to overcome these limitations. As a result, comprehensive geodetic monitoring of selected volcanoes is now feasible. A combination of InSAR, large-aperture GPS surveys, microgravity surveys, and dense arrays of continuous GPS stations, strain meters, and tiltmeters can reveal both spatial and temporal patterns of ground deformation throughout the eruption cycle. Improved geodetic monitoring of many of the world's volcanoes would be a major stride toward better understanding of magmatic processes and longer-term eruption forecasts.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001RG000107","issn":"87551209","usgsCitation":"Dzurisin, D., 2003, A comprehensive approach to monitoring volcano deformation as a window on the eruption cycle: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 41, no. 1, p. 1-1, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001RG000107.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":388329,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United  States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mt. St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.2723388671875,\n              46.13987966342405\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.10067749023438,\n              46.13987966342405\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.10067749023438,\n              46.21310053621607\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.2723388671875,\n              46.21310053621607\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.2723388671875,\n              46.13987966342405\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-02-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e383e4b0c8380cd4609a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dzurisin, D.","contributorId":76067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70026159,"text":"70026159 - 2003 - Gold deposits in metamorphic belts: Overview of current understanding, outstanding problems, future research, and exploration significance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-27T17:27:39.614134","indexId":"70026159","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gold deposits in metamorphic belts: Overview of current understanding, outstanding problems, future research, and exploration significance","docAbstract":"Metamorphic belts are complex regions where accretion or collision has added to, or thickened, continental crust. Gold-rich deposits can be formed at all stages of orogen evolution, so that evolving metamorphic belts contain diverse gold deposit types that may be juxtaposed or overprint each other. This partly explains the high level of controversy on the origin of some deposit types, particularly those formed or overprinted/remobilized during the major compressional orogeny that shaped the final geometry of the hosting metamorphic belts. These include gold-dominated orogenic and intrusion-related deposits, but also particularly controversial gold deposits with atypical metal associations. There are a number of outstanding problems for all types of gold deposits in metamorphc belts. These include the following: (1) definitive classifications, (2) unequivocal recognition of fluid and metal sources, (3) understanding of fluid migration and focusing at all scales, (4) resolution of the precise role of granitoid magmatism, (5) precise gold-depositional mechanisms, particularly those producing high gold grades, and (6) understanding of the release of CO2-rich fluids from subducting slabs and subcreted oceanic crust and granitoid magmas at different crustal levels. Research needs to be better coordinated and more integrated, such that detailed fluid-inclusion, trace-element, and isotopic studies of both gold deposits and potential source rocks, using cutting-edge technology, are embedded in a firm geological framework at terrane to deposit scales. Ultimately, four-dimensional models need to be developed, involving high-quality, three-dimensional geological data combined with integrated chemical and fluid-flow modeling, to understand the total history of the hydrothermal systems involved. Such research, particularly that which can predict superior targets visible in data sets available to exploration companies before discovery, has obvious spin-offs for global- to deposit-scale targeting of deposits with superior size and grade in the covered terranes that will be the exploration focus of the twenty-first century.","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.98.1.1","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Groves, D., Goldfarb, R., Robert, F., and Hart, C., 2003, Gold deposits in metamorphic belts: Overview of current understanding, outstanding problems, future research, and exploration significance: Economic Geology, v. 98, no. 1, p. 1-29, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.98.1.1.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387479,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2984e4b0c8380cd5a9f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Groves, D.I.","contributorId":73616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groves","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldfarb, R.J.","contributorId":38143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robert, F.","contributorId":25725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robert","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hart, C.J.R.","contributorId":67228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"C.J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026132,"text":"70026132 - 2003 - Ontogenetic behavior and migration of Dabry's sturgeon, Acipenser dabryanus, from the Yangtze River, with notes on body color and development rate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:35","indexId":"70026132","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1528,"text":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ontogenetic behavior and migration of Dabry's sturgeon, Acipenser dabryanus, from the Yangtze River, with notes on body color and development rate","docAbstract":"We conducted laboratory experiments with Dabry's sturgeon, Acipenser dabryanus, from the upper Yangtze River to develop a conceptual model of early behavior. We daily observed fish from day-0 (embryo, first life interval after hatching) to day-30 feeding larva for preference of bright habitat and cover, swimming distance above the bottom, up- and down-stream movement, and diel activity. Hatchling to day-12 embryos and days 13-24 larvae were similar for ontogenetic behavior, i.e., neither initiated a dispersal migration, both swam within 15 cm of the bottom, both preferred bright habitat, and neither strongly preferred cover or open habitat. Embryos and larvae were weakly active day and night. Days 72-76 juveniles had a weak nocturnal downstream migration, indicating wild juveniles disperse from a spawning site. In other sturgeon species yet studied representing three genera on three continents, Dabry's sturgeon is the first that does not disperse as an embryo or larva. Development of Dabry's sturgeon is slow, requiring more cumulative temperature degree days per millimeter of larvae TL than is required for other sturgeons to develop into larvae. Thus, a dispersal migration that diverts energy from development may not be adaptive. The available information suggests the initial dispersal of early life intervals is likely done by females, which spawn in a dispersed spawning style, not the usual aggregated spawning style. Juvenile migrants had a black body and tail with a light line along the lateral scutes. The color of juvenile migrants shows that a dark body and tail is characteristic of Acipenser that migrate downstream as larvae or juveniles.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1023238117045","issn":"03781909","usgsCitation":"Kynard, B., Zhuang, P., Zhang, T., and Zhang, L., 2003, Ontogenetic behavior and migration of Dabry's sturgeon, Acipenser dabryanus, from the Yangtze River, with notes on body color and development rate: Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 66, no. 1, p. 27-36, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023238117045.","startPage":"27","endPage":"36","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234993,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208902,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1023238117045"}],"volume":"66","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6e50e4b0c8380cd755b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kynard, B.","contributorId":51232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kynard","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhuang, P.","contributorId":49892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhuang","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhang, T.","contributorId":61536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zhang, L.","contributorId":41543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026050,"text":"70026050 - 2003 - Modern, Sangamon and Yarmouth soil development in loess of unglaciated southwestern Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:35","indexId":"70026050","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modern, Sangamon and Yarmouth soil development in loess of unglaciated southwestern Illinois","docAbstract":"The Thebes Section in unglaciated southwestern Illinois contains a well preserved ??? 500 kyr loess-paleosol sequence with four loesses and three interglacial soils. Various magnetic, mineralogical, and elemental properties were analyzed and compared over the thickness of soil sola. These proxies for soil] development intensity have the following trend: Yarmouth Geosol > Sangamon Geosol > modern soil. Quartz/plagioclase, Zr/Sr, and TiO2/Na2O ratios were most sensitive to weathering. Frequency dependent magnetic susceptibility and anhysteretic remanent magnetization, greatest in A horizons, also correspond well with soil development intensity. Neoformed mixed-layered kaolinite/expandables, suggestive of a warm/humid climate, were detected in the Sangamon and Yarmouth soil sola. Clay illuviation in soils was among the least sensitive indicators of soil development. Differences in properties among interglacial soils are interpreted to primarily reflect soil development duration, with climatic effects being secondary. Assuming logarithmic decreases in weathering rates, the observed weathering in the Sangamon Geosol is consistent with 50 kyr of interglacial weathering (Oxygen Isotope Stage 5) compared to 10 kyr for the modern soil (Oxygen Isotope Stage 1). We propose that the Yarmouth Geosol in the central Midwest formed over 180 kyr of interglacial weathering (including oxygen isotope stages 7, 9, and 11). ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Science Reviews","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00039-2","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Grimley, D., Follmer, L., Hughes, R., and Solheid, P., 2003, Modern, Sangamon and Yarmouth soil development in loess of unglaciated southwestern Illinois: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 22, no. 2-4, p. 225-244, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00039-2.","startPage":"225","endPage":"244","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208820,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00039-2"},{"id":234844,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5ca5e4b0c8380cd6fe4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grimley, D.A.","contributorId":18530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grimley","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Follmer, L.R.","contributorId":19294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Follmer","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hughes, R.E.","contributorId":84497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Solheid, P.A.","contributorId":88131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solheid","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026122,"text":"70026122 - 2003 - Hydrostratigraphic modeling of a complex, glacial-drift aquifer system for importation into MODFLOW","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:30","indexId":"70026122","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrostratigraphic modeling of a complex, glacial-drift aquifer system for importation into MODFLOW","docAbstract":"Deposition from at least three episodes of glaciation left a complex glacial-drift aquifer system in central Illinois. The deepest and largest of these aquifers, the Sankoty-Mahomet Aquifer, occupies the lower part of a buried bedrock valley and supplies water to communities throughout central Illinois. Thin, discontinuous aquifers are present within glacial drift overlying the Sankoty-Mahomet Aquifer. This study was commissioned by local governments to identify possible areas where a regional water supply could be obtained from the aquifer with minimal adverse impacts on existing users. Geologic information from more than 2200 existing water well logs was supplemented with new data from 28 test borings, water level measurements in 430 wells, and 35 km of surface geophysical profiles. A three-dimensional (3-D) hydrostratigraphic model was developed using a contouring software package, a geographic information system (GIS), and the 3-D geologic modeling package, EarthVision??. The hydrostratigraphy of the glacial-drift sequence was depicted as seven uneven and discontinuous layers, which could be viewed from an infinite number of horizontal and vertical slices and as solid models of any layer. Several iterations were required before the 3-D model presented a reasonable depiction of the aquifer system. Layers from the resultant hydrostratigraphic model were imported into MODFLOW, where they were modified into continuous layers. This approach of developing a 3-D hydrostratigraphic model can be applied to other areas where complex aquifer systems are to be modeled and is also useful in helping lay audiences visualize aquifer systems.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02568.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Herzog, B., Larson, D., Abert, C., Wilson, S., and Roadcap, G., 2003, Hydrostratigraphic modeling of a complex, glacial-drift aquifer system for importation into MODFLOW: Ground Water, v. 41, no. 1, p. 57-65, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02568.x.","startPage":"57","endPage":"65","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208822,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02568.x"},{"id":234849,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a378de4b0c8380cd60f7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herzog, B.L.","contributorId":107030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herzog","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larson, D.R.","contributorId":59597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Abert, C.C.","contributorId":24538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abert","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wilson, S.D.","contributorId":72572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Roadcap, G.S.","contributorId":8642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roadcap","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026103,"text":"70026103 - 2003 - Highly siderophile elements in chondrites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:21","indexId":"70026103","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Highly siderophile elements in chondrites","docAbstract":"The abundances of the highly siderophile elements (HSE), Re, Os, Ir, Ru, Pt and Pd, were determined by isotope dilution mass spectrometry for bulk samples of 13 carbonaceous chondrites, 13 ordinary chondrites and 9 enstatite chondrites. These data are coupled with corresponding 187Re-187Os isotopic data reported by Walker et al. [Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 2002] in order to constrain the nature and timing of chemical fractionation relating to these elements in the early solar system. The suite of chondrites examined displays considerable variations in absolute abundances of the HSE, and in the ratios of certain HSE. Absolute abundances of the HSE vary by nearly a factor of 80 among the chondrite groups, although most vary within a factor of only 2. Variations in concentration largely reflect heterogeneities in the sample aliquants. Different aliquants of the same chondrite may contain variable proportions of metal and/or refractory inclusions that are HSE-rich, and sulfides that are HSE-poor. The relatively low concentrations of the HSE in CI1 chondrites likely reflect dilution by the presence of volatile components. Carbonaceous chondrites have Re/Os ratios that are, on average, approximately 8% lower than ratios for ordinary and enstatite chondrites. This is also reflected in 187Os/188Os ratios that are approximately 3% lower for carbonaceous chondrites than for ordinary and enstatite chondrites. Given the similarly refractory natures of Re and Os, this fractionation may have occurred within a narrow range of high temperatures, during condensation of these elements from the solar nebula. Superimposed on this major fractionation are more modest movements of Re or Os that occurred within the last 0-2 Ga, as indicated by minor open-system behavior of the Re-Os isotope systematics of some chondrites. The relative abundances of other HSE can also be used to discriminate among the major classes of chondrites. For example, in comparison to the enstatite chondrites, carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites have distinctly lower ratios of Pd to the more refractory HSE (Re, Os, Ir, Ru and Pt). Differences are particularly well resolved for the EH chondrites that have Pd/Ir ratios that average more than 40% higher than for carbonaceous and ordinary chondrite classes. This fractionation probably occurred at lower temperatures, and may be associated with fractionation processes that also affected the major refractory lithophile elements. Combined, 187Os/188Os ratios and HSE ratios reflect unique early solar system processing of HSE for each major chondrite class. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00405-9","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Horan, M., Walker, R., Morgan, J.W., Grossman, J.N., and Rubin, A., 2003, Highly siderophile elements in chondrites: Chemical Geology, v. 196, no. 1-4, p. 5-20, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00405-9.","startPage":"5","endPage":"20","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208661,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00405-9"},{"id":234553,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"196","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3149e4b0c8380cd5ddca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horan, M.F.","contributorId":75282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horan","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walker, R.J.","contributorId":105859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morgan, J. W.","contributorId":92384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grossman, J. N.","contributorId":41840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grossman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rubin, A.E.","contributorId":99308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026100,"text":"70026100 - 2003 - Topographically driven groundwater flow and the San Andreas heat flow paradox revisited","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:34","indexId":"70026100","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Topographically driven groundwater flow and the San Andreas heat flow paradox revisited","docAbstract":"Evidence for a weak San Andreas Fault includes (1) borehole heat flow measurements that show no evidence for a frictionally generated heat flow anomaly and (2) the inferred orientation of ??1 nearly perpendicular to the fault trace. Interpretations of the stress orientation data remain controversial, at least in close proximity to the fault, leading some researchers to hypothesize that the San Andreas Fault is, in fact, strong and that its thermal signature may be removed or redistributed by topographically driven groundwater flow in areas of rugged topography, such as typify the San Andreas Fault system. To evaluate this scenario, we use a steady state, two-dimensional model of coupled heat and fluid flow within cross sections oriented perpendicular to the fault and to the primary regional topography. Our results show that existing heat flow data near Parkfield, California, do not readily discriminate between the expected thermal signature of a strong fault and that of a weak fault. In contrast, for a wide range of groundwater flow scenarios in the Mojave Desert, models that include frictional heat generation along a strong fault are inconsistent with existing heat flow data, suggesting that the San Andreas Fault at this location is indeed weak. In both areas, comparison of modeling results and heat flow data suggest that advective redistribution of heat is minimal. The robust results for the Mojave region demonstrate that topographically driven groundwater flow, at least in two dimensions, is inadequate to obscure the frictionally generated heat flow anomaly from a strong fault. However, our results do not preclude the possibility of transient advective heat transport associated with earthquakes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Saffer, D., Bekins, B., and Hickman, S., 2003, Topographically driven groundwater flow and the San Andreas heat flow paradox revisited: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 108, no. 5.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235062,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb4e3e4b08c986b3265e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saffer, D.M.","contributorId":72945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saffer","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bekins, B.A.","contributorId":98309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bekins","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hickman, S.","contributorId":79995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickman","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026058,"text":"70026058 - 2003 - Lithospheric buoyancy and continental intraplate stresses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-29T15:00:21.292928","indexId":"70026058","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lithospheric buoyancy and continental intraplate stresses","docAbstract":"Lithospheric buoyancy, the product of lithospheric density and thickness, is an important physical property that influences both the long-term stability of continents and their state of stress. We have determined lithospheric buoyancy by applying the simple isostatic model of Lachenbruch and Morgan (1990). We determine the crustal portion of lithospheric buoyancy using the USGS global database of more than 1700 crustal structure determinations (Mooney et al., 2002), which demonstrates that a simple relationship between crustal thickness and surface elevation does not exist. In fact, major regions of the crust at or near sea level (0-200 m elevation) have crustal thicknesses that vary between 25 and 55 km. Predicted elevations due to the crustal component of buoyancy in the model exceed observed elevations in nearly all cases (97% of the data), consistent with the existence of a cool lithospheric mantle lid that is denser than the asthenosphere on which it floats. The difference between the observed and predicted crustal elevation is assumed to be equal to the decrease in elevation produced by the negative buoyancy of the mantle lid. Mantle lid thickness was first estimated from the mantle buoyancy and a mean lid density computed using a basal crust temperature determined from extrapolation of surface heat flow, assuming a linear thermal gradient in the mantle lid. The resulting values of total lithosphere thickness are in good agreement with thicknesses estimated from seismic data, except beneath cratonic regions where they are only 40-60% of the typical estimates (200-350 km) derived from seismic data. This inconsistency is compatible with petrologic data and tomography and geoid analyses that have suggested that cratonic mantle lids are ??? 1% less dense than mantle lids elsewhere. By lowering the thermally determined mean mantle lid density in cratons by 1%, our model reproduces the observed 200-350+ km cratonic lithospheric thickness. We then computed gravitational potential energy by taking a vertical integral over the computed lithosphere density. Our computed values suggest that the thick roots beneath cratons lead to strong negative potential energy differences relative to surrounding regions, and hence exert compressive stresses superimposed on the intraplate stresses derived from plate boundary forces. Forces related to this lithosphere structure thus may explain the dominance of reverse-faulting earthquakes in cratons. Areas of high elevation and a thin mantle lid (e.g., western U.S. Basin and Range, East African rift, and Baikal rift) are predicted to be in extension, consistent with the observed stress regime in these areas.","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.2747/0020-6814.45.2.95","issn":"00206814","usgsCitation":"Zoback, M., and Mooney, W.D., 2003, Lithospheric buoyancy and continental intraplate stresses: International Geology Review, v. 45, no. 2, p. 95-118, https://doi.org/10.2747/0020-6814.45.2.95.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"118","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4893e4b0c8380cd67f74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zoback, M.L.","contributorId":12982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":407739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026278,"text":"70026278 - 2003 - Evidence for a Battle Mountain-Eureka crustal fault zone, north-central Nevada, and its relation to Neoproterozoic-Early Paleozoic continental breakup","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70026278","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for a Battle Mountain-Eureka crustal fault zone, north-central Nevada, and its relation to Neoproterozoic-Early Paleozoic continental breakup","docAbstract":"Combined evidence from gravity, radiogenic isotope, and magnetotelluric (MT) data indicates a crustal fault zone that coincides with the northwest-trending Battle Mountain-Eureka (BME) mineral trend in north-central Nevada, USA. The BME crustal fault zone likely originated during Neoproterozoic-Early Paleozoic rifting of the continent and had a large influence on subsequent tectonic events, such as emplacement of allochthons and episodic deformation, magmatism, and mineralization throughout the Phanerozoic. MT models show the fault zone is about 10 km wide, 130-km long, and extends from 1 to 5 km below the surface to deep crustal levels. Isotope data and gravity models imply the fault zone separates crust of fundamentally different character. Geophysical evidence for such a long-lived structure, likely inherited from continental breakup, defies conventional wisdom that structures this old have been destroyed by Cenozoic extensional processes. Moreover, the coincidence with the alignment of mineral deposits supports the assertion by many economic geologists that these alignments are indicators of buried regional structures.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Grauch, V.J., Rodriguez, B.D., Bankey, V., and Wooden, J.L., 2003, Evidence for a Battle Mountain-Eureka crustal fault zone, north-central Nevada, and its relation to Neoproterozoic-Early Paleozoic continental breakup: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 108, no. 3.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233929,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d2de4b0c8380cd52e65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grauch, V. J. S. 0000-0002-0761-3489","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0761-3489","contributorId":34125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grauch","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rodriguez, B. D.","contributorId":6084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bankey, V.","contributorId":65643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bankey","given":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026206,"text":"70026206 - 2003 - Geoarchaeological investigations at the Winger site: A Late Paleoindian bison bonebed in Southwestern Kansas, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:35","indexId":"70026206","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1749,"text":"Geoarchaeology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geoarchaeological investigations at the Winger site: A Late Paleoindian bison bonebed in Southwestern Kansas, U.S.A","docAbstract":"The Winger site is a deeply buried Late Paleoindian bison bonebed in a playa basin on the High Plains of midcontinental North America. The site is one of few stratified, Late Paleoindian bison kills recorded in the region. The bonebed is exposed in the bank of an intermittent stream that cut into the edge of the playa basin. Avocational archaeologists excavated a small portion of the exposed bonebed in the early 1970s and reported flakes in association with the skeletal remains. Limited reinvestigations of the site were undertaken in 2001, and a monthlong excavation was conducted in 2002 to assess the stratigraphy, geochronology, and archaeology. The bonebed is 35 ni long in a buried soil developed in fine-grained basin fill overlain by early Holocene alluvium (arroyo fill). Recent alluvium overlies a soil developed in the early Holocene alluvium, and modern deposits of eolian sand 2 to to < 35 cm thick mantle the site area. Artifacts found at the site include two Allen points and a flake tool discovered in the bone bed, and a biface and Allen point fragment in disturbed bonebed deposits. Excavation of 9 m2 of the bone bed revealed some fully articulated skeletons, and taphonomic observations suggest some of the bison collapsed while standing in a playa or pond margin setting. The remains of at least six bison are represented in the excavated sample from 2002, but many more animals are represented in the bonebed. A 14C age of ca. 9000 yr B.P. was determined on collagen from bison rib fragments. This age is consistent with the diagnostic artifacts found at Winger. ?? 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geoarchaeology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/gea.10054","issn":"08836353","usgsCitation":"Mandel, R., and Hofman, J., 2003, Geoarchaeological investigations at the Winger site: A Late Paleoindian bison bonebed in Southwestern Kansas, U.S.A: Geoarchaeology, v. 18, no. 1, p. 129-144, https://doi.org/10.1002/gea.10054.","startPage":"129","endPage":"144","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208945,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gea.10054"},{"id":235067,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-12-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1598e4b0c8380cd54eb5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mandel, R.D.","contributorId":58000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mandel","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hofman, J.L.","contributorId":83717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofman","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026218,"text":"70026218 - 2003 - Inversion of high frequency surface waves with fundamental and higher modes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:36","indexId":"70026218","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2165,"text":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inversion of high frequency surface waves with fundamental and higher modes","docAbstract":"The phase velocity of Rayleigh-waves of a layered earth model is a function of frequency and four groups of earth parameters: compressional (P)-wave velocity, shear (S)-wave velocity, density, and thickness of layers. For the fundamental mode of Rayleigh waves, analysis of the Jacobian matrix for high frequencies (2-40 Hz) provides a measure of dispersion curve sensitivity to earth model parameters. S-wave velocities are the dominant influence of the four earth model parameters. This thesis is true for higher modes of high frequency Rayleigh waves as well. Our numerical modeling by analysis of the Jacobian matrix supports at least two quite exciting higher mode properties. First, for fundamental and higher mode Rayleigh wave data with the same wavelength, higher modes can \"see\" deeper than the fundamental mode. Second, higher mode data can increase the resolution of the inverted S-wave velocities. Real world examples show that the inversion process can be stabilized and resolution of the S-wave velocity model can be improved when simultaneously inverting the fundamental and higher mode data. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0926-9851(02)00239-2","issn":"09269851","usgsCitation":"Xia, J., Miller, R., Park, C., and Tian, G., 2003, Inversion of high frequency surface waves with fundamental and higher modes: Journal of Applied Geophysics, v. 52, no. 1, p. 45-57, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-9851(02)00239-2.","startPage":"45","endPage":"57","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208413,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0926-9851(02)00239-2"},{"id":234149,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3e54e4b0c8380cd63caf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Xia, J.","contributorId":63513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xia","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, R. D.","contributorId":92693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Park, C.B.","contributorId":21714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Park","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tian, G.","contributorId":58425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tian","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026217,"text":"70026217 - 2003 - Living with a large reduction in permited loading by using a hydrograph-controlled release scheme","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:22","indexId":"70026217","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Living with a large reduction in permited loading by using a hydrograph-controlled release scheme","docAbstract":"The Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for ammonia and biochemical oxygen demand for the Pee Dee, Waccamaw, and Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway system near Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, mandated a 60-percent reduction in point-source loading. For waters with a naturally low background dissolved-oxygen concentrations, South Carolina anti-degradation rules in the water-quality regulations allows a permitted discharger a reduction of dissolved oxygen of 0.1 milligrams per liter (mg/L). This is known as the \"0.1 rule.\" Permitted dischargers within this region of the State operate under the \"0.1 rule\" and cannot cause a cumulative impact greater than 0.1 mg/L on dissolved-oxygen concentrations. For municipal water-reclamation facilities to serve the rapidly growing resort and retirement community near Myrtle Beach, a variable loading scheme was developed to allow dischargers to utilize increased assimilative capacity during higher streamflow conditions while still meeting the requirements of a recently established TMDL. As part of the TMDL development, an extensive real-time data-collection network was established in the lower Waccamaw and Pee Dee River watershed where continuous measurements of streamflow, water level, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and specific conductance are collected. In addition, the dynamic BRANCH/BLTM models were calibrated and validated to simulate the water quality and tidal dynamics of the system. The assimilative capacities for various streamflows were also analyzed. The variable-loading scheme established total loadings for three streamflow levels. Model simulations show the results from the additional loading to be less than a 0.1 mg/L reduction in dissolved oxygen. As part of the loading scheme, the real-time network was redesigned to monitor streamflow entering the study area and water-quality conditions in the location of dissolved-oxygen \"sags.\" The study reveals how one group of permit holders used a variable-loading scheme to implement restrictive permit limits without experiencing prohibitive capital expenditures or initiating a lengthy appeals process.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1021316705843","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Conrads, P., Martello, W., and Sullins, N., 2003, Living with a large reduction in permited loading by using a hydrograph-controlled release scheme: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 81, no. 1-3, p. 97-106, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021316705843.","startPage":"97","endPage":"106","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208715,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021316705843"},{"id":234668,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a48c2e4b0c8380cd680ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conrads, P.A.","contributorId":57493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrads","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martello, W.P.","contributorId":8654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martello","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sullins, N.R.","contributorId":40393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullins","given":"N.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026116,"text":"70026116 - 2003 - Estimating lava volume by precision combination of multiple baseline spaceborne and airborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar: The 1997 eruption of Okmok Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-31T16:31:45","indexId":"70026116","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating lava volume by precision combination of multiple baseline spaceborne and airborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar: The 1997 eruption of Okmok Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) techniques are used to calculate the volume of extrusion at Okmok volcano, Alaska by constructing precise digital elevation models (DEMs) that represent volcano topography before and after the 1997 eruption. The posteruption DEM is generated using airborne topographic synthetic aperture radar (TOPSAR) data where a three-dimensional affine transformation is used to account for the misalignments between different DEM patches. The preeruption DEM is produced using repeat-pass European Remote Sensing satellite data; multiple interferograms are combined to reduce errors due to atmospheric variations, and deformation rates are estimated independently and removed from the interferograms used for DEM generation. The extrusive flow volume associated with the 1997 eruption of Okmok volcano is 0.154 ?? 0.025 km3. The thickest portion is approximately 50 m, although field measurements of the flow margin's height do not exceed 20 m. The in situ measurements at lava edges are not representative of the total thickness, and precise DEM data are absolutely essential to calculate eruption volume based on lava thickness estimations. This study is an example that demonstrates how InSAR will play a significant role in studying volcanoes in remote areas.","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.2003.811553","issn":"01962892","usgsCitation":"Lu, Z., Fielding, E., Patrick, M., and Trautwein, C., 2003, Estimating lava volume by precision combination of multiple baseline spaceborne and airborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar: The 1997 eruption of Okmok Volcano, Alaska: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 41, no. 6, p. 1428-1436, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2003.811553.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1428","endPage":"1436","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234770,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208780,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2003.811553"}],"volume":"41","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b26e4b0c8380cd525ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lu, Z.","contributorId":106241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fielding, E.","contributorId":51057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fielding","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Patrick, M.R.","contributorId":96059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patrick","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Trautwein, C. M.","contributorId":86748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trautwein","given":"C. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026267,"text":"70026267 - 2003 - Source depth dependence of micro-tsunamis recorded with ocean-bottom pressure gauges: The January 28, 2000 Mw 6.8 earthquake off Nemuro Peninsula, Japan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-12T12:10:56","indexId":"70026267","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Source depth dependence of micro-tsunamis recorded with ocean-bottom pressure gauges: The January 28, 2000 Mw 6.8 earthquake off Nemuro Peninsula, Japan","docAbstract":"<p>Micro-tsunami waves with a maximum amplitude of 4-6 mm were detected with the ocean-bottom pressure gauges on a cabled deep seafloor observatory south of Hokkaido, Japan, following the January 28, 2000 earthquake (M<sub>w</sub> 6.8) in the southern Kuril subduction zone. We model the observed micro-tsunami and estimate the focal depth and other source parameters such as fault length and amount of slip using grid searching with the least-squares method. The source depth and stress drop for the January 2000 earthquake are estimated to be 50 km and 7 MPa, respectively, with possible ranges of 45-55 km and 4-13 MPa. Focal depth of typical inter-plate earthquakes in this region ranges from 10 to 20 km and stress drop of inter-plate earthquakes generally is around 3 MPa. The source depth and stress drop estimates suggest that the earthquake was an intra-slab event in the subducting Pacific plate, rather than an inter-plate event. In addition, for a prescribed fault width of 30 km, the fault length is estimated to be 15 km, with possible ranges of 10-20 km, which is the same as the previously determined aftershock distribution. The corresponding estimate for seismic moment is 2.7x10<sup>19</sup> Nm with possible ranges of 2.3x10<sup>19</sup>-3.2x10<sup>19</sup>Nm. Standard tide gauges along the nearby coast did not record any tsunami signal. High-precision ocean-bottom pressure measurements offshore thus make it possible to determine fault parameters of moderate-sized earthquakes in subduction zones using open-ocean tsunami waveforms. Published by Elsevier Science B. V.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00040-2","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Hirata, K., Takahashi, H., Geist, E., Satake, K., Tanioka, Y., Sugioka, H., and Mikada, H., 2003, Source depth dependence of micro-tsunamis recorded with ocean-bottom pressure gauges: The January 28, 2000 Mw 6.8 earthquake off Nemuro Peninsula, Japan: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 208, no. 3-4, p. 305-318, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00040-2.","startPage":"305","endPage":"318","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234360,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208547,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00040-2"}],"volume":"208","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b932ae4b08c986b31a32c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hirata, K.","contributorId":54378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hirata","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Takahashi, H.","contributorId":58435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takahashi","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Geist, E.","contributorId":47535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Satake, K.","contributorId":53124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Satake","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tanioka, Y.","contributorId":33891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanioka","given":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sugioka, H.","contributorId":20120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sugioka","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mikada, H.","contributorId":58436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mikada","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70026214,"text":"70026214 - 2003 - Eruption-induced modifications to volcanic seismicity at Ruapehu, New Zealand, and its implications for eruption forecasting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:21","indexId":"70026214","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eruption-induced modifications to volcanic seismicity at Ruapehu, New Zealand, and its implications for eruption forecasting","docAbstract":"Broadband seismic data collected on Ruapehu volcano, New Zealand, in 1994 and 1998 show that the 1995-1996 eruptions of Ruapehu resulted in a significant change in the frequency content of tremor and volcanic earthquakes at the volcano. The pre-eruption volcanic seismicity was characterized by several independent dominant frequencies, with a 2 Hz spectral peak dominating the strongest tremor and volcanic earthquakes and higher frequencies forming the background signal. The post-eruption volcanic seismicity was dominated by a 0.8-1.4 Hz spectral peak not seen before the eruptions. The 2 Hz and higher frequency signals remained, but were subordinate to the 0.8-1.4 Hz energy. That the dominant frequencies of volcanic tremor and volcanic earthquakes were identical during the individual time periods prior to and following the 1995-1996 eruptions suggests that during each of these time periods the volcanic tremor and earthquakes were generated by the same source process. The overall change in the frequency content, which occurred during the 1995-1996 eruptions and remains as of the time of the writing of this paper, most likely resulted from changes in the volcanic plumbing system and has significant implications for forecasting and real-time assessment of future eruptive activity at Ruapehu.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Bryan, C., and Sherburn, S., 2003, Eruption-induced modifications to volcanic seismicity at Ruapehu, New Zealand, and its implications for eruption forecasting: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 65, no. 1, p. 30-42.","startPage":"30","endPage":"42","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234629,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a50e4b0c8380cd522d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bryan, C.J.","contributorId":39560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryan","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sherburn, S.","contributorId":31175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherburn","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026210,"text":"70026210 - 2003 - Interpreting tracer breakthrough tailing from different forced-gradient tracer experiment configurations in fractured bedrock","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-29T16:20:45.536186","indexId":"70026210","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interpreting tracer breakthrough tailing from different forced-gradient tracer experiment configurations in fractured bedrock","docAbstract":"<p><span>Conceptual and mathematical models are presented that explain tracer breakthrough tailing in the absence of significant matrix diffusion. Model predictions are compared to field results from radially convergent, weak-dipole, and push-pull tracer experiments conducted in a saturated crystalline bedrock. The models are based upon the assumption that flow is highly channelized, that the mass of tracer in a channel is proportional to the cube of the mean channel aperture, and the mean transport time in the channel is related to the square of the mean channel aperture. These models predict the consistent −2 straight line power law slope observed in breakthrough from radially convergent and weak-dipole tracer experiments and the variable straight line power law slope observed in push-pull tracer experiments with varying injection volumes. The power law breakthrough slope is predicted in the absence of matrix diffusion. A comparison of tracer experiments in which the flow field was reversed to those in which it was not indicates that the apparent dispersion in the breakthrough curve is partially reversible. We hypothesize that the observed breakthrough tailing is due to a combination of local hydrodynamic dispersion, which always increases in the direction of fluid velocity, and heterogeneous advection, which is partially reversed when the flow field is reversed. In spite of our attempt to account for heterogeneous advection using a multipath approach, a much smaller estimate of hydrodynamic dispersivity was obtained from push-pull experiments than from radially convergent or weak dipole experiments. These results suggest that although we can explain breakthrough tailing as an advective phenomenon, we cannot ignore the relationship between hydrodynamic dispersion and flow field geometry at this site. The design of the tracer experiment can severely impact the estimation of hydrodynamic dispersion and matrix diffusion in highly heterogeneous geologic media.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001WR001190","issn":"00431397","usgsCitation":"Becker, M., and Shapiro, A., 2003, Interpreting tracer breakthrough tailing from different forced-gradient tracer experiment configurations in fractured bedrock: Water Resources Research, v. 39, no. 1, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR001190.","productDescription":"13 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478526,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001wr001190","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":388628,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-01-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3d96e4b0c8380cd636a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Becker, M.W.","contributorId":35896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shapiro, A.M. 0000-0002-6425-9607","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6425-9607","contributorId":88384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":408573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026228,"text":"70026228 - 2003 - A hydrologic network supporting spatially referenced regression modeling in the Chesapeake Bay watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:24","indexId":"70026228","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A hydrologic network supporting spatially referenced regression modeling in the Chesapeake Bay watershed","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey has developed a methodology for statistically relating nutrient sources and land-surface characteristics to nutrient loads of streams. The methodology is referred to as SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes (SPARROW), and relates measured stream nutrient loads to nutrient sources using nonlinear statistical regression models. A spatially detailed digital hydrologic network of stream reaches, stream-reach characteristics such as mean streamflow, water velocity, reach length, and travel time, and their associated watersheds supports the regression models. This network serves as the primary framework for spatially referencing potential nutrient source information such as atmospheric deposition, septic systems, point-sources, land use, land cover, and agricultural sources and land-surface characteristics such as land use, land cover, average-annual precipitation and temperature, slope, and soil permeability. In the Chesapeake Bay watershed that covers parts of Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, Virginia, West Virginia, and Washington D.C., SPARROW was used to generate models estimating loads of total nitrogen and total phosphorus representing 1987 and 1992 land-surface conditions. The 1987 models used a hydrologic network derived from an enhanced version of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's digital River Reach File, and course resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). A new hydrologic network was created to support the 1992 models by generating stream reaches representing surface-water pathways defined by flow direction and flow accumulation algorithms from higher resolution DEMs. On a reach-by-reach basis, stream reach characteristics essential to the modeling were transferred to the newly generated pathways or reaches from the enhanced River Reach File used to support the 1987 models. To complete the new network, watersheds for each reach were generated using the direction of surface-water flow derived from the DEMs. This network improves upon existing digital stream data by increasing the level of spatial detail and providing consistency between the reach locations and topography. The hydrologic network also aids in illustrating the spatial patterns of predicted nutrient loads and sources contributed locally to each stream, and the percentages of nutrient load that reach Chesapeake Bay.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1021356420864","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Brakebill, J., and Preston, S.D., 2003, A hydrologic network supporting spatially referenced regression modeling in the Chesapeake Bay watershed: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 81, no. 1-3, p. 73-84, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021356420864.","startPage":"73","endPage":"84","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234288,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208508,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021356420864"}],"volume":"81","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e42ae4b0c8380cd46465","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brakebill, J. W.","contributorId":48206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brakebill","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Preston, S. D.","contributorId":105770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Preston","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026269,"text":"70026269 - 2003 - Patterns and sources of multidecadal oscillations in drought-sensitive tree-ring records from the central and southern Rocky Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:23","indexId":"70026269","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patterns and sources of multidecadal oscillations in drought-sensitive tree-ring records from the central and southern Rocky Mountains","docAbstract":"Tree-ring records spanning the past seven centuries from the central and southern Rocky Mountains were studied using wavelet analysis to examine multidecadal (>30-70 yr) patterns of drought variation. Fifteen tree-ring series were grouped into five regional composite chronologies based on shared low-frequency behavior. Strong multidecadal phasing of moisture variation was present in all regions during the late 16th century megadrought. Oscillatory modes in the 30-70 yr domain persisted until the mid-19th century in two regions, and wet-dry cycles were apparently synchronous at some sites until the 1950s drought. The 16th/17th century pattern of severe multidecadal drought followed by decades of wet conditions resembles the 1950s drought and post-1976 wet period. The 16th century megadrought, which may have resulted from coupling of a decadal (???20-30 yr) Pacific cool phase with a multidecadal warm phase in the North Atlantic, marked a substantial reorganization of climate in the Rocky Mountain region.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Gray, S., Betancourt, J., Fastie, C., and Jackson, S., 2003, Patterns and sources of multidecadal oscillations in drought-sensitive tree-ring records from the central and southern Rocky Mountains: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 30, no. 6, p. 49-1.","startPage":"49","endPage":"1","numberOfPages":"-47","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234396,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a75bbe4b0c8380cd77cf1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gray, S.J.","contributorId":58437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Betancourt, J.L. 0000-0002-7165-0743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":87505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":408809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fastie, C.L.","contributorId":66034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fastie","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jackson, S.T.","contributorId":90072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026268,"text":"70026268 - 2003 - Are high 3He/4He ratios in oceanic basalts an indicator of deep-mantle plume components?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:24","indexId":"70026268","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Are high 3He/4He ratios in oceanic basalts an indicator of deep-mantle plume components?","docAbstract":"The existence of a primordial, undegassed lower mantle reservoir characterized by high concentration of 3He and high 3He/4He ratios is a cornerstone assumption in modern geochemistry. It has become standard practice to interpret high 3He/4He ratios in oceanic basalts as a signature of deep-rooted plumes. The unfiltered He isotope data set for oceanic spreading centers displays a wide, nearly Gaussian, distribution qualitatively similar to the Os isotope (187Os/188 Os) distribution of mantle-derived Os-rich alloys. We propose that both distributions are produced by shallow mantle processes involving mixing between different proportions of recycled, variably aged radiogenic and unradiogenic domains under varying degrees of partial melting. In the case of the Re-Os isotopic system, radiogenic mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB)-rich and unradiogenic (depleted mantle residue) endmembers are constantly produced during partial melting events. In the case of the (U+Th)-He isotope system, effective capture of He-rich bubbles during growth of phenocryst olivine in crystallizing magma chambers provides one mechanism for 'freezing in' unradiogenic (i.e. high 3He/4He) He isotope ratios, while the higher than chondritic (U+Th)/He elemental ratio in the evolving and partially degassed MORB melt provides the radiogenic (i.e. low 3He/4He) endmember. If this scenario is correct, the use of He isotopic signatures as a fingerprint of plume components in oceanic basalts is not justified. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00038-4","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Meibom, A., Anderson, D., Sleep, N.H., Frei, R., Chamberlain, C., Hren, M., and Wooden, J.L., 2003, Are high 3He/4He ratios in oceanic basalts an indicator of deep-mantle plume components?: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 208, no. 3-4, p. 197-204, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00038-4.","startPage":"197","endPage":"204","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487525,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/177089","text":"External Repository"},{"id":208548,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00038-4"},{"id":234361,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"208","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed5be4b0c8380cd4976d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meibom, A.","contributorId":28414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meibom","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, D.L.","contributorId":68713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sleep, Norman H.","contributorId":59566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sleep","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Frei, R.","contributorId":88537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frei","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chamberlain, C. P.","contributorId":103841,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chamberlain","given":"C. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hren, M.T.","contributorId":100164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hren","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70026040,"text":"70026040 - 2003 - Oxygen-18 concentrations in recent precipitation and ice cores on the Tibetan Plateau","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-18T23:54:43.079668","indexId":"70026040","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2316,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oxygen-18 concentrations in recent precipitation and ice cores on the Tibetan Plateau","docAbstract":"<p><span class=\"paraNumber\"><span>&nbsp;</span></span><span>A detailed study of the climatic significance of δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O in precipitation was completed on a 1500 km southwest-northeast transect of the Tibetan Plateau in central Asia. Precipitation samples were collected at four meteorological stations for up to 9 years. This study shows that the gradual impact of monsoon precipitation affects the spatial variation of δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O-T relationship along the transect. Strong monsoon activity in the southern Tibetan Plateau results in high precipitation rates and more depleted heavy isotopes. This depletion mechanism is described as a precipitation “amount effect” and results in a poor δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O-T relationship at both seasonal and annual scales. In the middle of the Tibetan Plateau, the effects of the monsoon are diminished but continue to cause a reduced correlation of δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O and temperature at the annual scale. At the monthly scale, however, a significant δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O-T relationship does exist. To the north of the Tibetan Plateau beyond the extent of the effects of monsoon precipitation, δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O in precipitation shows a strong temperature dependence. δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O records from two shallow ice cores and historic air temperature data were compared to verify the modern δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O-T relationship. δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O in Dunde ice core was positively correlated with air temperature from a nearby meteorological station in the north of the plateau. The δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O variation in an ice core from the southern Plateau, however, was inversely correlated with precipitation amount at a nearby meteorological station and also the accumulation record in the ice core. The long-term variation of δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O in the ice core record in the monsoon regions of the southern Tibetan Plateau suggest past monsoon seasons were probably more expansive. It is still unclear, however, how changes in large-scale atmosphere circulation might influence summer monsoon precipitation on the Tibetan Plateau.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2002jd002173","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Tian, L., Yao, T., Schuster, P., White, J., Ichiyanagi, K., Pendall, E., Pu, J., and Yu, W., 2003, Oxygen-18 concentrations in recent precipitation and ice cores on the Tibetan Plateau: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 108, no. 9, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jd002173.","productDescription":"10 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478430,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jd002173","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":388133,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Tibetan Plateau","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              80.1123046875,\n              28.806173508854776\n            ],\n            [\n              85.7373046875,\n              26.27371402440643\n            ],\n            [\n              91.8896484375,\n              24.126701958681668\n            ],\n            [\n              96.5478515625,\n              26.15543796871355\n            ],\n            [\n              99.6240234375,\n              30.939924331023445\n            ],\n            [\n              99.7998046875,\n              32.879587173066305\n            ],\n            [\n              96.064453125,\n              32.36140331527543\n            ],\n            [\n              87.802734375,\n              29.80251790576445\n            ],\n            [\n              82.4853515625,\n              31.39115752282472\n            ],\n            [\n              79.8486328125,\n              29.6880527498568\n            ],\n            [\n              80.1123046875,\n              28.806173508854776\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"108","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-05-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a72bde4b0c8380cd76c90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tian, L.","contributorId":86541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tian","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yao, T.","contributorId":67267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yao","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schuster, P. F.","contributorId":30197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"P. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"White, J.W.C.","contributorId":43124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"J.W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ichiyanagi, K.","contributorId":39562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ichiyanagi","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pendall, Elise","contributorId":6637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pendall","given":"Elise","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Pu, J.","contributorId":52374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pu","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Yu, W.","contributorId":61613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yu","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70026089,"text":"70026089 - 2003 - Cold cratonic roots and thermal blankets: How continents affect mantle convection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-06T16:52:34.640562","indexId":"70026089","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cold cratonic roots and thermal blankets: How continents affect mantle convection","docAbstract":"<p><span>Two-dimensional&nbsp;</span>convection<span>&nbsp;models with moving&nbsp;</span>continents<span>&nbsp;show that&nbsp;</span>continents<span>&nbsp;profoundly&nbsp;</span>affect<span>&nbsp;the pattern of&nbsp;</span>mantle<span>&nbsp;</span>convection<span>. If the&nbsp;</span>continents<span>&nbsp;are wider than the wavelength of the&nbsp;</span>convection<span>&nbsp;cells (-3000 km, the thickness of the&nbsp;</span>mantle<span>), they cause neighboring deep&nbsp;</span>mantle<span>&nbsp;</span>thermal<span>&nbsp;upwellings to coalesce into a single focused upwelling. This focused upwelling zone will have a potential temperature anomaly of about 200°C, much higher than the 100°C temperature anomaly of upwelling zones generated beneath typical oceanic lithosphere. Extensive high-temperature melts (including flood basalts and late potassic granites) will be produced, and the excess temperature anomaly will induce continental uplift (as revealed in sea level changes) and the eventual breakup of the supercontinent. The&nbsp;</span>mantle<span>&nbsp;</span>thermal<span>&nbsp;anomaly will persist for several hundred million years after such a breakup. In contrast, small continental blocks (&lt;1000 km diameter) do not induce focused&nbsp;</span>mantle<span>&nbsp;upwelling zones. Instead, small continental blocks are dragged to&nbsp;</span>mantle<span>&nbsp;down-welling zones, where they spend most of their time, and will migrate laterally with the downwelling. As a result of sitting over relatively&nbsp;</span>cold<span>&nbsp;</span>mantle<span>&nbsp;(downwellings), small continental blocks are favored to keep their&nbsp;</span>cratonic<span>&nbsp;</span>roots<span>. This may explain the long-term survival of small&nbsp;</span>cratonic<span>&nbsp;blocks (e.g., the Yilgarn and Pilbara cratons of western Australia, and the West African craton). The optimum size for long-term stability of a continental block is &lt;3000 km. These results show that&nbsp;</span>continents<span>&nbsp;profoundly&nbsp;</span>affect<span>&nbsp;the pattern of&nbsp;</span>mantle<span>&nbsp;</span>convection<span>. These effects are illustrated in terms of the timing and history of supercontinent breakup, the production of high-temperature melts, and sea level changes. Such two-dimensional calculations can be further refined and tested by three-dimensional numerical simulations of&nbsp;</span>mantle<span>&nbsp;</span>convection<span>&nbsp;with moving continental and oceanic plates.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.2747/0020-6814.45.6.479","issn":"00206814","usgsCitation":"Trubitsyn, V., Mooney, W.D., and Abbott, D., 2003, Cold cratonic roots and thermal blankets: How continents affect mantle convection: International Geology Review, v. 45, no. 6, p. 479-492, https://doi.org/10.2747/0020-6814.45.6.479.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"479","endPage":"492","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":387739,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7a6e4b0c8380cd4cc28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trubitsyn, V.P.","contributorId":33737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trubitsyn","given":"V.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":407871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Abbott, D.H.","contributorId":64860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abbott","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026255,"text":"70026255 - 2003 - Stepwise use of GFLOW and MODFLOW to determine relative importance of shallow and deep receptors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:40","indexId":"70026255","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stepwise use of GFLOW and MODFLOW to determine relative importance of shallow and deep receptors","docAbstract":"A stepwise modeling approach is implemented in which a regional one-layer analytic element model is used to simulate the flow system and to furnish boundary conditions for an extracted local three-dimensional model. In this case study the stepwise approach is used to evaluate the fate of recharge in the Menomonee Valley adjacent to Lake Michigan. Two major receptors exist for recharge that flows through contaminated valley fill: the surface water estuary and a tunnel system constructed ???75 to 110 m below land surface to store storm runoff. The primary objective of the modeling is to delineate the contributing areas of recharge to each receptor. Of interest is the ability of the one-layer regional model to furnish flux boundary conditions to the local three-dimensional model despite the presence of vertical flow conditions at the boundaries of the local model. Sensitivity analysis suggests that the local model was insensitive to the vertical distribution of the flux. Each step of the modeling approach demonstrates that both receptors play an important role in capturing valley recharge. The pattern of capture of the one-layer model differed in shape from that delineated by the multi-layer local model in the presence of a flow system with pronounced vertical anisotropy and with sinks drawing water from different elevations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02582.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Feinstein, D., Dunning, C., Hunt, R.J., and Krohelski, J., 2003, Stepwise use of GFLOW and MODFLOW to determine relative importance of shallow and deep receptors: Ground Water, v. 41, no. 2, p. 190-199, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02582.x.","startPage":"190","endPage":"199","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234188,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208442,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02582.x"}],"volume":"41","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9831e4b08c986b31beb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feinstein, D.","contributorId":32337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feinstein","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dunning, C.","contributorId":85754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunning","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hunt, R. J.","contributorId":40164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Krohelski, J.","contributorId":24965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohelski","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026262,"text":"70026262 - 2003 - A simple analytical procedure to replace HPLC for monitoring treatment concentrations of chloramine-T on fish culture facilities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-15T23:09:12.645599","indexId":"70026262","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":853,"text":"Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A simple analytical procedure to replace HPLC for monitoring treatment concentrations of chloramine-T on fish culture facilities","docAbstract":"<p><span>Concentrations of chloramine-T must be monitored during experimental treatments of fish when studying the effectiveness of the drug for controlling bacterial gill disease. A surrogate analytical method for analysis of chloramine-T to replace the existing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method is described. A surrogate method was needed because the existing HPLC method is expensive, requires a specialist to use, and is not generally available at fish hatcheries. Criteria for selection of a replacement method included ease of use, analysis time, cost, safety, sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. The most promising approach was to use the determination of chlorine concentrations as an indicator of chloramine-T. Of the currently available methods for analysis of chlorine, the DPD (</span><i>N</i><span>,</span><i>N</i><span>-diethyl-</span><i>p</i><span>-phenylenediamine) colorimetric method best fit the established criteria. The surrogate method was evaluated under a variety of water quality conditions. Regression analysis of all DPD colorimetric analyses with the HPLC values produced a linear model (</span><i>Y</i><span>=0.9602&nbsp;</span><i>X</i><span>+0.1259) with an&nbsp;</span><i>r</i><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;value of 0.9960. The average accuracy (percent recovery) of the DPD method relative to the HPLC method for the combined set of water quality data was 101.5%. The surrogate method was also evaluated with chloramine-T solutions that contained various concentrations of fish feed or selected densities of rainbow trout. When samples were analyzed within 2 h, the results of the surrogate method were consistent with those of the HPLC method. When samples with high concentrations of organic material were allowed to age more than 2 h before being analyzed, the DPD method seemed to be susceptible to interference, possibly from the development of other chloramine compounds. However, even after aging samples 6 h, the accuracy of the surrogate DPD method relative to the HPLC method was within the range of 80–120%. Based on the data comparing the two methods, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has concluded that the DPD colorimetric method is appropriate to use to measure chloramine-T in water during pivotal efficacy trials designed to support the approval of chloramine-T for use in fish culture.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00425-8","issn":"00448486","usgsCitation":"Dawson, V.K., Meinertz, J., Schmidt, L., and Gingerich, W., 2003, A simple analytical procedure to replace HPLC for monitoring treatment concentrations of chloramine-T on fish culture facilities: Aquaculture, v. 217, no. 1-4, p. 61-72, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00425-8.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"72","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387207,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"217","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e58ae4b0c8380cd46dee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, V. K.","contributorId":48900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meinertz, J.R. 0000-0002-8855-2648","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8855-2648","contributorId":16786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meinertz","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":408774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmidt, L.J.","contributorId":89858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gingerich, W.H.","contributorId":83481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gingerich","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026085,"text":"70026085 - 2003 - Vegetation sensitivity to global anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions in a topographically complex region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:30","indexId":"70026085","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1836,"text":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vegetation sensitivity to global anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions in a topographically complex region","docAbstract":"Anthropogenic increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations may affect vegetation distribution both directly through changes in photosynthesis and water-use efficiency, and indirectly through CO2-induced climate change. Using an equilibrium vegetation model (BIOME4) driven by a regional climate model (RegCM2.5), we tested the sensitivity of vegetation in the western United States, a topographically complex region, to the direct, indirect, and combined effects of doubled preindustrial atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Those sensitivities were quantified using the kappa statistic. Simulated vegetation in the western United States was sensitive to changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations, with woody biome types replacing less woody types throughout the domain. The simulated vegetation was also sensitive to climatic effects, particularly at high elevations, due to both warming throughout the domain and decreased precipitation in key mountain regions such as the Sierra Nevada of California and the Cascade and Blue Mountains of Oregon. Significantly, when the direct effects of CO2 on vegetation were tested in combination with the indirect effects of CO2-induced climate change, new vegetation patterns were created that were not seen in either of the individual cases. This result indicates that climatic and nonclimatic effects must be considered in tandem when assessing the potential impacts of elevated CO2 levels.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08866236","usgsCitation":"Diffenbaugh, N., Sloan, L., Snyder, M., Bell, J., Kaplan, J., Shafer, S., and Bartlein, P., 2003, Vegetation sensitivity to global anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions in a topographically complex region: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 17, no. 2, p. 36-13.","startPage":"36","endPage":"13","numberOfPages":"-22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234803,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc1e8e4b08c986b32a800","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diffenbaugh, N.S.","contributorId":53253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diffenbaugh","given":"N.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sloan, L.C.","contributorId":83688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloan","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Snyder, M.A.","contributorId":30053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bell, J.L.","contributorId":52053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kaplan, J.","contributorId":82888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaplan","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shafer, S.L.","contributorId":26789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafer","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bartlein, P. J.","contributorId":54566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bartlein","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70026079,"text":"70026079 - 2003 - Projecting global datasets to achieve equal areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:21","indexId":"70026079","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1191,"text":"Cartography and Geographic Information Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Projecting global datasets to achieve equal areas","docAbstract":"Scientists routinely accomplish global modeling in the raster domain, but recent research has indicated that the transformation of large areas through map projection equations leads to errors. This research attempts to gauge the extent of map projection and resampling effects on the tabulation of categorical areas by comparing the results of three datasets for seven common projections. The datasets, Global Land Cover, Holdridge Life Zones, and Global Vegetation, were compiled at resolutions of 30 arc-second, 1/2 degree, and 1 degree, respectively. These datasets were projected globally from spherical coordinates to plane representations. Results indicate significant problems in the implementation of global projection transformations in commercial software, as well as differences in areal accuracy across projections. The level of raster resolution directly affects the accuracy of areal tabulations, with higher resolution yielding higher accuracy. If the raster resolution is high enough for individual pixels to approximate points, the areal error tends to zero. The 30-arc-second cells appear to approximate this condition.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Cartography and Geographic Information Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1559/152304003100010956","issn":"15230406","usgsCitation":"Usery, E., Finn, M., Cox, J., Beard, T., Ruhl, S., and Bearden, M., 2003, Projecting global datasets to achieve equal areas: Cartography and Geographic Information Science, v. 30, no. 1, p. 69-79, https://doi.org/10.1559/152304003100010956.","startPage":"69","endPage":"79","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208731,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1559/152304003100010956"}],"volume":"30","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8efde4b0c8380cd7f4f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Usery, E.L.","contributorId":45355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Usery","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finn, M.P.","contributorId":73246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cox, J.D.","contributorId":14987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Beard, T.","contributorId":36337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beard","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ruhl, S.","contributorId":44329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bearden, M.","contributorId":68510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bearden","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
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