Forty-two portable digital instruments were deployed across the Santa Clara Valley from June until early November 1998; this array recorded 14 small and moderate local events and 7 large teleseismic events. We analyze the ground motion from these events to determine station delays and relative site amplification within the Valley. P waves from an event at the southern edge of the valley are early (Δt > -0.35 sec) at stations over an axial ridge in the basement interface in the middle of the valley, but late (Δt < 0.20 sec) for stations over the Cupertino and Evergreen basins to either side. The S-wave delays are approximately twice as large. Teleseismic P-waves from an M = 7.0 event beneath the Bonin Islands show a similar pattern in travel-time delays. The P waves are amplified by factors of 1.5-3 for frequencies below 2 Hz at stations within either basin, compared with stations on the axial ridge. The P-wave coda appear enhanced at 2-3 sec, but coda Q estimates at frequencies from 0.2 to 1.1 Hz are not markedly different at stations over the basin compared with stations on the ridge with the possible exceptions of consistently high values over the northern end of the Evergreen Basin. We invert the S-wave spectra for site-specific attenuation and amplification from the 14 local events by assuming a common source spectra for each event, 1/r geometrical spreading, and constraining the inversion using the 30-m velocity profile at four stations in the array. The largest amplifications occurred in the 1- to 6-Hz band at stations near the northwest edge of the Evergreen basin. While the highest amplifications occur at stations with the lowest S-wave velocities, the scatter obscures the correlation between velocity and amplification. The stations in the basins are characterized by higher attenuation than the stations on the basement ridge.
Two-pass backpack electrofishing data collected as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program were analyzed to assess the efficacy of single-pass backpack electrofishing. A two-capture removal model was used to estimate, within 10 river basins across the United States, proportional fish species richness from one-pass electrofishing and probabilities of detection for individual fish species. Mean estimated species richness from first-pass sampling (ps1) ranged from 80.7% to 100% of estimated total species richness for each river basin, based on at least seven samples per basin. However, ps1 values for individual sites ranged from 40% to 100% of estimated total species richness. Additional species unique to the second pass were collected in 50.3% of the samples. Of these, cyprinids and centrarchids were collected most frequently. Proportional fish species richness estimated for the first pass increased significantly with decreasing stream width for 1 of the 10 river basins. When used to calculate probabilities of detection of individual fish species, the removal model failed 48% of the time because the number of individuals of a species was greater in the second pass than in the first pass. Single-pass backpack electrofishing data alone may make it difficult to determine whether characterized fish community structure data are real or spurious. The two-pass removal model can be used to assess the effectiveness of sampling species richness with a single electrofishing pass. However, the two-pass removal model may have limited utility to determine probabilities of detection of individual species and, thus, limit the ability to assess the effectiveness of single-pass sampling to characterize species relative abundances. Multiple-pass (at least three passes) backpack electrofishing at a large number of sites may not be cost-effective as part of a standardized sampling protocol for large-geographic-scale studies. However, multiple-pass electrofishing at some sites may be necessary to better evaluate the adequacy of single-pass electrofishing and to help make meaningful interpretations of fish community structure.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132<0039:ATEOSP>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Meador, M.R., McIntyre, J., and Pollock, K.H., 2003, Assessing the efficacy of single-pass backpack electrofishing to characterize fish community structure: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 132, no. 1, p. 39-46, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132<0039:ATEOSP>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"39","endPage":"46","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208864,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132<0039:ATEOSP>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":234928,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"132","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ede9e4b0c8380cd49acc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meador, M. R.","contributorId":74400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meador","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McIntyre, J.P.","contributorId":94471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntyre","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pollock, K. H.","contributorId":65184,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollock","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026320,"text":"70026320 - 2003 - Reservoir depletion at The Geysers geothermal area, California, shown by four-dimensional seismic tomography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70026320","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reservoir depletion at The Geysers geothermal area, California, shown by four-dimensional seismic tomography","docAbstract":"Intensive geothermal exploitation at The Geysers geothermal area, California, induces myriads of small-magnitude earthquakes that are monitored by a dense, permanent, local seismometer network. Using this network, tomographic inversions were performed for the three-dimensional Vp and Vp/Vs structure of the reservoir for April 1991, February 1993, December 1994, October 1996, and August 1998. The extensive low-Vp/Vs anomaly that occupies the reservoir grew in strength from a maximum of 9% to a maximum of 13.4% during the 7-year study period. This is attributed to depletion of pore liquid water in the reservoir and replacement with steam. This decreases Vp by increasing compressibility, and increases Vs because of reduction in pore pressure and the drying of argillaceous minerals, e.g., illite, which increase the shear modulus. These effects serendipitously combine to lower Vp/Vs, resulting in a strong overall effect that provides a convenient tool for monitoring reservoir depletion. Variations in the Vp and Vs fields indicate that water depletion is the dominant process in the central part of the exploited reservoir, and pressure reduction and mineral drying in the northwest and southeast parts of the reservoir. The rate at which the Vp/Vs anomaly grew in strength in the period 1991-1998 suggests most of the original anomaly was caused by exploitation. Continuous monitoring of Vp, Vs, and Vp/Vs is an effective geothermal reservoir depletion monitoring tool and can potentially provide information about depletion in parts of the reservoir that have not been drilled.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Gunasekera, R., Foulger, G., and Julian, B., 2003, Reservoir depletion at The Geysers geothermal area, California, shown by four-dimensional seismic tomography: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 108, no. 3.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234079,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa95ee4b0c8380cd85d70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gunasekera, R.C.","contributorId":42000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gunasekera","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foulger, G.R.","contributorId":14439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foulger","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Julian, B.R.","contributorId":101272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Julian","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026200,"text":"70026200 - 2003 - A proposed coast-wide reference monitoring system for evaluating Wetland restoration trajectories in Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:35","indexId":"70026200","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A proposed coast-wide reference monitoring system for evaluating Wetland restoration trajectories in Louisiana","docAbstract":"Wetland restoration efforts conducted in Louisiana under the Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection and Restoration Act require monitoring the effectiveness of individual projects as well as monitoring the cumulative effects of all projects in restoring, creating, enhancing, and protecting the coastal landscape. The effectiveness of the traditional paired-reference monitoring approach in Louisiana has been limited because of difficulty in finding comparable reference sites. A multiple reference approach is proposed that uses aspects of hydrogeomorphic functional assessments and probabilistic sampling. This approach includes a suite of sites that encompass the range of ecological condition for each stratum, with projects placed on a continuum of conditions found for that stratum. Trajectories in reference sites through time are then compared with project trajectories through time. Plant community zonation complicated selection of indicators, strata, and sample size. The approach proposed could serve as a model for evaluating wetland ecosystems.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1021368722681","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Steyer, G., Sasser, C., Visser, J., Swenson, E., Nyman, J., and Raynie, R., 2003, A proposed coast-wide reference monitoring system for evaluating Wetland restoration trajectories in Louisiana: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 81, no. 1-3, p. 107-117, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021368722681.","startPage":"107","endPage":"117","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208905,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021368722681"},{"id":234997,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e516e4b0c8380cd46afc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steyer, G.D. 0000-0001-7231-0110","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7231-0110","contributorId":40302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steyer","given":"G.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sasser, C.E.","contributorId":81067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sasser","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Visser, J.M.","contributorId":23900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Visser","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swenson, E.M.","contributorId":76475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swenson","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nyman, J.A.","contributorId":56835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nyman","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Raynie, R.C.","contributorId":106390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raynie","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70026319,"text":"70026319 - 2003 - Flood plain and channel dynamics of the Quinault and Queets Rivers, Washington, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-30T12:52:54","indexId":"70026319","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flood plain and channel dynamics of the Quinault and Queets Rivers, Washington, USA","docAbstract":"Comparison of historic channel migration rates, modern planform conditions, and overall sediment, wood, and flow conditions and interactions for the Quinault River and Queets River in the western Olympic Peninsula, Washington, reveals decadal- to century-scale interactions between gravel-bed channels and forested flood plains in temperate maritime environments. The downstream alluvial portions of these two rivers can be divided into three reaches of different slope, flow, sediment, and wood regimes: (i) the upper Quinault River is aggrading behind Lake Quinault, a natural lake that traps most sediment and wood transported from the Olympic Mountain headwaters. (ii) The lower Quinault River, downstream of Lake Quinault, transports only sediment and wood derived from reworking of flood-plain deposits and contributed from valley margins. (iii) The Queets River has unimpeded movement of sediment and water from the mountainous headwaters to the Pacific Ocean. Measurements of channel planform characteristics and historic migration rates and patterns show that these three reaches have correspondingly distinct channel and flood-plain morphologies and dynamics. The aggrading and sediment-rich upper Quinault River has the widest flood plain, widest active channel, greatest number of low-flow channels and flanking gravel bars, and an average channel migration rate of 12.7±3.3 m/year between 1900 and 1994. The comparatively sediment-poor lower Quinault River has the narrowest flood plain, narrowest active channel, and lowest channel migration rate (4.0±1.2 m/year); and most flow is through a single channel with few adjacent gravel bars. The Queets River has attributes intermediate between the lower and upper Quinault Rivers, including an average channel migration rate of 7.5±2.9 m/year. Flood-plain turnover rates are similar for all three reaches, with channels eroding the flood plain at the rate of about 0.2% of the flood-plain area per year, and with corresponding flood-plain half-lives of 300 to 500 years.
\nObservations from this study and previous studies on the Queets River show that channel and flood-plain dynamics and morphology are affected by interactions between flow, sediment, and standing and entrained wood, some of which likely involve time frames similar to 200–500-year flood-plain half-lives. On the upper Quinault River and Queets River, log jams promote bar growth and consequent channel shifting, short-distance avulsions, and meander cutoffs, resulting in mobile and wide active channels. On the lower Quinault River, large portions of the channel are stable and flow within vegetated flood plains. However, locally, channel-spanning log jams have caused channel avulsions within reaches that have been subsequently mobile for several decades. In all three reaches, log jams appear to be areas of conifer germination and growth that may later further influence channel and flood-plain conditions on long time scales by forming flood-plain areas resistant to channel migration and by providing key members of future log jams. Appreciation of these processes and dynamics and associated temporal and spatial scales is necessary to formulate effective long-term approaches to managing fluvial ecosystems in forested environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00324-0","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"O’Connor, J.E., Jones, M., and Haluska, T., 2003, Flood plain and channel dynamics of the Quinault and Queets Rivers, Washington, USA: Geomorphology, v. 51, no. 1-3, p. 31-59, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00324-0.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"59","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234078,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208367,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00324-0"}],"volume":"51","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1148e4b0c8380cd53f45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Connor, J. E.","contributorId":59489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Connor","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, M. A.","contributorId":37736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"M. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haluska, T.L.","contributorId":75960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haluska","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026138,"text":"70026138 - 2003 - Initial river test of a monostatic RiverSonde streamflow measurement system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-10T18:39:27.205922","indexId":"70026138","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Initial river test of a monostatic RiverSonde streamflow measurement system","docAbstract":"A field experiment was conducted on May 7-8, 2002 using a CODAR RiverSonde UHF radar system at Vernalis, California on the San Joaquin River. The monostatic radar configuration on one bank of the river, with the antennas looking both upriver and downriver, provided very high-quality data. Estimates of both along-river and cross-river surface current were generated using several models, including one based on normal-mode analysis. Along-river surface velocities ranged from about 0.6 m/s at the river banks to about 1.0 m/s near the middle of the river. Average cross-river surface velocities were 0.02 m/s or less.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the IEEE Working Conference on Current Measurement","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the IEEE Seventh Working Conference on Current Measurement; Current and Wave Monitoring and Emerging Technologies","conferenceDate":"March 13-15, 2003","conferenceLocation":"San Diego, California, United States","language":"English","doi":"10.1109/CCM.2003.1194281","usgsCitation":"Teague, C., Barrick, D., Lilleboe, P., and Cheng, R.T., 2003, Initial river test of a monostatic RiverSonde streamflow measurement system, in Proceedings of the IEEE Working Conference on Current Measurement, San Diego, California, United States, March 13-15, 2003, p. 46-50, https://doi.org/10.1109/CCM.2003.1194281.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"46","endPage":"50","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234522,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Vernalis","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.34306105965155,\n 37.70722574782812\n ],\n [\n -121.34306105965155,\n 37.564761014880446\n ],\n [\n -121.14427718513983,\n 37.564761014880446\n ],\n [\n -121.14427718513983,\n 37.70722574782812\n ],\n [\n -121.34306105965155,\n 37.70722574782812\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3beae4b0c8380cd62927","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Rizoli J.A.","contributorId":128304,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Rizoli J.A.","id":536577,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Teague, C.C.","contributorId":17758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teague","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barrick, D.E.","contributorId":86483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrick","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lilleboe, P.M.","contributorId":25284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lilleboe","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cheng, R. T.","contributorId":23138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cheng","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026203,"text":"70026203 - 2003 - Hankin and Reeves' approach to estimating fish abundance in small streams: Limitations and alternatives","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:35","indexId":"70026203","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hankin and Reeves' approach to estimating fish abundance in small streams: Limitations and alternatives","docAbstract":"Hankin and Reeves' (1988) approach to estimating fish abundance in small streams has been applied in stream fish studies across North America. However, their population estimator relies on two key assumptions: (1) removal estimates are equal to the true numbers of fish, and (2) removal estimates are highly correlated with snorkel counts within a subset of sampled stream units. Violations of these assumptions may produce suspect results. To determine possible sources of the assumption violations, I used data on the abundance of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss from Hankin and Reeves' (1988) in a simulation composed of 50,000 repeated, stratified systematic random samples from a spatially clustered distribution. The simulation was used to investigate effects of a range of removal estimates, from 75% to 100% of true fish abundance, on overall stream fish population estimates. The effects of various categories of removal-estimates-to-snorkel-count correlation levels (r = 0.75-1.0) on fish population estimates were also explored. Simulation results indicated that Hankin and Reeves' approach may produce poor results unless removal estimates exceed at least 85% of the true number of fish within sampled units and unless correlations between removal estimates and snorkel counts are at least 0.90. A potential modification to Hankin and Reeves' approach is the inclusion of environmental covariates that affect detection rates of fish into the removal model or other mark-recapture model. A potential alternative approach is to use snorkeling combined with line transect sampling to estimate fish densities within stream units. As with any method of population estimation, a pilot study should be conducted to evaluate its usefulness, which requires a known (or nearly so) population of fish to serve as a benchmark for evaluating bias and precision of estimators.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132<0069:HARATE>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Thompson, W., 2003, Hankin and Reeves' approach to estimating fish abundance in small streams: Limitations and alternatives: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 132, no. 1, p. 69-75, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132<0069:HARATE>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"69","endPage":"75","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208926,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132<0069:HARATE>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":235032,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"132","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2f6ee4b0c8380cd5cda7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, W.L.","contributorId":83234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70026306,"text":"70026306 - 2003 - Surface complexation and precipitate geometry for aqueous Zn(II) sorption on ferrihydrite: II. XANES analysis and simulation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-16T09:52:16","indexId":"70026306","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface complexation and precipitate geometry for aqueous Zn(II) sorption on ferrihydrite: II. XANES analysis and simulation","docAbstract":"X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) analysis of sorption complexes has the advantages of high sensitivity (10- to 20-fold greater than extended X-ray absorption fine structure [EXAFS] analysis) and relative ease and speed of data collection (because of the short k-space range). It is thus a potentially powerful tool for characterization of environmentally significant surface complexes and precipitates at very low surface coverages. However, quantitative analysis has been limited largely to “fingerprint” comparison with model spectra because of the difficulty of obtaining accurate multiple-scattering amplitudes for small clusters with high confidence.
In the present work, calculations of the XANES for 50- to 200-atom clusters of structure from Zn model compounds using the full multiple-scattering code Feff 8.0 accurately replicate experimental spectra and display features characteristic of specific first-neighbor anion coordination geometry and second-neighbor cation geometry and number. Analogous calculations of the XANES for small molecular clusters indicative of precipitation and sorption geometries for aqueous Zn on ferrihydrite, and suggested by EXAFS analysis, are in good agreement with observed spectral trends with sample composition, with Zn-oxygen coordination and with changes in second-neighbor cation coordination as a function of sorption coverage. Empirical analysis of experimental XANES features further verifies the validity of the calculations. The findings agree well with a complete EXAFS analysis previously reported for the same sample set, namely, that octahedrally coordinated aqueous Zn2+ species sorb as a tetrahedral complex on ferrihydrite with varying local geometry depending on sorption density. At significantly higher densities but below those at which Zn hydroxide is expected to precipitate, a mainly octahedral coordinated Zn2+precipitate is observed. An analysis of the multiple scattering paths contributing to the XANES demonstrates the importance of scattering paths involving the anion sublattice. We also describe the specific advantages of complementary quantitative XANES and EXAFS analysis and estimate limits on the extent of structural information obtainable from XANES analysis.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-7037(02)01280-2","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Waychunas, G., Fuller, C.C., Davis, J., and Rehr, J., 2003, Surface complexation and precipitate geometry for aqueous Zn(II) sorption on ferrihydrite: II. XANES analysis and simulation: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 67, no. 5, p. 1031-1043, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)01280-2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1031","endPage":"1043","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234399,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208572,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)01280-2"}],"volume":"67","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9f9ae4b08c986b31e6df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waychunas, G.A.","contributorId":90888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waychunas","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuller, C. C.","contributorId":29858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, J.A.","contributorId":71694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rehr, J.J.","contributorId":75310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rehr","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026077,"text":"70026077 - 2003 - Apparent break in earthquake scaling due to path and site effects on deep borehole recordings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:20","indexId":"70026077","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Apparent break in earthquake scaling due to path and site effects on deep borehole recordings","docAbstract":"We reexamine the scaling of stress drop and apparent stress, rigidity times the ratio between seismically radiated energy to seismic moment, with earthquake size for a set of microearthquakes recorded in a deep borehole in Long Valley, California. In the first set of calculations, we assume a constant Q and solve for the corner frequency and seismic moment. In the second set of calculations, we model the spectral ratio of nearby events to determine the same quantities. We find that the spectral ratio technique, which can account for path and site effects or nonconstant Q, yields higher stress drops, particularly for the smaller events in the data set. The measurements determined from spectral ratios indicate no departure from constant stress drop scaling down to the smallest events in our data set (Mw 0.8). Our results indicate that propagation effects can contaminate measurements of source parameters even in the relatively clean recording environment of a deep borehole, just as they do at the Earth's surface. The scaling of source properties of microearthquakes made from deep borehole recordings may need to be reevaluated.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Ide, S., Beroza, G., Prejean, S., and Ellsworth, W., 2003, Apparent break in earthquake scaling due to path and site effects on deep borehole recordings: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 108, no. 5.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234692,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec79e4b0c8380cd492bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ide, S.","contributorId":47131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ide","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beroza, G. C.","contributorId":95626,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beroza","given":"G. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prejean, S. G. 0000-0003-0510-1989","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0510-1989","contributorId":18935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prejean","given":"S. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ellsworth, W.L.","contributorId":48541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026068,"text":"70026068 - 2003 - Endocrine and physiological changes in Atlantic salmon smolts following hatchery release","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:21","indexId":"70026068","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":853,"text":"Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Endocrine and physiological changes in Atlantic salmon smolts following hatchery release","docAbstract":"Physiological and endocrine changes during smolt development were examined in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reared and released as part of a restoration program on the Connecticut River and its tributaries. Fish were reared in a cold water hatchery in Pittsford, VT and released into the Farmington River, CT (a major tributary of the Connecticut River) or into 'imprint ponds' fed by the Farmington River. Smelts were recaptured 10-20 days after their release at a smolt bypass facility 16 km downstream of their release site. Fish sampled at the hatchery from January to May had only moderate smolt development based on salinity tolerance, gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity and hormone profiles. In contrast, smolts released into the river or imprint ponds had higher salinity tolerance, gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity, plasma growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and thyroxine than smolts that remained in the hatchery. These physiological and endocrine changes were nearly identical to those of smolts that had been released into the river 2 years earlier as fry and were captured as active migrants at the same bypass facility (stream-reared smolts). The stomach contents as a percent of body weight (primarily aquatic insects) varied greatly among individuals and were greater in hatchery-reared fish than stream-reared smolts. Results from the rearing of hatchery fish at temperatures similar to that of the Farmington River indicate that some of the physiological changes may be due to increased temperature after release, though other factors may also be involved. The results indicate that substantial physiological smolt development can occur after hatchery release, coincident with downstream migration. ?? 2003 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquaculture","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00101-7","issn":"00448486","usgsCitation":"McCormick, S., O’Dea, M.F., Moeckel, A.M., and Bjornsson, B.T., 2003, Endocrine and physiological changes in Atlantic salmon smolts following hatchery release: Aquaculture, v. 222, no. 1-4, p. 45-57, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00101-7.","startPage":"45","endPage":"57","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208660,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00101-7"},{"id":234551,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"222","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0924e4b0c8380cd51e11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCormick, S. D. 0000-0003-0621-6200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-6200","contributorId":20278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"S. D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":407774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Dea, M. F.","contributorId":30579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Dea","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moeckel, Amy M.","contributorId":22946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moeckel","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bjornsson, Bjorn Thrandur","contributorId":28928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bjornsson","given":"Bjorn","email":"","middleInitial":"Thrandur","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026115,"text":"70026115 - 2003 - Ostracode-based reconstruction from 23,300 to about 20,250 cal yr BP of climate, and paleohydrology of a groundwater-fed pond near St. Louis, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:21","indexId":"70026115","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2411,"text":"Journal of Paleolimnology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ostracode-based reconstruction from 23,300 to about 20,250 cal yr BP of climate, and paleohydrology of a groundwater-fed pond near St. Louis, Missouri","docAbstract":"The water chemistry of a groundwater-fed sinkhole-pond near St. Louis, Missouri, and its associated climate during the last glaciation are reconstructed by comparison with autecological data of modern ostracodes from about 5,500 sites in Canada. A 4.8-m succession of fossiliferous sediment yielded ostracode assemblages that collectively are generally found today in ponds in North America including the species Cyclocypris ampla, C. laevis, Cypridopsis vidua, Candona crogmaniana, C. distincta, and C. ohioensis. Fossils of Picea needles and the ostracode Cyclocypris sharpei imply that best analog sites for the succession are in central to south-central Canada. The pond formed 23,300 ?? 400 cal yr BP when a sinkhole became plugged by a clay bed about 1 m thick. By about 20,250 cal yr BP, the pond had desiccated and was buried by loess. The sediment accumulation rate was about 0.18 cm/yr, and each sample interval (6 cm) represents a time slice of ???33 years. Data from this record provides the first fairly high resolution proxy record of the glacial paleoclimate of the mid-latitude of North America. The analog data indicate the water in the hydrologically-open spring-fed pond was less than 1 m deep. The paleoclimatic reconstructions imply gradually drier conditions and uniform, cool temperatures. The shallow water depth indicates that the temperature reconstruction is robust with mean annual temperatures (MATs) that ranged between 0.8 and 3.9??C, and mean July temperatures that ranged from 16.8 and 18.1??C. Other estimated climatic parameters include mean annual precipitation (MAP; 430 to 840 mm/yr), and moisture balance (P-E; -111 to 298 mm/yr). Compared to values measured today at St. Louis, the MAP was about 400 mm less, MAT about 10??C cooler, and P-E, about the same. These values are consistent with other published reconstructions based on modern analog analysis of fossil beetles and pollen, and paleothermometry based on amino acid racemization. The total dissolved solids (TDS) progressively increased from about 87 to 431 mg/L. Changes in TDS reflect either the balance between the relative inputs of karst groundwater and overland flow, or changes in the duration of water-rock interaction associated with the groundwater. The postulated long-term 900 ?? 200 year cyclicity of growing-season moisture and temperature, attributed to El Nin??o-Southern Oscillation cycles, is not expressed in the reconstructed hydrologic or climatic data. This is attributed, in part, to the mediating effect on temperature by monothermic groundwater input to this flow-through system.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Paleolimnology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1023227205587","issn":"09212728","usgsCitation":"Curry, B., and Delorme, D., 2003, Ostracode-based reconstruction from 23,300 to about 20,250 cal yr BP of climate, and paleohydrology of a groundwater-fed pond near St. Louis, Missouri: Journal of Paleolimnology, v. 29, no. 2, p. 199-207, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023227205587.","startPage":"199","endPage":"207","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208760,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1023227205587"},{"id":234733,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a715ee4b0c8380cd765a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curry, B.","contributorId":89320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curry","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delorme, D.","contributorId":92845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delorme","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026053,"text":"70026053 - 2003 - Initiation of deformation of the Eastern California Shear Zone: Constraints from Garlock fault geometry and GPS observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:35","indexId":"70026053","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Initiation of deformation of the Eastern California Shear Zone: Constraints from Garlock fault geometry and GPS observations","docAbstract":"We suggest a 2-stage deformation model for the Eastern California Shear Zone (ECSZ) to explain the geometry of the Garlock fault trace. We assume the Garlock fault was originally straight and then was gradually curved by right-lateral shear deformation across the ECSZ. In our 2-stage deformation model, the first stage involves uniform shear deformation across the eastern part of the shear zone, and the second stage involves uniform shear deformation across the entire shear zone. In addition to the current shape of the Garlock fault, our model incorporates constraints on contemporary deformation rates provided by GPS observations. We find that the best fitting age for initiation of shear in eastern part of the ECSZ is about 5.0 ?? 0.4 Ma, and that deformation of the western part started about 1.6 Myr later.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Gan, W., Zhang, P., Shen, Z., Prescott, W., and Svarc, J.L., 2003, Initiation of deformation of the Eastern California Shear Zone: Constraints from Garlock fault geometry and GPS observations: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 30, no. 10, p. 3-1.","startPage":"3","endPage":"1","numberOfPages":"-1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234883,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3bf0e4b0c8380cd6294e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gan, Weijun","contributorId":33083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gan","given":"Weijun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhang, P.","contributorId":92822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shen, Z.-K.","contributorId":97262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shen","given":"Z.-K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Svarc, J. L.","contributorId":75995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Svarc","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026108,"text":"70026108 - 2003 - Evaluating the importance of human-modified lands for neotropical bird conservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:21","indexId":"70026108","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating the importance of human-modified lands for neotropical bird conservation","docAbstract":"Development of effective conservation plans for terrestrial animals will require some assessment of which human-modified and natural habitats can support populations of priority species. We examined bird communities associated with 11 natural and human-modified habitats in Panama and assessed the importance of those habitats for species of different vulnerability to disturbance. We calculated habitat importance scores using both relative habitat preferences and vulnerability scores for all species present. Species of moderate and high vulnerability were primarily those categorized as forest specialists or forest generalists. As expected, even species-rich nonforest habitats provided little conservation value for the most vulnerable species. However, shaded coffee plantations and gallery forest corridors were modified habitats with relatively high conservation value. Sugar cane fields and Caribbean pine plantations offered virtually no conservation value for birds. Our method of assessing the conservation importance of different habitats is useful because it considers the types of species present and the potential role of the habitat in the conservation of those species (i.e., habitat preference). This method of habitat evaluation could be tailored to other conservation contexts with any measure of species vulnerability desired.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Conservation Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.00124.x","issn":"08888892","usgsCitation":"Petit, L.J., and Petit, D.R., 2003, Evaluating the importance of human-modified lands for neotropical bird conservation: Conservation Biology, v. 17, no. 3, p. 687-694, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.00124.x.","startPage":"687","endPage":"694","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208699,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.00124.x"},{"id":234623,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-05-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bfae4b0c8380cd52999","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petit, L. J.","contributorId":22053,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petit","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petit, D. R.","contributorId":97865,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petit","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026225,"text":"70026225 - 2003 - Mercury contamination chronologies from Connecticut wetlands and Long Island Sound sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T12:16:05","indexId":"70026225","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Mercury contamination chronologies from Connecticut wetlands and Long Island Sound sediments","docAbstract":"Sediment cores were used to investigate the mercury deposition histories of Connecticut and Long Island Sound. Most cores show background (pre-1800s) concentrations (50–100 ppb Hg) below 30–50 cm depth, strong enrichments up to 500 ppb Hg in the core tops with lower Hg concentrations in the surface sediments (200–300 ppb Hg). A sediment core from the Housatonic River has peak levels of 1,500 ppb Hg, indicating the presence of a Hg point source in this watershed. The Hg records were translated into Hg contamination chronologies through 210Pb dating. The onset of Hg contamination occurred in ~1840–1850 in eastern Connecticut, whereas in the Housatonic River the onset is dated at around 1820. The mercury accumulation profiles show periods of peak contamination at around 1900 and at 1950–1970. Peak Hg* (Hg*= Hg measured minus Hg background) accumulation rates in the salt marshes vary, dependent on the sediment character, between 8 and 44 ng Hg/cm2 per year, whereas modern Hg* accumulation rates range from 4–17 ng Hg/cm2 per year; time-averaged Hg* accumulation rates are 15 ng Hg/cm2 per year. These Hg* accumulation rates in sediments are higher than the observed Hg atmospheric deposition rates (about 1–2 ng Hg/cm2 per year), indicating that contaminant Hg from the watershed is focused into the coastal zone. The Long Island Sound cores show similar Hg profiles as the marsh cores, but time-averaged Hg* accumulation rates are higher than in the marshes (26 ng Hg/cm2 a year) because of the different sediment characteristics. In-situ atmospheric deposition of Hg in the marshes and in Long Island Sound is only a minor component of the total Hg budget. The 1900 peak of Hg contamination is most likely related to climatic factors (the wet period of the early 1900s) and the 1950–1970 peak was caused by strong anthropogenic Hg emissions at that time. Spatial trends in total Hg burdens in cores are largely related to sedimentary parameters (amount of clay) except for the high inventories of the Housatonic River, which are related to Hg releases from hat-making in the town of Danbury. Much of the contaminated sediment transport in the Housatonic River Basin occurs during floods, creating distinct layers of Hg-contaminated sediment in western Long Island Sound. The drop of about 40% in Hg accumulation rates between the 1960s and 1990s seems largely the result of reduced Hg emissions and to a much lesser extent of climatic factors.
","largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology","language":"English","issn":"09430105","usgsCitation":"Varekamp, J., Kreulen, B., Buchholtz ten Brink, M.R., and Mecray, E., 2003, Mercury contamination chronologies from Connecticut wetlands and Long Island Sound sediments, in Environmental Geology, v. 43, no. 3, p. 268-282.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"268","endPage":"282","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234252,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.1412353515625,\n 40.925964939514294\n ],\n [\n -71.34521484375,\n 40.925964939514294\n ],\n [\n -71.34521484375,\n 41.33970040774419\n ],\n [\n -74.1412353515625,\n 41.33970040774419\n ],\n [\n -74.1412353515625,\n 40.925964939514294\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"43","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a53f3e4b0c8380cd6ce30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Varekamp, J.C.","contributorId":56006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varekamp","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kreulen, B.","contributorId":48741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kreulen","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buchholtz ten Brink, Marilyn R.","contributorId":88021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchholtz ten Brink","given":"Marilyn","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":408628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mecray, E.L.","contributorId":14840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mecray","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026064,"text":"70026064 - 2003 - Modeling carbon dynamics in vegetation and soil under the impact of soil erosion and deposition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-25T11:15:54","indexId":"70026064","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1836,"text":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling carbon dynamics in vegetation and soil under the impact of soil erosion and deposition","docAbstract":"Soil erosion and deposition may play important roles in balancing the global atmospheric carbon budget through their impacts on the net exchange of carbon between terrestrial ecosystem and the atmosphere. Few models and studies have been designed to assess these impacts. In this study, we developed a general ecosystem model, Erosion-Deposition-Carbon-Model (EDCM), to dynamically simulate the influences of rainfall-induced soil erosion and deposition on soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics in soil profiles. EDCM was applied to several landscape positions in the Nelson Farm watershed in Mississippi, including ridge top (without erosion or deposition), eroding hillslopes, and depositional sites that had been converted from native forests to croplands in 1870. Erosion reduced the SOC storage at the eroding sites and deposition increased the SOC storage at the depositional areas compared with the site without erosion or deposition. Results indicated that soils were consistently carbon sources to the atmosphere at all landscape positions from 1870 to 1950, with lowest source strength at the eroding sites (13 to 24 gC m-2 yr-1), intermediate at the ridge top (34 gC m-2 yr-1), and highest at the depositional sites (42 to 49 gC m-2 yr-1). During this period, erosion reduced carbon emissions via dynamically replacing surface soil with subsurface soil that had lower SOC contents (quantity change) and higher passive SOC fractions (quality change). Soils at all landscape positions became carbon sinks from 1950 to 1997 due to changes in management practices (e.g., intensification of fertilization and crop genetic improvement). The sink strengths were highest at the eroding sites (42 to 44 gC m-2 yr-1 , intermediate at the ridge top (35 gC m-2 yr-1), and lowest at the depositional sites (26 to 29 gC m-2 yr-1). During this period, erosion enhanced carbon uptake at the eroding sites by continuously taking away a fraction of SOC that can be replenished with enhanced plant residue input. Overall, soil erosion and deposition reduced CO2 emissions from the soil into the atmosphere by exposing low carbon-bearing soil at eroding sites and by burying SOC at depositional sites. The results suggest that failing to account for the impact of soil erosion and deposition may potentially contribute to an overestimation of both the total historical carbon released from soils owing to land use change and the contemporary carbon sequestration rates at the eroding sites.
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The Lowland-the population and economic center of the Pacific Northwest-presents special problems for hazards investigations, with its young glacial topography, dense forest cover, and urbanization. Lidar mapping during leaf-off conditions has led to a detailed digital model of the landscape beneath the forest canopy. The surface thus revealed contains a rich and diverse record of previously unknown surface-rupturing faults, deep-seated landslides, uplifted Holocene and Pleistocene beaches, and subglacial and periglacial features. More than half a dozen suspected postglacial fault scarps have been identified to date. Five scarps that have been trenched show evidence of large, Holocene, surface-rupturing earthquakes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"GSA Today","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/1052-5173(2003)13<0004:HLTOTP>2.0.CO;2","issn":"10525173","usgsCitation":"Haugerud, R., Harding, D., Johnson, S.Y., Harless, J., Weaver, C., and Sherrod, B., 2003, High-resolution lidar topography of the Puget Lowland, Washington - A bonanza for earth science: GSA Today, v. 13, no. 6, p. 4-10, https://doi.org/10.1130/1052-5173(2003)13<0004:HLTOTP>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"4","endPage":"10","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":488095,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/1052-5173(2003)13<0004:hltotp>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234696,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208733,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/1052-5173(2003)13<0004:HLTOTP>2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"13","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a310de4b0c8380cd5dbc2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haugerud, R. 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Y.","contributorId":48572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harless, J.L.","contributorId":69021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harless","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Weaver, C.S.","contributorId":57874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sherrod, B.L.","contributorId":68937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70026151,"text":"70026151 - 2003 - Microbial cycling of mercury in contaminated pelagic and wetland sediments of San Pablo Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T08:10:38","indexId":"70026151","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1539,"text":"Environmental Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microbial cycling of mercury in contaminated pelagic and wetland sediments of San Pablo Bay, California","docAbstract":"San Pablo Bay is an estuary, within northern San Francisco Bay, containing elevated sediment mercury (Hg) levels because of historic loading of hydraulic mining debris during the California gold-rush of the late 1800s. A preliminary investigation of benthic microbial Hg cycling was conducted in surface sediment (0–4 cm) collected from one salt-marsh and three open-water sites. A deeper profile (0–26 cm) was evaluated at one of the open-water locations. Radiolabeled model Hg-compounds were used to measure rates of both methylmercury (MeHg) production and degradation by bacteria. While all sites and depths had similar total-Hg concentrations (0.3–0.6 ppm), and geochemical signatures of mining debris (as εNd, range: –3.08 to –4.37), in-situ MeHg was highest in the marsh (5.4±3.5 ppb) and ≤0.7 ppb in all open-water sites. Microbial MeHg production (potential rate) in 0–4 surface sediments was also highest in the marsh (3.1 ng g–1 wet sediment day–1) and below detection (<0.06 ng g–1 wet sediment day–1) in open-water locations. The marsh exhibited a methylation/demethylation (M/D) ratio more than 25× that of all open-water locations. Only below the surface 0–4-cm horizon was significant MeHg production potential evident in the open-water sediment profile (0.2–1.1 ng g–1 wet sediment day–1). In-situ Hg methylation rates, calculated from radiotracer rate constants, and in-situ inorganic Hg(II) concentrations compared well with potential rates. However, similarly calculated in-situ rates of MeHg degradation were much lower than potential rates. These preliminary data indicate that wetlands surrounding San Pablo Bay represent important zones of MeHg production, more so than similarly Hg-contaminated adjacent open-water areas. This has significant implications for this and other Hg-impacted systems, where wetland expansion is currently planned.
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C.","contributorId":6605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marvin-DiPasquale","given":"M. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Agee, J.L. jlagee@usgs.gov","contributorId":103452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agee","given":"J.L.","email":"jlagee@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bouse, R. M.","contributorId":33709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bouse","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jaffe, B. E.","contributorId":88327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaffe","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026061,"text":"70026061 - 2003 - Comparative ontogenetic behavior and migration of kaluga, Huso dauricus, and Amur sturgeon, Acipenser schrenckii, from the Amur River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:34","indexId":"70026061","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1528,"text":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparative ontogenetic behavior and migration of kaluga, Huso dauricus, and Amur sturgeon, Acipenser schrenckii, from the Amur River","docAbstract":"We conducted laboratory experiments with kaluga, Huso dauricus, and Amur sturgeon, Acipenser schrenckii, to develop a conceptual model of early behavior. We daily observed embryos (first life phase after hatching) and larvae (period initiating exogenous feeding) to day-30 (late larvae) for preference of bright habitat and cover, swimming distance above the bottom, up- and downstream movement, and diel activity. Day-0 embryos of both species strongly preferred bright, open habitat and initiated a strong, downstream migration that lasted 4 days (3 day peak) for kaluga and 3 days (2 day peak) for Amur sturgeon. Kaluga migrants swam far above the bottom (150 cm) on only 1 day and moved day and night; Amur sturgeon migrants swam far above the bottom (median 130 cm) during 3 days and were more nocturnal than kaluga. Post-migrant embryos of both species moved day and night, but Amur sturgeon used dark, cover habitat and swam closer to the bottom than kaluga. The larva period of both species began on day 7 (cumulative temperature degree-days, 192.0 for kaluga and 171.5 for Amur sturgeon). Larvae of both species preferred open habitat. Kaluga larvae strongly preferred bright habitat, initially swam far above the bottom (median 50-105 cm), and migrated downstream at night during days 10-16 (7-day migration). Amur sturgeon larvae strongly avoided illumination, had a mixed response to white substrate, swam 20-30 cm above the bottom during most days, and during days 12-34 (most of the larva period) moved downstream mostly at night (23-day migration). The embryo-larva migration style of the two species likely shows convergence of non-related species for a common style in response to environmental selection in the Amur River. The embryo-larva migration style of Amur sturgeon is unique among Acipenser yet studied.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1023224501116","issn":"03781909","usgsCitation":"Zhuang, P., Kynard, B., Zhang, L., Zhang, T., and Cao, W., 2003, Comparative ontogenetic behavior and migration of kaluga, Huso dauricus, and Amur sturgeon, Acipenser schrenckii, from the Amur River: Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 66, no. 1, p. 37-48, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023224501116.","startPage":"37","endPage":"48","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208922,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1023224501116"},{"id":235023,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f820e4b0c8380cd4cec7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhuang, P.","contributorId":49892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhuang","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kynard, B.","contributorId":51232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kynard","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhang, L.","contributorId":41543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zhang, T.","contributorId":61536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cao, W.","contributorId":10511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cao","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026110,"text":"70026110 - 2003 - Metamorphic origin of ore-forming fluids for orogenic gold-bearing quartz vein systems in the North American Cordillera: constraints from a reconnaissance study of δ15N, δD, and δ18O","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-12T13:41:14","indexId":"70026110","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metamorphic origin of ore-forming fluids for orogenic gold-bearing quartz vein systems in the North American Cordillera: constraints from a reconnaissance study of δ15N, δD, and δ18O","docAbstract":"The western North American Cordillera hosts a large number of gold-bearing quartz vein systems from the Mother Lode of southern California, through counterparts in British Columbia and southeastern Alaska, to the Klondike district in central Yukon. These vein systems are structurally controlled by major fault zones, which are often reactivated terrane-bounding sutures that formed in orogens built during accretion and subduction of terranes along the continental margin of North America. Mineralization ages span mid-Jurassic to early Tertiary and encompass much of the evolution ofthe Cordilleran orogen. Nitrogen contents and δ15N values of hydrothermal micas from veins are between 130 and 3,500 ppm and 1.7 to 5.5 per mil, respectively. These values are consistent with fluids derived from metamorphic dehydration reactions within the Phanerozoic accretion-subduction complexes, which have δ15N values of 1 to 6 per mil. The δ18O values of gold-bearing vein quartz from different locations in the Cordillera are between 14.6 and 22.2 per mil but are uniform for individual vein systems. The δD values of hydrothermal micas are between -110 and -60 per mil. Ore fluids have calculated δ18O values of 8 to 16 per mil and δD values of -65 to -10 per mil at an estimated temperature of 300δC; δD values of ore fluids do not show any latitudinal control. These results indicate a deep crustal source for the ore-forming fluids, most likely of metamorphic origin. Low δDH2O values of -120 to -130 per mil for a hydrous muscovite from the Sheba vein in the Klondike district reflect secondary exchange between recrystallizing mica and meteoric waters. Collectively, the N, H, and O isotope compositions of ore-related hydrothermal minerals indicate that the formation of these gold-bearing veins involved dilute, aqueous carbonic, and nitrogen-bearing fluids that were generated from metamorphic dehydration reactions at deep crustal levels. These data are not consistent with either mantle-derived fluids or granitoid-related magmatic fluids, nor do they support a model involving deeply circulated meteoric water.
","language":"English","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Jia, Y., Kerrich, R., and Goldfarb, R., 2003, Metamorphic origin of ore-forming fluids for orogenic gold-bearing quartz vein systems in the North American Cordillera: constraints from a reconnaissance study of δ15N, δD, and δ18O: Economic Geology, v. 98, no. 1, p. 109-123.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"123","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234660,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5501e4b0c8380cd6d0cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jia, Y.","contributorId":19748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jia","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kerrich, R.","contributorId":47130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kerrich","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldfarb, R.","contributorId":43113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026059,"text":"70026059 - 2003 - Effects of crustal stresses on fluid transport in fractured rock: Case studies from northeastern and southwestern USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T09:35:27","indexId":"70026059","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of crustal stresses on fluid transport in fractured rock: Case studies from northeastern and southwestern USA","docAbstract":"The link between stress and hydrologic properties was examined at two sites that are distinguished by different rock types and different stress states. This investigation is based upon the analysis and interpretation of geophysical logs obtained in water wells at the two locations. At the northeast site (Newark Basin), the hydrologic characteristics of sedimentary rocks are dependent upon the relationship to the current regional stress field of two primary types of orthogonal features that serve as preferential pathways for fluid flow. Subhorizontal bedding-plane partings are highly transmissive near the surface and delineate transversely isotropic fluid flow at shallow depths. With increasing depth, the subhorizontal planes become less dominant and steeply dipping fractures become more influential hydrologically. These high-angle features define anisotropic flow pathways that are preferentially oriented along strike. At the southwest site (west Texas), extrusive rocks are subjected to topographically modified tectonic and gravitational stresses that vary spatially within a valley setting. The attendant changes in stress invariants cause fracture connectivity within the rock mass to systematically increase with depth along the valley flanks, but to remain relatively low in the central valley. The degree of fracture connectivity predicted within this valley configuration is consistent with variations in transmissivity determined at several well locations. In each of these cases, the idealized understanding of the hydrologic system is enhanced by considering the effects of regional and local stresses that act upon the fractured-rock aquifer.