Although monogenetic volcanic fields pose hazards to major cities worldwide, their shallow magma feeders (<500 m depth) are rarely exposed and, therefore, poorly understood. Here, we investigate exposures of dikes and sills in the Hopi Buttes volcanic field, Arizona, to shed light on the nature of its magma feeder system. Shallow exposures reveal a transition zone between intrusion and eruption within 350 m of the syn-eruptive surface. Using a combination of field- and satellite-based observations, we have identified three types of shallow magma systems: (1) dike-dominated, (2) sill-dominated, and (3) interconnected dike-sill networks. Analysis of vent alignments using the pyroclastic massifs and other eruptive centers (e.g., maar-diatremes) shows a NW-SE trend, parallel to that of dikes in the region. We therefore infer that dikes fed many of the eruptions. Dikes are also observed in places transforming to transgressive (ramping) sills. Estimates of the observable volume of dikes (maximum volume of 1.90 × 106 m3) and sills (minimum volume of 8.47 × 105 m3) in this study reveal that sills at Hopi Buttes make up at least 30 % of the shallow intruded volume (∼2.75 × 106 m3 total) within 350 m of the paeosurface. We have also identified saucer-shaped sills, which are not traditionally associated with monogenetic volcanic fields. Our study demonstrates that shallow feeders in monogenetic fields can form geometrically complex networks, particularly those intruding poorly consolidated sedimentary rocks. We conclude that the Hopi Buttes eruptions were primarily fed by NW-SE-striking dikes. However, saucer-shaped sills also played an important role in modulating eruptions by transporting magma toward and away from eruptive conduits. Sill development could have been accompanied by surface uplifts on the order of decimeters. We infer that the characteristic feeder systems described here for the Hopi Buttes may underlie monogenetic fields elsewhere, particularly where magma intersects shallow, and often weak, sedimentary rocks. Results from this study support growing evidence of the important role of shallow sills in active monogenetic fields.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00445-016-1005-8","usgsCitation":"Muirhead, J.D., Van Eaton, A., Re, G., White, J.D., and Ort, M.H., 2016, Monogenetic volcanoes fed by interconnected dikes and sills in the Hopi Buttes volcanic field, Navajo Nation, USA: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 78, p. 1-16, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-016-1005-8.","productDescription":"Article 11; 16 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"16","ipdsId":"IP-070246","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330381,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Hopi Buttes Volcanic Field","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.35,\n 35.1\n ],\n [\n -110.35,\n 35.3\n ],\n [\n -110,\n 35.3\n ],\n [\n -110,\n 35.1\n ],\n [\n -110.35,\n 35.1\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"78","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-02-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58106f98e4b0f497e7961119","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muirhead, James D.","contributorId":176260,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Muirhead","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Eaton, Alexa R. 0000-0001-6646-4594 avaneaton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6646-4594","contributorId":140076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Eaton","given":"Alexa R.","email":"avaneaton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":652010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Re, Giuseppe","contributorId":176261,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Re","given":"Giuseppe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"White, James D. L.","contributorId":176262,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ort, Michael H.","contributorId":156308,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ort","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":12698,"text":"Northern Arizona University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":652014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70115557,"text":"70115557 - 2016 - Survival of female mallards along the Vermont-Quebec border region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-24T15:26:49.243648","indexId":"70115557","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survival of female mallards along the Vermont-Quebec border region","docAbstract":"Understanding effects of location and timing of harvest seasons on mortality of ducks and geese from hunting is important in forming regulations that sustain viable waterfowl populations throughout their range. During 1990 and 1991 we alternately marked 80 hatching year (HY), female mallards along the Vermont–Quebec border; half with radio-transmitters and bands and half with only aluminum leg bands. We monitored radio-marked ducks daily and recorded survival status weekly for 15 weeks from August until December each year. Mallard mortalities began 25 September when the hunting season opened in the Province of Quebec, Canada. Overall survival of mallards at week 10 did not differ between years (0.51 in 1990 vs. 0.43 in 1991) or differ from that of HY American black ducks (0.44 females, 0.42 males) based on proportional hazard analysis in a Bayesian framework. The mortality rates for mallards from hunting (0.47) and causes unrelated to hunting (0.06) were similar between years and to those rates for HY black ducks at that same site. Hunter harvest accounted for most of the mortality recorded during this study and illegal feeding (i.e., baiting) at sites just before and during the hunting season was observed. Females with lower body condition index had greater mortality rates; a 1-standard-deviation increase in condition index would reduce mortality hazard by about 29%. Management options that may increase mallard survival in the area include lowering daily bag limit in Quebec and suspending split hunting seasons in Vermont that increase harvest, delaying opening date of hunting in Quebec to allow for increased body condition before hunting season opens, and improving enforcement of baiting restrictions.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.1013","usgsCitation":"Longcore, J.R., McAuley, D.G., Heisey, D.M., Bunck, C.M., and Clugston, D.A., 2016, Survival of female mallards along the Vermont-Quebec border region: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 80, no. 2, p. 355-367, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.1013.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"355","endPage":"367","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057509","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471283,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.1013","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":325004,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Quebec, Vermont","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.23623657226562,\n 44.91181802825403\n ],\n [\n -73.23623657226562,\n 45.03083274759959\n ],\n [\n -73.0755615234375,\n 45.03083274759959\n ],\n [\n -73.0755615234375,\n 44.91181802825403\n ],\n [\n -73.23623657226562,\n 44.91181802825403\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-10-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5784c344e4b0e02680be59e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Longcore, Jerry R.","contributorId":45447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Longcore","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":642094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McAuley, Daniel G. dmcauley@usgs.gov","contributorId":5377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAuley","given":"Daniel","email":"dmcauley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":519023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heisey, Dennis M. dheisey@usgs.gov","contributorId":2455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heisey","given":"Dennis","email":"dheisey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bunck, Christine M. cbunck@usgs.gov","contributorId":731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunck","given":"Christine","email":"cbunck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":642096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clugston, David A.","contributorId":172791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clugston","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":642097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70188455,"text":"70188455 - 2016 - Corrigendum to “Widespread occurrence of (per)chlorate in the Solar System” [Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 430 (2015) 470–476]","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-12T09:45:18","indexId":"70188455","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Corrigendum to “Widespread occurrence of (per)chlorate in the Solar System” [Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 430 (2015) 470–476]","docAbstract":"The authors regret that two sets of data (Atacama (Rao et al., 2010) and Mars Meteorite Range (Kounaves et al., 2014)) in Fig. 2 of our article were plotted in the wrong units. The correction does not change the relationship between
We used video recording and near-infrared illumination to document the spatial behavior of brook trout of various sizes attempting to pass corrugated culverts under different hydraulic conditions. Semi-automated image analysis was used to digitize fish position at high temporal resolution inside the culvert, which allowed calculation of various spatial behavior metrics, including instantaneous ground and swimming speed, path complexity, distance from side walls, velocity preference ratio (mean velocity at fish lateral position/mean crosssectional velocity) as well as number and duration of stops in forward progression. The presentation summarizes the main results and discusses how they could be used to improve fish passage performance in culverts.
","conferenceTitle":"11th International Symposium on Ecohydraulics 2016","conferenceDate":"February 7-12, 2016","conferenceLocation":"Richmond, Victoria","language":"English","publisher":"Ecohydraulics 2016","usgsCitation":"Bergeron, N.E., Constantin, P., Goerig, E., and Castro-Santos, T.R., 2016, Analysis of brook trout spatial behavior during passage attempts in corrugated culverts using near-infrared illumination video imagery, 11th International Symposium on Ecohydraulics 2016, Richmond, Victoria, February 7-12, 2016, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","ipdsId":"IP-070253","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328142,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57c7ffaee4b0f2f0cebfc21a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bergeron, Normand E.","contributorId":173374,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bergeron","given":"Normand","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":27216,"text":"INRS, Quebec","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":644433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Constantin, Pierre-Marc","contributorId":173375,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Constantin","given":"Pierre-Marc","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27216,"text":"INRS, Quebec","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":644434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goerig, Elsa","contributorId":168522,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goerig","given":"Elsa","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25321,"text":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":644435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Castro-Santos, Theodore R. 0000-0003-2575-9120 tcastrosantos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2575-9120","contributorId":3321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castro-Santos","given":"Theodore","email":"tcastrosantos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":644432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70168700,"text":"70168700 - 2016 - Quantifying pollen-vegetation relationships to reconstruct ancient forests using 19th-century forest composition and pollen data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-26T13:37:12","indexId":"70168700","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantifying pollen-vegetation relationships to reconstruct ancient forests using 19th-century forest composition and pollen data","docAbstract":"Mitigation of climate change and adaptation to its effects relies partly on how effectively land-atmosphere interactions can be quantified. Quantifying composition of past forest ecosystems can help understand processes governing forest dynamics in a changing world. Fossil pollen data provide information about past forest composition, but rigorous interpretation requires development of pollen-vegetation models (PVMs) that account for interspecific differences in pollen production and dispersal. Widespread and intensified land-use over the 19th and 20th centuries may have altered pollen-vegetation relationships. Here we use STEPPS, a Bayesian hierarchical spatial PVM, to estimate key process parameters and associated uncertainties in the pollen-vegetation relationship. We apply alternate dispersal kernels, and calibrate STEPPS using a newly developed Euro-American settlement-era calibration data set constructed from Public Land Survey data and fossil pollen samples matched to the settlement-era using expert elicitation. Models based on the inverse power-law dispersal kernel outperformed those based on the Gaussian dispersal kernel, indicating that pollen dispersal kernels are fat tailed. Pine and birch have the highest pollen productivities. Pollen productivity and dispersal estimates are generally consistent with previous understanding from modern data sets, although source area estimates are larger. Tests of model predictions demonstrate the ability of STEPPS to predict regional compositional patterns.
The October 17, 1989 Mw 6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake provides the first opportunity of probing the crustal and upper mantle rheology in the San Francisco Bay Area since the 1906 Mw 7.9 San Francisco earthquake. Here we use geodetic observations including GPS and InSAR to characterize the Loma Prieta earthquake postseismic displacements from 1989 to 2013. Pre-earthquake deformation rates are constrained by nearly 20 yr of USGS trilateration measurements and removed from the postseismic measurements prior to the analysis. We observe GPS horizontal displacements at mean rates of 1–4 mm/yr toward Loma Prieta Mountain until 2000, and ∼2 mm/yr surface subsidence of the northern Santa Cruz Mountains between 1992 and 2002 shown by InSAR, which is not associated with the seasonal and longer-term hydrological deformation in the adjoining Santa Clara Valley. Previous work indicates afterslip dominated in the early (1989–1994) postseismic period, so we focus on modeling the postseismic viscoelastic relaxation constrained by the geodetic observations after 1994. The best fitting model shows an elastic 19-km-thick upper crust above an 11-km-thick viscoelastic lower crust with viscosity of ∼6 × 1018 Pas, underlain by a viscous upper mantle with viscosity between 3 × 1018 and 2 × 1019 Pas. The millimeter-scale postseismic deformation does not resolve the viscosity in the different layers very well, and the lower-crustal relaxation may be localized in a narrow shear zone. However, the inferred lithospheric rheology is consistent with previous estimates based on post-1906 San Francisco earthquake measurements along the San Andreas fault system. The viscoelastic relaxation may also contribute to the enduring increase of aseismic slip and repeating earthquake activity on the San Andreas fault near San Juan Bautista, which continued for at least a decade after the Loma Prieta event.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2015.12.018","usgsCitation":"Huang, M., Burgmann, R., and Pollitz, F., 2016, Lithospheric rheology constrained from twenty-five years of postseismic deformation following the 1989 Mw 6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 435, p. 147-158, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.12.018.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"158","ipdsId":"IP-068757","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471290,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.12.018","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":342215,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United states","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.35,\n 37.6\n ],\n [\n -121.25,\n 37.6\n ],\n [\n -121.25,\n 36.8\n ],\n [\n -122.35,\n 36.8\n ],\n [\n -122.35,\n 37.6\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"435","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"593910ade4b0764e6c5e8863","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huang, Mong-Han","contributorId":192699,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huang","given":"Mong-Han","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burgmann, Roland","contributorId":192700,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burgmann","given":"Roland","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pollitz, Frederick 0000-0002-4060-2706 fpollitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4060-2706","contributorId":139578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollitz","given":"Frederick","email":"fpollitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":697418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70173661,"text":"70173661 - 2016 - Dynamic occupancy models for explicit colonization processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-08T10:22:41","indexId":"70173661","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dynamic occupancy models for explicit colonization processes","docAbstract":"The dynamic, multi-season occupancy model framework has become a popular tool for modeling open populations with occupancies that change over time through local colonizations and extinctions. However, few versions of the model relate these probabilities to the occupancies of neighboring sites or patches. We present a modeling framework that incorporates this information and is capable of describing a wide variety of spatiotemporal colonization and extinction processes. A key feature of the model is that it is based on a simple set of small-scale rules describing how the process evolves. The result is a dynamic process that can account for complicated large-scale features. In our model, a site is more likely to be colonized if more of its neighbors were previously occupied and if it provides more appealing environmental characteristics than its neighboring sites. Additionally, a site without occupied neighbors may also become colonized through the inclusion of a long-distance dispersal process. Although similar model specifications have been developed for epidemiological applications, ours formally accounts for detectability using the well-known occupancy modeling framework. After demonstrating the viability and potential of this new form of dynamic occupancy model in a simulation study, we use it to obtain inference for the ongoing Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis) invasion in South Africa. Our results suggest that the Common Myna continues to enlarge its distribution and its spread via short distance movement, rather than long-distance dispersal. Overall, this new modeling framework provides a powerful tool for managers examining the drivers of colonization including short- vs. long-distance dispersal, habitat quality, and distance from source populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/15-0416.1","usgsCitation":"Broms, K.M., Hooten, M., Johnson, D., Altwegg, R., and Conquest, L., 2016, Dynamic occupancy models for explicit colonization processes: Ecology, v. 97, no. 1, p. 194-204, https://doi.org/10.1890/15-0416.1.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"194","endPage":"204","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064209","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471292,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/15-0416.1","text":"External Repository"},{"id":323254,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"97","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-01-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"575941d6e4b04f417c256803","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Broms, Kristin M.","contributorId":171524,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Broms","given":"Kristin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":637841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hooten, Mevin 0000-0002-1614-723X mhooten@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1614-723X","contributorId":2958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooten","given":"Mevin","email":"mhooten@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":12963,"text":"Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Fort Collins, CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":637469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Devin S.","contributorId":47524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Devin S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":637842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Altwegg, Res","contributorId":171528,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Altwegg","given":"Res","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":637843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Conquest, Loveday","contributorId":86624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conquest","given":"Loveday","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":637844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70178051,"text":"70178051 - 2016 - Avian response to fire in pine–oak forests of Great Smoky Mountains National Park following decades of fire suppression","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-01T12:51:43","indexId":"70178051","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3551,"text":"The Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Avian response to fire in pine–oak forests of Great Smoky Mountains National Park following decades of fire suppression","docAbstract":"Fire suppression in southern Appalachian pine–oak forests during the past century dramatically altered the bird community. Fire return intervals decreased, resulting in local extirpation or population declines of many bird species adapted to post-fire plant communities. Within Great Smoky Mountains National Park, declines have been strongest for birds inhabiting xeric pine–oak forests that depend on frequent fire. The buildup of fuels after decades of fire suppression led to changes in the 1996 Great Smoky Mountains Fire Management Plan. Although fire return intervals remain well below historic levels, management changes have helped increase the amount of fire within the park over the past 20 years, providing an opportunity to study patterns of fire severity, time since burn, and bird occurrence. We combined avian point counts in burned and unburned areas with remote sensing indices of fire severity to infer temporal changes in bird occurrence for up to 28 years following fire. Using hierarchical linear models that account for the possibility of a species presence at a site when no individuals are detected, we developed occurrence models for 24 species: 13 occurred more frequently in burned areas, 2 occurred less frequently, and 9 showed no significant difference between burned and unburned areas. Within burned areas, the top models for each species included fire severity, time since burn, or both, suggesting that fire influenced patterns of species occurrence for all 24 species. Our findings suggest that no single fire management strategy will suit all species. To capture peak occupancy for the entire bird community within xeric pine–oak forests, at least 3 fire regimes may be necessary; one applying frequent low severity fire, another using infrequent low severity fire, and a third using infrequently applied high severity fire.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1650/CONDOR-15-85.1","usgsCitation":"Rose, E., and Simons, T.R., 2016, Avian response to fire in pine–oak forests of Great Smoky Mountains National Park following decades of fire suppression: The Condor, v. 118, no. 1, p. 179-193, https://doi.org/10.1650/CONDOR-15-85.1.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"179","endPage":"193","ipdsId":"IP-065583","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471277,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1650/condor-15-85.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":330605,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"118","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5819a9c4e4b0bb36a4c9102b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rose, Eli T.","contributorId":145699,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rose","given":"Eli T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simons, Theodore R. 0000-0002-1884-6229 tsimons@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1884-6229","contributorId":2623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simons","given":"Theodore","email":"tsimons@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":652610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156877,"text":"70156877 - 2016 - Mapping extent and change in surface mines within the United States for 2001 to 2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-06T17:07:18","indexId":"70156877","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2597,"text":"Land Degradation and Development","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping extent and change in surface mines within the United States for 2001 to 2006","docAbstract":"A complete, spatially explicit dataset illustrating the 21st century mining footprint for the conterminous United States does not exist. To address this need, we developed a semi-automated procedure to map the country's mining footprint (30-m pixel) and establish a baseline to monitor changes in mine extent over time. The process uses mine seed points derived from the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Mineral Resources Data System (MRDS), and USGS National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD) and recodes patches of barren land that meet a “distance to seed” requirement and a patch area requirement before mapping a pixel as mining. Seed points derived from EIA coal points, an edited MRDS point file, and 1992 NLCD mine points were used in three separate efforts using different distance and patch area parameters for each. The three products were then merged to create a 2001 map of moderate-to-large mines in the United States, which was subsequently manually edited to reduce omission and commission errors. This process was replicated using NLCD 2006 barren pixels as a base layer to create a 2006 mine map and a 2001–2006 mine change map focusing on areas with surface mine expansion. In 2001, 8,324 km2 of surface mines were mapped. The footprint increased to 9,181 km2 in 2006, representing a 10·3% increase over 5 years. These methods exhibit merit as a timely approach to generate wall-to-wall, spatially explicit maps representing the recent extent of a wide range of surface mining activities across the country.
","language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley and Sons","doi":"10.1002/ldr.2412","usgsCitation":"Soulard, C.E., Acevedo, W., Stehman, S.V., and Parker, O.P., 2016, Mapping extent and change in surface mines within the United States for 2001 to 2006: Land Degradation and Development, v. 27, no. 2, p. 248-257, https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2412.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"248","endPage":"257","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-054963","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324655,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-08-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5774f27ce4b07dd077c6a55d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soulard, Christopher E. 0000-0002-5777-9516 csoulard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5777-9516","contributorId":2642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soulard","given":"Christopher","email":"csoulard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Acevedo, William wacevedo@usgs.gov","contributorId":2689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Acevedo","given":"William","email":"wacevedo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stehman, Stephen V.","contributorId":77283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stehman","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Parker, Owen P.","contributorId":147263,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parker","given":"Owen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":6785,"text":"USGS Contractor, Minerals & Environmental Resources Sci Ctr","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":570926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70169274,"text":"70169274 - 2016 - Evaluating geothermal and hydrogeologic controls on regional groundwater temperature distribution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-22T12:38:26","indexId":"70169274","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating geothermal and hydrogeologic controls on regional groundwater temperature distribution","docAbstract":"A one-dimensional (1-D) analytic solution is developed for heat transport through an aquifer system where the vertical temperature profile in the aquifer is nearly uniform. The general anisotropic form of the viscous heat generation term is developed for use in groundwater flow simulations. The 1-D solution is extended to more complex geometries by solving the equation for piece-wise linear or uniform properties and boundary conditions. A moderately complex example, the Eastern Snake River Plain (ESRP), is analyzed to demonstrate the use of the analytic solution for identifying important physical processes. For example, it is shown that viscous heating is variably important and that heat conduction to the land surface is a primary control on the distribution of aquifer and spring temperatures. Use of published values for all aquifer and thermal properties results in a reasonable match between simulated and measured groundwater temperatures over most of the 300 km length of the ESRP, except for geothermal heat flow into the base of the aquifer within 20 km of the Yellowstone hotspot. Previous basal heat flow measurements (∼110 mW/m2) made beneath the ESRP aquifer were collected at distances of >50 km from the Yellowstone Plateau, but a higher basal heat flow of 150 mW/m2 is required to match groundwater temperatures near the Plateau. The ESRP example demonstrates how the new tool can be used during preliminary analysis of a groundwater system, allowing efficient identification of the important physical processes that must be represented during more-complex 2-D and 3-D simulations of combined groundwater and heat flow.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1002/2015WR018204","usgsCitation":"Burns, E.R., Ingebritsen, S.E., Manga, M., and Williams, C.F., 2016, Evaluating geothermal and hydrogeologic controls on regional groundwater temperature distribution: Water Resources Research, v. 52, no. 2, p. 1328-1344, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR018204.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1328","endPage":"1344","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066164","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471280,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1480710","text":"External Repository"},{"id":319342,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Eastern Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.44232177734374,\n 42.92224052343343\n ],\n [\n -112.37640380859375,\n 43.068887774169625\n ],\n [\n -112.2637939453125,\n 43.19516498456403\n ],\n [\n -112.1044921875,\n 43.30719248161193\n ],\n [\n -112.00836181640625,\n 43.45890015705449\n ],\n [\n -111.99462890625,\n 43.6102281417864\n ],\n [\n -111.94793701171875,\n 43.70362249839005\n ],\n [\n -111.84906005859375,\n 43.76514352427404\n ],\n [\n -111.78314208984375,\n 43.81471121600004\n ],\n [\n -111.83807373046875,\n 43.91174463910793\n ],\n [\n -111.96441650390625,\n 43.96119063892024\n ],\n [\n -112.13470458984375,\n 43.9473499035071\n ],\n [\n -112.22259521484375,\n 43.91174463910793\n ],\n [\n -112.39562988281249,\n 43.8503744993026\n ],\n [\n -112.576904296875,\n 43.80876526350847\n ],\n [\n -112.78289794921875,\n 43.82461982131735\n ],\n [\n -113.060302734375,\n 43.67581809328344\n ],\n [\n -113.302001953125,\n 43.57840117718351\n ],\n [\n -113.6810302734375,\n 43.367122441110716\n ],\n [\n -113.96942138671875,\n 43.25520534158046\n ],\n [\n -114.12322998046875,\n 43.27320591705845\n ],\n [\n -114.43634033203125,\n 43.279204926082784\n ],\n [\n -114.7137451171875,\n 43.271206115959785\n ],\n [\n -115.07904052734374,\n 43.271206115959785\n ],\n [\n -115.1971435546875,\n 43.22719386727831\n ],\n [\n -115.1531982421875,\n 43.02472955416351\n ],\n [\n -114.88677978515625,\n 42.896088552971065\n ],\n [\n -114.87030029296875,\n 42.72280375732727\n ],\n [\n -114.76867675781249,\n 42.57128708742757\n ],\n [\n -114.32373046875,\n 42.47817430242153\n ],\n [\n -113.873291015625,\n 42.459940352216556\n ],\n [\n -113.51898193359374,\n 42.52069952914966\n ],\n [\n -113.22235107421874,\n 42.60970621339408\n ],\n [\n -113.0218505859375,\n 42.67435857693384\n ],\n [\n -112.74444580078125,\n 42.789354160502775\n ],\n [\n -112.47528076171875,\n 42.88401467044253\n ],\n [\n -112.44232177734374,\n 42.92224052343343\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"52","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-02-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f50fc7e4b0f59b85e1eb4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Erick R. 0000-0002-1747-0506 eburns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1747-0506","contributorId":3094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Erick","email":"eburns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":623424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ingebritsen, Steven E. 0000-0001-6917-9369 seingebr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6917-9369","contributorId":818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingebritsen","given":"Steven","email":"seingebr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Manga, Michael","contributorId":84679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manga","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Williams, Colin F. 0000-0003-2196-5496 colin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2196-5496","contributorId":274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Colin","email":"colin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70168661,"text":"70168661 - 2016 - Winter distribution and use of high elevation caves as foraging sites by the endangered Hawaiian hoary bat, Lasiurus cinereus semotus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T12:41:10","indexId":"70168661","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-31T22:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesTitle":{"id":414,"text":"Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":9}},"seriesNumber":"HCSU-068","title":"Winter distribution and use of high elevation caves as foraging sites by the endangered Hawaiian hoary bat, Lasiurus cinereus semotus","docAbstract":"We examine altitudinal movements involving unusual use of caves by Hawaiian hoary bats, Lasiurus cinereus semotus, during winter and spring in the Mauna Loa Forest Reserve (MLFR), Hawai‘i Island. Acoustic detection of hoary bat vocalizations, were recorded with regularity outside 13 lava tube cave entrances situated between 2,200 to 3,600 m asl from November 2012 to April 2013. Vocalizations were most numerous in November and December with the number of call events and echolocation pulses decreasing through the following months. Bat activity was positively correlated with air temperature and negatively correlated with wind speed. Visual searches found no evidence of hibernacula nor do Hawaiian hoary bats appear to shelter by day in these caves. Nevertheless, bats fly deep into caves as evidenced by numerous carcasses found in cave interiors. The occurrence of feeding buzzes around cave entrances and visual observations of bats flying in acrobatic fashion in cave interiors point to the use of these spaces as foraging sites. Peridroma moth species (Noctuidae), the only abundant nocturnal, flying insect sheltering in large numbers in rock rubble and on cave walls in the MLFR, apparently serve as the principal prey attracting hoary bats during winter to lava tube caves in the upper MLFR. Caves above 3,000 m on Mauna Loa harbor temperatures suitable for Pseudogymnoascus destructansfungi, the causative agent of White-nose Syndrome that is highly lethal to some species of North American cave-dwelling bats. We discuss the potential for White-nose Syndrome to establish and affect Hawaiian hoary bats.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Hawaii at Hilo","publisherLocation":"Hilo, HI","usgsCitation":"Bonaccorso, F., Montoya-Aiona, K., Pinzari, C., and Todd, C.M., 2016, Winter distribution and use of high elevation caves as foraging sites by the endangered Hawaiian hoary bat, Lasiurus cinereus semotus: Technical Report HCSU-068, no. 68, Report: ii, 24 p.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 24 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"24","numberOfPages":"28","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-071181","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326261,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","issue":"68","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a9ad75e4b05e859bdfbb2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bonaccorso, Frank 0000-0002-5490-3083 fbonaccorso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5490-3083","contributorId":143709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonaccorso","given":"Frank","email":"fbonaccorso@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":621184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Montoya-Aiona, Kristina 0000-0002-1776-5443 kmontoya-aiona@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1776-5443","contributorId":5899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montoya-Aiona","given":"Kristina","email":"kmontoya-aiona@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":621185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pinzari, Corinna A.","contributorId":57359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pinzari","given":"Corinna A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Todd, Christopher M.","contributorId":64548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Todd","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70168652,"text":"70168652 - 2016 - Effects of Climate and land use on diversity, prevalence, and seasonal transmission of avian hematozoa in American Samoa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T12:40:35","indexId":"70168652","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-31T14:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesTitle":{"id":414,"text":"Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":9}},"seriesNumber":"HCSU-072","title":"Effects of Climate and land use on diversity, prevalence, and seasonal transmission of avian hematozoa in American Samoa","docAbstract":"The indigenous forest birds of American Samoa are increasingly threatened by changing patterns of rainfall and temperature that are associated with climate change as well as environmental stressors associated with agricultural and urban development, invasive species, and new introductions of avian diseases and disease vectors. Long term changes in their distribution, diversity, and population sizes could have significant impacts on the ecological integrity of the islands because of their critical role as pollinators and seed dispersers. We documented diversity of vector borne parasites on Tutuila and Ta‘u Islands over a 10-year period to expand earlier observations of Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, and filarial parasites, to provide better parasite identifications, and to create a better baseline for detecting new parasite introductions. We also identified potential mosquito vectors of avian Plasmodium and Trypanosoma, determined whether land clearing and habitat alterations associated with subsistence farming within the National Park of American Samoa can influence parasite prevalence, and determined whether parasite prevalence is correlated with seasonal changes in rainfall, temperature and wind speed.
\nThree taxonomically distinct lineages of Plasmodium were identified from mosquito vectors and forest birds based on partial sequence data from parasite mitochondrial genes. All three have been described from passerine and galliform birds in Australasia. Two lineages, SCEDEN01 and ORW1, had elongate gametocytes and large schizonts that were consistent with species of Plasmodium in the subgenus Giavannolaia, but were taxonomically distinct from known morphological species of Plasmodium based on a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of a 478 bp region of the parasite cytochrome b gene. Both are candidates for description as new species. The third lineage (GALLUS02) was detected only in mosquito vectors on Tutuila and was similar in cytochrome b sequence to P. juxtanucleare, a pathogenic species of Plasmodium from chickens and other galliform birds from Australasia, Africa, and South America. Plasmodium relictum, the malarial parasite that has had such a devastating impact on Hawaiian forest birds, was not detected. We observed large, striated trypanosomes in avian hosts from both Tutuila and Ta‘u Islands that fell within the same taxonomic clade as T. corvi and T. culicavium based on 18S ribosomal DNA sequence. We also observed sheathed microfilariae with pointed tails that had some morphological similarities to microfilaria from species of Pelecitus, Struthiofilaria and Eulimdana, but identification will require recovery and examination of adult filarial worms from the connective tissue or body cavities of infected birds. We also observed one or more species of haemococcidians (Isospora, synonym = Atoxoplasma) within circulating lymphocytes from multiple avian host species.
\nOverall prevalence of Plasmodium was higher on Ta‘u (22%, 75/341) than Tutuila (9.2%, 27/294), with most infections occurring in Polynesian starlings, Samoan starlings, Wattled honeyeaters, and Cardinal honeyeaters. Prevalence was relatively constant from year to year and between seasons at individual study sites, but varied among study sites, with highest rates of infection in areas with agricultural activity at Faleasao (37.4%, 73/195, Ta‘u Island) and Amalau Valley (9.7%, 21/216, Tutuila Island). Prevalence in more remote areas of the National Park of American Samoa was lower, ranging from 1.4% (2/146) at Laufuti and Luatele on Ta‘u to 7.7% (6/78) at Olo Ridge on Tutuila. Similar trends were evident for infections with Trypanosoma and filarial worms. Overall prevalence was not influenced significantly by warmer, wet (summer) or cooler, dry (winter) season.
\nWe detected Plasmodium infections in Culex sitiens and C. quinquefasciatus through either salivary gland and midgut dissections or PCR amplification of parasite cytochrome b genes in pooled or individual samples of mosquitoes that were collected on Tutuila. Pooled or individual Aedes oceanicus, A. polynesiensis, A. tutuilae, A. upolensis, A. nocturnus, Aedes (Finlaya) (mixed pools of A. samoanus, A. oceanicus, A. tutuilae), Aedes (Stegomyia) (mixed pools of A. aegypti, A. upolensis, A. polynesiensis), and C. annulirostris were negative for Plasmodium, but we detected infections with Trypanosoma through midgut and salivary gland dissections in a single C. sitiens from Amalau Valley, Tutuila and three A. oceanicus from Faleasao, Ta‘u. Two of the A. oceanicus from Faleasao amplified successfully with Trypanosoma primers, but sequences were distinctly different from those obtained from avian hosts.
\nWe found a strong association between land use and prevalence of mosquito-transmitted parasites on Ta‘u Island with odds of being infected more than 20 times greater in agricultural plots than more remote native forest. This relationship was evident on Tutuila Island but not statistically significant because of the close proximity of study sites and observed movement of birds between native forest and agricultural land. Our data support previous studies that have suggested that Plasmodium and other vector-borne parasites are part of the indigenous parasite fauna in American Samoa. Transmission dynamics appear to be affected by environmental changes associated with land use practices.
\n","language":"English","publisher":"University of Hawaii at Hilo","publisherLocation":"Hilo, Hi","usgsCitation":"Atkinson, C.T., Utuzurrum, R.B., Seamon, J.O., Schmaedick, M.A., Lapointe, D., Apelgren, C., Egan, A.N., and Watcher-Weatherwax, W., 2016, Effects of Climate and land use on diversity, prevalence, and seasonal transmission of avian hematozoa in American Samoa: Technical Report HCSU-072, Report: iv, 47 p.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 47 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"47","numberOfPages":"52","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-072281","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326264,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"HI","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a9ad47e4b05e859bdfb8dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Atkinson, Carter T. 0000-0002-4232-5335 catkinson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4232-5335","contributorId":1124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atkinson","given":"Carter","email":"catkinson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":621154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Utuzurrum, Ruth B.","contributorId":167126,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Utuzurrum","given":"Ruth","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":24621,"text":"Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":621156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seamon, Joshua O.","contributorId":25816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seamon","given":"Joshua","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schmaedick, Mark A.","contributorId":167127,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schmaedick","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":24622,"text":"Division of Community and Natural Resources, American Samoa Community College","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":621158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"LaPointe, Dennis A. 0000-0002-6323-263X dlapointe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6323-263X","contributorId":150365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaPointe","given":"Dennis","email":"dlapointe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":621155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Apelgren, Chloe","contributorId":140012,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Apelgren","given":"Chloe","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13356,"text":"University of Hawaii, Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":621159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Egan, Ariel N.","contributorId":150954,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Egan","given":"Ariel","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":13351,"text":"University of Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":621160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Watcher-Weatherwax, William","contributorId":167128,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Watcher-Weatherwax","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24621,"text":"Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":621161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70177910,"text":"70177910 - 2016 - Geochemistry of formation waters from the Wolfcamp and “Cline” shales: Insights into brine origin, reservoir connectivity, and fluid flow in the Permian Basin, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-24T08:19:21","indexId":"70177910","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-30T19:45:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of formation waters from the Wolfcamp and “Cline” shales: Insights into brine origin, reservoir connectivity, and fluid flow in the Permian Basin, USA","docAbstract":"
Despite being one of the most important oil producing provinces in the United States, information on basinal hydrogeology and fluid flow in the Permian Basin of Texas and New Mexico is lacking. The source and geochemistry of brines from the basin were investigated (Ordovician- to Guadalupian-age reservoirs) by combining previously published data from conventional reservoirs with geochemical results for 39 new produced water samples, with a focus on those from shales. Salinity of the Ca–Cl-type brines in the basin generally increases with depth reaching a maximum in Devonian (median = 154 g/L) reservoirs, followed by decreases in salinity in the Silurian (median = 77 g/L) and Ordovician (median = 70 g/L) reservoirs. Isotopic data for B, O, H, and Sr and ion chemistry indicate three major types of water. Lower salinity fluids (<70 g/L) of meteoric origin in the middle and upper Permian hydrocarbon reservoirs (1.2–2.5 km depth; Guadalupian and Leonardian age) likely represent meteoric waters that infiltrated through and dissolved halite and anhydrite in the overlying evaporite layer. Saline (>100 g/L), isotopically heavy (O and H) water in Leonardian [Permian] to Pennsylvanian reservoirs (2–3.2 km depth) is evaporated, Late Permian seawater. Water from the Permian Wolfcamp and Pennsylvanian “Cline” shales, which are isotopically similar but lower in salinity and enriched in alkalis, appear to have developed their composition due to post-illitization diffusion into the shales. Samples from the “Cline” shale are further enriched with NH4, Br, I and isotopically light B, sourced from the breakdown of marine kerogen in the unit. Lower salinity waters (<100 g/L) in Devonian and deeper reservoirs (>3 km depth), which plot near the modern local meteoric water line, are distinct from the water in overlying reservoirs. We propose that these deep meteoric waters are part of a newly identified hydrogeologic unit: the Deep Basin Meteoric Aquifer System. Chemical, isotopic, and pressure data suggest that despite over-pressuring in the Wolfcamp shale, there is little potential for vertical fluid migration to the surface environment via natural conduits.
\nHawai‘i Volcanoes National Park (HAVO) encompasses 1,308 km2 on Hawai‘i Island. The park harbors endemic plants and animals which are threatened by a variety of invasive species. Introduced ungulates have caused sharp declines of numerous endemic species and have converted ecosystems to novel grazing systems in many cases. Local ranchers and the Territorial Government of Hawai‘i had long conducted regional ungulate control even prior to the establishment of HAVO in 1916. In 1995 the park’s hunting team began a new hunt database that allowed managers to review hunt effort and effectiveness in each management unit. Target species included feral pigs (Sus scrofa), European mouflon sheep (Ovis gmelini musimon), feral goats (Capra hircus) and wild cattle (Bos taurus). Hunters removed 1,204 feral pigs from HAVO over a 19-year period (1996‒2014). A variety of methods were employed, but trapping, snaring and ground hunts with dogs accounted for the most kills. Trapping yielded the most animals per unit effort. Hunters and volunteers removed 6,657 mouflon from HAVO; 6,601 of those were from the 468 km2 Kahuku Unit. Aerial hunts yielded the most animals followed by ground hunt methods. Hunters completed eradications of goats in several management units over an 18- year period (1997‒2014) when they removed the last 239 known individuals in HAVO primarily with aerial hunts. There have also been seven cattle and five feral dogs (Canis familiaris) removed from HAVO.
Establishing benchmarks and monitoring the success of on-the-ground ungulate removal efforts can improve the efficiency of protecting and restoring native forest for high-priority watersheds and native wildlife. We tested a variety of methods to detect small populations of ungulates within HAVO and the Hō‘ili Wai study area in the high-priority watershed of Ka‘ū Forest Reserve on Hawai‘i Island. We conducted ground surveys, aerial surveys and continuous camera trap monitoring in both fence-enclosed units and unenclosed units where populations of introduced mouflon and feral pigs threatened sensitive native plants and forest bird habitats.
Beginning in June 2014, twenty infrared camera traps were positioned in areas occupied by ungulates. The cameras were active for at most 198 days, and then half of the cameras were baited with oats and salt blocks for 126 days. There were a total of 1,496 observations of mouflon captured on camera, totaling 2,592 individuals: 1,020 ewes, 900 rams, 276 lambs, and 396 sheep of unknown sex. There were no detections of the illegally introduced axis deer (Axis axis). There were 11 observations of feral pigs and 109 observations of other animals (birds, rats, and other small mammals), including one detection of the federally endangered Hawaiian hawk (Buteo solitarius). Mouflon detection rates did not increase near baited cameras until three months after the initial baiting.
Ground-based surveys for ungulate presence were conducted along six transects in Kahuku in October 2014. Evidence of ungulates were detected in 27.5% of plots surveyed within an unenclosed unit, while an enclosed unit had sign in only 3.6% of plots surveyed. An aerial survey by helicopter was conducted in October 2014. A total of 378 mouflon were detected during the survey: 192 in the Kahuku Paddocks, 186 in the Kahuku East unit and no mouflon were detected in the actively controlled Mauka unit.
Two baseline ungulate surveys have been completed at the Hō‘ili Wai study area in the highpriority watershed of Ka‘ū Forest Reserve adjacent to Kahuku prior to the completion of an exclusionary ungulate fence. Ground-based surveys were conducted on four transects within a 4.99 km2 area on 5 August and 5–6 November 2014. In August, 20.71% of 565 plots surveyed 2 had fresh or intermediate ungulate sign. In November, 17.41% of 557 plots surveyed had fresh or intermediate ungulate sign. These surveys represent baseline levels of ungulate activity prior to management; therefore comparative inferences can be made about ungulate distribution and relative abundance, but inferences about absolute abundance cannot be made until all ungulates have been removed from the enclosed area. Additional ground-based surveys will be conducted when the fenced area has been fully enclosed, and until ungulate removals have been completed.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Hawaii at Hilo","publisherLocation":"Hilo, HI","collaboration":"This product was prepared under Cooperative Agreement G13AC00097 for the Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center of the U.S. Geological Survey.","usgsCitation":"Judge, S.W., Hess, S.C., Faford, J.K., Pacheco, D., Leopold, C.R., Cole, C., and Deguzman, V., 2016, Evaluating detection and monitoring tools for incipient and relictual non-native ungulate populations: Technical Report HCSU-069, v. 69, v, 44.","productDescription":"v, 44","startPage":"1","endPage":"44","numberOfPages":"49","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-071779","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326262,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":328010,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dspace.lib.hawaii.edu/handle/10790/2605"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Hōʽili Wai Unit of Kaʽū Forest Reserve, Kahuku Unit of Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.93994140625,\n 18.843913201134132\n ],\n [\n -155.93994140625,\n 19.49248592618279\n ],\n [\n -155.0665283203125,\n 19.49248592618279\n ],\n [\n -155.0665283203125,\n 18.843913201134132\n ],\n [\n -155.93994140625,\n 18.843913201134132\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"69","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a9ad4fe4b05e859bdfb931","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Judge, Seth W.","contributorId":8718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Judge","given":"Seth","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hess, Steve C. 0000-0001-6403-9922 shess@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6403-9922","contributorId":150366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"Steve","email":"shess@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":597396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Faford, Jonathan K.J.","contributorId":16739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faford","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"K.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pacheco, Dexter","contributorId":156310,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pacheco","given":"Dexter","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":20307,"text":"US National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":597399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Leopold, Christina R.","contributorId":46817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Christina","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cole, Colleen","contributorId":140102,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cole","given":"Colleen","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13385,"text":"University of Hawaii at Hilo Cooperative Studies Unit","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":597401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Deguzman, Veronica vdeguzman@usgs.gov","contributorId":156311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deguzman","given":"Veronica","email":"vdeguzman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":597402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70004161,"text":"70004161 - 2016 - Alpine and Subalpine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-29T23:40:05.196016","indexId":"70004161","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-29T17:37:37","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Alpine and Subalpine","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Habitat Management Guidelines for Amphibians and Reptiles of the Southwestern United States","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Partners in Amphibian and Reptile Conservation","isbn":"9780966740240","usgsCitation":"Muths, E.L., 2016, Alpine and Subalpine, chap. of Habitat Management Guidelines for Amphibians and Reptiles of the Southwestern United States, p. 104-107.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"104","endPage":"107","ipdsId":"IP-025899","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":425092,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Jones, Lawrence L. C.","contributorId":333683,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"L. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":893547,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halama, Kenneth J.","contributorId":333684,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Halama","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":893548,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lovich, Robert E.","contributorId":73857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovich","given":"Robert E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":893549,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Muths, Erin L. 0000-0002-5498-3132 muthse@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5498-3132","contributorId":1260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muths","given":"Erin","email":"muthse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":893550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70162657,"text":"sir20155158 - 2016 - Water quality and hydrology of Silver Lake, Oceana County, Michigan, with emphasis on lake response to nutrient loading","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-08T12:35:15","indexId":"sir20155158","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-29T16:45:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5158","title":"Water quality and hydrology of Silver Lake, Oceana County, Michigan, with emphasis on lake response to nutrient loading","docAbstract":"Silver Lake is a 672-acre inland lake located in Oceana County, Michigan, and is a major tourist destination due to its proximity to Lake Michigan and the surrounding outdoor recreational opportunities. In recent years, Silver Lake exhibited patterns of high phosphorus concentrations, elevated chlorophyll a concentrations, and nuisance algal blooms. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Silver Lake Improvement Board and in collaboration with the Annis Water Resources Institute (AWRI) of Grand Valley State University, designed a study to assess the hydrologic and nutrient inputs to Silver Lake in order to identify the events and conditions that affect the nutrient chemistry and production of algal blooms in the lake. This information can inform water-resource managers in developing various management strategies to prevent or reduce the occurrence of future algal blooms.
\nUSGS and AWRI scientists collected data from November 2012 to December 2014 to provide information for future management decisions for Silver Lake. Silver Lake can be classified as a polymictic lake and has a residence time of approximately 223 days. Based on the mean lake Secchi depth, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen concentrations, Silver Lake is classified as a eutrophic lake. In-situ bioassay results indicate that algal growth in Silver Lake is colimited by both nitrogen and phosphorus. The nutrient budget for Silver Lake was calculated using the BATHTUB model based on 2 years of water-quality data collection. The BATHTUB model, developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, treats the lake as a well-mixed system with multiple inputs and outlets for both water and dissolved constituents, such as nutrients.
\nBased on results of the BATHTUB model, which were conditioned on observed concentrations and flows, the mean annual input of phosphorus to Silver Lake was approximately 1,342 pounds (lb); the mean annual input of nitrogen to Silver Lake was approximately 51,998 lb. The major measured sources of phosphorus loading to Silver Lake were groundwater and Hunter Creek, whereas the major measured sources of nitrogen to Silver Lake were Hunter Creek, groundwater, and atmospheric deposition. The largest loading of phosphorus and nitrogen to Silver Lake occurred during the spring. Minimal phosphorus deposition (if any) occurred in the lakebed sediment; however, of the nitrogen that entered Silver Lake, approximately 42.2 percent was deposited in the lakebed sediment as simulated by the BATHTUB model.
\nIn addition to measured sources, a septic load model was used to estimate the likely range of septic contribution to groundwater and adjacent surface waters. The likely septic loading scenario estimates that septic systems contribute 47.8 percent of the phosphorus to groundwater and 22.3 percent of phosphorus to Hunter Creek. These results indicate that septic systems are a major source of phosphorus loading to Silver Lake. The likely septic loading scenario indicated that septic systems account for 0.95 percent of the nitrogen load to Hunter Creek and 1.1 percent of the contribution of nitrogen to groundwater.
\nThe BATHTUB model was used to estimate future nutrient loading and eutrophication scenarios based on water-quality data collected from Silver Lake, groundwater, major tributaries, and atmospheric deposition. A separate septic load model was used to estimate the septic contribution to groundwater or directly to surface water, and the nutrient load estimates were modeled using the BATHTUB model to determine subsequent water-quality changes to Silver Lake.
\nDirector, Michigan Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6520 Mercantile Way Suite 5
Lansing, MI 48911–5991
http://mi.water.usgs.gov/
Arnold Air Force Base occupies about 40,000 acres in Coffee and Franklin Counties, Tennessee. The primary mission of Arnold Air Force Base is to provide risk-reduction information in the development of aerospace products through test and evaluation. This mission is achieved in part through test facilities at Arnold Engineering Development Complex (AEDC), which occupies about 4,000 acres in the center of Arnold Air Force Base. Arnold Air Force Base is underlain by gravel and limestone aquifers, the most productive of which is the Manchester aquifer. Several volatile organic compounds, primarily chlorinated solvents, have been identified in the groundwater at Arnold Air Force Base. In 2011, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Air Force, Arnold Air Force Base, completed a study of groundwater flow focused on the Arnold Engineering Development Complex area. The Arnold Engineering Development Complex area is of particular concern because within this area (1) chlorinated solvents have been identified in the groundwater, (2) the aquifers are dewatered around below-grade test facilities, and (3) there is a regional groundwater divide.
\nDuring May 2011, when water levels were near seasonal highs, water-level data were collected from 374 monitoring wells; and during September 2011, when water levels were near seasonal lows, water-level data were collected from 376 monitoring wells. Potentiometric surfaces were mapped by contouring altitudes of water levels measured in wells completed in the shallow aquifer, the upper and lower parts of the Manchester aquifer, and the Fort Payne aquifer. Water levels are generally 2 to 14 feet lower in September compared to May. The potentiometric-surface maps for all aquifers indicate a groundwater depression at the J4 test cell. Similar groundwater depressions in the shallow and upper parts of the Manchester aquifer are within the main testing area at the Arnold Engineering Development Complex at dewatering facilities.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155165","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the United States Air Force, Arnold Air Force Base","usgsCitation":"Haugh, C.J., and Robinson, J.A., 2016, Potentiometric surfaces of the Arnold Engineering Development Complex area, Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee, May and September 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5165, 23 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155165.","productDescription":"v, 28 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059351","costCenters":[{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314981,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5165/sir20155165.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.57 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5165"},{"id":314980,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5165/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","county":"Coffee County, Franklin County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.5,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -86.5,\n 35.75\n ],\n [\n -85.5,\n 35.75\n ],\n [\n -85.5,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -86.5,\n 35\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Lower Mississippi Gulf Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
640 Grassmere Park, Suite 100
Nashville, TN 37211
http://tn.water.usgs.gov
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) installed the first gage to measure the flow of water into California’s Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta from the Sacramento River in the late 1800s. Today, a network of 35 hydro-acoustic meters measure flow throughout the delta. This region is a critical part of California’s freshwater supply and conveyance system. With the data provided by this flow-station network—sampled every 15 minutes and updated to the web every hour—state and federal water managers make daily decisions about how much freshwater can be pumped for human use, at which locations, and when. Fish and wildlife scientists, working with water managers, also use this information to protect fish species affected by pumping and loss of habitat. The data are also used to help determine the success or failure of efforts to restore ecosystem processes in what has been called the “most managed and highly altered” watershed in the country.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153061","usgsCitation":"Burau, J.R., Ruhl, C.A., and Work, P.A., 2016, Innovation in Monitoring: The U.S. Geological Survey Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, California, Flow-Station Network: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015-3061, 6 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20153061.","productDescription":"6 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-044692","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":315073,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3061/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":315074,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3061/fs20153061.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3061 PDF"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento River, San Joaquin River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122,\n 37.75\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 38.5\n ],\n [\n -121.25,\n 38.5\n ],\n [\n -121.25,\n 37.75\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 37.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, California Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6000 J Street, Placer Hall
Sacramento, CA 95819
http://ca.water.usgs.gov
Fraser et al. (Reports, 17 July 2015, p. 302) report a unimodal relationship between productivity and species richness at regional and global scales, which they contrast with the results of Adler et al. (Reports, 23 September 2011, p. 1750). However, both data sets, when analyzed correctly, show clearly and consistently that productivity is a poor predictor of local species richness.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.aad6236","collaboration":"Tredennick, AT;\nAdler, PB;\nHarpole, WS;\nBorer, ET;\nSeabloom, EW;","usgsCitation":"Tredennick, A.T., Adler, P.B., Grace, J.B., Harpole, W., Borer, E.T., Seabloom, E.W., Anderson, T., Bakker, J.D., Biederman, L.A., Brown, C.S., Buckley, Y.M., Chu, C., Collins, S., Crawley, M.J., Fay, P.A., Firn, J., Gruner, D., Hagenah, N., Hautier, Y., Hector, A., Hillebrand, H., Kirkman, K.P., Knops, J.M., Laungani, R., Lind, E., MacDougall, A.S., McCulley, R.L., Mitchell, C., Moore, J.L., Morgan, J.W., Orrock, J., Peri, P., Prober, S.M., Risch, A., Schuetz, M., Speziale, K.L., Standish, R.J., Sullivan, L.L., Wardle, G.M., Williams, R.J., and Yang, L.H., 2016, Comment on \"Worldwide evidence of a unimodal relationship between productivity and plant species richness\": Science, v. 351, no. 6272, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad6236.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"457-a","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-069869","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/344412","text":"External Repository"},{"id":315065,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"351","issue":"6272","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56ac8d28e4b0403299f4d45a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tredennick, Andrew T.","contributorId":152688,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tredennick","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":18962,"text":"Dept. of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":590223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Adler, Peter B.","contributorId":64789,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adler","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":590224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grace, James B. 0000-0001-6374-4726 gracej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"James","email":"gracej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":590222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harpole, W Stanley","contributorId":131028,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harpole","given":"W Stanley","affiliations":[{"id":6911,"text":"Iowa State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":590225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Borer, Elizabeth T.","contributorId":45049,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Borer","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":6626,"text":"University of Minnesota","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":590230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Seabloom, Eric W.","contributorId":60762,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seabloom","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":6626,"text":"University of Minnesota","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":590231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Anderson, T. 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2016 - Geochemical characterization and dating of R tephra, a post-glacial marker bed in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-28T10:56:22","indexId":"70182741","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical characterization and dating of R tephra, a post-glacial marker bed in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"The oldest postglacial lapilli–ash tephra recognized in sedimentary records surrounding Mount Rainier (Washington State, USA) is R tephra, a very early Holocene deposit that acts as an important stratigraphic and geochronologic marker bed. This multidisciplinary study incorporates tephrostratigraphy, radiocarbon dating, petrography, and electron microprobe analysis to characterize R tephra. Tephra samples were collected from Tipsoo Lake and a stream-cut exposure in the Cowlitz Divide area of Mount Rainier National Park. Field evidence from 25 new sites suggests that R tephra locally contains internal bedding and has a wider distribution than previously reported. Herein, we provide the first robust suite of geochemical data that characterize the tephra. Glass compositions are heterogeneous, predominantly ranging from andesite to rhyolite in ash- to lapilli-sized clasts. The mineral assemblage consists of plagioclase, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and magnetite with trace apatite and ilmenite. Subaerial R tephra deposits appear more weathered in hand sample than subaqueous deposits, but weathering indices suggest negligible chemical weathering in both deposits. Statistical analysis of radiocarbon ages provides a median age for R tephra of ∼10 050 cal years BP, and a 2σ error range between 9960 and 10 130 cal years BP.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press ","doi":"10.1139/cjes-2015-0115","usgsCitation":"Samolczyk, M., Vallance, J.W., Cubley, J., Osborn, G., and Clark, D.H., 2016, Geochemical characterization and dating of R tephra, a post-glacial marker bed in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, U.S.A.: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 53, no. 2, p. 202-217, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2015-0115.","productDescription":"16 p. 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It is the best-exposed and largest hydrothermal system in the Cascade Range, discharging 41 ± 10 kg/s of steam (~115 MW) and 23 ± 2 kg/s of high-chloride waters (~27 MW). The Lassen system accounts for a full 1/3 of the total high-temperature hydrothermal heat discharge in the U.S. Cascades (140/400 MW). Hydrothermal heat discharge of ~140 MW can be supported by crystallization and cooling of silicic magma at a rate of ~2400 km3/Ma, and the ongoing rates of heat and magmatic CO2 discharge are broadly consistent with a petrologic model for basalt-driven magmatic evolution. The clustering of observed seismicity at ~4–5 km depth may define zones of thermal cracking where the hydrothermal system mines heat from near-plastic rock. If so, the combined areal extent of the primary heat-transfer zones is ~5 km2, the average conductive heat flux over that area is >25 W/m2, and the conductive-boundary length <50 m. Observational records of hydrothermal discharge are likely too short to document long-term transients, whether they are intrinsic to the system or owe to various geologic events such as the eruption of Lassen Peak at 27 ka, deglaciation beginning ~18 ka, the eruptions of Chaos Crags at 1.1 ka, or the minor 1914–1917 eruption at the summit of Lassen Peak. However, there is a rich record of intermittent hydrothermal measurement over the past several decades and more-frequent measurement 2009–present. These data reveal sensitivity to climate and weather conditions, seasonal variability that owes to interaction with the shallow hydrologic system, and a transient 1.5- to twofold increase in high-chloride discharge in response to an earthquake swarm in mid-November 2014.
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We monitored breakdown and nitrogen dynamics in wood and bark from a native riparian tree, Fremont cottonwood (Populus deltoides subsp. wislizeni), along four North American desert streams. We placed locally-obtained, fresh, coarse material [disks or cylinders (∼500–2000 cm3)] along two cold-desert and two warm-desert rivers in the Colorado River Basin. Material was placed in both floodplain and aquatic environments, and left in situ for up to 12 years. We tested the hypothesis that breakdown would be fastest in relatively warm and moist aerobic environments by comparing the time required for 50% loss of initial ash-free dry matter (T50) calculated using exponential decay models incorporating a lag term. In cold-desert sites (Green and Yampa rivers, Colorado), disks of wood with bark attached exposed for up to 12 years in locations rarely inundated lost mass at a slower rate (T50 = 34 yr) than in locations inundated during most spring floods (T50 = 12 yr). At the latter locations, bark alone loss mass at a rate initially similar to whole disks (T50 = 13 yr), but which subsequently slowed. In warm-desert sites monitored for 3 years, cylinders of wood with bark removed lost mass very slowly (T50 = 60 yr) at a location never inundated (Bill Williams River, Arizona), whereas decay rate varied among aquatic locations (T50 = 20 yr in Bill Williams River; T50 = 3 yr in Las Vegas Wash, an effluent-dominated stream warmed by treated wastewater inflows). Invertebrates had a minor role in wood breakdown except at in-stream locations in Las Vegas Wash. The presence and form of change in nitrogen content during exposure varied among riverine environments. Our results suggest woody debris breakdown in desert riverine ecosystems is primarily a microbial process with rates determined by landscape position, local weather, and especially the regional climate through its effect on the flow regime. The increased warmth and aridity expected to accompany climate change in the North American southwest will likely retard the already slow wood decay process on naturally functioning desert river floodplains. Our results have implications for designing environmental flows to manage floodplain forest wood budgets, carbon storage, and nutrient cycling along regulated dryland rivers.
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The ILM partnership uses the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) modeling platform to facilitate regional quantifications of ecosystem services under various scenarios of land-cover change that are representative of differing conservation program and practice implementation scenarios. To date, the ILM InVEST partnership has resulted in capabilities to quantify carbon stores, amphibian habitat, plant-community diversity, and pollination services. Work to include waterfowl and grassland bird habitat quality is in progress. Initial InVEST modeling has been focused on the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of the United States; future efforts might encompass other regions as data availability and knowledge increase as to how functions affecting ecosystem services differ among regions.
The ILM partnership is also developing the capability for field-scale process-based modeling of depressional wetland ecosystems using the Agricultural Policy/Environmental Extender (APEX) model. Progress was made towards the development of techniques to use the APEX model for closed-basin depressional wetlands of the PPR, in addition to the open systems that the model was originally designed to simulate. The ILM partnership has matured to the stage where effects of conservation programs and practices on multiple ecosystem services can now be simulated in selected areas. Future work might include the continued development of modeling capabilities, as well as development and evaluation of differing conservation program and practice scenarios of interest to partner agencies including the USDA’s Farm Service Agency (FSA) and Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). When combined, the ecosystem services modeling capabilities of InVEST and the process-based abilities of the APEX model should provide complementary information needed to meet USDA and the Department of the Interior information needs.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161006","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service and Farm Service Agency","usgsCitation":"Mushet, D.M., and Scherff, E.J., 2016, The integrated landscape modeling partnership—Current status and future directions (ver. 1.1, December 2016): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1006, 59 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161006.","productDescription":"72 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-070297","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314982,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1006/coverthb1.1.jpg"},{"id":332701,"rank":3,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1006/version_history.txt"},{"id":314983,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1006/ofr20161006.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1006"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.82080078125,\n 48.99463598353408\n ],\n [\n -105.13916015625,\n 48.90805939965008\n ],\n [\n -104.83154296875,\n 48.44377831058805\n ],\n [\n -104.4140625,\n 47.945786463687185\n ],\n [\n -103.18359375,\n 47.87214396888731\n ],\n [\n -102.39257812499999,\n 47.502358951968596\n ],\n [\n -101.29394531249999,\n 47.010225655683485\n ],\n [\n -101.0302734375,\n 46.66451741754235\n ],\n [\n -100.96435546875,\n 45.87471224890479\n ],\n [\n -100.70068359374999,\n 45.27488643704894\n ],\n [\n -100.8544921875,\n 44.4808302785626\n ],\n [\n -100.30517578125,\n 43.929549935614595\n ],\n [\n -98.89892578125,\n 43.03677585761058\n ],\n [\n -97.22900390625,\n 42.84375132629021\n ],\n [\n -95.07568359375,\n 42.04929263868686\n ],\n [\n -93.955078125,\n 41.590796851056005\n ],\n [\n -93.05419921875,\n 41.57436130598913\n ],\n [\n -92.4169921875,\n 41.77131167976407\n ],\n [\n -92.35107421874999,\n 42.391008609205045\n ],\n [\n -92.74658203125,\n 43.34116005412307\n ],\n [\n -93.31787109374999,\n 43.929549935614595\n ],\n [\n -93.88916015625,\n 44.2294565683017\n ],\n [\n -94.68017578125,\n 45.413876460821086\n ],\n [\n -94.9658203125,\n 46.84516443029279\n ],\n [\n -96.6357421875,\n 48.472921272487824\n ],\n [\n -98.0859375,\n 48.951366470947725\n ],\n [\n -103.82080078125,\n 48.99463598353408\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0: Originally posted January 28, 2016; Version 1.1: December 30, 2016","contact":"Director, USGS Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center
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A multidimensional model of geographic features has been developed and implemented with data from The National Map of the U.S. Geological Survey. The model, programmed in C++ and implemented as a feature library, was tested with data from the National Hydrography Dataset demonstrating the capability to handle changes in feature attributes, such as increases in chlorine concentration in a stream, and feature geometry, such as the changing shoreline of barrier islands over time. Data can be entered directly, from a comma separated file, or features with attributes and relationships can be automatically populated in the model from data in the Spatial Data Transfer Standard format.
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As popularity of positional acoustic telemetry systems increases, so does the need to better understand how they perform in real-world applications, where variation in performance can bias study conclusions. Studies assessing variability in positional telemetry system performance have focused primarily on position accuracy, or comparing performance inside and outside the array. Here, we explored spatial and temporal variation in positioning probability within a 140-receiver Vemco Positioning System (VPS) array used to monitor lake trout,Salvelinus namaycush, spawning behavior over 23 km2 in Lake Huron, North America.
\nVariability in VPS positioning probability was assessed between August and November from 2012 to 2014 using 43 stationary transmitters distributed throughout the array. Various analyses were used to relate positioning probability to number of fish transmitters in the array, wave height, and thermal stratification. We also assessed the prevalence of ‘close proximity detection interference’ (CPDI) in our array by analyzing detection probability of 35 transmitters on collocated receivers.
\nPositioning probability of the VPS array varied greatly over time and space. Number of fish transmitters present in the array was a significant driver of reduced positioning probability, especially during lake trout spawning period when the fish were aggregated. Relationships between positioning probability and environmental variables were complex and varied over small spatial and temporal scales. One possible confounding variable was the large range of water depth over which receivers were deployed. Another confounding factor was the high prevalence of CPDI, which decreased exponentially with water depth and was less evident when wave heights were higher than normal.
\nSome variables that negatively influenced positioning can be minimized through careful planning (e.g., number of tagged fish released, transmitter power level). However, results suggested that the acoustic environment was highly variable over small spatial and temporal scales in response to complex interactions between many variables. Therefore, models that predict positioning or detection efficiencies as a function of environmental variables may not be attainable in most systems. The best defense against biased study conclusions is incorporation of in situ measures of system performance that allow for retrospective analysis of array performance after a study is completed.
\n