Apparent ages of ground water are useful in the analysis of various components of flow systems, and results of this analysis can be incorporated into investigations of potential pathways of contaminant transport. This report presents the results of a study in 1997 by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Naval Weapons Station Yorktown, Base Civil Engineer, Environmental Directorate, to describe the apparent age of ground water of the shallow aquifer system at the Station. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), tritium (3H), dissolved gases, stable isotopes, and water-quality field properties were measured in samples from 14 wells and 16 springs on the Station in March 1997.
Nitrogen-argon recharge temperatures range from 5.9°C to 17.3°C with a median temperature of 10.9°C, which indicates that ground-water recharge predominantly occurs in the cold months of the year. Concentrations of excess air vary depending upon geohydrologic setting (recharge and discharge areas). Apparent ground-water ages using a CFC-based dating technique range from 1 to 48 years with a median age of 10 years. The oldest apparent CFC ages occur in the upper parts of the Yorktown-Eastover aquifer, whereas the youngest apparent ages occur in the Columbia aquifer and the upper parts of the discharge area setting, especially springs. The vertical distribution of apparent CFC ages indicates that groundwater movement between aquifers is somewhat retarded by the leaky confining units, but the elapsed time is relatively short (generally less than 35 years), as evidenced by the presence of CFCs at depth. The identification of binary mixtures by CFC-based dating indicates that convergence of flow lines occurs not only at the actual point of discharge, but also in the subsurface.
The CFC-based recharge dates are consistent with expected 3H concentrations measured in the water samples from the Station. The concentration of 3H in ground water ranges from below the USGS laboratory minimum reporting limit of 0.3 to 15.9 tritium units (TU) with a median value of 10.8 TU. Water-quality field properties are highly variable for ground water with apparent CFC ages less than 15 years because of geochemical processes within local flow systems. Ground water with apparent CFC ages greater than 15 years represents more stable conditions in subregional flow systems.
The range of apparent CFC ages is slightly greater than the ranges in time of travel of ground water calculated for shallow wells (less than 60- feet deep) from flow-path analysis. Calculated travel times to springs can be up to two orders of magnitude greater than the CFC-based apparent ages. Reasonable assumptions of values for hydraulic parameters can result in substantial overestimates for time of travel to springs.
Recharge rates computed from apparent CFC ages range from 0.29 to 0.89 feet per year (ft/ yr) with an average value of 0.54 ft/yr. The analysis of apparent CFC ages in conjunction with geohydrologic data indicates that young water (less than 50 years) is present at depth (nearly 120 feet) and that both local and subregional flow systems occur in the shallow aquifer system at the Station. The addition of the dimension of time to the three-dimensional framework of Brockman and others (1997) will benefit current (2001) and future remediation activities by providing estimates of advective transport rates and how these rates vary depending upon geohydrologic setting and position within the ground-water-flow system. Estimated ground-water apparent ages and recharge rates can be used as calibration criteria in simulations of ground-water flow on the Station to refine and constrain future ground-water-flow models of the shallow aquifer system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014179","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Naval Weapons Station Yorktown, Base Civil Engineer, Environmental Directorate","usgsCitation":"Nelms, D.L., Harlow, G., and Brockman, A., 2001, Apparent chlorofluorocarbon age of ground water of the shallow aquifer system, Naval Weapons Station Yorktown, Yorktown, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4179, v, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014179.","productDescription":"v, 51 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135692,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4179/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":341599,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4179/wri20014179.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2001-4179"},{"id":415378,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_43638.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","city":"Yorktown","otherGeospatial":"Naval Weapons Station Yorktown","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.633,\n 37.273\n ],\n [\n -76.633,\n 37.213\n ],\n [\n -76.527,\n 37.213\n ],\n [\n -76.527,\n 37.273\n ],\n [\n -76.633,\n 37.273\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Virginia Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1730 East Parham Road
Richmond, VA 23228
Data collected at three sites in Currituck Sound and three tributary sites between March 1, 1998, and February 28, 1999, were used to describe hydrologic and salinity characteristics of Currituck Sound. Water levels and salinity were measured at West Neck Creek at Pungo and at Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal near Princess Anne in Virginia, and at Coinjock, Bell Island, Poplar Branch, and Point Harbor in North Carolina. Flow velocity also was measured at the West Neck Creek and Coinjock sites.
The maximum water-level range during the study period was observed near the lower midpoint of Currituck Sound at Poplar Branch. Generally, water levels at all sites were highest during March and April, and lowest during November and December. Winds from the south typically produced higher water levels in Currituck Sound, whereas winds from the north typically produced lower water levels. Although wind over Currituck Sound is associated with fluctuations in water level within the sound, other mechanisms, such as the effects of wind on Albemarle Sound and on other water bodies south of Currituck Sound, likely affect low-frequency water-level variations in Currituck Sound.
Flow in West Neck Creek ranged from 313 cubic feet per second to the south to -227 cubic feet per second to the north (negative indicates flow to the north). Flow at the Coinjock site ranged from 15,300 cubic feet per second to the south to -11,700 cubic feet per second to the north. Flow was to the south 68 percent of the time at the West Neck Creek site and 44 percent of the time at the Coinjock site. Daily flow volumes were calculated as the sum of the instantaneous flow volumes. The West Neck Creek site had a cumulative flow volume to the south of 7.69 x 108 cubic feet for the period March 1, 1998, to February 28, 1999; the Coinjock site had a cumulative flow volume to the north of -1.33 x 1010 cubic feet for the same study period.
Wind direction and speed influence flow at the West Neck Creek and Coinjock sites, whereas precipitation alone has little effect on flow at these sites. Flow at the West Neck Creek site is semidiurnal but is affected by wind direction and speed. Flow to the south (positive flow) was associated with wind speeds averaging more than 15 miles per hour from the northwest; flow to the north (negative flow) was associated with wind speeds averaging more than 15 miles per hour from the south and southwest. Flow at the Coinjock site reacted in a more unpredictable manner and was not affected by winds or tides in the same manner as West Neck Creek, with few tidal characteristics evident in the record.
Throughout the study period, maximum salinity exceeded 3.5 parts per thousand at all sites; however, mean and median salinities were below 3.5 parts per thousand at all sites except the Point Harbor site (3.6 and 4.2 parts per thousand, respectively) at the southern end of the sound. Salinities were less than or equal to 3.5 parts per thousand nearly 100 percent of the time at the Bell Island and Poplar Branch sites in Currituck Sound and about 86 percent of the time at the Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal site north of the sound. Salinity at the West Neck Creek and Coinjock sites was less than or equal to 3.5 parts per thousand about 82 percent of the time.
During this study, prevailing winds from the north were associated with flow to the south and tended to increase salinity at the West Neck Creek and the Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal sites. Conversely, these same winds tended to decrease salinity at the other sites. Prevailing winds from the south and southwest were associated with flow to the north and tended to increase salinity at the Poplar Branch and Point Harbor sites in Currituck Sound and at the Coinjock site, but these same winds tended to decrease salinity at the West Neck Creek and the Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal sites. The greatest variations in salinity were observed at the northernmost site, West Neck Creek, and thesouthernmost site, Point Harbor. The least variation in salinity was observed at the upper midpoint of the sound at the Bell Island site.
Daily salt loads were computed for 364 days at the West Neck Creek site and 348 days at the Coinjock site from March 1, 1998, to February 28, 1999. The cumulative salt load at West Neck Creek was 28,170 tons to the south, and the cumulative salt load at the Coinjock site was -872,750 tons to the north.
The cumulative salt load passing the West Neck Creek site during the study period would be 0.01 part per thousand if uniformly distributed throughout the sound (approximately 489,600 acre-feet in North Carolina). If the cumulative salt load passing the Coinjock site were uniformly distributed throughout the sound, the salinity in the sound would be 0.32 part per thousand. The net transport at the West Neck Creek and Coinjock sites indicates inflow of salt into the sound. A constant inflow of freshwater from tributaries and ground-water sources also occurs; however, the net flow volumes from these freshwater sources are not documented, and the significance of these freshwater inflows toward diluting the net import of salt into the sound is beyond the scope of this study.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014097","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Carolina Division of Water Resources and the North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries","usgsCitation":"Caldwell, W.S., 2001, Hydrologic and salinity characteristics of Currituck Sound and selected tributaries in North Carolina and Virginia, 1998–99: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4097, v, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014097.","productDescription":"v, 36 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":414753,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_39866.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":3732,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4097/wri20014097.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2001-4097"},{"id":168827,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4097/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Currituck Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.48406982421875,\n 35.88682489453265\n ],\n [\n -76.48406982421875,\n 37.02886944696474\n ],\n [\n -75.54473876953125,\n 37.02886944696474\n ],\n [\n -75.54473876953125,\n 35.88682489453265\n ],\n [\n -76.48406982421875,\n 35.88682489453265\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, South Atlantic Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
720 Gracern Road
Columbia, SC 29210
Most residents in Geauga County, Ohio, rely on ground water as their primary source of drinking water. With population growing at a steady rate, the possibility that human activity will affect ground-water quality becomes considerable. This report presents the results of a study by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Geauga County Planning Commission and Board of County Commissioners, to provide a brief synopsis of work previously done within the county, to assess the present (1999) ground-water quality, and to determine any changes in groundwater quality between 1986 and 1999.
Previous studies of ground-water quality in the county have consistently reported that manganese and iron concentrations in ground water in Geauga County often exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level (SMCL). Road salt and, less commonly, oil-field brines and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been found in ground water at isolated locations. Nitrate has not been detected above the USEPA Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 10 milligrams per liter as N; however, nitrate has been found in some locations at levels that may indicate the effects of fertilizer application or effluent from septic systems.
Between June 7 and July 1, 1999, USGS personnel collected a total of 31 water-quality samples from wells completed in glacial deposits, the Pottsville Formation, the Cuyahoga Group, and the Berea Sandstone. All samples were analyzed for VOCs, sulfide, dissolved organic carbon, major ions, trace elements, alkalinity, total coliforms, and Escherichia coli bacteria. Fourteen of the samples also were analyzed for tritium.
Water-quality data were used to determine (1) suitability of water for drinking, (2) age of ground water, (3) stratigraphic variation in water quality, (4) controls on water quality, and (5) temporal variation in water quality.
Water from 16 of the 31 samples exceeded the Geauga County General Health District’s standard of 0 colonies of total coliform bacteria per 100 milliliters of water. Esthetically based SMCLs were exceeded in the indicated number of wells for pH (8), sulfate (1), dissolved solids (3), iron (19), and manganese (18). Hydrogen sulfide was detected at or above the detection limit of 0.01 milligram per liter in 17 of the 31 water samples.
A range of water types was found among and within the four principal stratigraphic units. The waters can be categorized in three groups based on predominant anion type: bicarbonatetype waters, chloride-type waters, and sulfatetype waters.
Chloride-to-bromide ratio analyses indicate that water from 8 of the 31 wells is in some way affected by human activity. Five other samples were in a chloride-to-bromide ratio range that could indicate possible effects of human activity.
Ground-water-quality data from the current study were compared to data collected in 1986. Statistical analyses of data from the 16 wells that were sampled in both years did not indicate any significant changes that could be attributed to human activity.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014160","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Geauga County Planning Commission and Board of County Commissioners","usgsCitation":"Jagucki, M.L., and Darner, R.A., 2001, Ground-water quality in Geauga County, Ohio — Review of previous studies, status in 1999, and comparison of 1986 and 1999 data: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001–4160, vi, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014160.","productDescription":"vi, 61 p.","numberOfPages":"66","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3928,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4160/wri20014160.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.42 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2001-4160"},{"id":394541,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_44936.htm"},{"id":168977,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4160/coverthb2.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","county":"Geauga County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.393,\n 41.348\n ],\n [\n -81.002,\n 41.348\n ],\n [\n -81.002,\n 41.715\n ],\n [\n -81.393,\n 41.715\n ],\n [\n -81.393,\n 41.348\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Ohio Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6460 Busch Blvd.
Columbus, OH 43229-1737
A method for the isolation and analysis of 21 parent pesticides and 20 pesticide degradates in natural-water samples is described. Water samples are filtered to remove suspended particulate matter and then are pumped through disposable solid-phase-extraction columns that contain octadecyl-bonded porous silica to extract the analytes. The columns are dried by using nitrogen gas, and adsorbed analytes are eluted with ethyl acetate. Extracted analytes are determined by capillary-column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with selected-ion monitoring of three characteristic ions. The upper concentration limit is 2 micrograms per liter (µg/L) for most analytes. Single-operator method detection limits in reagent-water samples range from 0.00 1 to 0.057 µg/L. Validation data also are presented for 14 parent pesticides and 20 degradates that were determined to have greater bias or variability, or shorter holding times than the other compounds. The estimated maximum holding time for analytes in pesticide-grade water before extraction was 4 days. The estimated maximum holding time for analytes after extraction on the dry solid-phase-extraction columns was 7 days. An optional on-site extraction procedure allows for samples to be collected and processed at remote sites where it is difficult to ship samples to the laboratory within the recommended pre-extraction holding time. The method complements existing U.S. Geological Survey Method O-1126-95 (NWQL Schedules 2001 and 2010) by using identical sample preparation and comparable instrument analytical conditions so that sample extracts can be analyzed by either method to expand the range of analytes determined from one water sample.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri20014098","usgsCitation":"Sandstrom, M.W., Stroppel, M.E., Foreman, W., and Schroeder, M.P., 2001, Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory - Determination of moderate-use pesticides and selected degradates in water by C-18 solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4098, vii, 70 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20014098.","productDescription":"vii, 70 p.","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135053,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4098/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":360774,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4098/wrir014098.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.93 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2001-4098"}],"contact":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62bb0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sandstrom, Mark W. 0000-0003-0006-5675 sandstro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0006-5675","contributorId":706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandstrom","given":"Mark","email":"sandstro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":231148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stroppel, Max E.","contributorId":30088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stroppel","given":"Max","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foreman, William T. wforeman@usgs.gov","contributorId":1473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foreman","given":"William T.","email":"wforeman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":231149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schroeder, Michael P.","contributorId":103303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":45106,"text":"wri004255 - 2001 - Comparison of U.S. Geological Survey and Ohio Environmental Protection Agency fish-collection methods using the index of biotic integrity and modified index of well-being, 1996–97","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-21T16:03:04","indexId":"wri004255","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000–4255","displayTitle":"Comparison of U.S. Geological Survey and Ohio Environmental Protection Agency Fish-Collection Methods Using the Index of Biotic Integrity and Modified Index of Well-Being, 1996–97","title":"Comparison of U.S. Geological Survey and Ohio Environmental Protection Agency fish-collection methods using the index of biotic integrity and modified index of well-being, 1996–97","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (OEPA) collected data on fish from 10 stream sites in 1996 and 3 stream sites in 1997 as part of a comparative study of fish community assessment methods. The sites sampled represent a wide range of basin sizes (ranging from 132–6,330 square kilometers) and surrounding land-use types (urban, agricultural, and mixed). Each agency used its own fish-sampling protocol. Using the Index of Biotic Integrity and Modified Index of Well-Being, differences between data sets were tested for significance by means of the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test (α = 0.05). Results showed that the median of Index of Biotic Integrity differences between data sets was not significantly different from zero (p = 0.2521); however, the same statistical test showed the median differences in the Modified Index of Well-Being scores to be significantly different from zero (p = 0.0158). The differences observed in the Index of Biotic Integrity scores are likely due to natural variability, increased variability at sites with degraded water quality, differences in sampling methods, and low-end adjustments in the Index of Biotic Integrity calculation when fewer than 50 fish were collected. The Modified Index ofWell-Being scores calculated by OEPA were significantly higher than those calculated by the USGS. This finding was attributed to the comparatively large numbers and biomass of fish collected by the OEPA. By combining the two indices and viewing them in terms of the percentage attainment of Ohio Warmwater Habitat criteria, the two agencies’ data seemed comparable, although the Index of Biotic Integrity scores were more similar than the Modified Index of Well-Being scores.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri004255","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Covert, S., 2001, Comparison of U.S. Geological Survey and Ohio Environmental Protection Agency fish-collection methods using the index of biotic integrity and modified index of well-being, 1996–97: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000–4255, vi, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004255.","productDescription":"vi, 18 p.","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3943,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4255/wri20004255.pdf","text":"Report","size":"675 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2000-4255"},{"id":172272,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4255/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.70458984375,\n 40.83043687764923\n ],\n [\n -78.37646484375,\n 40.83043687764923\n ],\n [\n -78.37646484375,\n 42.71473218539458\n ],\n [\n -84.70458984375,\n 42.71473218539458\n ],\n [\n -84.70458984375,\n 40.83043687764923\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Ohio Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6460 Busch Blvd.
Columbus, OH 43229-1737
Sea level, current velocity, water temperature, salinity (computed from conductivity and temperature), and suspended-solids data collected in Suisun Bay, California, from May 30, 1995, through October 27, 1995, by the U.S. Geological Survey are documented in this report. Data were collected concurrently at 21 sites. Various parameters were measured at each site. Velocity-profile data were collected at 6 sites, single-point velocity measurements were made at 9 sites, salinity data were collected at 20 sites, and suspended-solids concentrations were measured at 10 sites. Sea-level and velocity data are presented in three forms; harmonic analysis results; time-series plots (sea level, current speed, and current direction versus time); and time-series plots of low-pass-filtered time series. Temperature, salinity, and suspended-solids data are presented as plots of raw and low-pass-filtered time series.The velocity and salinity data presented in this report document a period when the residual current patterns and salt field were transitioning from a freshwater-inflow-dominated condition towards a quasi steady-state summer condition when density-driven circulation and tidal nonlinearities became relatively more important as long-term transport mechanisms. Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta outflow was high prior to and during this study, so the tidally averaged salinities were abnormally low for this time of year. For example, the tidally averaged salinities varied from 0-12 at Martinez, the western border of Suisun Bay, to a maximum of 2 at Mallard Island, the eastern border of Suisun Bay. Even though salinities increased overall in Suisun Bay during the study period, the near-bed residual currents primarily were directed seaward. Therefore, salinity intrusion through Suisun Bay towards the Delta primarily was accomplished in the absence of the tidally averaged, two-layer flow known as gravitational circulation where, by definition, the net currents are landward at the bed. The Folsom Dam spillway gate failure on July 17, 1995, was analyzed to determine the effect on the hydrodynamics of Suisun Bay. The peak flow of the American River reached roughly 1,000 cubic meters per second as a result of the failure, which is relatively small. This was roughly 15 percent of the approximate 7,000 cubic meters per second tidal flows that occur daily in Suisun Bay and was likely attenuated greatly. Based on analysis of tidally averaged near-bed salinity and depth-averaged currents after the failure, the effect was essentially nonexistent and is indistinguishable from the natural variability.
","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014086","usgsCitation":"Cuetara, J.I., Burau, J.R., and Schoellhamer, D., 2001, Hydrodynamic and suspended-solids concentration measurements in Suisun Bay, California, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4086, 221 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014086.","productDescription":"221 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135035,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3946,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri014086","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48bce4b07f02db538b7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cuetara, Jay I.","contributorId":65449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuetara","given":"Jay","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burau, Jon R. 0000-0002-5196-5035 jrburau@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-5035","contributorId":1500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burau","given":"Jon","email":"jrburau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":231144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":231143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":45109,"text":"wri20014003 - 2001 - Total Phosphorus Loads for Selected Tributaries to Sebago Lake, Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:16","indexId":"wri20014003","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4003","title":"Total Phosphorus Loads for Selected Tributaries to Sebago Lake, Maine","docAbstract":"The streamflow and water-quality datacollection networks of the Portland Water District (PWD) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as of February 2000 were analyzed in terms of their applicability for estimating total phosphorus loads for selected tributaries to Sebago Lake in southern Maine.\r\n\r\nThe long-term unit-area mean annual flows for the Songo River and for small, ungaged tributaries are similar to the long-term unit-area mean annual flows for the Crooked River and other gaged tributaries to Sebago Lake, based on a regression equation that estimates mean annual streamflows in Maine. Unit-area peak streamflows of Sebago Lake tributaries can be quite different, based on a regression equation that estimates peak streamflows for Maine.\r\n\r\nCrooked River had a statistically significant positive relation (Kendall's Tau test, p=0.0004) between streamflow and total phosphorus concentration. Panther Run had a statistically significant negative relation (p=0.0015). Significant positive relations may indicate contributions from nonpoint sources or sediment resuspension, whereas significant negative relations may indicate dilution of point sources.\r\n\r\nTotal phosphorus concentrations were significantly larger in the Crooked River than in the Songo River (Wilcoxon rank-sum test, p<0.0001). Evidence was insufficient, however, to indicate that phosphorus concentrations from medium-sized drainage basins, at a significance level of 0.05, were different from each other or that concentrations in small-sized drainage basins were different from each other (Kruskal-Wallis test, p= 0.0980, 0.1265). All large- and medium-sized drainage basins were sampled for total phosphorus approximately monthly. Although not all small drainage basins were sampled, they may be well represented by the small drainage basins that were sampled.\r\n\r\nIf the tributaries gaged by PWD had adequate streamflow data, the current PWD tributary monitoring program would probably produce total phosphorus loading data that would represent all gaged and ungaged tributaries to Sebago Lake. Outside the PWD tributary-monitoring program, the largest ungaged tributary to Sebago Lake contains 1.5 percent of the area draining to the lake. In the absence of unique point or nonpoint sources of phosphorus, ungaged tributaries are unlikely to have total phosphorus concentrations that differ significantly from those in the small tributaries that have concentration data.\r\n\r\nThe regression method, also known as the rating-curve method, was used to estimate the annual total phosphorus load for Crooked River, Northwest River, and Rich Mill Pond Outlet for water years 1996-98. The MOVE.1 method was used to estimate daily streamflows for the regression method at Northwest River and Rich Mill Pond Outlet, where streamflows were not continuously monitored. An averaging method also was used to compute annual loads at the three sites. The difference between the regression estimate and the averaging estimate for each of the three tributaries was consistent with what was expected from previous studies. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri20014003","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Portland Water District","usgsCitation":"Hodgkins, G.A., 2001, Total Phosphorus Loads for Selected Tributaries to Sebago Lake, Maine: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4003, ii, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20014003.","productDescription":"ii, 15 p.","costCenters":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":9902,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://me.water.usgs.gov/reports/WRIR01-4003.pdf","size":"1683","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":99385,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4003/report.pdf","size":"2663","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":170681,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4003/report-thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -70.91666666666667,43.666666666666664 ], [ -70.91666666666667,44.416666666666664 ], [ -70.41666666666667,44.416666666666664 ], [ -70.41666666666667,43.666666666666664 ], [ -70.91666666666667,43.666666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cce4b07f02db54432b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hodgkins, Glenn A. 0000-0002-4916-5565 gahodgki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4916-5565","contributorId":2020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodgkins","given":"Glenn","email":"gahodgki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":231125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":45120,"text":"wri014118 - 2001 - Effects of land use on water quality and transport of selected constituents in streams in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, 1994–98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-22T21:19:52.124526","indexId":"wri014118","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4118","title":"Effects of land use on water quality and transport of selected constituents in streams in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, 1994–98","docAbstract":"Transport rates for total solids, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, biochemical oxygen demand, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc during 1994–98 were computed for six stormwater-monitoring sites in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. These six stormwater-monitoring sites were operated by the Mecklenburg County Department of Environmental Protection, in cooperation with the City of Charlotte, and are located near the mouths of major streams. Constituent transport at the six study sites generally was dominated by nonpoint sources, except for nitrogen and phosphorus at two sites located downstream from the outfalls of major municipal wastewater-treatment plants.
To relate land use to constituent transport, regression equations to predict constituent yield were developed by using water-quality data from a previous study of nine stormwater-monitoring sites on small streams in Mecklenburg County. The drainage basins of these nine stormwater sites have relatively homogeneous land-use characteristics compared to the six study sites. Mean annual construction activity, based on building permit files, was estimated for all stormwater-monitoring sites and included as an explanatory variable in the regression equations. These regression equations were used to predict constituent yield for the six study sites. Predicted yields generally were in agreement with computed yields. In addition, yields were predicted by using regression equations derived from a national urban water-quality database. Yields predicted from the regional regression equations generally were about an order of magnitude lower than computed yields.
Regression analysis indicated that construction activity was a major contributor to transport of the constituents evaluated in this study except for total nitrogen and biochemical oxygen demand. Transport of total nitrogen and biochemical oxygen demand was dominated by point-source contributions. The two study basins that had the largest amounts of construction activity also had the highest total solids yields (1,300 and 1,500 tons per square mile per year). The highest total phosphorus yields (3.2 and 1.7 tons per square mile per year) attributable to nonpoint sources also occurred in these basins. Concentrations of chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc were positively correlated with total solids concentrations at most of the study sites (Pearson product-moment correlation >0.50). The site having the highest median concentrations of chromium, copper, and nickel also was the site having the highest computed yield for total solids.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014118","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County, North Carolina","usgsCitation":"Ferrell, G.M., 2001, Effects of land use on water quality and transport of selected constituents in streams in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, 1994–98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4118, vii, 88 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014118.","productDescription":"vii, 88 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":414583,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_42103.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":169071,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4118/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":3953,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4118/wri20014118.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2001-4118"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Mecklenburg County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-80.7823,35.5113],[-80.7867,35.5031],[-80.7889,35.4949],[-80.7831,35.4836],[-80.7819,35.475],[-80.7779,35.4668],[-80.7778,35.4614],[-80.7744,35.4578],[-80.7549,35.423],[-80.7525,35.4148],[-80.7553,35.4125],[-80.7638,35.4134],[-80.7693,35.402],[-80.7551,35.3944],[-80.7364,35.3786],[-80.7187,35.3624],[-80.704,35.3552],[-80.6983,35.3507],[-80.6822,35.3131],[-80.6677,35.2705],[-80.6214,35.2499],[-80.5954,35.2369],[-80.5485,35.2108],[-80.6245,35.1487],[-80.7328,35.0627],[-80.7645,35.0375],[-80.7684,35.0348],[-80.7746,35.0329],[-80.7858,35.0315],[-80.7892,35.0314],[-80.8009,35.0286],[-80.8155,35.0204],[-80.8194,35.019],[-80.8216,35.018],[-80.8216,35.0167],[-80.8288,35.0098],[-80.835,35.0061],[-80.8405,35.0016],[-80.8604,35.0246],[-80.8854,35.0535],[-80.9016,35.0716],[-80.9312,35.1049],[-80.9373,35.1018],[-81.0383,35.0452],[-81.0419,35.0432],[-81.0447,35.0468],[-81.0464,35.0482],[-81.0483,35.0507],[-81.0503,35.0527],[-81.0528,35.0557],[-81.0548,35.0582],[-81.0568,35.0611],[-81.0577,35.0636],[-81.0586,35.067],[-81.0582,35.0722],[-81.0577,35.0788],[-81.0566,35.0834],[-81.0554,35.0868],[-81.0541,35.0904],[-81.0533,35.0927],[-81.0523,35.0956],[-81.0503,35.0975],[-81.0487,35.099],[-81.0462,35.1003],[-81.0437,35.1014],[-81.042,35.1022],[-81.0391,35.1027],[-81.0369,35.1036],[-81.0352,35.1054],[-81.0344,35.1072],[-81.0341,35.1095],[-81.0341,35.1136],[-81.0358,35.1186],[-81.0363,35.1213],[-81.038,35.124],[-81.0408,35.1267],[-81.0425,35.1281],[-81.0454,35.1289],[-81.0476,35.1295],[-81.0499,35.1302],[-81.051,35.1313],[-81.0521,35.1335],[-81.0523,35.1365],[-81.0517,35.1392],[-81.0501,35.142],[-81.0476,35.1463],[-81.0448,35.1494],[-81.0238,35.1486],[-81.0176,35.1536],[-81.0109,35.1532],[-81.0076,35.1569],[-81.0088,35.165],[-81.0049,35.1728],[-81.0045,35.1814],[-81.0046,35.1864],[-81.0063,35.1923],[-81.0064,35.1973],[-81.0054,35.2055],[-81.0071,35.2109],[-81.0129,35.2231],[-81.0113,35.2309],[-81.012,35.2349],[-81.0082,35.2509],[-81.0139,35.2585],[-81.0152,35.2685],[-81.0143,35.2876],[-81.0133,35.293],[-81.0105,35.2944],[-81.0033,35.3017],[-81.0022,35.3045],[-80.9961,35.3113],[-80.9938,35.3132],[-80.9894,35.3205],[-80.9844,35.3237],[-80.9805,35.3287],[-80.9823,35.3341],[-80.984,35.3373],[-80.9818,35.3446],[-80.9706,35.3501],[-80.9656,35.3506],[-80.9593,35.3489],[-80.9537,35.3521],[-80.9442,35.3521],[-80.9374,35.3572],[-80.9285,35.3614],[-80.9268,35.3627],[-80.9296,35.3636],[-80.9432,35.3658],[-80.9505,35.3675],[-80.9563,35.3738],[-80.9597,35.3756],[-80.9625,35.3756],[-80.9647,35.3738],[-80.9669,35.3688],[-80.9697,35.3669],[-80.9742,35.3642],[-80.9776,35.3646],[-80.9844,35.3695],[-80.9868,35.38],[-80.9846,35.3822],[-80.9806,35.3823],[-80.9761,35.3828],[-80.9632,35.3901],[-80.9554,35.3925],[-80.9549,35.4006],[-80.959,35.4133],[-80.9569,35.4288],[-80.9587,35.436],[-80.9527,35.446],[-80.9465,35.4524],[-80.9421,35.457],[-80.9432,35.4602],[-80.9506,35.4656],[-80.9518,35.4701],[-80.948,35.481],[-80.947,35.486],[-80.951,35.4942],[-80.9612,35.4986],[-80.9664,35.509],[-80.9637,35.5131],[-80.9586,35.5163],[-80.9569,35.5177],[-80.7823,35.5113]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Mecklenburg\",\"state\":\"NC\"}}]}","contact":"Director, South Atlantic Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
720 Gracern Road
Columbia, SC 29210
Sediment samples were collected and geophysical surveys were run along 50 miles of the Penobscot River, Maine, in the spring of 1999 to produce maps that describe the composition and distribution of streambed sediments for selected areas in the river channel. The objective of the sediment survey was to locate areas along the river where fine-grained, easily transportable sediment types were deposited between Old Town and Medway, Maine. These data can be used to design future sediment-sampling programs to assess the quality of streambed sediments and evaluate the health of the Penobscot River. This report describes the results of the sediment survey and the methods used to collect, analyze, and interpret the data used to create maps of streambed-sediment types in the study area. Deposits of fine-grained sediments (mud and sand) are scattered along the shorelines of the mainland and the islands and at the downstream ends of islands and at the mouths of brooks and streams. The most extensive depositional areas were found in the Mattaseunk Dam impoundment near Medway. The main areas of the river channel consist primarily of gravel, sand, and rock.
","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri20014223","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Indian Affairs and Penobscot Indian Nation Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Dudley, R.W., and Giffen, S.E., 2001, Composition and Distribution of Streambed Sediments in the Penobscot River, Maine, May 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4223, iv, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20014223.","productDescription":"iv, 30 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1999-05-01","temporalEnd":"1999-05-31","costCenters":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319043,"rank":15,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://me.water.usgs.gov/reports/4223A-12.pdf","text":"Figure A-12","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":319042,"rank":14,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://me.water.usgs.gov/reports/4223A-11.pdf","text":"Figure A-11","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":319041,"rank":13,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://me.water.usgs.gov/reports/4223A-10.pdf","text":"Figure A-10","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":319040,"rank":12,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://me.water.usgs.gov/reports/4223A-9.pdf","text":"Figure A-9","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":9907,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://me.water.usgs.gov/reports/WRIR01-4223.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":172496,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4223/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":319032,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://me.water.usgs.gov/reports/4223A-1.pdf","text":"Figure A-1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":319033,"rank":5,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://me.water.usgs.gov/reports/4223A-2.pdf","text":"Figure A-2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":319034,"rank":6,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://me.water.usgs.gov/reports/4223A-3.pdf","text":"Figure A-3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":319035,"rank":7,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://me.water.usgs.gov/reports/4223A-4.pdf","text":"Figure A-4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":97424,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4223/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":319036,"rank":8,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://me.water.usgs.gov/reports/4223A-5.pdf","text":"Figure A-5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":319037,"rank":9,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://me.water.usgs.gov/reports/4223A-6.pdf","text":"Figure A-6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":319038,"rank":10,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://me.water.usgs.gov/reports/4223A-7.pdf","text":"Figure A-7","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":319039,"rank":11,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://me.water.usgs.gov/reports/4223A-8.pdf","text":"Figure A-8","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -69,44.75 ], [ -69,46 ], [ -68,46 ], [ -68,44.75 ], [ -69,44.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a81da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dudley, Robert W. 0000-0002-0934-0568 rwdudley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0934-0568","contributorId":2223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dudley","given":"Robert","email":"rwdudley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Giffen, Sarah E.","contributorId":72841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giffen","given":"Sarah","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":39808,"text":"wri014175 - 2001 - Water-quality assessment of the eastern Iowa basins– Nitrogen, phosphorus, suspended sediment, and organic carbon in surface water, 1996–98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-22T22:50:45.295019","indexId":"wri014175","displayToPublicDate":"2002-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4175","title":"Water-quality assessment of the eastern Iowa basins– Nitrogen, phosphorus, suspended sediment, and organic carbon in surface water, 1996–98","docAbstract":"Twelve sites on streams and rivers in the Eastern Iowa Basins study unit were sampled monthly and during selected storm events from March 1996 through September 1998 to assess the occurrence, distribution, and transport of nitrogen, phosphorus, suspended sediment, and organic carbon as part of the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Water-Quality Assessment Program. One site was dropped from monthly sampling after 1996. Dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus were detected in every water sample collected. Nitrate accounted for 92 percent of the total dissolved nitrogen. About 22 percent of the samples had nitrate concentrations that exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s maximum contaminant level of 10 milligrams per liter as nitrogen for drinking-water regulations. The median concentration of total dissolved nitrogen for surface water in the study unit was 7.2 milligrams per liter. The median total phosphorus concentration for the study unit was 0.22 milligram per liter. About 75 percent of the total phosphorus concentrations exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recommended total phosphorus concentration of 0.10 milligram per liter or less to minimize algal growth. Median suspended sediment and dissolved organic-carbon concentrations for the study unit were 82 and 3.5 milligrams per liter, respectively.
\nMedian concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended sediment varied annually and seasonally. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended-sediment concentrations increased each year of the study due to increased precipitation and runoff. Median concentrations of dissolved organic carbon were constant from 1996 to 1998. Nitrogen concentrations were typically higher in the spring after fertilizer application and runoff. During winter, nitrogen concentrations typically increased when there was little in-stream processing by biota. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations decreased in late summer when there was less runoff and in-stream processing of nitrogen and phosphorus was high. Dissolved organic carbon was highest in February and March when decaying vegetation and manure were transported during snowmelt. Suspendedsediment concentrations were highest in early summer (May–June) during runoff and lowest in January when there was ice cover with very little overland flow contributing to rivers and streams. Based on historical and study-unit data, eastern Iowa streams and rivers are impacted by both nonpoint and point-source pollution.
\nIndicator sites that have homogeneous land use, and geology had samples with significantly higher concentrations of total dissolved nitrogen (median, 8.2 milligrams per liter) than did samples from integrator sites (median, 6.2 milligrams per liter) that were more heterogeneous in land use and geology. Samples from integrator sites typically had significantly higher total phosphorus and suspended-sediment concentrations than did samples from indicator sites. Typically, there was very little difference in median dissolved organic-carbon concentrations in samples from indicator and integrator sites.
\nConcentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus varied across the study unit due to land use and physiography. Basins that are located in areas with a higher percentage of row-crop agriculture typically had samples with higher nitrogen concentrations. Basins that drain the Southern Iowa Drift Plain and the Des Moines Lobe typically had samples with higher total phosphorus and suspended-sediment concentrations.
\nTotal nitrogen loads increased each year from 1996 through 1998 in conjunction with increased concentrations and runoff. Total phosphorus loads in the Skunk River Basin decreased in 1997 due to less runoff and decreased sediment transport, but increased in 1998 due to higher runoff and increased sediment transport. Total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads varied seasonally. The highest loads typically occurred in early spring and summer after fertilizer application and runoff. Loads were lowest in January and September when there was typically very little runoff to transport nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil to the rivers and streams.
\nTotal nitrogen loads contributed to the Mississippi River from the Eastern Iowa Basins during 1996, 1997, and 1998 were 97,600, 120,000, and 234,000 metric tons, respectively. Total phosphorus loads contributed to the Mississippi River from the Eastern Iowa Basins during 1996, 1997, and 1998 were 6,860, 4,550, and 8,830 metric tons, respectively. Suspendedsediment loads contributed to the Mississippi River from the Eastern Iowa Basins during 1996, 1997, and 1998 were 7,480,000, 4,450,000, and 8,690,000 metric tons, respectively. The highest total nitrogen and total phosphorus yields typically occurred in samples from indicator sites. Sampling sites located in drainage basins with higher row-crop percentage typically had higher nitrogen and phosphorus yields. Sites that were located in the Des Moines Lobe and the Southern Iowa Drift Plain typically had higher phosphorus yields, probably due to physiographic features (for example, erodible soils, steeper slopes).
\nSynoptic samples collected during low and high base flow had nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic-carbon concentrations that varied spatially and seasonally. Comparisons of water-quality data from six basic-fixed sampling sites and 19 other synoptic sites suggest that the water-quality data from basic-fixed sampling sites were representative of the entire study unit during periods of low and high base flow when most streamflow originates from ground water.
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Introduction
Importance of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Suspended Sediment, and Organic Carbon
Purpose and scope
Description of Study Unit
Hydrology
Landforma
Climate
Land Use
Methods and Data Analysis
Sample Collection and Chemical Analysis.
Quality Assurance and Quality Control
Statistics
Relation of Constituent Concentration and Streamflow
Hydrograph Separation
Load Calculations
Concentrations of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Suspended Sediment, and Organic Carbon
Overall Occurrence of Concentrations
Nitrogen
Phosphorus and Sediment
Organic Carbon
Relations Between Constituent Concentrations and Streamflow
Annual Variations
Seasonal Variations
Nonpoint and Point Sources
Spatial Variability
Nitrogen
Phosphorus and Sediment
Dissolved Organic Carbon
Transport of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Suspended Sediment
Loads
Yields
Synoptic Studies
Variability Among Basic-Fixed and Synoptic Sites
Spatial Variability
Variability Among Base-Flow Conditions
Summary
References
Appendix
A strategy for selecting Landsat 7 ETM+ imagery for development of a new generation national land cover database of the United States has been developed. This strategy is formulated to target Landsat 7 ETM+ scenes based on land cover and land use, vegetation phenology and image quality (cloudiness, haze). Criteria based on phenology and scene quality provide a national baseline for acquiring Landsat 7 data. Optimal time periods for discriminating land cover types were identified for each Landsat 7 path-row footprint and each proposed land cover mapping zone (mosaic of several path-rows based on landscape and ecoregion), from which three Landsat scenes were selected. This database of selected scenes is used to guide Landsat 7 data purchasing. This methodology provides a consistent framework for populating Landsat 7 imagery to be used for a new national land cover characterization initiative.
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A radiometric calibration team consisting of scientists and analysts from the Landsat Project Science Office, the Landsat-7 Image Assessment System and four universities evaluates the calibration based on on-board and ground-look (vicarious) calibration methodologies. The results are assembled and compared semi-annually and the calibration parameter files are adjusted as necessary. To date the combined results for the reflective bands have not shown any change from pre-launch values. The pre-launch values continue to be used for data processing, with the uncertainty estimated at less than 5%. In the thermal band, the vicarious calibration results indicated a 0.31 W/m/sup 2/ sr /spl mu/m bias in the calibration. This bias results in the ETM+ derived temperatures being about 3K high. The calibration parameter file was updated October 1, 2000 to remove this bias, however the U.S. Landsat Product Generation System (LPGS) software required modification that was not incorporated until December 20, 2000. All LPGS data products generated since this date have the correct thermal band calibration, regardless of image acquisition date, with uncertainties at approximately the 1% level.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"IGARSS 2001. Scanning the present and resolving the future. Proceedings.","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"IGARSS 2001. Scanning the Present and Resolving the Future","conferenceDate":"Jul 9-13, 2001","conferenceLocation":"Sydney, Australia","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.2001.976208","usgsCitation":"Markham, B.L., Barker, J.L., Kaita, E., Barsi, J., Helder, D., Palluconi, F., Schott, J.R., Thome, K.J., Morfitt, R., and Scaramuzza, P., 2001, Landsat-7 ETM+ radiometric calibration: Two years on-orbit, in IGARSS 2001. Scanning the present and resolving the future. 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D.","contributorId":80854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palluconi","given":"F. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":843481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schott, J. R.","contributorId":16613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":843482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Thome, K. J.","contributorId":88099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thome","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":843483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Morfitt, Ron 0000-0002-4777-4877 rmorfitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4777-4877","contributorId":4097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morfitt","given":"Ron","email":"rmorfitt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":843484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Scaramuzza, Pat 0000-0002-2616-8456 pscar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2616-8456","contributorId":3970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scaramuzza","given":"Pat","email":"pscar@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":843485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":39957,"text":"ofr2001212 - 2001 - Hydrologic data for the Eastland Woolen Mill Superfund Site, Penobscot County, Corinna, Maine, March through June 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:16","indexId":"ofr2001212","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-212","title":"Hydrologic data for the Eastland Woolen Mill Superfund Site, Penobscot County, Corinna, Maine, March through June 1999","docAbstract":"Hydrologic data were collected at the Eastland Woolen Mill Superfund Site, Corinna, Maine, from March 19, 1999 through June 11, 1999 as part of a study to formulate a geologic characterization and conceptual model of this study area. Data-collection consisted of measurements of water-surface elevations at 7 surface-water sites and 20 wells.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr2001212","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Nielsen, M.G., Dudley, R.W., and Parrish, C.S., 2001, Hydrologic data for the Eastland Woolen Mill Superfund Site, Penobscot County, Corinna, Maine, March through June 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-212, iv, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2001212.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p.","temporalStart":"1999-03-01","temporalEnd":"1999-06-30","costCenters":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3651,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://me.water.usgs.gov/reports/OFR01-212.pdf","size":"870","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":170489,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0212/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":67742,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0212/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -69.26666666666667,44.901111111111106 ], [ -69.26666666666667,44.9175 ], [ -69.25027777777778,44.9175 ], [ -69.25027777777778,44.901111111111106 ], [ -69.26666666666667,44.901111111111106 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60ec26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nielsen, Martha G. 0000-0003-3038-9400 mnielsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3038-9400","contributorId":4169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"Martha","email":"mnielsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dudley, Robert W. 0000-0002-0934-0568 rwdudley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0934-0568","contributorId":2223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dudley","given":"Robert","email":"rwdudley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parrish, Camille S.","contributorId":38211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrish","given":"Camille","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":39908,"text":"ofr01299 - 2001 - Lithology of gravel deposits of the Front Range urban corridor, Colorado: data and multivariate statistical analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:17","indexId":"ofr01299","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-299","title":"Lithology of gravel deposits of the Front Range urban corridor, Colorado: data and multivariate statistical analysis","docAbstract":"Pebble count data from Quaternary gravel deposits north of Denver, Colo., were analyzed by multivariate statistical methods to identify lithologic factors that might affect aggregate quality. The pebble count data used in this analysis were taken from the map by Colton and Fitch (1974) and are supplemented by data reported by the Front Range Infrastructure Resources Project. This report provides data tables and results of the statistical analysis. The multivariate statistical analysis used here consists of log-contrast principal components analysis (method of Reyment and Savazzi, 1999) followed by rotation of principal components and factor interpretation. Three lithologic factors that might affect aggregate quality were identified: 1) granite and gneiss versus pegmatite, 2) quartz + quartzite versus total volcanic rocks, and 3) total sedimentary rocks (mainly sandstone) versus granite. Factor 1 (grain size of igneous and metamorphic rocks) may represent destruction during weathering and transport or varying proportions of rocks in source areas. Factor 2 (resistant source rocks) represents the dispersion shadow of metaquartzite detritus, perhaps enhanced by resistance of quartz and quartzite during weathering and transport. Factor 3 (proximity to sandstone source) represents dilution of gravel by soft sedimentary rocks (mainly sandstone), which are exposed mainly in hogbacks near the mountain front. Factor 1 probably does not affect aggregate quality. Factor 2 would be expected to enhance aggregate quality as measured by the Los Angeles degradation test. Factor 3 may diminish aggregate quality.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr01299","usgsCitation":"Lindsey, D.A., 2001, Lithology of gravel deposits of the Front Range urban corridor, Colorado: data and multivariate statistical analysis (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-299, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01299.","productDescription":"9 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169460,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3613,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr-01-0299/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635dc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindsey, David A. 0000-0002-9466-0899 dlindsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9466-0899","contributorId":773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"David","email":"dlindsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39909,"text":"ofr01370 - 2001 - Areal distribution, thickness, mass, volume, and grain size of tephra-fall deposits from the 1992 eruptions of Crater Peak vent, Mt. Spurr Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-13T19:40:15.468875","indexId":"ofr01370","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"01-370","title":"Areal distribution, thickness, mass, volume, and grain size of tephra-fall deposits from the 1992 eruptions of Crater Peak vent, Mt. Spurr Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Crater Peak flank vent of Mount Spurr volcano erupted June 27, August 18, and September 16-17, 1992. The three eruptions were similar in intensity (vulcanian to subplinian eruption columns reaching up to 14 km Above Sea Level) and duration (3.5 to 4.0 hours) and produced tephra-fall deposits (12, 14, 15 x 106 m3 Dense Rock Equivalent [DRE]) discernible up to 1,000 km downwind. The June 27 ash cloud traveled north over the rugged, ice- and snow-covered Alaska Range. The August 18 ash cloud was carried southeastward over Anchorage, across Prince William Sound, and down the southeastern shoreline of the Gulf of Alaska. The September 16-17 ash plume was directed eastward over the Talkeetna and Wrangell mountains and into the Yukon Territory of Canada. Over 50 mass-per-unit-area (MPUA) samples were collected for each of the latter two fall deposits at distances ranging from about 2 km to 370 km downwind from the volcano. Only 10 (mostly proximal) samples were collected for the June fall deposit due to inaccessible terrain and funding constraints. MPUA data were plotted and contoured (isomass lines) to graphically display the distribution of each fall deposit. For the August and September eruptions, fallout was concentrated along a narrow (30 to 50 km wide) belt. The fallout was most concentrated (100,000 to greater than 250,000 g/m2) within about 80 km of the volcano. Secondary maxima occur at 200 km (2,620 g/m2) and 300 km (4,659 g/m2), respectively, down axis for the August and September deposits. The maxima contain bimodal grain size distributions (with peaks at 88.4 and 22.1 microns) indicating aggregation within the ash cloud. Combined tephra-volume for the 1992 Mount Spurr eruptions (41 x 106 m3 DRE) is comparable to that (tephra-fall only) of the 1989-90 eruptions of nearby Redoubt volcano (31-49 x 106 m3 DRE).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","doi":"10.3133/ofr01370","usgsCitation":"McGimsey, R.G., Neal, C., and Riley, C.M., 2001, Areal distribution, thickness, mass, volume, and grain size of tephra-fall deposits from the 1992 eruptions of Crater Peak vent, Mt. Spurr Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 01-370, Report: iv, 32 p.; 3 Figures: 26.00 x 22.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01370.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 32 p.; 3 Figures: 26.00 x 22.00 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"38","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":169461,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr01370.gif"},{"id":406635,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_51972.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":282789,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0370/pdf/fig16.pdf","text":"Figure 16","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":282787,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0370/pdf/fig8.pdf","text":"Figure 8","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":282786,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0370/pdf/of01-370.pdf","size":"10.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":282788,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0370/pdf/fig11.pdf","text":"Figure 11","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":3614,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0370/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Mount Spurr","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.48974609375,\n 58.99531118795094\n ],\n [\n -144.11865234375,\n 58.99531118795094\n ],\n [\n -144.11865234375,\n 63.025074210117246\n ],\n [\n -154.48974609375,\n 63.025074210117246\n ],\n [\n -154.48974609375,\n 58.99531118795094\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db67374f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGimsey, Robert G. 0000-0001-5379-7779 mcgimsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5379-7779","contributorId":2352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGimsey","given":"Robert","email":"mcgimsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neal, Christina A. 0000-0002-7697-7825","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7697-7825","contributorId":82660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"Christina A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Riley, Colleen M.","contributorId":31045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riley","given":"Colleen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":33025,"text":"wri014192 - 2001 - Analysis of suspended-sediment concentrations and radioisotope levels in the Wild Rice River basin, northwestern Minnesota, 1973-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T11:26:19","indexId":"wri014192","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4192","title":"Analysis of suspended-sediment concentrations and radioisotope levels in the Wild Rice River basin, northwestern Minnesota, 1973-98","docAbstract":"We examined historical suspended-sediment data and activities of fallout radioisotopes (lead-210 [210Pb], cesium-137 [137Cs], and beryllium-7 [7Be]) associated with suspended sediments and source-area sediments (cultivated soils, bank material, and reference soils) in the Wild Rice River Basin, a tributary to the Red River of the North, to better understand sources of suspended sediment to streams in the region. Multiple linear regression analysis of suspended-sediment concentrations from the Wild Rice River at Twin Valley, Minnesota indicated significant relations between suspended-sediment concentrations and streamflow. Flow-adjusted sediment concentrations tended to be slightly higher in spring than summer-autumn. No temporal trends in concentration were observed during 1973-98. The fallout radioisotopes were nearly always detectable in suspended sediments during spring-summer 1998. Mean 210Pb and 7Be activities in suspended sediment and surficial, cultivated soils were similar, perhaps indicating little dilution of suspended sediment from low-isotopic-activity bank sediments. In contrast, mean 137Cs activities in suspended sediment indicated a mixture of sediment originating from eroded soils and from eroded bank material, with bank material being a somewhat more important source upstream of Twin Valley, Minnesota; and approximately equal fractions of bank material and surficial soils contributing to the suspended load downstream at Hendrum, Minnesota. This study indicates that, to be effective, efforts to reduce sediment loading to the Wild Rice River should include measures to control soil erosion from cultivated fields.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri014192","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Legislative Commission on Minnesota Resources","usgsCitation":"Brigham, M.E., McCullough, C.J., and Wilkinson, P.M., 2001, Analysis of suspended-sediment concentrations and radioisotope levels in the Wild Rice River basin, northwestern Minnesota, 1973-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4192, iv, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014192.","productDescription":"iv, 21 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320147,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri014192.JPG"},{"id":3199,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri01-4192/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":12264,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://mn.water.usgs.gov/publications/pubs/01-4192.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"1","country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Wild Rice River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97,\n 47.61727271567975\n ],\n [\n -97,\n 46.7\n ],\n [\n -95.1,\n 46.7\n ],\n [\n -95.1,\n 47.61727271567975\n ],\n [\n -97,\n 47.61727271567975\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db68009a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brigham, Mark E. 0000-0001-7412-6800 mbrigham@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7412-6800","contributorId":1840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brigham","given":"Mark","email":"mbrigham@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCullough, Carolyn J.","contributorId":74422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCullough","given":"Carolyn","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilkinson, Philip M.","contributorId":86001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkinson","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":32952,"text":"fs08901 - 2001 - Occurrence and distribution of volatile organic compounds in drinking water supplied by community water systems in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, 1993-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-16T10:40:21","indexId":"fs08901","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"089-01","title":"Occurrence and distribution of volatile organic compounds in drinking water supplied by community water systems in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, 1993-98","docAbstract":"Data on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in drinking water supplied by community water systems (CWSs) are available for 12 Northeast and Mid-Atlantic States from 1993-98. The data are from 2,110 CWSs representing a 20 percent random selection of the total 10,749 active CWSs in the region. The data were collected for compliance monitoring under the Safe Drinking Water Act from both surface-and ground-water sources and largely represent samples of finished drinking water collected prior to distribution. Overall, 39 percent of the 2,110 randomly selected CWSs reported a detection of one or more VOCs at or above 1.0 μg/L (micrograms per liter).
Although differences in analytical coverage complicate comparisons, in the 1,543 CWSs with THM data at or above 1.0 μg/L, 42 percent reported an occurrence of one or more THMs. The common detection of THMs in finished drinking water probably is related to their formation through the chlorination of drinking-water supplies. Comparatively, solvents, the next most frequently detected VOC group, were reported in 9.8 percent of 2,097 CWSs with solvent data at or above 1.0 μg/L, and gasoline components were detected in 9.0 percent of 2,098 CWSs with data at or above 1.0 μg/L.
Individually, the THMs—chloroform, bromodichloromethane, chlorodibromomethane, and bromoform—were the most frequently detected VOCs ranging from 33 to 8 percent. The most frequently detected non-THM compound was methyl tert-butyl ether, which was identified in 8 percent of CWSs. Of the 2,110 randomly selected CWSs, 6 percent had at least one sample with one or more VOCs with a concentration above a Maximum Contaminant Level, Health Advisory, or Drinking-Water Advisory.
VOCs were more frequently detected in drinking water from systems that are supplied by surface-water sources, or both surface-and ground-water sources, than in systems that are supplied exclusively by ground water, and from systems serving very large and large populations (serving <3,300 people) compared to systems serving medium and small populations (serving <3,300 people).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs08901","collaboration":"National Water Quality Assessment Program, National Synthesis on Volatile Organic Compounds in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water","usgsCitation":"Moran, M.J., Grady, S.J., and Zogorski, J.S., 2001, Occurrence and distribution of volatile organic compounds in drinking water supplied by community water systems in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, 1993-98 (Online Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 089-01, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs08901.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354172,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2001/0089/fs20010089.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.19 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 089–01"},{"id":354171,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2001/0089/coverthb.jpg"}],"edition":"Online Version 1.0","contact":"Director, Dakota Water Science Center, South Dakota Office
U.S. Geological Survey
1608 Mountain View Road
Rapid City, SD 57702