As part of the Northwest Forest Plan, large areas have been designated on many federal forests in western Oregon to provide critical habitat for plants and animals that are associated with old-growth habitat. Some of the structural characteristics often considered typical of old forests include large-diameter overstory trees, large standing and fallen dead trees, and one or more understory layers (Figure 1). However, not all of these areas are currently in old-growth conditions. Many of them contain young (<40 years), uniformly dense Douglas-fir stands that regenerated after timber harvest. The original management goal for these stands was to produce high yields of timber and associated wood products. With implementation of the Northwest Forest Plan in 1994, the management objective shifted to accelerating development of old-growth characteristics by enhancing structural and biological diversity of these areas.
A major challenge today is how to promote these structural characteristics in younger stands. Researchers have been asking if lessons can be learned from the development of our current old growth and applied to management of younger stands. Dr. John Tappeiner and his university and agency research partners are helping to answer this question by examining the differences in development between old-growth and young stands in western Oregon. Understanding how the structure of these old forests developed may provide a model for management of young stands, especially when the management goal is to provide habitat for species associated with older forests.
Director, National Wildlife Health Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6006 Schroeder Road
Madison, WI 53711
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducts scientific investigations in south Florida to improve society’s understanding of the environment and assist in the sustainable use, protection, and restoration of the Everglades and other ecosystems within the region. The investigations summarized in this document have been carried out under the Greater Everglades Science Program (previously known as the South Florida Ecosystem Program), which is part of the USGS Place-Based Studies initiative.
The USGS Placed-Based Studies initiative is a nationwide program that concentrates on areas with severe environmental problems. Through interdisciplinary investigations the Program provides sound scientific information on which to base informed resource management decisions. Individuals from all the USGS programs (hydrology, geology, biology, mapping) work together with other scientists to cover the diverse scientific disciplines involved in this complex and challenging task. The Greater Everglades Science Program began in 1995 as one of the initial Place-Based Studies programs and serves as a model for similar future collaborative studies. Placed-Based Studies are also being conducted in the San Francisco Bay area, Chesapeake Bay, the Platte River, Greater Yellowstone, Salton Sea, and the Mojave Desert.
The South Florida Ecosystem Program is part of a coordinated federal effort, under the South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Task Force. The Task Force was started in 1993, through interagency agreement, to coordinate the efforts of the agencies within six federal departments. In 1996, statutory authority formalized the Task Force and expanded it to include tribal, state, and local governments. The Task Force conducts its activities through the South Florida Ecosystem Working Group and teams, such as the Science Coordination Team. A Science Plan and Integrated Financial Plans are established to focus efforts and prevent duplicative efforts by the agencies.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0354","usgsCitation":"Torres, A.E., Higer, A.L., Henkel, H., Mixson, P.R., Eggleston, J., Embry, T.L., and Clement, G., 2003, U.S. Geological Survey Greater Everglades Science Program: 2002 Biennial Report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-54, 291 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0354.","productDescription":"291 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4503,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0054/ofr03-54.pdf","text":"Report","size":"78.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 03-54"},{"id":179089,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0054/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
A two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulation model was coupled with a geographic information system (GIS) to produce a variety of habitat classification maps for three study reaches in the upper Yellowstone River basin in Montana. Data from these maps were used to examine potential effects of channel modification on shallow, slow current velocity (SSCV) habitats that are important refugia and nursery areas for young salmonids. At low flows, channel modifications were found to contribute additional SSCV habitat, but this contribution was negligible at higher discharges. During runoff, when young salmonids are most vulnerable to downstream displacement, the largest areas of SSCV habitat occurred in side channels, point bars, and overbank areas. Because of the diversity of elevations in the existing Yellowstone River, SSCV habitat tends to be available over a wide range of discharges. Based on simulations in modified and unmodified sub-reaches, channel simplification results in decreased availability of SSCV habitat, particularly during runoff. The combined results of the fish population and fish habitat studies present strong evidence that during runoff, SSCV habitat is most abundant in side channel and overbank areas and that juvenile salmonids use these habitats as refugia. Channel modifications that result in reduced availability of side channel and overbank habitats, particularly during runoff, will probably cause local reductions in juvenile abundances during the runoff period. Effects of reduced juvenile abundances during runoff on adult numbers later in the year will depend on (1) the extent of channel modification, (2) patterns of fish displacement and movement, (3) longitudinal connectivity between reaches that contain refugia and those that do not, and (4) the relative importance of other limiting factors.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr2003476","usgsCitation":"Bowen, Z.H., Bovee, K.D., and Waddle, T.J., 2003, Effects of channel modification on fish habitat in the upper Yellowstone River: Final report to the USACE, Omaha: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-476, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2003476.","productDescription":"80 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":179438,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr2003476.PNG"},{"id":320297,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0476/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Park County","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.74905395507812,\n 45.32704768567264\n ],\n [\n -110.61721801757812,\n 45.41966030640988\n ],\n [\n -110.54855346679686,\n 45.596743928454124\n ],\n [\n -110.49636840820312,\n 45.69850658738848\n ],\n [\n -110.52932739257812,\n 45.71097418682748\n ],\n [\n -110.59112548828125,\n 45.64092778836502\n ],\n [\n -110.60623168945312,\n 45.55444852652113\n ],\n [\n -110.64468383789062,\n 45.487094732298374\n ],\n [\n -110.65704345703124,\n 45.433153642271414\n ],\n [\n -110.69549560546874,\n 45.42737117898911\n ],\n [\n -110.77239990234375,\n 45.346354488594436\n ],\n [\n -110.74905395507812,\n 45.32704768567264\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2fe4b07f02db61629c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bowen, Zachary H. 0000-0002-8656-1831 bowenz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8656-1831","contributorId":821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowen","given":"Zachary","email":"bowenz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bovee, Ken D.","contributorId":100447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bovee","given":"Ken","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waddle, Terry J.","contributorId":43430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waddle","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53156,"text":"fs12703 - 2003 - The human footprint in the west: a large-scale analysis of human impacts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-30T15:48:44","indexId":"fs12703","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"127-03","title":"The human footprint in the west: a large-scale analysis of human impacts","docAbstract":"Background\r\n\r\nHumans have dramatically altered wildlands in the western United States over the past 100 years by using these lands and the resources they provide. Anthropogenic changes to the landscape, such as urban expansion and development of rural areas, influence the number and kinds of plants and wildlife that remain. In addition, western ecosystems are also affected by roads, powerlines, and other networks and land uses necessary to maintain human populations.\r\n\r\nThe cumulative impacts of human presence and actions on a landscape are called the \"human footprint.\" These impacts may affect plants and wildlife by increasing the number of synanthropic (species that benefit from human activities) bird and mammal predators and facilitating their movements through the landscape or by creating unsuitable habitats. These actions can impact plants and wildlife to such an extent that the persistence of populations or entire species is questionable. For example, greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) once were widespread throughout the Great Basin, but now are a focus of conservation concern because populations have declined for the past three decades across most of their range. At the USGS Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, we are developing spatial models to better understand potential influences of the human footprint on shrubland ecosystems and associated wildlife in the western United States.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs12703","usgsCitation":"Leu, M., 2003, The human footprint in the west: a large-scale analysis of human impacts: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 127-03, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs12703.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4738,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/0127/fs12703.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 127-03"},{"id":125270,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/0127/coverthb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a91e4b07f02db656c8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leu, Matthias","contributorId":68393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leu","given":"Matthias","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70025926,"text":"70025926 - 2003 - An empirical model for earthquake probabilities in the San Francisco Bay region, California, 2002-2031","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-17T00:58:00.370015","indexId":"70025926","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An empirical model for earthquake probabilities in the San Francisco Bay region, California, 2002-2031","docAbstract":"The moment magnitude M 7.8 earthquake in 1906 profoundly changed the rate of seismic activity over much of northern California. The low rate of seismic activity in the San Francisco Bay region (SFBR) since 1906, relative to that of the preceding 55 yr, is often explained as a stress-shadow effect of the 1906 earthquake. However, existing elastic and visco-elastic models of stress change fail to fully account for the duration of the lowered rate of earthquake activity. We use variations in the rate of earthquakes as a basis for a simple empirical model for estimating the probability of M ≥6.7 earthquakes in the SFBR. The model preserves the relative magnitude distribution of sources predicted by the Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities' (WGCEP, 1999; WGCEP, 2002) model of characterized ruptures on SFBR faults and is consistent with the occurrence of the four M ≥6.7 earthquakes in the region since 1838. When the empirical model is extrapolated 30 yr forward from 2002, it gives a probability of 0.42 for one or more M ≥6.7 in the SFBR. This result is lower than the probability of 0.5 estimated by WGCEP (1988), lower than the 30-yr Poisson probability of 0.60 obtained by WGCEP (1999) and WGCEP (2002), and lower than the 30-yr time-dependent probabilities of 0.67, 0.70, and 0.63 obtained by WGCEP (1990), WGCEP (1999), and WGCEP (2002), respectively, for the occurrence of one or more large earthquakes. This lower probability is consistent with the lack of adequate accounting for the 1906 stress-shadow in these earlier reports. The empirical model represents one possible approach toward accounting for the stress-shadow effect of the 1906 earthquake. However, the discrepancy between our result and those obtained with other modeling methods underscores the fact that the physics controlling the timing of earthquakes is not well understood. Hence, we advise against using the empirical model alone (or any other single probability model) for estimating the earthquake hazard and endorse the use of all credible earthquake probability models for the region, including the empirical model, with appropriate weighting, as was done in WGCEP (2002).
Primary geologic and geomorphic processes that formed valley-bottom and channel features downstream from the Pelton-Round Butte dam complex are inferred from a canyon-long analysis of feature morphology, composition, location, and spatial distribution. Major controls on valley-bottom morphology are regional tectonics, large landslides, and outsized floods (floods with return periods greater than 1000 yrs), which include the late Holocene Outhouse Flood and several Quaternary landslide dam failures. Floods with a return period on the order of 100 yrs, including historical floods in 1996, 1964, and 1861, contribute to fan building and flood plain formation only within the resistant framework established by the major controls. Key processes in the formation of channel features, in particular the 153 islands and 23 large rapids, include long-term bedrock erosion, outsized floods, and century-scale floods. Historical analysis of channel conditions since 1911 indicates that the largest islands, which are cored by outsized-flood deposits, locally control channel location, although their margins are substantially modified during annual- to century-scale floods. Islands cored by bedrock have changed little. Islands formed by annual- to century-scale floods are more susceptible to dynamic interactions between tributary sediment inputs, mainstem flow hydraulics, and perhaps riparian vegetation. Temporal patterns of island change in response to the sequence of 20th century flooding indicate that many islands accreted sediment during annual- to decadal-scale floods, but eroded during larger century-scale floods. There is, however, no clear trend of long-term changes in patterns of island growth, movement, or erosion either spatially or temporally within the lower Deschutes River.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"A peculiar river: Geology, geomorphology, and hydrology of the Deschutes River, Oregon","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/007WS08","usgsCitation":"Curran, J.H., and O’Conner, J.E., 2003, Formation and evolution of valley-bottom and channel features, Lower Deschutes River, Oregon, chap. 5 of A peculiar river: Geology, geomorphology, and hydrology of the Deschutes River, Oregon: AGU Water Science and Application Series, p. 95-119, https://doi.org/10.1029/007WS08.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"119","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334520,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Lower Deschutes River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.48544311523436,\n 44.8490538825394\n ],\n [\n -121.48544311523436,\n 45.71001523943372\n ],\n [\n -120.498046875,\n 45.71001523943372\n ],\n [\n -120.498046875,\n 44.8490538825394\n ],\n [\n -121.48544311523436,\n 44.8490538825394\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-03-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5891b0aae4b072a7ac1298fb","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"O’Conner, Jim E.","contributorId":119268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Conner","given":"Jim","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662147,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grant, Gordon E.","contributorId":30881,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grant","given":"Gordon E.","affiliations":[{"id":12647,"text":"U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":662148,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Curran, Janet H. 0000-0002-3899-6275 jcurran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3899-6275","contributorId":690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curran","given":"Janet","email":"jcurran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Conner, Jim E.","contributorId":119268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Conner","given":"Jim","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024875,"text":"70024875 - 2003 - Incorporating uncertainty into high-resolution groundwater supply models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:11","indexId":"70024875","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Incorporating uncertainty into high-resolution groundwater supply models","docAbstract":"Groundwater modeling is a useful tool for evaluating whether an acquifer system is capable of supporting groundwater withdrawals over long periods of time and what effect, if any, such activity will have on the regional flow dynamics as well as on specific public water, agricultural and industrial supplies. An overview is given of an ongoing groundwater modeling study of the Chicot Aquifer in southwestern Louisiana where a low-resolution groundwater model is being used to study the regional flow in the Chicot acquifer and to provide boundary conditions for higher-resolution inset models created using telescopic mesh refinement (TMR).","largerWorkTitle":"Groundwater Quality Modeling and Management Under Uncertinity","conferenceTitle":"Proceeding of the Symposium on Groundwater Management Under Uncertainty","conferenceDate":"23 June 2003 through 25 June 2003","conferenceLocation":"Philadelphia, PH","language":"English","isbn":"0784406960","usgsCitation":"Rahman, A., Hartono, S., Carlson, D.R., and Willson, C.S., 2003, Incorporating uncertainty into high-resolution groundwater supply models, in Groundwater Quality Modeling and Management Under Uncertinity, Philadelphia, PH, 23 June 2003 through 25 June 2003, p. 122-130.","startPage":"122","endPage":"130","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232861,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a39ebe4b0c8380cd61aa9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Mishra S.Mishra S.","contributorId":128300,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Mishra S.Mishra S.","id":536537,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Rahman, A.","contributorId":93171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rahman","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hartono, S.","contributorId":75722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartono","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carlson, David R.","contributorId":89100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Willson, C. S.","contributorId":90440,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Willson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026117,"text":"70026117 - 2003 - Near-field survey of the 1946 Aleutian tsunami on Unimak and Sanak Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-19T15:47:09.577405","indexId":"70026117","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Near-field survey of the 1946 Aleutian tsunami on Unimak and Sanak Islands","docAbstract":"The 1946 Aleutian earthquake stands out among tsunamigenic events because it generated both very high run-up near the earthquake source region and a destructive trans-Pacific tsunami. We obtained new data on the distribution of its tsunami in the near field along south-facing coasts between Unimak Pass on the west and Sanak Island on the east by measuring the height of driftwood and beach materials that were deposited by the tsunami above the extreme storm tide level. Our data indicate that (1) the highest measured run-up, which is at the Scotch Cap lighthouse, was 42 m above tide level or about 37 m above present storm tide elevation; (2) run-up along the rugged coast from Scotch Cap for 12 km northwest to Sennett Point is 12-18 m, and for 30 km east of Scotch Cap to Cape Lutke it is 24-42 m; (3) run-up along the broad lowlands bordering Unimak Bight is 10-20 m, and in-undation is locally more than 2 km; (5) run-up diminishes to 8 m or less at the southeast corner of Unimak Island; (6) no evidence was found for run-up above present storm tides (about 4-5 m above MLLW) on the Ikatan Peninsula or areas along the coast to the west; and (7) run-up above storm tide level in the Sanak Island group is restricted to southwest-facing coasts of Sanak, Long, and Clifford Islands, where it is continuous and locally up to 24 m high. Generation of the tsunami by one or more major earthquake-triggered submarine landslides near the shelf edge south of Unimak Island seems to be the only viable mechanism to account for the data on wave arrival time, run-up heights, and distribution, as well as for unconfirmed anecdotal reports of local postquake increases in water depth and diminished bottom-fisheries productivity. A preliminary hydrodynamic simulation of the local tsunami propagation and run-up using a dipolar model of a possible landslide off Davidson Bank provides an acceptable fit to the characteristics of the distribution of local run-up, with a value at 34 m at the Scotch Cap lighthouse.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120020198","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Okal, E., Plafker, G., Synolakis, C., and Borrero, J., 2003, Near-field survey of the 1946 Aleutian tsunami on Unimak and Sanak Islands: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 93, no. 3, p. 1226-1234, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020198.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1226","endPage":"1234","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387242,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a63f8e4b0c8380cd727ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Okal, E.A.","contributorId":35082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okal","given":"E.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plafker, George 0000-0003-3972-0390","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3972-0390","contributorId":36603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Synolakis, C.E.","contributorId":51510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Synolakis","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Borrero, J.C.","contributorId":8656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borrero","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70161936,"text":"70161936 - 2003 - The importance of spatial scale in the modeling of aquatic ecosystems: Chapter 24","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-11T09:23:13","indexId":"70161936","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The importance of spatial scale in the modeling of aquatic ecosystems: Chapter 24","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","largerWorkTitle":"Handbook of scaling methods in aquatic ecology: Measurement, analysis, simulation","language":"English","publisher":"CRC Research Press","usgsCitation":"DeAngelis, D., Mooij, W.M., and Basset, A., 2003, The importance of spatial scale in the modeling of aquatic ecosystems: Chapter 24, chap. of Handbook of scaling methods in aquatic ecology: Measurement, analysis, simulation.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314088,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314087,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.crcpress.com/Handbook-of-Scaling-Methods-in-Aquatic-Ecology-Measurement-Analysis-Simulation/Seuront-Strutton/9780849313448"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5694e066e4b039675d005ea3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeAngelis, Donald L. 0000-0002-1570-4057 don_deangelis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":147289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"Donald L.","email":"don_deangelis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":588117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooij, Wolf M.","contributorId":94169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooij","given":"Wolf","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Basset, A.","contributorId":39552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Basset","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70159628,"text":"70159628 - 2003 - The collaborative historical African rainfall model: description and evaluation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T14:13:17","indexId":"70159628","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2032,"text":"International Journal of Climatology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The collaborative historical African rainfall model: description and evaluation","docAbstract":"In Africa the variability of rainfall in space and time is high, and the general availability of historical gauge data is low. This makes many food security and hydrologic preparedness activities difficult. In order to help overcome this limitation, we have created the Collaborative Historical African Rainfall Model (CHARM). CHARM combines three sources of information: climatologically aided interpolated (CAI) rainfall grids (monthly/0.5° ), National Centers for Environmental Prediction reanalysis precipitation fields (daily/1.875° ) and orographic enhancement estimates (daily/0.1° ). The first set of weights scales the daily reanalysis precipitation fields to match the gridded CAI monthly rainfall time series. This produces data with a daily/0.5° resolution. A diagnostic model of orographic precipitation, VDELB—based on the dot-product of the surface wind V and terrain gradient (DEL) and atmospheric buoyancy B—is then used to estimate the precipitation enhancement produced by complex terrain. Although the data are produced on 0.1° grids to facilitate integration with satellite-based rainfall estimates, the ‘true’ resolution of the data will be less than this value, and varies with station density, topography, and precipitation dynamics. The CHARM is best suited, therefore, to applications that integrate rainfall or rainfall-driven model results over large regions.
\nThe CHARM time series is compared with three independent datasets: dekadal satellite-based rainfall estimates across the continent, dekadal interpolated gauge data in Mali, and daily interpolated gauge data in western Kenya. These comparisons suggest reasonable accuracies (standard errors of about half a standard deviation) when data are aggregated to regional scales, even at daily time steps. Thus constrained, numerical weather prediction precipitation fields do a reasonable job of representing large-scale diurnal variations.
\nProfiles of 4He in pore water were measured in clay aquitards in SW Ontario. The 4He distributions are consistent with groundwater velocities that are <6 mm yr−1, and thus diffusion is the dominant transport mechanism for 4He. Modeling indicates that the effective diffusion coefficient for 4He is 6.3 ± 1.6 × 10−6 cm2 s−1. Furthermore, the profiles are consistent with the internal release of 4He from aquitard sediments at a rate of 0.03–0.13 μcc(STP) kg−1 yr−1. These rates are also consistent with laboratory release experiments and, on average, are 600 times greater than the production of 4He from U/Th decay. Modeling and the ratio of 21Ne to 4He within the sediments indicate that although the aquitards were deposited about 13 kA BP, the sediments released >70% of initial 4He for 50 to 60 kA prior to incorporation into the till.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2002WR001797","usgsCitation":"Sheldon, A.L., Solomon, D., Poreda, R.J., and Hunt, A.G., 2003, Radiogenic helium in shallow groundwater within a clay till, southwestern Ontario: Water Resources Research, v. 39, no. 12, Article 1331; 12 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2002WR001797.","productDescription":"Article 1331; 12 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489888,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2002wr001797","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232837,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a93fae4b0c8380cd81126","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sheldon, Amy L.","contributorId":86808,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sheldon","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Solomon, D. Kip","contributorId":71441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solomon","given":"D. Kip","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Poreda, Robert J.","contributorId":37797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poreda","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hunt, Andrew G. 0000-0002-3810-8610 ahunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3810-8610","contributorId":174135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Andrew","email":"ahunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":403508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70161949,"text":"70161949 - 2003 - Modeling manatee response to restoration in the Everglades and Ten Thousand Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-11T10:29:14","indexId":"70161949","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Modeling manatee response to restoration in the Everglades and Ten Thousand Islands","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of Joint Conference on the Science and Restoration of the Greater Everglades and Florida Bay Ecosystem, April 13-18, 2003, Palm Harbor, Florida","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"From Kissimmee to the Keys","conferenceDate":"April 13-18, 2003","conferenceLocation":"Palm Harbor, FL","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Stith, B., Reid, J.P., Easton, D.E., and Butler, S.M., 2003, Modeling manatee response to restoration in the Everglades and Ten Thousand Islands, in Proceedings of Joint Conference on the Science and Restoration of the Greater Everglades and Florida Bay Ecosystem, April 13-18, 2003, Palm Harbor, Florida, Palm Harbor, FL, April 13-18, 2003.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314102,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5694e049e4b039675d005e3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stith, Bradley bstith@usgs.gov","contributorId":3596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stith","given":"Bradley","email":"bstith@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":588171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reid, James P. 0000-0002-8497-1132 jreid@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8497-1132","contributorId":3460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"James","email":"jreid@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":588172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Easton, Dean E.","contributorId":57784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Easton","given":"Dean","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Butler, Susan M. sbutler@usgs.gov","contributorId":4674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"Susan","email":"sbutler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70035502,"text":"70035502 - 2003 - Melt inclusions come of age: Volatiles, volcanoes, and sorby's legacy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:50","indexId":"70035502","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1387,"text":"Developments in Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Melt inclusions come of age: Volatiles, volcanoes, and sorby's legacy","docAbstract":"Despite nearly forty years of modern research on silicate melt inclusions (MI), only within the past 10-15 years have volcanologists and petrologists come to regularly accept their utility for characterizing magmatic systems. Their relatively slow acceptance was likely due to a number of factors including: 1) Lack of reliable analytical techniques, 2) Concern that MI represent anomalous boundary-layer melts or are altered by leakage or post-entrapment crystallization, 3) Data sets indicative of heterogeneous melts and, 4) Homogenization temperatures greater than those calculated by other techniques. With improvements in analytical methods and careful studies of MI systematics, workers are increasingly convinced of the utility of these features to unravel the complexities of volcanic systems: melt inclusions have \"come of age.\" Recent studies provide compelling evidence for the compositions of dissolved and exsolved volatiles in magma reservoirs. Evidence for immiscibility of gases, hydrosaline brines and pegmatitic fluids demonstrate that magmatic phase relations are often more complicated than can be inferred by inspection of crystalline phases alone. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Developments in Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S1871-644X(03)80021-9","issn":"1871644X","usgsCitation":"Lowenstern, J.B., 2003, Melt inclusions come of age: Volatiles, volcanoes, and sorby's legacy: Developments in Volcanology, v. 5, no. C, p. 1-21, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1871-644X(03)80021-9.","startPage":"1","endPage":"21","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216266,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1871-644X(03)80021-9"},{"id":244127,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"C","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a538ee4b0c8380cd6cb79","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lowenstern, J. B.","contributorId":7737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenstern","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70025350,"text":"70025350 - 2003 - Maximum slip in earthquake fault zones, apparent stress, and stick-slip friction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-26T16:37:05.226994","indexId":"70025350","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Maximum slip in earthquake fault zones, apparent stress, and stick-slip friction","docAbstract":"The maximum slip, observed or inferred, for a small patch within the larger fault zone of an earthquake is a remarkably well-constrained function of the seismic moment. A large set of maximum slips, mostly derived from slip models of major earthquakes, indicate that this parameter increases according to the cube root of the seismic moment. Consistent with this finding, neither the average slip rate for the patches of maximum slip nor the apparent stresses of earthquakes show any systematic dependence on seismic moment. Maximum average slip rates are several meters per second independent of moment and, for earthquakes in continental crustal settings, the apparent stress is limited to about 10 MPa. Results from stick-slip friction experiments in the laboratory, combined with information about the state of stress in the crust, can be used to predict, quite closely, the maximum slips and maximum average slip rates within the fault zones of major earthquakes as well as their apparent stresses. These findings suggest that stick-slip friction events observed in the laboratory and earthquakes in continental settings, even with large magnitudes, have similar rupture mechanisms.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120030037","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"McGarr, A., and Fletcher, J.B., 2003, Maximum slip in earthquake fault zones, apparent stress, and stick-slip friction: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 93, no. 6, p. 2355-2362, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120030037.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2355","endPage":"2362","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387424,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a52a1e4b0c8380cd6c57a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGarr, Art 0000-0001-9769-4093","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9769-4093","contributorId":43491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGarr","given":"Art","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fletcher, Joe B.","contributorId":8850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025540,"text":"70025540 - 2003 - Intraplate triggered earthquakes: Observations and interpretation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-26T13:34:13.300246","indexId":"70025540","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Intraplate triggered earthquakes: Observations and interpretation","docAbstract":"We present evidence that at least two of the three 1811-1812 New Madrid, central United States, mainshocks and the 1886 Charleston, South Carolina, earthquake triggered earthquakes at regional distances. In addition to previously published evidence for triggered earthquakes in the northern Kentucky/southern Ohio region in 1812, we present evidence suggesting that triggered events might have occurred in the Wabash Valley, to the south of the New Madrid Seismic Zone, and near Charleston, South Carolina. We also discuss evidence that earthquakes might have been triggered in northern Kentucky within seconds of the passage of surface waves from the 23 January 1812 New Madrid mainshock. After the 1886 Charleston earthquake, accounts suggest that triggered events occurred near Moodus, Connecticut, and in southern Indiana. Notwithstanding the uncertainty associated with analysis of historical accounts, there is evidence that at least three out of the four known Mw 7 earthquakes in the central and eastern United States seem to have triggered earthquakes at distances beyond the typically assumed aftershock zone of 1-2 mainshock fault lengths. We explore the possibility that remotely triggered earthquakes might be common in low-strain-rate regions. We suggest that in a low-strain-rate environment, permanent, nonelastic deformation might play a more important role in stress accumulation than it does in interplate crust. Using a simple model incorporating elastic and anelastic strain release, we show that, for realistic parameter values, faults in intraplate crust remain close to their failure stress for a longer part of the earthquake cycle than do faults in high-strain-rate regions. Our results further suggest that remotely triggered earthquakes occur preferentially in regions of recent and/or future seismic activity, which suggests that faults are at a critical stress state in only some areas. Remotely triggered earthquakes may thus serve as beacons that identify regions of long-lived stress concentration.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120020055","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Hough, S., Seeber, L., and Armbruster, J., 2003, Intraplate triggered earthquakes: Observations and interpretation: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 93, no. 5, p. 2212-2221, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020055.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"2212","endPage":"2221","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478501,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20140804-144016000","text":"External Repository"},{"id":387416,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Charleston","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.255126953125,\n 32.41706632846282\n ],\n [\n -79.749755859375,\n 32.41706632846282\n ],\n [\n -79.749755859375,\n 32.96258644191747\n ],\n [\n -80.255126953125,\n 32.96258644191747\n ],\n [\n -80.255126953125,\n 32.41706632846282\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"93","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3dc7e4b0c8380cd63831","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hough, S. E. 0000-0002-5980-2986","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5980-2986","contributorId":7316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seeber, L.","contributorId":37329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seeber","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Armbruster, J.G.","contributorId":71202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armbruster","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025539,"text":"70025539 - 2003 - Sequential megafaunal collapse in the North Pacific Ocean: An ongoing legacy of industrial whaling?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:25","indexId":"70025539","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3165,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sequential megafaunal collapse in the North Pacific Ocean: An ongoing legacy of industrial whaling?","docAbstract":"Populations of seals, sea lions, and sea otters have sequentially collapsed over large areas of the northern North Pacific Ocean and southern Bering Sea during the last several decades. A bottom-up nutritional limitation mechanism induced by physical oceanographic change or competition with fisheries was long thought to be largely responsible for these declines. The current weight of evidence is more consistent with top-down forcing. Increased predation by killer whales probably drove the sea otter collapse and may have been responsible for the earlier pinniped declines as well. We propose that decimation of the great whales by post-World War II industrial whaling caused the great whales' foremost natural predators, killer whales, to begin feeding more intensively on the smaller marine mammals, thus \"fishing-down\" this element of the marine food web. The timing of these events, information on the abundance, diet, and foraging behavior of both predators and prey, and feasibility analyses based on demographic and energetic modeling are all consistent with this hypothesis.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1635156100","issn":"00278424","usgsCitation":"Springer, A., Estes, J.A., Van Vliet, G.B., Williams, T.M., Doak, D., Danner, E., Forney, K., and Pfister, B., 2003, Sequential megafaunal collapse in the North Pacific Ocean: An ongoing legacy of industrial whaling?: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 100, no. 21, p. 12223-12228, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1635156100.","startPage":"12223","endPage":"12228","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487489,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/218740","text":"External Repository"},{"id":209466,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1635156100"},{"id":235939,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"100","issue":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-10-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d53e4b08c986b318345","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Springer, A.M.","contributorId":89298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Springer","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Estes, J. A.","contributorId":53319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Van Vliet, Gus B.","contributorId":35086,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Van Vliet","given":"Gus","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Williams, T. M.","contributorId":76689,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Doak, D.F.","contributorId":39729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doak","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Danner, E.M.","contributorId":81677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danner","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Forney, K.A.","contributorId":64868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forney","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Pfister, B.","contributorId":38515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pfister","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70025538,"text":"70025538 - 2003 - Transient rheology of the uppermost mantle beneath the Mojave Desert, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:30","indexId":"70025538","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transient rheology of the uppermost mantle beneath the Mojave Desert, California","docAbstract":"Geodetic data indicate that the M7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake was followed by a brief period (a few weeks) of rapid deformation preceding a prolonged phase of slower deformation. We find that the signal contained in continuous and campaign global positioning system data for 2.5 years after the earthquake may be explained with a transient rheology. Quantitative modeling of these data with allowance for transient (linear biviscous) rheology in the lower crust and upper mantle demonstrates that transient rheology in the upper mantle is dominant, its material properties being typified by two characteristic relaxation times ???0.07 and ???2 years. The inferred mantle rheology is a Jeffreys solid in which the transient and steady-state shear moduli are equal. Consideration of a simpler viscoelastic model with a linear univiscous rheology (2 fewer parameters than a biviscous model) shows that it consistently underpredicts the amplitude of the first ???3 months signal, and allowance for a biviscous rheology is significant at the 99.0% confidence level. Another alternative model - deep postseismic afterslip beneath the coseismic rupture - predicts a vertical velocity pattern opposite to the observed pattern at all time periods considered. Despite its plausibility, the advocated biviscous rheology model is non-unique and should be regarded as a viable alternative to the non-linear mantle rheology model for governing postseismic flow beneath the Mojave Desert. Published by Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00432-1","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Pollitz, F., 2003, Transient rheology of the uppermost mantle beneath the Mojave Desert, California: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 215, no. 1-2, p. 89-104, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00432-1.","startPage":"89","endPage":"104","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209465,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00432-1"},{"id":235938,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"215","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb703e4b08c986b326fe4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pollitz, F. F.","contributorId":108280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollitz","given":"F. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70025537,"text":"70025537 - 2003 - Relationships between metabolic rate, muscle electromyograms and swim performance of adult chinook salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-28T15:13:56","indexId":"70025537","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2285,"text":"Journal of Fish Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationships between metabolic rate, muscle electromyograms and swim performance of adult chinook salmon","docAbstract":"Oxygen consumption rates of adult spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha increased with swim speed and, depending on temperature and fish mass, ranged from 609 mg O2 h-1 at 30 cm s-1 (c. 0.5 BLs-1) to 3347 mg O2 h-1 at 170 cm s -1 (c. 2.3 BLs-1). Corrected for fish mass, these values ranged from 122 to 670 mg O2 kg-1 h-1, and were similar to other Oncorhynchus species. At all temperatures (8, 12.5 and 17??C), maximum oxygen consumption values levelled off and slightly declined with increasing swim speed >170 cm s-1, and a third-order polynomial regression model fitted the data best. The upper critical swim speed (Ucrit) of fish tested at two laboratories averaged 155 cm s -1 (2.1 BLs-1), but Ucrit of fish tested at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory were significantly higher (mean 165 cm s-1) than those from fish tested at the Columbia River Research Laboratory (mean 140 cm s-1). Swim trials using fish that had electromyogram (EMG) transmitters implanted in them suggested that at a swim speed of c. 135 cm s-1, red muscle EMG pulse rates slowed and white muscle EMG pulse rates increased. Although there was significant variation between individual fish, this swim speed was c. 80% of the Ucrit for the fish used in the EMG trials (mean Ucrit 168.2 cm s-1). Bioenergetic modelling of the upstream migration of adult chinook salmon should consider incorporating an anaerobic fraction of the energy budget when swim speeds are ???80% of the Ucrit. ?? 2003 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00217.x","issn":"00221112","usgsCitation":"Geist, D., Brown, R., Cullinan, V., Mesa, M., VanderKooi, S.P., and McKinstry, C., 2003, Relationships between metabolic rate, muscle electromyograms and swim performance of adult chinook salmon: Journal of Fish Biology, v. 63, no. 4, p. 970-989, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00217.x.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"970","endPage":"989","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235904,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209448,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00217.x"}],"volume":"63","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-09-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a7a8e4b0e8fec6cdc52c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geist, D.R.","contributorId":45091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, R.S.","contributorId":68084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cullinan, V.I.","contributorId":51078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cullinan","given":"V.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mesa, M.G.","contributorId":17386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mesa","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"VanderKooi, S. P.","contributorId":12587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanderKooi","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McKinstry, C.A.","contributorId":90093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKinstry","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70025536,"text":"70025536 - 2003 - Structure and mechanics of the Hayward-Rodgers Creek Fault step-over, San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-26T14:15:06.716598","indexId":"70025536","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure and mechanics of the Hayward-Rodgers Creek Fault step-over, San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"A dilatational step-over between the right-lateral Hayward and Rodgers Creek faults lies beneath San Pablo Bay in the San Francisco Bay area. A key seismic hazard issue is whether an earthquake on one of the faults could rupture through the step-over, enhancing its maximum possible magnitude. If ruptures are terminated at the step-over, then another important issue is how strain transfers through the step. We developed a combined seismic reflection and refraction cross section across south San Pablo Bay and found that the Hayward and Rodgers Creek faults converge to within 4 km of one another near the surface, about 2 km closer than previously thought. Interpretation of potential field data from San Pablo Bay indicated a low likelihood of strike-slip transfer faults connecting the Hayward and Rodgers Creek faults. Numerical simulations suggest that it is possible for a rupture to jump across a 4-km fault gap, although special stressing conditions are probably required (e.g., Harris and Day, 1993, 1999). Slip on the Hayward and Rodgers Creek faults is building an extensional pull-apart basin that could contain hazardous normal faults. We investigated strain in the pull-apart using a finite-element model and calculated a ∼0.02-MPa/yr differential stressing rate in the step-over on a least-principal-stress orientation nearly parallel to the strike-slip faults where they overlap. A 1- to 10-MPa stress-drop extensional earthquake is expected on normal faults oriented perpendicular to the strike-slip faults every 50-500 years. The last such earthquake might have been the 1898 M 6.0-6.5 shock in San Pablo Bay that apparently produced a small tsunami. Historical hydrographic surveys gathered before and after 1898 indicate abnormal subsidence of the bay floor within the step-over, possibly related to the earthquake. We used a hydrodynamic model to show that a dip-slip mechanism in north San Pablo Bay is the most likely 1898 rupture scenario to have caused the tsunami. While we find no strike-slip transfer fault between the Hayward and Rodgers Creek faults, a normal-fault link could enable through-going segmented rupture of both strike-slip faults and may pose an independent hazard of M ∼6 earthquakes like the 1898 event.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120020228","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Parsons, T., Sliter, R., Geist, E., Jachens, R., Jaffe, B.E., Foxgrover, A., Hart, P., and McCarthy, J., 2003, Structure and mechanics of the Hayward-Rodgers Creek Fault step-over, San Francisco Bay, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 93, no. 5, p. 2187-2200, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020228.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2187","endPage":"2200","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":387417,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.11279296875001,\n 37.10776507118514\n ],\n [\n -121.77246093750001,\n 37.10776507118514\n ],\n [\n -121.77246093750001,\n 38.58252615935333\n ],\n [\n -123.11279296875001,\n 38.58252615935333\n ],\n [\n -123.11279296875001,\n 37.10776507118514\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"93","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9c14e4b08c986b31d27a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, T.","contributorId":48288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sliter, R.","contributorId":66311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sliter","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Geist, E.L. 0000-0003-0611-1150","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":71993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"E.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jachens, R.C.","contributorId":55433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jachens","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jaffe, B. E.","contributorId":88327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaffe","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Foxgrover, A.","contributorId":80477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foxgrover","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hart, P. E.","contributorId":10773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"P. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"McCarthy, J.","contributorId":50290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70025534,"text":"70025534 - 2003 - The mechanics of unrest at Long Valley caldera, California. 2. Constraining the nature of the source using geodetic and micro-gravity data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:26","indexId":"70025534","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The mechanics of unrest at Long Valley caldera, California. 2. Constraining the nature of the source using geodetic and micro-gravity data","docAbstract":"We model the source of inflation of Long Valley caldera by combining geodetic and micro-gravity data. Uplift from GPS and leveling, two-color EDM measurements, and residual gravity change determinations are used to estimate the intrusion geometry, assuming a vertical prolate ellipsoidal source. The U.S. Geological Survey occupied the Long Valley gravity network six times from 1980 to 1985. We reoccupied this network twice, in the summer of 1998 (33 stations), and the summer of 1999 (37 stations). Before gravity data can be used to estimate the density of the intrusion, they must be corrected for the effect of vertical deformation (the free-air effect) and changes in the water table. We use geostatistical techniques to interpolate uplift and water table changes at the gravity stations. The inflation source (a vertical prolate ellipsoid) is located 5.9 km beneath the resurgent dome with an aspect ratio equal to 0.475, a volume change from 1982 to 1999 of 0.136 km3 and a density of around 1700 kg/m3. A bootstrap method was employed to estimate 95% confidence bounds for the parameters of the inflation model. We obtained a range of 0.105-0.187 km3 for the volume change, and 1180-2330 kg/m3 for the density. Our results do not support hydrothermal fluid intrusion as the primary cause of unrest, and confirm the intrusion of silicic magma beneath Long Valley caldera. Failure to account for the ellipsoidal nature of the source biases the estimated source depth by 2.9 km (a 33% increase), the volume change by 0.019 km3 (a 14% increase) and the density by about 1200 kg/m3 (a 40% increase). ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00171-9","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Battaglia, M., Segall, P., and Roberts, C., 2003, The mechanics of unrest at Long Valley caldera, California. 2. Constraining the nature of the source using geodetic and micro-gravity data: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 127, no. 3-4, p. 219-245, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00171-9.","startPage":"219","endPage":"245","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209431,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00171-9"},{"id":235866,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"127","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505badc5e4b08c986b323ddc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Battaglia, Maurizio","contributorId":32602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglia","given":"Maurizio","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Segall, P.","contributorId":44231,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Segall","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roberts, C.","contributorId":28210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}