By various measures (drought area and intensity, climatic aridity index, and climatic water deficits), some observational analyses have suggested that much of the Earth’s land has been drying during recent decades, but such drying seems inconsistent with observations of dryland greening and decreasing pan evaporation. ‘Offline’ analyses of climate-model outputs from anthropogenic climate change (ACC) experiments portend continuation of putative drying through the twenty-first century, despite an expected increase in global land precipitation. A ubiquitous increase in estimates of potential evapotranspiration (PET), driven by atmospheric warming, underlies the drying trends, but may be a methodological artefact. Here we show that the PET estimator commonly used (the Penman–Monteith PET for either an open-water surface or a reference crop) severely overpredicts the changes in non-water-stressed evapotranspiration computed in the climate models themselves in ACC experiments. This overprediction is partially due to neglect of stomatal conductance reductions commonly induced by increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations in climate models. Our findings imply that historical and future tendencies towards continental drying, as characterized by offline-computed runoff, as well as other PET-dependent metrics, may be considerably weaker and less extensive than previously thought.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature","doi":"10.1038/nclimate3046","usgsCitation":"Milly, P., and Dunne, K.A., 2016, Potential evapotranspiration and continental drying: Nature Climate Change, v. 6, p. 946-949, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3046.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"946","endPage":"949","ipdsId":"IP-072538","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337494,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-06-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c90127e4b0849ce97abce9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milly, Paul C.D. 0000-0003-4389-3139 cmilly@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4389-3139","contributorId":2119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milly","given":"Paul C.D.","email":"cmilly@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":684027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dunne, Krista A. kadunne@usgs.gov","contributorId":3936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunne","given":"Krista","email":"kadunne@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70174605,"text":"70174605 - 2016 - Accretionary lapilli: what’s holding them together?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-13T10:26:14","indexId":"70174605","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Accretionary lapilli: what’s holding them together?","docAbstract":"Accretionary lapilli from Tagus cone, Isla Isabela, Galápagos were analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. Our main findings are (1) the lapilli formed and hardened in a few minutes while still aloft in the dispersing eruption column. (2) Palagonite rinds developed first on the basaltic glass clasts, and subsequently crystallized (3) The crystallization products contain submicron lamellar crystals of a clay (probably smectite) on the surfaces of basaltic glass clasts and (4) The interlocking of these lamellar clays from adjacent clasts binds and cements them together to form the accretionary lapillus. We argue that palagonite and possibly clay formation occur primarily in the presence of hot water vapor.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Going LOCO: Investigations along the Lower Colorado River: 2016 Desert Symposium Field Guide and Proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceDate":"April 2016","language":"English","publisher":"California State University Desert Studies Center","usgsCitation":"Adams, P.M., Lynch, D.K., and Buesch, D.C., 2016, Accretionary lapilli: what’s holding them together?, in Going LOCO: Investigations along the Lower Colorado River: 2016 Desert Symposium Field Guide and Proceedings, April 2016, p. 256-265.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"256","endPage":"265","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-072848","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325226,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325208,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.desertsymposium.org/About.html"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5787662ce4b0d27deb36e173","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adams, Paul M.","contributorId":172886,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adams","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":27112,"text":"Thule Scientific, P.O. Box 953, Topanga, CA 90290 USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":642414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lynch, David K.","contributorId":88600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lynch","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buesch, David C. 0000-0002-4978-5027 dbuesch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4978-5027","contributorId":1154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buesch","given":"David","email":"dbuesch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70174609,"text":"70174609 - 2016 - Architecture, geochemistry, and paleomagnetic directions of the 5.42 Ma Broadwell Mesa basalt volcanic field, Bristol Mountains, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-13T10:22:40","indexId":"70174609","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Architecture, geochemistry, and paleomagnetic directions of the 5.42 Ma Broadwell Mesa basalt volcanic field, Bristol Mountains, California","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Going LOCO: Investigations along the Lower Colorado River: 2016 Desert Symposium Field Guide and Proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceDate":"April 2016","language":"English","publisher":"California State University Desert Studies Center","usgsCitation":"Buesch, D.C., and Phelps, G., 2016, Architecture, geochemistry, and paleomagnetic directions of the 5.42 Ma Broadwell Mesa basalt volcanic field, Bristol Mountains, California, in Going LOCO: Investigations along the Lower Colorado River: 2016 Desert Symposium Field Guide and Proceedings, April 2016, p. 253-255.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"253","endPage":"255","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-072656","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325224,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325215,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.desertsymposium.org/About.html"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5787662de4b0d27deb36e176","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buesch, David C. 0000-0002-4978-5027 dbuesch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4978-5027","contributorId":1154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buesch","given":"David","email":"dbuesch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phelps, Geoffrey 0000-0003-1958-2736 gphelps@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1958-2736","contributorId":127489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phelps","given":"Geoffrey","email":"gphelps@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70193718,"text":"70193718 - 2016 - A large refined catalog of earthquake relocations and focal mechanisms for the Island of Hawai'i and its seismotectonic implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-03T18:41:11","indexId":"70193718","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A large refined catalog of earthquake relocations and focal mechanisms for the Island of Hawai'i and its seismotectonic implications","docAbstract":"We present high-quality focal mechanisms based on a refined earthquake location catalog for the Island of Hawai'i, focusing on Mauna Loa and Kīlauea volcanoes. The relocation catalog is based on first-arrival times and waveform data of both compressional and shear waves for about 180,000 events on and near the Island of Hawai'i between 1986 and 2009 recorded by the seismic stations at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. We relocate all the earthquakes by applying ray tracing through an existing three-dimensional velocity model, similar event cluster analysis, and a differential-time relocation method. The resulting location catalog represents an expansion of previous relocation studies, covering a longer time period and consisting of more events with well-constrained absolute locations. The focal mechanisms are obtained based on the compressional-wave first-motion polarities and compressional-to-shear wave amplitude ratios by applying the HASH program to the waveform cross correlation relocated earthquakes. Overall, the good-quality (defined by the HASH parameters) focal solutions are dominated by normal faulting in our study area, especially in the active Ka'ōiki and Hīlea seismic zones. Kīlauea caldera is characterized by a mixture of approximately equal numbers of normal, strike-slip, and reverse faults, whereas its south flank has slightly fewer strike-slip events. Our relocation and focal mechanism results will be useful for mapping the seismic stress and strain fields and for understanding the seismic-volcanic-tectonic relationships within the magmatic systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1002/2016JB013042","usgsCitation":"Lin, G., and Okubo, P.G., 2016, A large refined catalog of earthquake relocations and focal mechanisms for the Island of Hawai'i and its seismotectonic implications: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 121, no. 7, p. 5031-5048, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013042.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"5031","endPage":"5048","ipdsId":"IP-076229","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470801,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jb013042","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":348180,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Island of Hawai'i","volume":"121","issue":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59fd802ae4b0531197b50148","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lin, Guoqing","contributorId":168856,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lin","given":"Guoqing","affiliations":[{"id":5112,"text":"University of Miami","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":720042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Okubo, Paul G. 0000-0002-0381-6051 pokubo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0381-6051","contributorId":2730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okubo","given":"Paul","email":"pokubo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":720041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70182244,"text":"70182244 - 2016 - Experimental challenge of a peridomestic avian species, European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), with novel Influenza A H7N9 virus from China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-02T14:55:17","indexId":"70182244","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental challenge of a peridomestic avian species, European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), with novel Influenza A H7N9 virus from China","docAbstract":"In 2013 a novel avian influenza H7N9 virus was isolated from several critically ill patients in China, and infection with this virus has since caused more than 200 human deaths. Live poultry markets are the likely locations of virus exposure to humans. Peridomestic avian species also may play important roles in the transmission and maintenance of H7N9 at live poultry markets. We experimentally challenged wild European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) with the novel H7N9 virus and measured virus excretion, clinical signs, and infectious dose. We found that European Starlings can be infected with this virus when inoculated with relatively high doses, and we predict that infected birds excrete sufficient amounts of virus to transmit to other birds, including domestic chickens. Infected European Starlings showed no clinical signs or mortality after infection with H7N9. This abundant peridomestic bird may be a source of the novel H7N9 virus in live poultry markets and may have roles in virus transmission to poultry and humans.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/2016-02-033","usgsCitation":"Hall, J.S., Ip, S., Teslaa, J.L., Nashold, S.W., and Dusek, R.J., 2016, Experimental challenge of a peridomestic avian species, European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), with novel Influenza A H7N9 virus from China: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 52, no. 3, p. 709-712, https://doi.org/10.7589/2016-02-033.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"709","endPage":"712","ipdsId":"IP-073687","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335920,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58aeb13de4b01ccd54f9ee20","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, Jeffrey S. 0000-0001-5599-2826 jshall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5599-2826","contributorId":2254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jshall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":670201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ip, S. 0000-0003-4844-7533 hip@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4844-7533","contributorId":727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ip","given":"S.","email":"hip@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":670202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Teslaa, Joshua L. 0000-0001-7802-3454 jteslaa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7802-3454","contributorId":5794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teslaa","given":"Joshua","email":"jteslaa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":670203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nashold, Sean W. 0000-0002-8869-6633 snashold@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8869-6633","contributorId":3611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nashold","given":"Sean","email":"snashold@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":670204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dusek, Robert J. 0000-0001-6177-7479 rdusek@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6177-7479","contributorId":174374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusek","given":"Robert","email":"rdusek@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":670205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70182719,"text":"70182719 - 2016 - Acid mine drainage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-16T14:23:17","indexId":"70182719","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Acid mine drainage","docAbstract":"Acid mine drainage (AMD) consists of metal-laden solutions produced by the oxidative dissolution of iron sulfide minerals exposed to air, moisture, and acidophilic microbes during the mining of coal and metal deposits. The pH of AMD is usually in the range of 2–6, but mine-impacted waters at circumneutral pH (5–8) are also common. Mine drainage usually contains elevated concentrations of sulfate, iron, aluminum, and other potentially toxic metals leached from rock that hydrolyze and coprecipitate to form rust-colored encrustations or sediments. When AMD is discharged into surface waters or groundwaters, degradation of water quality, injury to aquatic life, and corrosion or encrustation of engineered structures can occur for substantial distances. Prevention and remediation strategies should consider the biogeochemical complexity of the system, the longevity of AMD pollution, the predictive power of geochemical modeling, and the full range of available field technologies for problem mitigation.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Encyclopedia of Soil Science, Third Edition","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group","doi":"10.1081/E-ESS3-120053867","usgsCitation":"Bigham, J.M., and Cravotta, C., 2016, Acid mine drainage, chap. of Encyclopedia of Soil Science, Third Edition, p. 6-10, https://doi.org/10.1081/E-ESS3-120053867.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"6","endPage":"10","ipdsId":"IP-065457","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337760,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58cba41be4b0849ce97dc74a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bigham, Jerry M.","contributorId":184052,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bigham","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cravotta, Charles A. 0000-0003-3116-4684 cravotta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3116-4684","contributorId":178696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cravotta","given":"Charles A. ","email":"cravotta@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":673445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70182762,"text":"70182762 - 2016 - Automated mapping of persistent ice and snow cover across the western U.S. with Landsat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-28T11:15:56","indexId":"70182762","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1958,"text":"ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Automated mapping of persistent ice and snow cover across the western U.S. with Landsat","docAbstract":"We implemented an automated approach for mapping persistent ice and snow cover (PISC) across the conterminous western U.S. using all available Landsat TM and ETM+ scenes acquired during the late summer/early fall period between 2010 and 2014. Two separate validation approaches indicate this dataset provides a more accurate representation of glacial ice and perennial snow cover for the region than either the U.S. glacier database derived from US Geological Survey (USGS) Digital Raster Graphics (DRG) maps (based on aerial photography primarily from the 1960s–1980s) or the National Land Cover Database 2011 perennial ice and snow cover class. Our 2010–2014 Landsat-derived dataset indicates 28% less glacier and perennial snow cover than the USGS DRG dataset. There are larger differences between the datasets in some regions, such as the Rocky Mountains of Northwest Wyoming and Southwest Montana, where the Landsat dataset indicates 54% less PISC area. Analysis of Landsat scenes from 1987–1988 and 2008–2010 for three regions using a more conventional, semi-automated approach indicates substantial decreases in glaciers and perennial snow cover that correlate with differences between PISC mapped by the USGS DRG dataset and the automated Landsat-derived dataset. This suggests that most of the differences in PISC between the USGS DRG and the Landsat-derived dataset can be attributed to decreases in PISC, as opposed to differences between mapping techniques. While the dataset produced by the automated Landsat mapping approach is not designed to serve as a conventional glacier inventory that provides glacier outlines and attribute information, it allows for an updated estimate of PISC for the conterminous U.S. as well as for smaller regions. Additionally, the new dataset highlights areas where decreases in PISC have been most significant over the past 25–50 years.
We describe a parallel implementation of TRIGRS, the Transient Rainfall Infiltration and Grid-Based Regional Slope-Stability Model for the timing and distribution of rainfall-induced shallow landslides. We have parallelized the four time-demanding execution modes of TRIGRS, namely both the saturated and unsaturated model with finite and infinite soil depth options, within the Message Passing Interface framework. In addition to new features of the code, we outline details of the parallel implementation and show the performance gain with respect to the serial code. Results are obtained both on commercial hardware and on a high-performance multi-node machine, showing the different limits of applicability of the new code. We also discuss the implications for the application of the model on large-scale areas and as a tool for real-time landslide hazard monitoring.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.04.002","usgsCitation":"Alvioli, M., and Baum, R., 2016, Parallelization of the TRIGRS model for rainfall-induced landslides using the message passing interface: Environmental Modelling and Software, v. 81, p. 122-135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.04.002.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"122","endPage":"135","ipdsId":"IP-074052","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438603,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7M044QS","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"TRIGRS version 2.1"},{"id":438602,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F73J3B27","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Serial and parallel versions of the Transient Rainfall Infiltration and Grid-Based Regional Slope-Stability Model (TRIGRS)"},{"id":438601,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7ZW1J08","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Map and model input and output data covering N 40.0 40.375 and W 105.25 105.625 in the northern Colorado Front Range for analysis of debris flow initiation resulting from the storm of September 9 13, 2013"},{"id":331019,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"582c2ce6e4b0c253be072c0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alvioli, M.","contributorId":36829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alvioli","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baum, R.L.","contributorId":68752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baum","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70178031,"text":"70178031 - 2016 - Climate change effects on North American inland fish populations and assemblages","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-28T14:37:12","indexId":"70178031","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1657,"text":"Fisheries","onlineIssn":"1548-8446","printIssn":"0363-2415","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climate change effects on North American inland fish populations and assemblages","docAbstract":"Climate is a critical driver of many fish populations, assemblages, and aquatic communities. However, direct observational studies of climate change impacts on North American inland fishes are rare. In this synthesis, we (1) summarize climate trends that may influence North American inland fish populations and assemblages, (2) compile 31 peer-reviewed studies of documented climate change effects on North American inland fish populations and assemblages, and (3) highlight four case studies representing a variety of observed responses ranging from warmwater systems in the southwestern and southeastern United States to coldwater systems along the Pacific Coast and Canadian Shield. We conclude by identifying key data gaps and research needs to inform adaptive, ecosystem-based approaches to managing North American inland fishes and fisheries in a changing climate.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"Abingdon, England","doi":"10.1080/03632415.2016.1186016","usgsCitation":"Lynch, A.J., Myers, B., Chu, C., Eby, L.A., Falke, J.A., Kovach, R.P., Krabbenhoft, T.J., Kwak, T.J., Lyons, J., Paukert, C.P., and Whitney, J.E., 2016, Climate change effects on North American inland fish populations and assemblages: Fisheries, v. 41, no. 7, p. 346-361, https://doi.org/10.1080/03632415.2016.1186016.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"346","endPage":"361","ipdsId":"IP-069905","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330627,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-06-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5819a9c3e4b0bb36a4c91021","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lynch, Abigail J. 0000-0001-8449-8392 ajlynch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8449-8392","contributorId":5645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lynch","given":"Abigail","email":"ajlynch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":652561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Myers, Bonnie 0000-0002-3170-2633 bjmyers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3170-2633","contributorId":176495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"Bonnie","email":"bjmyers@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":652562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chu, Cindy","contributorId":176496,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chu","given":"Cindy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eby, Lisa A.","contributorId":42910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eby","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Falke, Jeffrey A. 0000-0002-6670-8250 jfalke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6670-8250","contributorId":5195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falke","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jfalke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":652565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kovach, Ryan P. rkovach@usgs.gov","contributorId":5772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kovach","given":"Ryan","email":"rkovach@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":652566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, Trevor J.","contributorId":176498,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"Trevor","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kwak, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0616-137X tkwak@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0616-137X","contributorId":834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwak","given":"Thomas","email":"tkwak@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":652569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lyons, John","contributorId":176499,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lyons","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7242,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":652568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Paukert, Craig P. 0000-0002-9369-8545 cpaukert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-8545","contributorId":879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paukert","given":"Craig","email":"cpaukert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":652560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Whitney, James E.","contributorId":176500,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whitney","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70179635,"text":"70179635 - 2016 - Finite-element modelling of physics-based hillslope hydrology, Keith Beven, and beyond","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-09T11:35:22","indexId":"70179635","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Finite-element modelling of physics-based hillslope hydrology, Keith Beven, and beyond","docAbstract":"Keith Beven is a voice of reason on the intelligent use of models and the subsequent acknowledgement/assessment of the uncertainties associated with environmental simula-tion. With several books and hundreds of papers, Keith’s work is widespread, well known, and highly referenced. Four of Keith’s most notable contributions are the iconic TOPMODEL (Beven and Kirkby, 1979), classic papers on macropores and preferential flow (Beven and Germann, 1982, 2013), two editions of the rainfall-runoff modelling bible (Beven, 2000a, 2012), and the selection/commentary for the first volume from the Benchmark Papers in Hydrology series (Beven, 2006b). Remarkably, the thirty-one papers in his benchmark volume, entitled Streamflow Generation Processes, are not tales of modelling wizardry but describe measurements designed to better understand the dynamics of near-surface systems (quintessential Keith). The impetus for this commentary is Keith’sPhD research (Beven, 1975), where he developed a new finite-element model and conducted concept-development simu-lations based upon the processes identified by, for example, Richards (1931), Horton (1933), Hubbert (1940), Hewlett and Hibbert (1963), and Dunne and Black (1970a,b). Readers not familiar with the different mechanisms of streamflow generation are referred to Dunne (1978).","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.10762","usgsCitation":"Loague, K., and Ebel, B.A., 2016, Finite-element modelling of physics-based hillslope hydrology, Keith Beven, and beyond: Hydrological Processes, v. 30, no. 14, p. 2432-2437, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10762.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"2432","endPage":"2437","ipdsId":"IP-071061","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332988,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"14","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-01-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5874b0ade4b0a829a320bb69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loague, Keith","contributorId":178119,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Loague","given":"Keith","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ebel, Brian A. 0000-0002-5413-3963 bebel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5413-3963","contributorId":2557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebel","given":"Brian","email":"bebel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70176820,"text":"70176820 - 2016 - Fault zone characteristics and basin complexity in the southern Salton Trough, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-11T13:03:55","indexId":"70176820","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fault zone characteristics and basin complexity in the southern Salton Trough, California","docAbstract":"Ongoing oblique slip at the Pacific–North America plate boundary in the Salton Trough produced the Imperial Valley (California, USA), a seismically active area with deformation distributed across a complex network of exposed and buried faults. To better understand the shallow crustal structure in this region and the connectivity of faults and seismicity lineaments, we used data primarily from the Salton Seismic Imaging Project to construct a three-dimensional P-wave velocity model down to 8 km depth and a velocity profile to 15 km depth, both at 1 km grid spacing. A VP = 5.65–5.85 km/s layer of possibly metamorphosed sediments within, and crystalline basement outside, the valley is locally as thick as 5 km, but is thickest and deepest in fault zones and near seismicity lineaments, suggesting a causative relationship between the low velocities and faulting. Both seismicity lineaments and surface faults control the structural architecture of the western part of the larger wedge-shaped basin, where two deep subbasins are located. We estimate basement depths, and show that high velocities at shallow depths and possible basement highs characterize the geothermal areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/G38033.1","usgsCitation":"Persaud, P., Ma, Y., Stock, J.M., Hole, J.A., Fuis, G.S., and Han, L., 2016, Fault zone characteristics and basin complexity in the southern Salton Trough, California: Geology, v. 44, no. 9, p. 747-750, https://doi.org/10.1130/G38033.1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"747","endPage":"750","ipdsId":"IP-078827","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329437,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Salton Trough","volume":"44","issue":"9","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe679ee4b0824b2d143711","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Persaud, Patricia","contributorId":175210,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Persaud","given":"Patricia","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13711,"text":"Caltech","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":650423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ma, Yiran","contributorId":175211,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ma","given":"Yiran","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13711,"text":"Caltech","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":650424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stock, Joann M.","contributorId":21057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stock","given":"Joann","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hole, John A.","contributorId":104801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hole","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fuis, Gary S. 0000-0002-3078-1544 fuis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3078-1544","contributorId":2639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuis","given":"Gary","email":"fuis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":650422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Han, Liang","contributorId":49690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Han","given":"Liang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70176587,"text":"70176587 - 2016 - Energy development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-08T16:13:48","indexId":"70176587","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Energy development","docAbstract":"Large areas of the desert southwest are currently developed or being evaluated for construction of utility-scale renewable energy projects. These projects include numerous solar and wind energy facilities some of which will be massive. Unfortunately, peer-reviewed scientific publications are not yet available to evaluate the potential effects of solar-based utility-scale renewable energy development (USRED) on any species of wildlife, including amphibians and reptiles (herpetofauna). Scientific publications on the effects of wind-based USRED and operation (USREDO) are focused almost exclusively on flying wildlife including birds and bats. To the best of our knowledge the only publications on the effects of wind-based USREDO on herpetofauna are three publications on desert tortoise ecology at a wind energy facility near Palm Springs, California. Those studies suggested that not all effects of USREDO were detrimental in the short-term. However, additional research is required to determine if wind energy operation is compatible with conservation of this long-lived species over longer periods of time.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Habitat management guidelines for reptiles and amphibians of the southwestern United States","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Partners in Amphibian and Reptile Conservation","usgsCitation":"Lovich, J.E., 2016, Energy development, chap. of Habitat management guidelines for reptiles and amphibians of the southwestern United States, p. 31-34.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"34","ipdsId":"IP-079834","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330878,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":328846,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://parcplace.org/parcplace/publications/habitat-management-guidelines.html"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5822f23be4b0ef3123a97026","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Jones, L.L.C.","contributorId":45637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"L.L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653373,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lovich, R. L.","contributorId":176742,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lovich","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653374,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Halama, K.J.","contributorId":175287,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Halama","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653375,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Lovich, Jeffrey E. 0000-0002-7789-2831 jeffrey_lovich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7789-2831","contributorId":458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovich","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jeffrey_lovich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":649281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70193159,"text":"70193159 - 2016 - Common carp disrupt ecosystem structure and function through middle-out effects","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-20T16:11:30","indexId":"70193159","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2681,"text":"Marine and Freshwater Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Common carp disrupt ecosystem structure and function through middle-out effects","docAbstract":"Middle-out effects or a combination of top-down and bottom-up processes create many theoretical and empirical challenges in the realm of trophic ecology. We propose using specific autecology or species trait (i.e. behavioural) information to help explain and understand trophic dynamics that may involve complicated and non-unidirectional trophic interactions. The common carp (Cyprinus carpio) served as our model species for whole-lake observational and experimental studies; four trophic levels were measured to assess common carp-mediated middle-out effects across multiple lakes. We hypothesised that common carp could influence aquatic ecosystems through multiple pathways (i.e. abiotic and biotic foraging, early life feeding, nutrient). Both studies revealed most trophic levels were affected by common carp, highlighting strong middle-out effects likely caused by common carp foraging activities and abiotic influence (i.e. sediment resuspension). The loss of water transparency, submersed vegetation and a shift in zooplankton dynamics were the strongest effects. Trophic levels furthest from direct pathway effects were also affected (fish life history traits). The present study demonstrates that common carp can exert substantial effects on ecosystem structure and function. Species capable of middle-out effects can greatly modify communities through a variety of available pathways and are not confined to traditional top-down or bottom-up processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"CSIRO","doi":"10.1071/MF15068","usgsCitation":"Kaemingk, M.A., Jolley, J.C., Paukert, C.P., Willis, D.W., Henderson, K., Holland, R.S., Wanner, G.A., and Lindvall, M.L., 2016, Common carp disrupt ecosystem structure and function through middle-out effects: Marine and Freshwater Research, v. 68, no. 4, p. 718-731, https://doi.org/10.1071/MF15068.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"718","endPage":"731","ipdsId":"IP-063503","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349162,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a60fd1fe4b06e28e9c2477c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kaemingk, Mark A.","contributorId":40510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaemingk","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jolley, Jeffrey C.","contributorId":195102,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jolley","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paukert, Craig P. 0000-0002-9369-8545 cpaukert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-8545","contributorId":147821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paukert","given":"Craig","email":"cpaukert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Willis, David W.","contributorId":55313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willis","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Henderson, Kjetil R.","contributorId":191695,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Henderson","given":"Kjetil R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Holland, Richard S.","contributorId":200634,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holland","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wanner, Greg A.","contributorId":200635,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wanner","given":"Greg","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Lindvall, Mark L.","contributorId":200636,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lindvall","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70193671,"text":"70193671 - 2016 - A long-term study of ecological impacts of river channelization on the population of an endangered fish: Lessons learned for assessment and restoration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-13T14:13:43","indexId":"70193671","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3709,"text":"Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A long-term study of ecological impacts of river channelization on the population of an endangered fish: Lessons learned for assessment and restoration","docAbstract":"Projects to assess environmental impact or restoration success in rivers focus on project-specific questions but can also provide valuable insights for future projects. Both restoration actions and impact assessments can become “adaptive” by using the knowledge gained from long-term monitoring and analysis to revise the actions, monitoring, conceptual model, or interpretation of findings so that subsequent actions or assessments are better informed. Assessments of impact or restoration success are especially challenging when the indicators of interest are imperiled species and/or the impacts being addressed are complex. From 1997 to 2015, we worked closely with two federal agencies to monitor habitat availability for and population density of Roanoke logperch (Percina rex), an endangered fish, in a 24-km-long segment of the upper Roanoke River, VA. We primarily used a Before-After-Control-Impact analytical framework to assess potential impacts of a river channelization project on the P. rex population. In this paper, we summarize how our extensive monitoring facilitated the evolution of our (a) conceptual understanding of the ecosystem and fish population dynamics; (b) choices of ecological indicators and analytical tools; and (c) conclusions regarding the magnitude, mechanisms, and significance of observed impacts. Our experience with this case study taught us important lessons about how to adaptively develop and conduct a monitoring program, which we believe are broadly applicable to assessments of environmental impact and restoration success in other rivers. In particular, we learned that (a) pre-treatment planning can enhance monitoring effectiveness, help avoid unforeseen pitfalls, and lead to more robust conclusions; (b) developing adaptable conceptual and analytical models early was crucial to organizing our knowledge, guiding our study design, and analyzing our data; (c) catchment-wide processes that we did not monitor, or initially consider, had profound implications for interpreting our findings; and (d) using multiple analytical frameworks, with varying assumptions, led to clearer interpretation of findings than the use of a single framework alone. Broader integration of these guiding principles into monitoring studies, though potentially challenging, could lead to more scientifically defensible assessments of project effects.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/w8060240","usgsCitation":"Roberts, J.H., Anderson, G.B., and Angermeier, P.L., 2016, A long-term study of ecological impacts of river channelization on the population of an endangered fish: Lessons learned for assessment and restoration: Water, v. 8, no. 6, p. 1-38, https://doi.org/10.3390/w8060240.","productDescription":"Article 240; 38 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"38","ipdsId":"IP-073154","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470796,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w8060240","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":348710,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a60fd1fe4b06e28e9c24779","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roberts, James H.","contributorId":83811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Gregory B.","contributorId":65988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Angermeier, Paul L. 0000-0003-2864-170X biota@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2864-170X","contributorId":166679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angermeier","given":"Paul","email":"biota@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70193661,"text":"70193661 - 2016 - Slab melting and magma formation beneath the southern Cascade arc","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-02T15:21:45","indexId":"70193661","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Slab melting and magma formation beneath the southern Cascade arc","docAbstract":"The processes that drive magma formation beneath the Cascade arc and other warm-slab subduction zones have been debated because young oceanic crust is predicted to largely dehydrate beneath the forearc during subduction. In addition, geochemical variability along strike in the Cascades has led to contrasting interpretations about the role of volatiles in magma generation. Here, we focus on the Lassen segment of the Cascade arc, where previous work has demonstrated across-arc geochemical variations related to subduction enrichment, and H-isotope data suggest that H2O in basaltic magmas is derived from the final breakdown of chlorite in the mantle portion of the slab. We use naturally glassy, olivine-hosted melt inclusions (MI) from the tephra deposits of eight primitive (MgO>7 wt%) basaltic cinder cones to quantify the pre-eruptive volatile contents of mantle-derived melts in this region. The melt inclusions have B concentrations and isotope ratios that are similar to mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB), suggesting extensive dehydration of the downgoing plate prior to reaching sub-arc depths and little input of slab-derived B into the mantle wedge. However, correlations of volatile and trace element ratios (H2O/Ce, Cl/Nb, Sr/Nd) in the melt inclusions demonstrate that geochemical variability is the result of variable addition of a hydrous subduction component to the mantle wedge. Furthermore, correlations between subduction component tracers and radiogenic isotope ratios show that the subduction component has less radiogenic Sr and Pb than the Lassen sub-arc mantle, which can be explained by melting of subducted Gorda MORB beneath the arc. Agreement between pMELTS melting models and melt inclusion volatile, major, and trace element data suggests that hydrous slab melt addition to the mantle wedge can produce the range in primitive compositions erupted in the Lassen region. Our results provide further evidence that chlorite-derived fluids from the mantle portion of the slab (∼7–9 km below the slab top) cause flux melting of the subducted oceanic crust, producing hydrous slab melts that migrate into the overlying mantle, where they react with peridotite to induce further melting.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2016.03.044","usgsCitation":"Walowski, K.J., Wallace, P.J., Clynne, M.A., Rasmussen, D., and Weis, D., 2016, Slab melting and magma formation beneath the southern Cascade arc: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 446, p. 100-112, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.03.044.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"100","endPage":"112","ipdsId":"IP-066861","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470787,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/ac26caa7-78c7-4d82-b689-f1ab62b89bd3","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":348125,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Cascades","volume":"446","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59fc2ea6e4b0531197b27f8b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walowski, Kristina J.","contributorId":199699,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Walowski","given":"Kristina","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wallace, Paul J.","contributorId":199700,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wallace","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clynne, Michael A. 0000-0002-4220-2968 mclynne@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4220-2968","contributorId":2032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clynne","given":"Michael","email":"mclynne@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rasmussen, D.J.","contributorId":199701,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rasmussen","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Weis, D.","contributorId":199702,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weis","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70187258,"text":"70187258 - 2016 - Hibernal habitat selection by Wood Frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) in a northern New England montane landscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-28T11:12:01","indexId":"70187258","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2334,"text":"Journal of Herpetology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hibernal habitat selection by Wood Frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) in a northern New England montane landscape","docAbstract":"Poikilothermic species, such as amphibians, endure harsh winter conditions via freeze-tolerance or freeze-avoidance strategies. Freeze-tolerance requires a suite of complex, physiological mechanisms (e.g., cryoprotectant synthesis); however, behavioral strategies (e.g., hibernal habitat selection) may be used to regulate hibernaculum temperatures and promote overwintering survival. We investigated the hibernal ecology of the freeze-tolerant Wood Frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) in north-central Maine. Our objectives were to characterize the species hibernaculum microclimate (temperature, relative humidity), evaluate hibernal habitat selection, and describe the spatial arrangement of breeding, post-breeding, and hibernal habitats. We monitored 15 frogs during two winters (2011/12: N = 10; 2012/13: N = 5), measured hibernal habitat features at micro (2 m) and macro (10 m) spatial scales, and recorded microclimate hourly in three strata (hibernaculum, leaf litter, ambient air). We compared these data to that of 57 random locations with logistic regression models, Akaike Information Criterion, and Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests. Hibernaculum microclimate was significantly different and less variable than leaf litter, ambient air, and random location microclimate. Model averaging indicated that canopy cover (−), leaf litter depth (+), and number of logs and stumps (+; microhabitat only) were important predictors of Wood Frog hibernal habitat. These habitat features likely act to insulate hibernating frogs from extreme and variable air temperatures. For example, decreased canopy cover facilitates increased snowpack depth and earlier snowpack accumulation and melt. Altered winter temperature and precipitation patterns attributable to climate change may reduce snowpack insulation, facilitate greater temperature variation in the underlying hibernacula, and potentially compromise Wood Frog winter survival.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles","doi":"10.1670/15-131R1","usgsCitation":"Groff, L.A., Calhoun, A.J., and Loftin, C., 2016, Hibernal habitat selection by Wood Frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) in a northern New England montane landscape: Journal of Herpetology, v. 50, no. 4, p. 559-569, https://doi.org/10.1670/15-131R1.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"559","endPage":"569","ipdsId":"IP-066293","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340604,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","volume":"50","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"590454a4e4b022cee40dc236","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Groff, Luke A.","contributorId":95735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groff","given":"Luke","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calhoun, Aram J.K.","contributorId":93829,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calhoun","given":"Aram","email":"","middleInitial":"J.K.","affiliations":[{"id":7063,"text":"University of Maine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":693467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loftin, Cynthia S. 0000-0001-9104-3724 cyndy_loftin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9104-3724","contributorId":2167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loftin","given":"Cynthia S.","email":"cyndy_loftin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":693116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70187252,"text":"70187252 - 2016 - Validation of a stream and riparian habitat assessment protocol using stream salamanders in the southwest Virginia coalfields","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-28T13:10:41","indexId":"70187252","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2526,"text":"Journal of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Validation of a stream and riparian habitat assessment protocol using stream salamanders in the southwest Virginia coalfields","docAbstract":"Within the central Appalachia Coalfields, the aquatic impacts of large-scale land uses, such as surface mining, are of particular ecological concern. Identification and quantification of land use impacts to aquatic ecosystems are a necessary first step to aid in mitigation of negative consequences to biota. However, quantifying physical environmental quality such as stream and riparian habitat often can be quite difficult, particularly when there is time or fiscal limitations. As such, standard protocols such as the U.S. EPA’s Stream Habitat Rapid Bioassessment Protocol have been established to be cost- and time-effective. This protocol estimates ten different stream and riparian conditions on a scale of 0 to 20. Unfortunately, using estimations can be problematic because of large potential variation in the scoring depending on differences in training, experience, and opinion of the personnel doing the estimations. In order to help negate these biases and provide a simplified process, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) developed a functional assessment for streams that measures 11 stream and riparian variables along with watershed land use to calculate three different scores, a hydrology score, biogeochemical score, and habitat score. In our study, we examined the correlation of stream salamander presence and abundance to the three USACE scores. In the summer of 2013, we visited 70 sites in the southwest Virginia Coalfields multiple times to collect salamanders and quantify stream and riparian microhabitat parameters. Using occupancy and abundance analyses, we found strong relationships among three Desmognathus spp. and the USACE Habitat FCI score. Accordingly, the Habitat FCI score provides a reasonable assessment of physical instream and riparian conditions that may serve as a surrogate for understanding the community composition and integrity of aquatic salamander in the region.
","language":"English","publisher":" American Society of Mining and Reclamation","doi":"10.21000/JASMR16010045","usgsCitation":"Sweeten, S.E., and Ford, W.M., 2016, Validation of a stream and riparian habitat assessment protocol using stream salamanders in the southwest Virginia coalfields: Journal of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation, v. 5, no. 1, p. 45-66, https://doi.org/10.21000/JASMR16010045.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"66","ipdsId":"IP-064392","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470782,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.21000/jasmr16010045","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":340613,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","volume":"5","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-05-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"590454a4e4b022cee40dc238","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sweeten, Sara E.","contributorId":191565,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sweeten","given":"Sara","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ford, W. Mark wford@usgs.gov","contributorId":3858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ford","given":"W.","email":"wford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Mark","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":693110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70188282,"text":"70188282 - 2016 - Relating carbon and nitrogen isotope effects to reaction mechanisms during aerobic or anaerobic degradation of RDX (Hexahydro-1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-Triazine) by pure bacterial cultures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-05T12:57:21","indexId":"70188282","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relating carbon and nitrogen isotope effects to reaction mechanisms during aerobic or anaerobic degradation of RDX (Hexahydro-1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-Triazine) by pure bacterial cultures","docAbstract":"Kinetic isotopic fractionation of carbon and nitrogen during RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) biodegradation was investigated with pure bacterial cultures under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Relatively large bulk enrichments in 15N were observed during biodegradation of RDX via anaerobic ring cleavage (ε15N = −12.7‰ ± 0.8‰) and anaerobic nitro reduction (ε15N = −9.9‰ ± 0.7‰), in comparison to smaller effects during biodegradation via aerobic denitration (ε15N = −2.4‰ ± 0.2‰). 13C enrichment was negligible during aerobic RDX biodegradation (ε13C = −0.8‰ ± 0.5‰) but larger during anaerobic degradation (ε13C = −4.0‰ ± 0.8‰), with modest variability among genera. Dual-isotope ε13C/ε15N analyses indicated that the three biodegradation pathways could be distinguished isotopically from each other and from abiotic degradation mechanisms. Compared to the initial RDX bulk δ15N value of +9‰, δ15N values of the NO2− released from RDX ranged from −7‰ to +2‰ during aerobic biodegradation and from −42‰ to −24‰ during anaerobic biodegradation. Numerical reaction models indicated that N isotope effects of NO2− production were much larger than, but systematically related to, the bulk RDX N isotope effects with different bacteria. Apparent intrinsic ε15N-NO2− values were consistent with an initial denitration pathway in the aerobic experiments and more complex processes of NO2− formation associated with anaerobic ring cleavage. These results indicate the potential for isotopic analysis of residual RDX for the differentiation of degradation pathways and indicate that further efforts to examine the isotopic composition of potential RDX degradation products (e.g., NOx) in the environment are warranted.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/AEM.00073-16","usgsCitation":"Fuller, M.E., Heraty, L.J., Condee, C.W., Vainberg, S., Sturchio, N.C., Bohlke, J., and Hatzinger, P., 2016, Relating carbon and nitrogen isotope effects to reaction mechanisms during aerobic or anaerobic degradation of RDX (Hexahydro-1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-Triazine) by pure bacterial cultures: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 82, no. 11, p. 3297-3309, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00073-16.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"3297","endPage":"3309","ipdsId":"IP-073072","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470803,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.00073-16","text":"External Repository"},{"id":342096,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59366da9e4b0f6c2d0d7d628","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuller, Mark E.","contributorId":192618,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fuller","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heraty, Linnea J.","contributorId":192520,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heraty","given":"Linnea","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Condee, Charles W.","contributorId":192619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Condee","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vainberg, Simon","contributorId":192620,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vainberg","given":"Simon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sturchio, Neil C.","contributorId":149375,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sturchio","given":"Neil","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":15289,"text":"University of Illinois, Ven Te Chow Hydrosystems Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":697089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bohlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455 jkbohlke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":191103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"J.K.","email":"jkbohlke@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":697090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hatzinger, Paul B.","contributorId":43204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatzinger","given":"Paul B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70178467,"text":"70178467 - 2016 - Dermocystidium sp. infection in Blue Ridge Sculpin captured in Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-10T10:09:06","indexId":"70178467","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Dermocystidium sp. infection in Blue Ridge Sculpin captured in Maryland","title":"Dermocystidium sp. infection in Blue Ridge Sculpin captured in Maryland","docAbstract":"Raised pale cysts were observed on Blue Ridge Sculpin Cottus caeruleomentum during stream fish community surveys in Catoctin Mountain Park, Maryland. When examined histologically, preserved sculpin exhibited multiple cysts containing spherical endospores with a refractile central body characteristic of Dermocystidiumspp. Cysts were not observed on the gills or internally. The portion of the watershed in which affected sculpin were observed contained lower than expected numbers of sculpin, raising concerns about the population effects of this infection. A nearby stream lacked sculpin even though they are common in this region, further suggesting the possibility of regional effects. This is the first report of a Dermocystidium infecting any fish species in the eastern United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1080/08997659.2016.1159622","usgsCitation":"Blazer, V., Hitt, N.P., Snyder, C.D., Snook, E., and Adams, C.R., 2016, Dermocystidium sp. infection in Blue Ridge Sculpin captured in Maryland: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 28, no. 3, p. 143-149, https://doi.org/10.1080/08997659.2016.1159622.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"149","ipdsId":"IP-070196","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":331165,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Catoctin Mountain Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.50494003295898,\n 39.619970407119\n ],\n [\n -77.50494003295898,\n 39.692658260020266\n ],\n [\n -77.42254257202148,\n 39.692658260020266\n ],\n [\n -77.42254257202148,\n 39.619970407119\n ],\n [\n -77.50494003295898,\n 39.619970407119\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-07-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"583415b3e4b0070c0abed826","chorus":{"doi":"10.1080/08997659.2016.1159622","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08997659.2016.1159622","publisher":"Informa UK Limited","authors":"Blazer Vicki S., Hitt Nathaniel P., Snyder Craig D., Snook Erin L., Adams Cynthia R.","journalName":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","publicationDate":"7/2/2016"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blazer, Vicki S. 0000-0001-6647-9614 vblazer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-9614","contributorId":150384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blazer","given":"Vicki S.","email":"vblazer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":654100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hitt, Nathaniel P. 0000-0002-1046-4568 nhitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1046-4568","contributorId":4435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hitt","given":"Nathaniel","email":"nhitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":654101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Snyder, Craig D. 0000-0002-3448-597X csnyder@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3448-597X","contributorId":2568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Craig","email":"csnyder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":654102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Snook, Erin 0000-0003-4880-3040 esnook@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4880-3040","contributorId":168439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snook","given":"Erin","email":"esnook@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":654103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Adams, Cynthia R. 0000-0003-4383-530X cradams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4383-530X","contributorId":176965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Cynthia","email":"cradams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":654104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70176482,"text":"70176482 - 2016 - Infrastructure system restoration planning using evolutionary algorithms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-29T11:58:27","indexId":"70176482","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5372,"text":"INCOSE International Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Infrastructure system restoration planning using evolutionary algorithms","docAbstract":"This paper presents an evolutionary algorithm to address restoration issues for supply chain interdependent critical infrastructure. Rapid restoration of infrastructure after a large-scale disaster is necessary to sustaining a nation's economy and security, but such long-term restoration has not been investigated as thoroughly as initial rescue and recovery efforts. A model of the Greater Saint Louis Missouri area was created and a disaster scenario simulated. An evolutionary algorithm is used to determine the order in which the bridges should be repaired based on indirect costs. Solutions were evaluated based on the reduction of indirect costs and the restoration of transportation capacity. When compared to a greedy algorithm, the evolutionary algorithm solution reduced indirect costs by approximately 12.4% by restoring automotive travel routes for workers and re-establishing the flow of commodities across the three rivers in the Saint Louis area.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/j.2334-5837.2016.00272.x","usgsCitation":"Corns, S., Long, S.K., and Shoberg, T.G., 2016, Infrastructure system restoration planning using evolutionary algorithms: INCOSE International Symposium, v. 26, no. 1, p. 1947-1956, https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2334-5837.2016.00272.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1947","endPage":"1956","ipdsId":"IP-071024","costCenters":[{"id":5074,"text":"Center for Geospatial Information Science (CEGIS)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339971,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-09-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f877b9e4b0b7ea54521c1a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Corns, Steven","contributorId":146271,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Corns","given":"Steven","affiliations":[{"id":16655,"text":"Dept. of Engineering Management and Systems Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":692164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Long, Suzanna K.","contributorId":146270,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Long","given":"Suzanna","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":16655,"text":"Dept. of Engineering Management and Systems Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":692165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shoberg, Thomas G. 0000-0003-0173-1246 tshoberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0173-1246","contributorId":3764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoberg","given":"Thomas","email":"tshoberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":5074,"text":"Center for Geospatial Information Science (CEGIS)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":648905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70186193,"text":"70186193 - 2016 - Hydrogeologic controls on groundwater discharge and nitrogen loads in a coastal watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-31T10:50:47","indexId":"70186193","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogeologic controls on groundwater discharge and nitrogen loads in a coastal watershed","docAbstract":"Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is a small portion of the global water budget, but a potentially large contributor to coastal nutrient budgets due to high concentrations relative to stream discharge. A numerical groundwater flow model of the Inland Bays Watershed, Delaware, USA, was developed to identify the primary hydrogeologic factors that affect groundwater discharge rates and transit times to streams and bays. The distribution of groundwater discharge between streams and bays is sensitive to the depth of the water table below land surface. Higher recharge and reduced hydraulic conductivity raised the water table and increased discharge to streams relative to bays compared to the Reference case (in which 66% of recharge is discharged to streams). Increases to either factor decreased transit times for discharge to both streams and bays compared to the Reference case (in which mean transit times are 56.5 and 94.3 years, respectively), though sensitivity to recharge is greater. Groundwater-borne nitrogen loads were calculated from nitrogen concentrations measured in discharging fresh groundwater and modeled SGD rates. These loads combined with long SGD transit times suggest groundwater-borne nitrogen reductions and estuarine water quality improvements will lag decades behind implementation of efforts to manage nutrient sources. This work enhances understanding of the hydrogeologic controls on and uncertainties in absolute and relative rates and transit times of groundwater discharge to streams and bays in coastal watersheds.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.05.013","usgsCitation":"Russoniello, C.J., Konikow, L.F., Kroeger, K.D., Fernandez, C., Andres, A., and Michael, H.A., 2016, Hydrogeologic controls on groundwater discharge and nitrogen loads in a coastal watershed: Journal of Hydrology, v. 538, p. 783-793, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.05.013.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"783","endPage":"793","ipdsId":"IP-071064","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470791,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/8150","text":"External Repository"},{"id":338942,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"538","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58df6ac0e4b02ff32c6aea2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Russoniello, Chrtopher J.","contributorId":190221,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Russoniello","given":"Chrtopher","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":687830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kroeger, Kevin D. 0000-0002-4272-2349 kkroeger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4272-2349","contributorId":1603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroeger","given":"Kevin","email":"kkroeger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":41100,"text":"Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":687832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fernandez, Cristina","contributorId":190222,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fernandez","given":"Cristina","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Andres, A. Scott","contributorId":64750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andres","given":"A. Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Michael, Holly A.","contributorId":190224,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Michael","given":"Holly","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70186021,"text":"70186021 - 2016 - Titanium in 2015","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-31T09:55:33","indexId":"70186021","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Titanium in 2015","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"SME","usgsCitation":"Bedinger, G.M., 2016, Titanium in 2015: Mining Engineering, v. 68, no. 7, p. 30-30.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"30","endPage":"30","ipdsId":"IP-075020","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338892,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338891,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://me.smenet.org/abstract.cfm?preview=1&articleID=6675&page=30"}],"volume":"68","issue":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58df6ac1e4b02ff32c6aea35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bedinger, George M. gbedinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":4567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bedinger","given":"George","email":"gbedinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":687366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70184988,"text":"70184988 - 2016 - Probability distributions of bed load particle velocities, accelerations, hop distances, and travel times informed by Jaynes's principle of maximum entropy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-13T13:31:33","indexId":"70184988","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2318,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Probability distributions of bed load particle velocities, accelerations, hop distances, and travel times informed by Jaynes's principle of maximum entropy","docAbstract":"We describe the most likely forms of the probability distributions of bed load particle velocities, accelerations, hop distances, and travel times, in a manner that formally appeals to inferential statistics while honoring mechanical and kinematic constraints imposed by equilibrium transport conditions. The analysis is based on E. Jaynes's elaboration of the implications of the similarity between the Gibbs entropy in statistical mechanics and the Shannon entropy in information theory. By maximizing the information entropy of a distribution subject to known constraints on its moments, our choice of the form of the distribution is unbiased. The analysis suggests that particle velocities and travel times are exponentially distributed and that particle accelerations follow a Laplace distribution with zero mean. Particle hop distances, viewed alone, ought to be distributed exponentially. However, the covariance between hop distances and travel times precludes this result. Instead, the covariance structure suggests that hop distances follow a Weibull distribution. These distributions are consistent with high-resolution measurements obtained from high-speed imaging of bed load particle motions. The analysis brings us closer to choosing distributions based on our mechanical insight.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1002/2016JF003833","usgsCitation":"Furbish, D., Schmeeckle, M., Schumer, R., and Fathel, S., 2016, Probability distributions of bed load particle velocities, accelerations, hop distances, and travel times informed by Jaynes's principle of maximum entropy: Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface, v. 121, no. 7, p. 1373-1390, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JF003833.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1373","endPage":"1390","ipdsId":"IP-073671","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470779,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jf003833","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":337435,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"121","issue":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-07-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c7afa4e4b0849ce9795eb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Furbish, David","contributorId":189086,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Furbish","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":683837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmeeckle, Mark mschmeeckle@usgs.gov","contributorId":173789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmeeckle","given":"Mark","email":"mschmeeckle@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":683836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schumer, Rina","contributorId":189087,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schumer","given":"Rina","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":683838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fathel, Siobhan","contributorId":189088,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fathel","given":"Siobhan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":683839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70185572,"text":"70185572 - 2016 - Bauxite and alumina in 2015","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-24T10:46:33","indexId":"70185572","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bauxite and alumina in 2015","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Mining Engineering","usgsCitation":"Bray, E., 2016, Bauxite and alumina in 2015: Mining Engineering, v. 68, no. 7, p. 30-30.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"30","endPage":"30","ipdsId":"IP-074362","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338275,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338274,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://me.smenet.org/abstract.cfm?preview=1&articleID=6675&page=30"}],"volume":"68","issue":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d63037e4b05ec7991310e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bray, E. Lee lbray@usgs.gov","contributorId":1411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bray","given":"E. Lee","email":"lbray@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":686005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}