{"pageNumber":"1109","pageRowStart":"27700","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40850,"records":[{"id":70025493,"text":"70025493 - 2003 - Characterization of the time-dependent strain field at seismogenic depths using first-motion focal mechanisms: Observations of large-scale decadal variations in stress along the San Andrea fault system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:30","indexId":"70025493","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of the time-dependent strain field at seismogenic depths using first-motion focal mechanisms: Observations of large-scale decadal variations in stress along the San Andrea fault system","docAbstract":"We present a method for summing moment tensors derived from first-motion focal mechanisms to study temporal dependence in features of the subsurface regional strain field. Time-dependent processes are inferred by comparing mechanisms summed over differing time periods. We apply this methodology to seismogenic zones in central and southern California using focal mechanisms produced by the Northern and Southern California Seismograph Networks for events during 1980-1999. We find a consistent pattern in both the style of deformation (strike-slip versus compressional) and seismicity rate across the entire region. If these temporal variations are causally related, it suggests a temporal change in the regional-scale stress field. One change consistent with the observations is a rotation in the regional maximum horizontal compressive stress direction, followed by a reversal to the original direction. Depending upon the dominant style of deformation locally, this change in orientation of the regional stress will tend to either enhance or hinder deformation. The mode of enhanced deformation can range from increased microseismicity and creep to major earthquakes. We hypothesize that these temporal changes in the regional stress field are the result of subtle changes in apparent relative plate motion between the Pacific and North American plates, perhaps due to long-range postseismic stress diffusion. Others have hypothesized that small changes in plate motion over thousands of years, and/or over decades, are responsible for changes in the style of deformation in southern California. We propose that such changes, over the course of just a few years, also affect the style of deformation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Sipkin, S., and Silver, P., 2003, Characterization of the time-dependent strain field at seismogenic depths using first-motion focal mechanisms: Observations of large-scale decadal variations in stress along the San Andrea fault system: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 108, no. 7.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4e7e4b0c8380cd4bfc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sipkin, S.A.","contributorId":9399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sipkin","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Silver, P.G.","contributorId":31642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silver","given":"P.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025492,"text":"70025492 - 2003 - Staghorn tempestites in the Florida Keys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-29T12:49:04","indexId":"70025492","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1338,"text":"Coral Reefs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Staghorn tempestites in the Florida Keys","docAbstract":"Thirty-one samples of transported Holocene Acropora cervicornis \"sticks\" sampled from carbonate sand tempestite accumulations at 19 sites along a 180-km-long stretch of the Florida reef tract were dated using the radiocarbon (14C) method. The \"modern fossils\" collected from just a few centimeters below the surface ranged in age from 0.5 to 6.4 ka. The majority lived between 3.5 and 5.5 ka. The time of transport and deposition is not known. There were no A. cervicornis samples centered around 4.5 ka. Acropora cervicornis is living on many Florida reefs, but the youngest tempestite sample was 500 years old. Two 500-year-long gaps in dated staghorn suggest that the documented decline in living A. cervicornis over the past 25 years may not be without precedent.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coral Reefs","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00338-003-0289-2","issn":"07224028","usgsCitation":"Shinn, E., Reich, C., Hickey, T., and Lidz, B.H., 2003, Staghorn tempestites in the Florida Keys: Coral Reefs, v. 22, no. 2, p. 91-97, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-003-0289-2.","startPage":"91","endPage":"97","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209379,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-003-0289-2"},{"id":235750,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b969ce4b08c986b31b5f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shinn, E.A.","contributorId":38610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shinn","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reich, C. D. 0000-0002-2534-1456","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2534-1456","contributorId":36978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reich","given":"C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hickey, T.D.","contributorId":17803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickey","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lidz, B. H.","contributorId":30651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidz","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70025491,"text":"70025491 - 2003 - When and where the aftershock activity was depressed: Contrasting decay patterns of the proximate large earthquakes in southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:25","indexId":"70025491","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"When and where the aftershock activity was depressed: Contrasting decay patterns of the proximate large earthquakes in southern California","docAbstract":"Seismic quiescence has attracted attention as a possible precursor to a large earthquake. However, sensitive detection of quiescence requires accurate modeling of normal aftershock activity. We apply the epidemic-type aftershock sequence (ETAS) model that is a natural extension of the modified Omori formula for aftershock decay, allowing further clusters (secondary aftershocks) within an aftershock sequence. The Hector Mine aftershock activity has been normal, relative to the decay predicted by the ETAS model during the 14 months of available data. In contrast, although the aftershock sequence of the 1992 Landers earthquake (M = 7.3), including the 1992 Big Bear earthquake (M = 6.4) and its aftershocks, fits very well to the ETAS up until about 6 months after the main shock, the activity showed clear lowering relative to the modeled rate (relative quiescence) and lasted nearly 7 years, leading up to the Hector Mine earthquake (M = 7.1) in 1999. Specifically, the relative quiescence occurred only in the shallow aftershock activity, down to depths of 5-6 km. The sequence of deeper events showed clear, normal aftershock activity well fitted to the ETAS throughout the whole period. We argue several physical explanations for these results. Among them, we strongly suspect aseismic slips within the Hector Mine rupture source that could inhibit the crustal relaxation process within \"shadow zones\" of the Coulomb's failure stress change. Furthermore, the aftershock activity of the 1992 Joshua Tree earthquake (M = 6.1) sharply lowered in the same day of the main shock, which can be explained by a similar scenario.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Ogata, Y., Jones, L., and Toda, S., 2003, When and where the aftershock activity was depressed: Contrasting decay patterns of the proximate large earthquakes in southern California: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 108, no. 6.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235749,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd051e4b08c986b32edb2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ogata, Y.","contributorId":30016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ogata","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, L.M.","contributorId":61433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Toda, S.","contributorId":102228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toda","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70025489,"text":"70025489 - 2003 - Statistical power for detecting trends with applications to seabird monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-04T16:33:55.381242","indexId":"70025489","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Statistical power for detecting trends with applications to seabird monitoring","docAbstract":"Power analysis is helpful in defining goals for ecological monitoring and evaluating the performance of ongoing efforts. I examined detection standards proposed for population monitoring of seabirds using two programs (MONITOR and TRENDS) specially designed for power analysis of trend data. Neither program models within- and among-years components of variance explicitly and independently, thus an error term that incorporates both components is an essential input. Residual variation in seabird counts consisted of day-to-day variation within years and unexplained variation among years in approximately equal parts. The appropriate measure of error for power analysis is the standard error of estimation (S.E.est) from a regression of annual means against year. Replicate counts within years are helpful in minimizing S.E.est but should not be treated as independent samples for estimating power to detect trends. Other issues include a choice of assumptions about variance structure and selection of an exponential or linear model of population change. Seabird count data are characterized by strong correlations between S.D. and mean, thus a constant CV model is appropriate for power calculations. Time series were fit about equally well with exponential or linear models, but log transformation ensures equal variances over time, a basic assumption of regression analysis. Using sample data from seabird monitoring in Alaska, I computed the number of years required (with annual censusing) to detect trends of -1.4% per year (50% decline in 50 years) and -2.7% per year (50% decline in 25 years). At ??=0.05 and a desired power of 0.9, estimated study intervals ranged from 11 to 69 years depending on species, trend, software, and study design. Power to detect a negative trend of 6.7% per year (50% decline in 10 years) is suggested as an alternative standard for seabird monitoring that achieves a reasonable match between statistical and biological significance.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00301-4","usgsCitation":"Hatch, S.A., 2003, Statistical power for detecting trends with applications to seabird monitoring: Biological Conservation, v. 111, no. 3, p. 317-329, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00301-4.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"317","endPage":"329","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235707,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Middleton Island, Semidi Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -146.40243530273438,\n              59.39477224351406\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.25411987304688,\n              59.39477224351406\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.25411987304688,\n              59.47752265509619\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.40243530273438,\n              59.47752265509619\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.40243530273438,\n              59.39477224351406\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -156.85867309570312,\n              55.951506585828895\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.59088134765625,\n              55.951506585828895\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.59088134765625,\n              56.27843607650187\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.85867309570312,\n              56.27843607650187\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.85867309570312,\n              55.951506585828895\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"111","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9739e4b08c986b31b962","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatch, Scott A. 0000-0002-0064-8187 shatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-8187","contributorId":2625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Scott","email":"shatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70025485,"text":"70025485 - 2003 - Imaging the complexity of an active normal fault system: The 1997 Colfiorito (central Italy) case study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:26","indexId":"70025485","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Imaging the complexity of an active normal fault system: The 1997 Colfiorito (central Italy) case study","docAbstract":"Six moderate magnitude earthquakes (5 < Mw < 6) ruptured normal fault segments of the southern sector of the North Apennine belt (central Italy) in the 1997 Colfiorito earthquake sequence. We study the progressive activation of adjacent and nearby parallel faults of this complex normal fault system using ???1650 earthquake locations obtained by applying a double-difference location method, using travel time picks and waveform cross-correlation measurements. The lateral extent of the fault segments range from 5 to 10 km and make up a broad, ???45 km long, NW trending fault system. The geometry of each segment is quite simple and consists of planar faults gently dipping toward SW with an average dip of 40??-45??. The fault planes are not listric but maintain a constant dip through the entire seismogenic volume, down to 8 km depth. We observe the activation of faults on the hanging wall and the absence of seismicity in the footwall of the structure. The observed fault segmentation appears to be due to the lateral heterogeneity of the upper crust: preexisting thrusts inherited from Neogene's compressional tectonic intersect the active normal faults and control their maximum length. The stress tensor obtained by inverting the six main shock focal mechanisms of the sequence is in agreement with the tectonic stress active in the inner chain of the Apennine, revealing a clear NE trending extension direction. Aftershock focal mechanisms show a consistent extensional kinematics, 70% of which are mechanically consistent with the main shock stress field.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Chiaraluce, L., Ellsworth, W., Chiarabba, C., and Cocco, M., 2003, Imaging the complexity of an active normal fault system: The 1997 Colfiorito (central Italy) case study: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 108, no. 6.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235669,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3889e4b0c8380cd615e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chiaraluce, L.","contributorId":61226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chiaraluce","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellsworth, W.L.","contributorId":48541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chiarabba, C.","contributorId":39994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chiarabba","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cocco, M.","contributorId":70128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cocco","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70025480,"text":"70025480 - 2003 - Uptake of elements from seawater by ferromanganese crusts: Solid-phase associations and seawater speciation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70025480","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uptake of elements from seawater by ferromanganese crusts: Solid-phase associations and seawater speciation","docAbstract":"Marine Fe-Mn oxyhydroxide crusts form by precipitation of dissolved components from seawater. Three hydrogenetic crust samples (one phosphatized) and two hydrothermal Mn-oxide samples were subjected to a sequential-leaching procedure in order to determine the host phases of 40 elements. Those host-phase associations are discussed with respect to element speciation in seawater. The partitioning of elements between the two major phases, Mn oxide and Fe oxyhydroxide, can in a first-order approximation be explained by a simple sorption model related to the inorganic speciation of the elements in seawater, as has been proposed in earlier models. Free and weakly complexed cations, such as alkali and alkaline earth metals, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, T1(I), and partly Y, are sorbed preferentially on the negatively charged surface of the MnO2 in hydrogenetic crusts. The driving force is a strong coulombic interaction. All neutral or negatively charged chloro (Cd, Hg, T1), carbonate (Cu, Y, Pb, and U), and hydroxide (Be, Sc, Ti, Fe, Zr, Nb, In, Sn, Sb, Te, Hf, Ta, Bi, Th, and T1(III)) complexes and oxyanions (V, Cr, As, Se, Mo, and W) bind to the slightly positively charged surface of the amorphous FeOOH phase. While coulombic interaction can explain the sorption of the negatively charged species, the binding of neutral species is based on specific chemical interaction. Organic complexation of elements in deep-ocean water seems to be at most of minor importance. Surface oxidation can explain some strong metal associations, e.g. of Co and T1 with the MnO2 and Te with the FeOOH. Sorption reactions initially driven by coulombic forces are often followed by the formation of specific bonds between the adsorbate and the atoms of the oxide surface. Differences in the associations of some metals between the non-phosphatized and phosphatized hydrogenetic crusts and between the hydrogenetic and the hydrothermal samples reflect the different physico-chemical environments of formation and speciations in oxic seawater vs. less-oxic fluids, especially for the redox-sensitive metals such as Mo and V. These environmental-related differences indicate that the methodology of chemical speciation used here in combination with spectroscopic methods may allow for the detection of changes in paleoceanographic conditions recorded during the several tens of millions of years of crust growth. ?? 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00122-1","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Koschinsky, A., and Hein, J., 2003, Uptake of elements from seawater by ferromanganese crusts: Solid-phase associations and seawater speciation: Marine Geology, v. 198, no. 3-4, p. 331-351, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00122-1.","startPage":"331","endPage":"351","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209562,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00122-1"},{"id":236160,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"198","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd76e4b08c986b329041","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koschinsky, A.","contributorId":42724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koschinsky","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hein, J.R. 0000-0002-5321-899X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":61429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025478,"text":"70025478 - 2003 - Numerical simulation of tsunami generation by pryoclastic flow at Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70025478","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Numerical simulation of tsunami generation by pryoclastic flow at Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"Pyroclastic flows entering the sea are plausible mechanisms for tsunami generation at volcanic island arcs worldwide. We evaluate tsunami generation by pyroclastic flow using an example from Aniakchak volcano in Alaska where evidence for tsunami inundation coincident with a major, caldera-forming eruption of the volcano ca. 3.5 ka has been described. Using a numerical model, we simulate the tsunami and compare the results to field estimates of tsunami run up.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Waythomas, C.F., and Watts, P., 2003, Numerical simulation of tsunami generation by pryoclastic flow at Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 30, no. 14.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236121,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a692de4b0c8380cd73bdb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waythomas, C. F.","contributorId":10065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waythomas","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watts, P.","contributorId":81669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025473,"text":"70025473 - 2003 - Natural background concentrations of nutrients in streams and rivers of the conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70025473","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Natural background concentrations of nutrients in streams and rivers of the conterminous United States","docAbstract":"Determining natural background concentrations of nutrients in watersheds in the developed world has been hampered by a lack of pristine sampling sites covering a range of climatic conditions and basin sizes. Using data from 63 minimally impacted U.S. Geological Survey reference basins, we developed empirical models of the background yield of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) from small watersheds as functions of annual runoff, basin size, atmospheric nitrogen deposition rate, and region-specific factors. We applied previously estimated in-stream loss rates to yields from the small watershed models to obtain estimates of background TN and TP yield and concentration throughout the stream/river network in 14 ecoregions of the conterminous United States. Background TN concentration varies from less than 0.02 mg L-1 in the xeric west to more than 0.5 mg L-1 along the southeastern coastal plain. Background TP concentration varies from less than 0.006 mg L-1 in the xeric west to more than 0.08 mg L-1 in the great plains. TN concentrations in U.S. streams and rivers currently exceed natural background levels by a much larger factor (6.4) than do TP concentrations (2.0). Because of local variation in runoff and other factors, the range of background nutrient concentrations is very large within some nutrient ecoregions. It is likely that background concentrations in some streams in these regions exceed proposed nutrient criteria.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/es020663b","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Smith, R.A., Alexander, R.B., and Schwarz, G., 2003, Natural background concentrations of nutrients in streams and rivers of the conterminous United States: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 37, no. 14, p. 3039-3047, https://doi.org/10.1021/es020663b.","startPage":"3039","endPage":"3047","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209524,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es020663b"},{"id":236081,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-06-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a62e3e4b0c8380cd7218a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, R. A.","contributorId":60584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alexander, R. B.","contributorId":108103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schwarz, G. E. 0000-0002-9239-4566","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9239-4566","contributorId":14852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwarz","given":"G. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70025472,"text":"70025472 - 2003 - Seismic anisotropy in gas-hydrate- and gas-bearing sediments on the Blake Ridge, from a walkaway vertical seismic profile","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T16:59:23","indexId":"70025472","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic anisotropy in gas-hydrate- and gas-bearing sediments on the Blake Ridge, from a walkaway vertical seismic profile","docAbstract":"We present results from an analysis of anisotropy in marine sediments using walkaway vertical seismic profiles from the Blake Ridge, offshore South Carolina. We encountered transverse isotropy (TI) with a vertical symmetry axis in a gas-hydrate-bearing unit of clay and claystone with Thomsen parameters ?? = 0.05 ?? 0.02 and ?? = 0.04 ?? 0.06. TI increased to ?? = 0.16 ?? 0.04 and ?? = 0.19 ?? 0.12 in the underlying gas zone. Rock physics modeling suggests that the observed TI is caused by a partial alignment of clay particles rather than high-velocity gas-hydrate veins. Similarly, the increase of TI in the gas zone is not caused by thin low-velocity gas layers but rather, we speculate, by the sharp contrast between seismic properties of an anisotropic sediment frame and elongated gas-bearing pore voids. Our results underscore the significance of anisotropy for integrating near-vertical and wide-angle seismic data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Pecher, I., Holbrook, W., Sen, M., Lizarralde, D., Wood, W., Hutchinson, D.R., Dillon, W.P., Hoskins, H., and Stephen, R., 2003, Seismic anisotropy in gas-hydrate- and gas-bearing sediments on the Blake Ridge, from a walkaway vertical seismic profile: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 30, no. 14.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236046,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8af2e4b08c986b3174ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pecher, I.A.","contributorId":14011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pecher","given":"I.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holbrook, W.S.","contributorId":84916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holbrook","given":"W.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sen, M.K.","contributorId":94482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sen","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lizarralde, D.","contributorId":43954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lizarralde","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wood, W.T.","contributorId":51516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"W.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hutchinson, D. R.","contributorId":31770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dillon, William P. bdillon@usgs.gov","contributorId":79820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"William","email":"bdillon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":405338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hoskins, H.","contributorId":64430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoskins","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Stephen, R.A.","contributorId":44339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephen","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70025470,"text":"70025470 - 2003 - A late quaternary record of eolian silt deposition in a maar lake, St. Michael Island, western Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70025470","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A late quaternary record of eolian silt deposition in a maar lake, St. Michael Island, western Alaska","docAbstract":"Recent stratigraphic studies in central Alaska have yielded the unexpected finding that there is little evidence for full-glacial (late Wisconsin) loess deposition. Because the loess record of western Alaska is poorly exposed and not well known, we analyzed a core from Zagoskin Lake, a maar lake on St. Michael Island, to determine if a full-glacial eolian record could be found in that region. Particle size and geochemical data indicate that the mineral fraction of the lake sediments is not derived from the local basalt and is probably eolian. Silt deposition took place from at least the latter part of the mid-Wisconsin interstadial period through the Holocene, based on radiocarbon dating. Based on the locations of likely loess sources, eolian silt in western Alaska was probably deflated by northeasterly winds from glaciofluvial sediments. If last-glacial winds that deposited loess were indeed from the northeast, this reconstruction is in conflict with a model-derived reconstruction of paleowinds in Alaska. Mass accumulation rates in Zagoskin Lake were higher during the Pleistocene than during the Holocene. In addition, more eolian sediment is recorded in the lake sediments than as loess on the adjacent landscape. The thinner loess record on land may be due to the sparse, herb tundra vegetation that dominated the landscape in full-glacial time. Herb tundra would have been an inefficient loess trap compared to forest or even shrub tundra due to its low roughness height. The lack of abundant, full-glacial, eolian silt deposition in the loess stratigraphic record of central Alaska may be due, therefore, to a mimimal ability of the landscape to trap loess, rather than a lack of available eolian sediment. ?? 2003 University of Washington. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0033-5894(03)00062-0","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Muhs, D., Ager, T.A., Been, J., Bradbury, J., and Dean, W., 2003, A late quaternary record of eolian silt deposition in a maar lake, St. Michael Island, western Alaska: Quaternary Research, v. 60, no. 1, p. 110-122, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-5894(03)00062-0.","startPage":"110","endPage":"122","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209493,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0033-5894(03)00062-0"},{"id":236007,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e435e4b0c8380cd464d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muhs, D.R. 0000-0001-7449-251X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-251X","contributorId":61460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhs","given":"D.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ager, T. A.","contributorId":88386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ager","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Been, J.","contributorId":24949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Been","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bradbury, J.P.","contributorId":14431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dean, W.E.","contributorId":97099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70025467,"text":"70025467 - 2003 - Carbon cycling in extratropical terrestrial ecosystems of the Northern Hemisphere during the 20th century: a modeling analysis of the influences of soil thermal dynamics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T10:52:14","indexId":"70025467","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3528,"text":"Tellus, Series B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbon cycling in extratropical terrestrial ecosystems of the Northern Hemisphere during the 20th century: a modeling analysis of the influences of soil thermal dynamics","docAbstract":"<p><span>There is substantial evidence that soil thermal dynamics are changing in terrestrial ecosystems of the Northern Hemisphere and that these dynamics have implications for the exchange of carbon between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. To date, large-scale biogeochemical models have been slow to incorporate the effects of soil thermal dynamics on processes that affect carbon exchange with the atmosphere. In this study we incorporated a soil thermal module (STM), appropriate to both permafrost and non-permafrost soils, into a large-scale ecosystem model, version 5.0 of the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM). We then compared observed regional and seasonal patterns of atmospheric CO</span><sub>2</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>to simulations of carbon dynamics for terrestrial ecosystems north of 30°N between TEM 5.0 and an earlier version of TEM (version 4.2) that lacked a STM. The timing of the draw-down of atmospheric CO</span><sub>2</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>at the start of the growing season and the degree of draw-down during the growing season were substantially improved by the consideration of soil thermal dynamics. Both versions of TEM indicate that climate variability and change promoted the loss of carbon from temperate ecosystems during the first half of the 20th century, and promoted carbon storage during the second half of the century. The results of the simulations by TEM suggest that land-use change in temperate latitudes (30–60°N) plays a stronger role than climate change in driving trends for increased uptake of carbon in extratropical terrestrial ecosystems (30–90°N) during recent decades. In the 1980s the TEM 5.0 simulation estimated that extratropical terrestrial ecosystems stored 0.55 Pg C yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, with 0.24 Pg C yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>in North America and 0.31 Pg C yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>in northern Eurasia. From 1990 through 1995 the model simulated that these ecosystems stored 0.90 Pg C yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, with 0.27 Pg C yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>stored in North America and 0.63 Pg C yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>stored in northern Eurasia. Thus, in comparison to the 1980s, simulated net carbon storage in the 1990s was enhanced by an additional 0.35 Pg C yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>in extratropical terrestrial ecosystems, with most of the additional storage in northern Eurasia. The carbon storage simulated by TEM 5.0 in the 1980s and 1990s was lower than estimates based on other methodologies, including estimates by atmospheric inversion models and remote sensing and inventory analyses. This suggests that other issues besides the role of soil thermal dynamics may be responsible, in part, for the temporal and spatial dynamics of carbon storage of extratropical terrestrial ecosystems. In conclusion, the consideration of soil thermal dynamics and terrestrial cryospheric processes in modeling the global carbon cycle has helped to reduce biases in the simulation of the seasonality of carbon dynamics of extratropical terrestrial ecosystems. This progress should lead to an enhanced ability to clarify the role of other issues that influence carbon dynamics in terrestrial regions that experience seasonal freezing and thawing of soil.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1034/j.1600-0889.2003.00060.x","usgsCitation":"Zhuang, Q., McGuire, A., Melillo, J.M., Clein, J.S., Dargaville, R., Kicklighter, D., Myneni, R.B., Dong, J., Romanovsky, V., Harden, J., and Hobbie, J., 2003, Carbon cycling in extratropical terrestrial ecosystems of the Northern Hemisphere during the 20th century: a modeling analysis of the influences of soil thermal dynamics: Tellus, Series B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, v. 55, no. 3, p. 751-776, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.2003.00060.x.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"751","endPage":"776","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235971,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":352332,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/j.1600-0889.2003.00060.x/full"}],"volume":"55","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f35de4b0c8380cd4b754","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhuang, Q.","contributorId":40772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhuang","given":"Q.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGuire, A. D.","contributorId":16552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Melillo, J. M.","contributorId":73139,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Melillo","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clein, Joy S.","contributorId":83697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clein","given":"Joy","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dargaville, R.J.","contributorId":41992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dargaville","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kicklighter, D. W.","contributorId":31537,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kicklighter","given":"D. W.","affiliations":[{"id":13627,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":405300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Myneni, Ranga B.","contributorId":33901,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Myneni","given":"Ranga","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":13570,"text":"Boston University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":405301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Dong, J.","contributorId":103055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dong","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Romanovsky, V.E.","contributorId":54721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romanovsky","given":"V.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Harden, J.","contributorId":43918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Hobbie, J.E.","contributorId":46254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hobbie","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}}
,{"id":70025466,"text":"70025466 - 2003 - Stochastic analysis of transverse dispersion in density‐coupled transport in aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T12:43:16","indexId":"70025466","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stochastic analysis of transverse dispersion in density‐coupled transport in aquifers","docAbstract":"<p><span>Spectral perturbation techniques have been used previously to derive integral expressions for dispersive mixing in concentration‐dependent transport in three‐dimensional, heterogeneous porous media, where fluid density and viscosity are functions of solute concentration. Whereas earlier work focused on evaluating longitudinal dispersivity in isotropic media and incorporating the result in a mean one‐dimensional transport model, the emphasis of this paper is on evaluation of the complete dispersion tensor, including the more general case of anisotropic media. Approximate analytic expressions for all components of the macroscopic dispersivity tensor are derived, and the tensor is shown to be asymmetric. The tensor is separated into its symmetric and antisymmetric parts, where the symmetric part is used to calculate the principal components and principal directions of dispersivity, and the antisymmetric part of the tensor is shown to modify the velocity of the solute body compared to that of the background fluid. An example set of numerical simulations incorporating the tensor illustrates the effect of density‐coupled dispersivity on a sinking plume in an aquifer. The simulations show that the effective transverse vertical spreading in a sinking plume to be significantly greater than would be predicted by a standard density‐coupled transport model that does not incorporate the coupling in the dispersivity tensor.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2002WR001631","usgsCitation":"Welty, C., Kane, A.C., and Kauffman, L.J., 2003, Stochastic analysis of transverse dispersion in density‐coupled transport in aquifers: Water Resources Research, v. 39, no. 6, p. 5-1-5-18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002WR001631.","productDescription":"Article 1150; 18 p.","startPage":"5-1","endPage":"5-18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235935,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-06-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9848e4b08c986b31bf54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Welty, Claire","contributorId":39416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welty","given":"Claire","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kane, Allen C. III","contributorId":94480,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kane","given":"Allen","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kauffman, Leon J. 0000-0003-4564-0362 lkauff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4564-0362","contributorId":1094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauffman","given":"Leon","email":"lkauff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70025460,"text":"70025460 - 2003 - Three-dimensional geologic modeling and visualization of the Virttaankangas aquifer, southwestern Finland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-06T16:47:48.34343","indexId":"70025460","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Three-dimensional geologic modeling and visualization of the Virttaankangas aquifer, southwestern Finland","docAbstract":"<p><span>A need exists for a reliable and long-term water supply for the 285,000 inhabitants of the Turku area in&nbsp;</span>southwestern<span>&nbsp;</span>Finland<span>. In response to this need, there are plans to replace the present water supply from the surface sources with artificially infiltrated groundwater from a Quaternary esker&nbsp;</span>aquifer<span>&nbsp;called the&nbsp;</span>Virttaankangas<span>&nbsp;</span>aquifer<span>. New sedimentological studies of the&nbsp;</span>Virttaankangas<span>&nbsp;area have revealed the complexities of the esker system and its surrounding glacial, glaciofluvial, and glaciolacustrine geology. This led to the characterization of the hydrogeological units of the&nbsp;</span>aquifer<span>, the result of which has been a&nbsp;</span>three<span>-</span>dimensional<span>&nbsp;(3-D) truly integrated solids model that represents the geometry, interrelationships, and hydrostratigraphy of the study area. The 3-D model was made with Earth Vision&nbsp;</span>geologic<span>&nbsp;</span>modeling<span>&nbsp;software. The 3-D geological model of the&nbsp;</span>Virttaankangas<span>&nbsp;</span>aquifer<span>&nbsp;can be used for planning the infiltration of river water into the&nbsp;</span>aquifer<span>&nbsp;and to understand the&nbsp;</span>geologic<span>&nbsp;and geographic boundaries of the hydrogeologic units hosting the groundwater reserve and the&nbsp;</span>geologic<span>&nbsp;relationships between the units. Another major outcome of this study is a powerful&nbsp;</span>visualization<span>&nbsp;tool that will be provided to municipal and government authorities who must understand the&nbsp;</span>geologic<span>&nbsp;complexities involved with water-resource planning prior to their decision making.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10040-003-0256-6","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Artimo, A., Makinen, J., Berg, R.C., Abert, C., and Salonen, V., 2003, Three-dimensional geologic modeling and visualization of the Virttaankangas aquifer, southwestern Finland: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 11, no. 3, p. 378-386, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-003-0256-6.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"378","endPage":"386","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387738,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Finland","otherGeospatial":"southwest Finland","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              20.56640625,\n              60.1524422143808\n            ],\n            [\n              26.103515625,\n              60.1524422143808\n            ],\n            [\n              26.103515625,\n              63.27318217465046\n            ],\n            [\n              20.56640625,\n              63.27318217465046\n            ],\n            [\n              20.56640625,\n              60.1524422143808\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb32be4b08c986b325c10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Artimo, A.","contributorId":58445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Artimo","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Makinen, J.","contributorId":36730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Makinen","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berg, R. C.","contributorId":11673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berg","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Abert, C.C.","contributorId":24538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abert","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Salonen, V.-P.","contributorId":94835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Salonen","given":"V.-P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70025459,"text":"70025459 - 2003 - A numerical simulation of magma motion, crustal deformation, and seismic radiation associated with volcanic eruptions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:30","indexId":"70025459","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A numerical simulation of magma motion, crustal deformation, and seismic radiation associated with volcanic eruptions","docAbstract":"The finite difference method is used to calculate the magma dynamics, seismic radiation, and crustal deformation associated with a volcanic eruption. The model geometry consists of a cylindrical reservoir and narrow cylindrical conduit embedded in a homogeneous crust. We consider two models of eruption. In the first model, a lid caps the vent and the magma is overpressurized prior to the eruption. The eruption is triggered by the instantaneous removal of the lid, at which point the exit pressure becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure. In the second model, a plug at the reservoir outlet allows pressurization of only the magmatic fluid in the reservoir before the eruption. Magma transfer between the reservoir and conduit is triggered by the instantaneous removal of the plug, and the eruption occurs when the pressure at the conduit orifice exceeds the material strength of the lid capping the vent. In both models, magma dynamics are expressed by the equations of mass and momentum conservation in a compressible fluid, in which fluid expansion associated with depressurization is accounted for by a constitutive law relating pressure and density. Crustal motions are calculated from the equations of elastodynamics. The fluid and solid are dynamically coupled by applying the continuity of wall velocities and normal stresses across the conduit and reservoir boundaries. Free slip is allowed at the fluid-solid boundary. Both models predict the gradual depletion of the magma reservoir, which causes crustal deformation observed as a long-duration dilatational signal. Superimposed on this very-long-period (VLP) signal generated by mass transport are long-period (LP) oscillations of the magma reservoir and conduit excited by the acoustic resonance of the reservoir-conduit system during the eruption. The volume of the reservoir, vent size, and magma properties control the duration of VLP waves and dominant periods of LP oscillations. The second model predicts that when the magmatic fluid reaches the vent, a high-pressure pulse occurs at this location in accordance with the basic theory of compressible fluid dynamics. This abrupt pressure increase just beneath the vent is consistent with observed seismograms in which pulse-like Rayleigh waves excited by a shallow source are dominant. The strength of the lid plays an important role in the character of the seismograms and in defining the type of eruption observed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Journal International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01936.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Nishimura, T., and Chouet, B., 2003, A numerical simulation of magma motion, crustal deformation, and seismic radiation associated with volcanic eruptions: Geophysical Journal International, v. 153, no. 3, p. 699-718, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01936.x.","startPage":"699","endPage":"718","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478580,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2003.01936.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":209410,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01936.x"},{"id":235824,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"153","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4cae4b0c8380cd46927","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nishimura, T.","contributorId":94834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nishimura","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chouet, B.","contributorId":68465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025450,"text":"70025450 - 2003 - Gas hydrate volume estimations on the South Shetland continental margin, Antarctic Peninsula","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:25","indexId":"70025450","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":814,"text":"Antarctic Science","onlineIssn":"1365-2079","printIssn":"0954-1020","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gas hydrate volume estimations on the South Shetland continental margin, Antarctic Peninsula","docAbstract":"Multi-channel seismic data acquired on the South Shetland margin, northern Antarctic Peninsula, show that Bottom Simulating Reflectors (BSRs) are widespread in the area, implying large volumes of gas hydrates. In order to estimate the volume of gas hydrate in the area, interval velocities were determined using a 1-D velocity inversion method and porosities were deduced from their relationship with sub-bottom depth for terrigenous sediments. Because data such as well logs are not available, we made two baseline models for the velocities and porosities of non-gas hydrate-bearing sediments in the area, considering the velocity jump observed at the shallow sub-bottom depth due to joint contributions of gas hydrate and a shallow unconformity. The difference between the results of the two models is not significant. The parameters used to estimate the total volume of gas hydrate in the study area were 145 km of total length of BSRs identified on seismic profiles, 350 m thickness and 15 km width of gas hydrate-bearing sediments, and 6.3% of the average volume gas hydrate concentration (based on the second baseline model). Assuming that gas hydrates exist only where BSRs are observed, the total volume of gas hydrates along the seismic profiles in the area is about 4.8 ?? 1010 m3 (7.7 ?? 1012 m3 volume of methane at standard temperature and pressure).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Antarctic Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1017/S0954102003001275","issn":"09541020","usgsCitation":"Jin, Y., Lee, M.W., Kim, Y., Nam, S., and Kim, K., 2003, Gas hydrate volume estimations on the South Shetland continental margin, Antarctic Peninsula: Antarctic Science, v. 15, no. 2, p. 271-282, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102003001275.","startPage":"271","endPage":"282","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235704,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209362,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954102003001275"}],"volume":"15","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-05-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14d1e4b0c8380cd54ba4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jin, Y.K.","contributorId":60810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jin","given":"Y.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, Myung W.","contributorId":84358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Myung","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kim, Y.","contributorId":38314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kim","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nam, S.H.","contributorId":59220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nam","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kim, K.J.","contributorId":30418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kim","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70025448,"text":"70025448 - 2003 - Climate warming could reduce runoff significantly in New England, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:26","indexId":"70025448","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":681,"text":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climate warming could reduce runoff significantly in New England, USA","docAbstract":"The relation between mean annual temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation (MAP) and evapotranspiration (ET) for 38 forested watersheds was determined to evaluate the potential increase in ET and resulting decrease in stream runoff that could occur following climate change and lengthening of the growing season. The watersheds were all predominantly forested and were located in eastern North America, along a gradient in MAT from 3.5??C in New Brunswick, CA, to 19.8??C in northern Florida. Regression analysis for MAT versus ET indicated that along this gradient ET increased at a rate of 2.85 cm??C-1 increase in MAT (??0.96 cm??C-1, 95% confidence limits). General circulation models (GCM) using current mid-range emission scenarios project global MAT to increase by about 3??C during the 21st century. The inferred, potential, reduction in annual runoff associated with a 3??C increase in MAT for a representative small coastal basin and an inland mountainous basin in New England would be 11-13%. Percentage reductions in average daily runoff could be substantially larger during the months of lowest flows (July-September). The largest absolute reductions in runoff are likely to be during April and May with smaller reduction in the fall. This seasonal pattern of reduction in runoff is consistent with lengthening of the growing season and an increase in the ratio of rain to snow. Future increases in water use efficiency (WUE), precipitation, and cloudiness could mitigate part or all of this reduction in runoff but the full effects of changing climate on WUE remain quite uncertain as do future trends in precipitation and cloudiness.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0168-1923(03)00063-7","issn":"01681923","usgsCitation":"Huntington, T., 2003, Climate warming could reduce runoff significantly in New England, USA: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, v. 117, no. 3-4, p. 193-201, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(03)00063-7.","startPage":"193","endPage":"201","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209344,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(03)00063-7"},{"id":235668,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"117","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f657e4b0c8380cd4c6dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huntington, T.G. 0000-0002-9427-3530","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-3530","contributorId":64675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntington","given":"T.G.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":405232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70025447,"text":"70025447 - 2003 - Partitioning of water flux in a Sierra Nevada ponderosa pine plantation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:25","indexId":"70025447","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":681,"text":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Partitioning of water flux in a Sierra Nevada ponderosa pine plantation","docAbstract":"The weather patterns of the west side of the Sierra Nevada Mountains (cold, wet winters and hot, dry summers) strongly influence how water is partitioned between transpiration and evaporation and result in a specific strategy of water use by ponderosa pine trees (Pinus ponderosa) in this region. To investigate how year-round water fluxes were partitioned in a young ponderosa pine ecosystem in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, water fluxes were continually measured from June 2000 to May 2001 using a combination of sap flow and eddy covariance techniques (above- and below-canopy). Water fluxes were modeled at our study site using a biophysical model, FORFLUX. During summer and fall water fluxes were equally partitioned between transpiration and soil evaporation while transpiration dominated the water fluxes in winter and spring. The trees had high rates of canopy conductance and transpiration in the early morning and mid-late afternoon and a mid-day depression during the dry season. We used a diurnal centroid analysis to show that the timing of high canopy conductance and transpiration relative to high vapor pressure deficit (D) shifted with soil moisture: during periods of low soil moisture canopy conductance and transpiration peaked early in the day when D was low. Conversely, during periods of high soil moisture canopy conductance and transpiration peaked at the same time or later in the day than D. Our observations suggest a general strategy by the pine trees in which they maximize stomatal conductance, and therefore carbon fixation, throughout the day on warm sunny days with high soil moisture (i.e. warm periods in winter and late spring) and maximize stomatal conductance and carbon fixation in the morning through the dry periods. FORFLUX model estimates of evaporation and transpiration were close to measured/calculated values during the dry period, including the drought, but underestimated transpiration and overestimated evaporation during the wet period. ?? 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0168-1923(03)00062-5","issn":"01681923","usgsCitation":"Kurpius, M., Panek, J., Nikolov, N., McKay, M., and Goldstein, A.H., 2003, Partitioning of water flux in a Sierra Nevada ponderosa pine plantation: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, v. 117, no. 3-4, p. 173-192, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(03)00062-5.","startPage":"173","endPage":"192","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209343,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(03)00062-5"},{"id":235667,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"117","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7543e4b0c8380cd77a8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kurpius, M.R.","contributorId":82108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurpius","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Panek, J.A.","contributorId":7894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Panek","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nikolov, N.T.","contributorId":81674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nikolov","given":"N.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McKay, M.","contributorId":94477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKay","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goldstein, Allen H.","contributorId":7452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70025444,"text":"70025444 - 2003 - Global forest cover mapping for the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization forest resources assessment 2000 program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T10:24:20","indexId":"70025444","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1688,"text":"Forest Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Global forest cover mapping for the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization forest resources assessment 2000 program","docAbstract":"Many countries periodically produce national reports on the status and changes of forest resources, using statistical surveys and spatial mapping of remotely sensed data. At the global level, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations has conducted a Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) program every 10 yr since 1980, producing statistics and analysis that give a global synopsis of forest resources in the world. For the year 2000 of the FRA program (FRA2000), a global forest cover map was produced to provide spatial context to the extensive survey. The forest cover map, produced at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC), has five classes: closed forest, open or fragmented forest, other wooded land, other land cover, and water. The first two forested classes at the global scale were delineated using combinations of temporal compositing, modified mixture analysis, geographic stratification, and other classification techniques. The remaining three FAO classes were derived primarily from the USGS global land cover characteristics database (Loveland et al. 1999). Validated on the basis of existing reference data sets, the map is estimated to be 77% accurate for the first four classes (no reference data were available for water), and 86% accurate for the forest and nonforest classification. The final map will be published as an insert to the FAO FRA2000 report.","language":"English","issn":"0015749X","usgsCitation":"Zhu, Z., and Waller, E., 2003, Global forest cover mapping for the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization forest resources assessment 2000 program: Forest Science, v. 49, no. 3, p. 369-380.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"369","endPage":"380","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236194,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2946e4b0c8380cd5a800","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhu, Z.","contributorId":10898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waller, E.","contributorId":54389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waller","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025442,"text":"70025442 - 2003 - Lithology and shear-wave velocity in Memphis, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-26T14:24:01.362143","indexId":"70025442","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lithology and shear-wave velocity in Memphis, Tennessee","docAbstract":"<p><span>We have derived a new three-dimensional model of the lithologic structure beneath the city of&nbsp;</span>Memphis<span>,&nbsp;</span>Tennessee<span>, and examined its correlation with measured&nbsp;</span>shear<span>-</span>wave<span>&nbsp;</span>velocity<span>&nbsp;profiles. The correlation is sufficiently high that the better-constrained lithologic model may be used as a proxy for&nbsp;</span>shear<span>-</span>wave<span>&nbsp;velocities, which are required to calculate site-amplification for new seismic hazard maps for&nbsp;</span>Memphis<span>. The lithologic model and its uncertainties are derived from over 1200 newly compiled well and boring logs, some sampling to 500 m depth, and a moving-least-squares algorithm. Seventy-six new&nbsp;</span>shear<span>-</span>wave<span>&nbsp;</span>velocity<span>&nbsp;profiles have been measured and used for this study, most sampling to 30 m depth or less. All log and&nbsp;</span>velocity<span>&nbsp;observations are publicly available via new web sites.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120020164","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Gomberg, J., Waldron, B., Schweig, E., Hwang, H., Webbers, A., Van Arsdale, R., Tucker, K., Williams, R., Street, R., Mayne, P., Stephenson, W., Odum, J., Cramer, C., Updike, R., Hutson, S., and Bradley, M., 2003, Lithology and shear-wave velocity in Memphis, Tennessee: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 93, no. 3, p. 986-997, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020164.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"986","endPage":"997","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387419,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United  States","state":"Tennessee","city":"Memphis","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -90.1263427734375,\n              34.99625375979014\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.79400634765624,\n              34.99625375979014\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.79400634765624,\n              35.31736632923788\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.1263427734375,\n              35.31736632923788\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.1263427734375,\n              34.99625375979014\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"93","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4886e4b0c8380cd67f14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gomberg, J.","contributorId":95994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waldron, B.","contributorId":70169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldron","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schweig, E.","contributorId":91203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweig","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hwang, H.","contributorId":55628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hwang","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Webbers, A.","contributorId":103456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webbers","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Van Arsdale, R.","contributorId":35093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Arsdale","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Tucker, K.","contributorId":18159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tucker","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Williams, R.","contributorId":7686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Street, R.","contributorId":35097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Street","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Mayne, P.","contributorId":100172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayne","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Stephenson, W.","contributorId":37910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Odum, J.","contributorId":7849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Cramer, C.","contributorId":102254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cramer","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Updike, R.","contributorId":69763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Updike","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Hutson, S.","contributorId":31963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutson","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Bradley, M.","contributorId":68057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}}
,{"id":70025438,"text":"70025438 - 2003 - Potential effects on grassland birds of converting marginal cropland to switchgrass biomass production","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70025438","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1035,"text":"Biomass and Bioenergy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential effects on grassland birds of converting marginal cropland to switchgrass biomass production","docAbstract":"Habitat loss is a major reason for the decline of grassland birds in North America. Five habitats (pastures, hayfields, rowcrop fields, small-grain fields, Conservation Reserve Program fields) compose most of the habitat used by grassland birds in the Midwest United States. Growing and harvesting switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) as a biomass fuel would create another habitat for grassland birds. Bird abundance information from studies conducted in Iowa and adjacent states and land-use data for the Rathbun Lake Watershed in southern Iowa were used in a Geographic Information System to model the potential effects on bird abundances of converting rowcrop fields to biomass production. Abundances of bird species that are management priorities increased in both biomass scenarios. Common yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas) abundance in the watershed also increased greatly in both scenarios. Other species (e.g., homed lark [Eremophila alpestris], killdeer [Charadrius vociferous]) were more abundant in the existing land use than in the biomass scenarios, and conversion of fields from rowcrop to biomass production could be detrimental to these species. In general, biomass fields will provide habitat for grassland birds that are management priorities, but future monitoring of birds in such fields is needed as conversion of rowcrop fields to biomass production continues. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biomass and Bioenergy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0961-9534(02)00187-3","issn":"09619534","usgsCitation":"Murray, L., Best, L.B., Jacobsen, T., and Braster, M., 2003, Potential effects on grassland birds of converting marginal cropland to switchgrass biomass production: Biomass and Bioenergy, v. 25, no. 2, p. 167-175, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(02)00187-3.","startPage":"167","endPage":"175","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209541,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(02)00187-3"},{"id":236116,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7ef2e4b0c8380cd7a826","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murray, L.D.","contributorId":70976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Best, Louis B.","contributorId":52525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Best","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jacobsen, T.J.","contributorId":98519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobsen","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Braster, M.L.","contributorId":62390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braster","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70025436,"text":"70025436 - 2003 - The relationship between the instantaneous velocity field and the rate of moment release in the lithosphere","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-24T12:45:28","indexId":"70025436","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The relationship between the instantaneous velocity field and the rate of moment release in the lithosphere","docAbstract":"<p>Instantaneous velocity gradients within the continental lithosphere are often related to the tectonic driving forces. This relationship is direct if the forces are secular, as for the case of loading of a locked section of a subduction interface by the downgoing plate. If the forces are static, as for the case of lateral variations in gravitational potential energy, then velocity gradients can be produced only if the lithosphere has, on average, zero strength. The static force model may be related to the long-term velocity field but not the instantaneous velocity field (typically measured geodetically over a period of several years) because over short time intervals the upper lithosphere behaves elastically. In order to describe both the short- and long-term behaviour of an (elastic) lithosphere-(viscoelastic) asthenosphere system in a self-consistent manner, I construct a deformation model termed the expected interseismic velocity (EIV) model. Assuming that the lithosphere is populated with faults that rupture continually, each with a definite mean recurrence time, and that the Earth is well approximated as a linear elastic-viscoelastic coupled system, I derive a simple relationship between the instantaneous velocity field and the average rate of moment release in the lithosphere. Examples with synthetic fault networks demonstrate that velocity gradients in actively deforming regions may to a large extent be the product of compounded viscoelastic relaxation from past earthquakes on hundreds of faults distributed over large ( ≥106 km2) areas.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Journal International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01924.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Pollitz, F., 2003, The relationship between the instantaneous velocity field and the rate of moment release in the lithosphere: Geophysical Journal International, v. 153, no. 3, p. 595-608, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01924.x.","startPage":"595","endPage":"608","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478510,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2003.01924.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":236079,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209522,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01924.x"}],"volume":"153","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf20e4b08c986b324579","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pollitz, F. F.","contributorId":108280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollitz","given":"F. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70025433,"text":"70025433 - 2003 - Palynology, petrography and geochemistry of the Sewickley coal bed (Monongahela Group, Late Pennsylvanian), Northern Appalachian Basin, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70025433","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Palynology, petrography and geochemistry of the Sewickley coal bed (Monongahela Group, Late Pennsylvanian), Northern Appalachian Basin, USA","docAbstract":"Forty-two bench samples of the Sewickley coal bed were collected from seven localities in the northern Appalachian Basin and analyzed palynologically, petrographically, and geochemically. The Sewickley coal bed occurs in the middle of the Pittsburgh Formation (Monongahela Group) and is of Late Pennsylvanian age. Palynologically, it is dominated by spores of tree ferns. Tree fern spore taxa in the Sewickley include Punctatisporites minutus, Punctatosporites minutus, Laevigatosporites minimus, Spinosporites exiguus, Apiculatasporites saetiger, and Thymospora spp. In fact, Punctatisporites minutus was so abundant that it had to be removed from the standard counts and recorded separately (average 73.2%). Even when Punctatisporites minutus is removed from the counts, tree fern spores still dominate a majority of the assemblages, averaging 64.4%. Among the tree fern spores identified in the Sewickley coal, Thymospora exhibits temporal and spatial abundance variation. Thymospora usually increases in abundance from the base to the top of the bed. Thymospora is also more abundant in columns that are thick (>100 cm) and low in ash yield (< 12.0%, dry basis). Calamite spores (e.g. Calamospora spp., Laevigatosporites minor, and L. vulgaris) are the next most abundant plant group represented in the Sewickley coal, averaging 20%. Contributions from all other plant groups are minor in comparison. Petrographically, the Sewickley coal contains high percentages of vitrinite (average 82.3%, mineral matter-free (mmf)), with structured forms being more common than unstructured forms. In contrast, liptinite and inertinite macerals both occur in low percentages (average 7.7% and 10.0%, respectively). Geochemically, the Sewickley coal has a moderate ash yield (average 12.4%) and high total sulfur content (average 3.4%). Four localities contained a high ash or carbonaceous shale bench. These benches, which may be coeval, are strongly dominated by tree fern spores. Unlike the lower ash benches, they contain low percentages of vitrinite, which mainly occurs as unstructured vitrinite, and higher liptinite and inertinite contents. The accumulated data suggest that the Sewickley paleomire was probably a rheotrophic, planar mire that had a consistent water cover. This is supported by the high vitrinite contents, moderate ash yields, and high total sulfur contents. The high ash and carbonaceous shale benches probably represent either periods of dryness and substrate exposure, or flooding of the mire surface, the duration of which is unknown. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00110-1","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Eble, C., Pierce, B., and Grady, W., 2003, Palynology, petrography and geochemistry of the Sewickley coal bed (Monongahela Group, Late Pennsylvanian), Northern Appalachian Basin, USA: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 55, no. 2-4, p. 187-204, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00110-1.","startPage":"187","endPage":"204","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209506,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00110-1"},{"id":236043,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a74a8e4b0c8380cd77763","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eble, C.F.","contributorId":35346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eble","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pierce, B.S.","contributorId":13639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"B.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grady, W.C.","contributorId":104223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grady","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70025432,"text":"70025432 - 2003 - New way of processing near-surface magnetic data: The utility of the comprehensive model of the magnetic field","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-10T15:16:40.792211","indexId":"70025432","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3568,"text":"The Leading Edge","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New way of processing near-surface magnetic data: The utility of the comprehensive model of the magnetic field","docAbstract":"<p>An overview is given of examples showing the utility of the Comprehensive Model (CM) approach in the processing of near-surface magnetic anomalies. Effectiveness of CM depends on the spatial and temporal matching of the main and external field variations that it attempts to approximate. Hence, data distribution as well as continuity are particularly important.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1605082","usgsCitation":"Ravat, D., Hildenbrand, T., and Roest, W., 2003, New way of processing near-surface magnetic data: The utility of the comprehensive model of the magnetic field: The Leading Edge, v. 22, no. 8, p. 784-785, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1605082.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"784","endPage":"785","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236005,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6621e4b0c8380cd72d26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ravat, D.","contributorId":102971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ravat","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hildenbrand, T.G.","contributorId":83892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildenbrand","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roest, W.","contributorId":17382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roest","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70025430,"text":"70025430 - 2003 - Controls of tectonics and sediment source locations on along-strike variations in transgressive deposits on the northern California margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:29","indexId":"70025430","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Controls of tectonics and sediment source locations on along-strike variations in transgressive deposits on the northern California margin","docAbstract":"We identify two surfaces in the shallow subsurface on the Eel River margin offshore northern California, a lowstand erosion surface, likely formed during the last glacial maximum, and an overlying surface likely formed during the most recent transgression of the shoreline. The lowstand erosion surface, which extends from the inner shelf to near the shelfbreak and from the Eel River to Trinidad Head (???80 km), truncates underlying strata on the shelf. Above the surface, inferred transgressive coastal and estuarine sedimentary units separate it from the transgressive surface on the shelf. Early in the transgression, Eel River sediment was likely both transported down the Eel Canyon and dispersed on the slope, allowing transgressive coastal sediment from the smaller Mad River to accumulate in a recognizable deposit on the shelf. The location of coastal Mad River sediment accumulation was controlled by the location of the paleo-Mad River. Throughout the remainder of the transgression, dispersed sediment from the Eel River accumulated an average of 20 m of onlapping shelf deposits. The distribution and thickness of these transgressive marine units was strongly modified by northwest-southeast trending folds. Thick sediment packages accumulated over structural lows in the lowstand surface. The thinnest sediment accumulations (0-10 m) were deposited over structural highs along faults and uplifting anticlines. The Eel margin, an active margin with steep, high sediment-load streams, has developed a thick transgressive systems tract. On this margin sediment accumulates as rapidly as the processes of uplift and downwarp locally create and destroy accommodation space. Sequence stratigraphic models of tectonically active margins should account for variations in accommodation space along margins as well as across them. ?? 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00116-6","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Spinelli, G., and Field, M., 2003, Controls of tectonics and sediment source locations on along-strike variations in transgressive deposits on the northern California margin: Marine Geology, v. 197, no. 1-4, p. 35-47, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00116-6.","startPage":"35","endPage":"47","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235970,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209478,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00116-6"}],"volume":"197","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fbcde4b0c8380cd4df82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spinelli, G.A.","contributorId":29995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spinelli","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Field, M.E.","contributorId":27052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"M.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025425,"text":"70025425 - 2003 - Interactions of an insecticide, herbicide, and natural stressors in amphibian community mesocosms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-24T13:14:44","indexId":"70025425","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactions of an insecticide, herbicide, and natural stressors in amphibian community mesocosms","docAbstract":"<p><span>Amphibians developing in wetlands embedded within or near agricultural lands may frequently encounter chemical mixtures. The objectives of our study were to determine the effects that post-application concentrations of an insecticide (carbaryl) and an herbicide (atrazine) have on body mass, development, and survival of two anuran species (southern leopard frog, </span><span class=\"genusSpeciesInfoAsset\">Rana sphenocephala</span><span>; American toad, </span><span class=\"genusSpeciesInfoAsset\">Bufo americanus</span><span>) and two caudate species (spotted salamander, </span><span class=\"genusSpeciesInfoAsset\">Ambystoma maculatum</span><span>; small-mouthed salamander, </span><span class=\"genusSpeciesInfoAsset\">A. texanum</span><span>) reared in outdoor cattle tank mesocosms. In one experiment, we manipulated tadpole density (low or high), carbaryl exposure (0, 3.5, 7.0 mg/L), and atrazine exposure (0 or 200 μg/L) to test for effects on development, mass, and survival of larvae. In a second experiment, we manipulated pond hydroperiod (constant or drying), carbaryl exposure (0 or 5 mg/L), and atrazine exposure (0 or 200 μg/L) to test for effects on mass, time, and survival to metamorphosis. Salamanders were virtually eliminated in carbaryl treatments, indicating that at realistic levels, this insecticide could cause population declines for salamanders in contaminated habitats. Carbaryl also had negative effects on toad survival. Exposure to atrazine had negative effects on body size, development, and time to metamorphosis in anuran species, which were associated with reduced chlorophyll levels. Both chemicals interacted significantly with density or hydroperiod, indicating that the environmental conditions could influence the impact of a contaminant. A significant atrazine-by-carbaryl interaction resulted in smaller and less developed spotted salamander larvae than in control ponds. Atrazine exposure, however, appeared to moderate negative effects of carbaryl for spotted salamanders. Our research suggests that important changes in the community's food web result from chemical exposure, which influence the susceptibility of amphibian species to contaminants.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0829:IOAIHA]2.0.CO;2","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Boone, M., and James, S., 2003, Interactions of an insecticide, herbicide, and natural stressors in amphibian community mesocosms: Ecological Applications, v. 13, no. 3, p. 829-841, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0829:IOAIHA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"829","endPage":"841","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235896,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cc9e4b0c8380cd63049","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boone, M.D.","contributorId":31157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boone","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"James, S.M.","contributorId":8267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}