{"pageNumber":"111","pageRowStart":"2750","pageSize":"25","recordCount":11370,"records":[{"id":70041067,"text":"70041067 - 2012 - Phenology and duration of remigial moult in Surf Scoters (<i>Melanitta perspicillata</i>) and White-winged Scoters (<i>Melanitta fusca</i>) on the Pacific coast of North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-12T21:19:36","indexId":"70041067","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phenology and duration of remigial moult in Surf Scoters (<i>Melanitta perspicillata</i>) and White-winged Scoters (<i>Melanitta fusca</i>) on the Pacific coast of North America","docAbstract":"By quantifying phenology and duration of remigial moult in Surf Scoters (<i>Melanitta perspicillata</i> (L., 1758)) and White-winged Scoters (<i>Melanitta fusca</i> (L., 1758)), we tested whether timing of moult is dictated by temporal optima or constraints. Scoters (n = 3481) were captured during moult in Alaska, British Columbia, and Washington, and remigial emergence dates were determined. We provide evidence for a pre-emergence interval of 7.3 days that occurs after old primaries are shed and before new ones become visible. All age and sex classes of both scoter species exhibited a wide range of emergence dates (Surf Scoters: 26 June to 22 September; White-winged Scoters: 6 July to 21 September) suggestive of a lack of strong temporal optima for remigial moult. For both species, timing of moult was influenced by site, year, age, and sex. Relative to other waterfowl species, scoters have typical remigial growth rates (Surf Scoters: 3.9 mm·day<sup>–1</sup>; White-winged Scoters: 4.3 mm·day<sup>–1</sup>) but a long flightless period (34–49 days), in part because their relatively high wing-loading requires a greater proportion of feather regrowth to regain flight. Our data suggest that moulting scoters are not under strong selective pressure to complete moult quickly.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","publisherLocation":"Ottawa, Ontario","doi":"10.1139/z2012-061","usgsCitation":"Dickson, R., Esler, D., Hupp, J.W., Anderson, E., Evenson, J., and Barrett, J., 2012, Phenology and duration of remigial moult in Surf Scoters (<i>Melanitta perspicillata</i>) and White-winged Scoters (<i>Melanitta fusca</i>) on the Pacific coast of North America: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 90, no. 8, p. 932-944, https://doi.org/10.1139/z2012-061.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"932","endPage":"944","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-039620","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263486,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263485,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z2012-061"}],"country":"Canada;United States","state":"Alaska;British Columbia;Washington","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -175.5,46.15 ], [ -175.5,63.3 ], [ -121.0,63.3 ], [ -121.0,46.15 ], [ -175.5,46.15 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"90","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e107c1e4b0fec3206f2695","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dickson, Rian D.","contributorId":96983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickson","given":"Rian D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Esler, Daniel 0000-0001-5501-4555 desler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5501-4555","contributorId":5465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esler","given":"Daniel","email":"desler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":12437,"text":"Simon Fraser University, Centre for Wildlife Ecology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":469322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hupp, Jerry W. 0000-0002-6439-3910 jhupp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6439-3910","contributorId":127803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hupp","given":"Jerry","email":"jhupp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, E.M.","contributorId":48403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Evenson, J.R.","contributorId":105927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evenson","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Barrett, J.","contributorId":48275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrett","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70040846,"text":"sir20125245 - 2012 - Evaluation of streambed scour at bridges over tidal waterways in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-21T13:39:55","indexId":"sir20125245","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5245","title":"Evaluation of streambed scour at bridges over tidal waterways in Alaska","docAbstract":"The potential for streambed scour was evaluated at 41 bridges that cross tidal waterways in Alaska. These bridges are subject to several coastal and riverine processes that have the potential, individually or in combination, to induce streambed scour or to damage the structure or adjacent channel. The proximity of a bridge to the ocean and water-surface elevation and velocity data collected over a tidal cycle were criteria used to identify the flow regime at each bridge, whether tidal, riverine, or mixed, that had the greatest potential to induce streambed scour. Water-surface elevations measured through at least one tide cycle at 32 bridges were correlated to water levels at the nearest tide station. Asymmetry of the tidal portion of the hydrograph during the outgoing tide at 12 bridges indicated that riverine flows were stored upstream of the bridge during the tidal exchange. This scenario results in greater discharges and velocities during the outgoing tide compared to those on the incoming tide. Velocity data were collected during outgoing tides at 10 bridges that experienced complete flow reversals, and measured velocities during the outgoing tide exceeded the critical velocity required to initiate sediment transport at three sites. The primary risk for streambed scour at most of the sites considered in this study is from riverine flows rather than tidal fluctuations. A scour evaluation for riverine flow was completed at 35 bridges. Scour from riverine flow was not the primary risk for six tidally-controlled bridges and therefore not evaluated at those sites. Field data including channel cross sections, a discharge measurement, and a water-surface slope were collected at the 35 bridges. Channel instability was identified at 14 bridges where measurable scour and or fill were noted in repeated surveys of channel cross sections at the bridge. Water-surface profiles for the 1-percent annual exceedance probability discharge were calculated by using the Hydrologic Engineering Center’s River Analysis System model, and scour depths were calculated using methods recommended by the Federal Highway Administration. Computed contraction-scour depths were greater than 2.0 feet at five bridges and computed pier-scour depths were 4.0 feet or greater at 15 bridges. The potential for streambed scour by both coastal and riverine processes at the bridges considered in this study were evaluated, ranked, and summed to determine a cumulative risk factor for each bridge. Possible factors that could mitigate the scour risks were investigated at 22 bridges that had high individual or cumulative rankings. Mitigating factors such as piers founded in bedrock, deep pier foundations relative to scour depths, and lack of observed scour during field measurements were documented for 13 sites, but additional study and monitoring is needed to better quantify the streambed scour potential for nine sites. Three bridges prone to being affected by storm surges will require more data collection and possibly complex hydrodynamic modeling to accurately quantify the streambed scour potential. Continuous monitoring of water-surface and streambed elevation at one or more piers is needed for two bridges to better understand the tidal and riverine influences on streambed scour.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125245","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities","usgsCitation":"Conaway, J.S., and Schauer, P.V., 2012, Evaluation of streambed scour at bridges over tidal waterways in Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5245, Report: vi, 38 p.; Appendixes A and B, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125245.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 38 p.; Appendixes A and B","numberOfPages":"48","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263327,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5245.jpg"},{"id":263323,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5245/"},{"id":263324,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5245/pdf/sir20125245.pdf"},{"id":263325,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5245/sir20125245_AppendixA.xlsx"},{"id":263326,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5245/sir20125245_AppendixB.xlsx"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -170.0,51.0 ], [ -170.0,62.0 ], [ -130.0,62.0 ], [ -130.0,51.0 ], [ -170.0,51.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50aca678e4b0ae6a8f88bb9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conaway, Jeffrey S. 0000-0002-3036-592X jconaway@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3036-592X","contributorId":2026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conaway","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jconaway@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schauer, Paul V. 0000-0001-5529-4649 pschauer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5529-4649","contributorId":5779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schauer","given":"Paul","email":"pschauer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70040808,"text":"sir20125146 - 2012 - Assessment of undiscovered petroleum resources of the Amerasia Basin Petroleum Province","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70040808,"text":"sir20125146 - 2012 - Assessment of undiscovered petroleum resources of the Amerasia Basin Petroleum Province","indexId":"sir20125146","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Assessment of undiscovered petroleum resources of the Amerasia Basin Petroleum Province"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70207008,"text":"pp1824BB - 2019 - Geology and assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Amerasia Basin Province, 2008","indexId":"pp1824BB","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"chapter":"BB","title":"Geology and assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Amerasia Basin Province, 2008"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70207008,"text":"pp1824BB - 2019 - Geology and assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Amerasia Basin Province, 2008","indexId":"pp1824BB","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Amerasia Basin Province, 2008"},"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-09T06:44:17","indexId":"sir20125146","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5146","title":"Assessment of undiscovered petroleum resources of the Amerasia Basin Petroleum Province","docAbstract":"The Amerasia Basin Petroleum Province encompasses the Canada Basin and the sediment prisms along the Alaska and Canada margins, outboard from basinward margins (hingelines) of the rift shoulders that formed during extensional opening of the Canada Basin. The province includes the Mackenzie delta and slope, the outer shelves and marine slopes along the Arctic margins of Alaska and Canada, and the deep Canada Basin.\n\nThe province is divided into four assessment units (AUs): (1) The Canning-Mackenzie deformed margin AU is that part of the rifted margin where the Brooks Range orogenic belt has overridden the rift shoulder and is deforming the rifted-margin prism of sediment outboard of the hingeline. This is the only part of the Amerasia Basin Province that has been explored and—even though more than 3 billion barrels of oil equivalent (BBOE) of oil, gas, and condensate have been discovered—none has been commercially produced. (2) The Alaska passive margin AU is the rifted-margin prism of sediment lying beneath the Beaufort outer shelf and slope that has not been deformed by tectonism. (3) The Canada passive margin AU is the rifted-margin prism of sediment lying beneath the Arctic outer shelf and slope (also known as the polar margin) of Canada that has not been deformed by tectonism. (4) The Canada Basin AU includes the sediment wedge that lies beneath the deep Canada Basin, north of the marine slope developed along the Alaska and Canada margins. Mean estimates of risked, undiscovered, technically recoverable resources include more than 6 billion barrels of oil (BBO), more than 19 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of associated gas, and more than 16 TCF of nonassociated gas in the Canning-Mackenzie deformed margin AU; about 1 BBO, about 3 TCF of associated gas, and about 3 TCF of nonassociated gas in the Alaska passive margin AU; and more than 2 BBO, about 7 TCF of associated gas, and about 8 TCF of nonassociated gas in the Canada passive margin AU. Quantities of natural gas liquids also are assessed in each AU. The Canada Basin AU was not quantitatively assessed because it is judged to hold less than 10 percent probability of containing at least one accumulation of 50 million barrels of oil equivalent.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125146","collaboration":"Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal Project","usgsCitation":"Houseknecht, D.W., Bird, K.J., and Garrity, C.P., 2012, Assessment of undiscovered petroleum resources of the Amerasia Basin Petroleum Province: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5146, v, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125146.","productDescription":"v, 36 p.","startPage":"i","endPage":"36","numberOfPages":"45","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263259,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5146.gif"},{"id":263257,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5146/"},{"id":263258,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5146/pdf/sir2012-5146_amerasia.pdf"}],"otherGeospatial":"Amerasia Basin Petroleum Province","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50abfb5de4b0afbc75eb97f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Houseknecht, David W. 0000-0002-9633-6910 dhouse@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9633-6910","contributorId":645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houseknecht","given":"David","email":"dhouse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bird, Kenneth J. kbird@usgs.gov","contributorId":1015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bird","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbird@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garrity, Christopher P. 0000-0002-5565-1818 cgarrity@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5565-1818","contributorId":644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrity","given":"Christopher","email":"cgarrity@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70040807,"text":"sir20125147 - 2012 - Assessment of undiscovered petroleum resources of the Arctic Alaska Petroleum Province","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70040807,"text":"sir20125147 - 2012 - Assessment of undiscovered petroleum resources of the Arctic Alaska Petroleum Province","indexId":"sir20125147","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Assessment of undiscovered petroleum resources of the Arctic Alaska Petroleum Province"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70207007,"text":"pp1824E - 2019 - Geology and assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Arctic Alaska Province, 2008","indexId":"pp1824E","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","title":"Geology and assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Arctic Alaska Province, 2008"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70207007,"text":"pp1824E - 2019 - Geology and assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Arctic Alaska Province, 2008","indexId":"pp1824E","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Arctic Alaska Province, 2008"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-07T08:47:55","indexId":"sir20125147","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5147","title":"Assessment of undiscovered petroleum resources of the Arctic Alaska Petroleum Province","docAbstract":"The Arctic Alaska Petroleum Province encompasses all lands and adjacent continental shelf areas north of the Brooks Range-Herald arch tectonic belts and south of the northern (outboard) margin of the Alaska rift shoulder. Even though only a small part is thoroughly explored, it is one of the most prolific petroleum provinces in North America, with total known resources (cumulative production plus proved reserves) of about 28 billion barrels of oil equivalent.\n\nFor assessment purposes, the province is divided into a platform assessment unit, comprising the Alaska rift shoulder and its relatively undeformed flanks, and a fold-and-thrust belt assessment unit, comprising the deformed area north of the Brooks Range and Herald arch tectonic belts. Mean estimates of undiscovered, technically recoverable resources include nearly 28 billion barrels of oil and 122 trillion cubic feet of nonassociated gas in the platform assessment unit and 2 billion barrels of oil and 59 trillion cubic feet of nonassociated gas in the fold-and-thrust belt assessment unit.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125147","collaboration":"Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal Project","usgsCitation":"Houseknecht, D.W., Bird, K.J., and Garrity, C.P., 2012, Assessment of undiscovered petroleum resources of the Arctic Alaska Petroleum Province: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5147, iv, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125147.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p.","startPage":"i","endPage":"26","numberOfPages":"33","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263256,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012-5147.gif"},{"id":263254,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5147/"},{"id":263255,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5147/pdf/sir2012-5147_arctic.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Arctic Alaska Petroleum Province","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 172.5,51.2 ], [ 172.5,71.4 ], [ -130,71.4 ], [ -130,51.2 ], [ 172.5,51.2 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50abfb61e4b0afbc75eb97f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Houseknecht, David W. 0000-0002-9633-6910 dhouse@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9633-6910","contributorId":645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houseknecht","given":"David","email":"dhouse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bird, Kenneth J. kbird@usgs.gov","contributorId":1015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bird","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbird@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garrity, Christopher P. 0000-0002-5565-1818 cgarrity@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5565-1818","contributorId":644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrity","given":"Christopher","email":"cgarrity@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70040765,"text":"ofr20121232 - 2012 - Early Tertiary exhumation of the flank of a forearc basin, southwest Talkeetna Mountains, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-07T16:40:40","indexId":"ofr20121232","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1232","title":"Early Tertiary exhumation of the flank of a forearc basin, southwest Talkeetna Mountains, Alaska","docAbstract":"New geochronologic and thermochronologic data from rocks near Hatcher Pass, southwest Talkeetna Mountains, Alaska, record earliest Paleocene erosional and structural exhumation on the flank of the active Cook Inlet forearc basin. Cretaceous plutons shed sediments to the south, forming the Paleocene Arkose Ridge Formation. A Paleocene(?)-Eocene detachment fault juxtaposed ~60 Ma metamorphic rocks with the base of the Arkose Ridge Formation. U-Pb (analyzed by Sensitive High Resolution Ion Micro Probe Reverse Geometry (SHRIMP-RG)) zircon ages of the Cretaceous plutons, more diverse than previously documented, are 90.3&plusmn;0.3 (previously considered a Jurassic unit), 79.1&plusmn;1.0, 76.1&plusmn;0.9, 75.8&plusmn;0.7, 72.5&plusmn;0.4, 71.9&plusmn;0.3, 70.5&plusmn;0.2, and 67.3&plusmn;0.2 Ma. The cooling of these plutons occurred between 72 and 66 Ma (zircon fission track (FT) closure ~225&deg;C). <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar analyses of hornblende, white mica, and biotite fall into this range (Harlan and others, 2003). New apatite FT data collected on a west-to-east transect reveal sequential exhumation of fault blocks at 62.8&plusmn;2.9, 54&plusmn;2.5, 52.6&plusmn;2.8, and 44.4&plusmn;2.2 Ma. Plutonic clasts accumulated in the Paleocene Arkose Ridge Formation to the south. Detrital zircon (DZ) ages from the formation reflect this provenance: a new sample yielded one grain at 61 Ma, a dominant peak at 76 Ma, and minor peaks at 70, 80, 88, and 92 Ma. The oldest zircon is 181 Ma. Our apatite FT ages range from 35.1 to 50.9 Ma. Greenschist facies rocks now sit structurally between the plutonic rocks and the Arkose Ridge Formation. They are separated from plutonic rocks by the vertical Hatcher Pass fault and from the sedimentary rocks by a detachment fault. Ar cooling ages (Harlan and others, 2003) and new zircon FT ages for these rocks are concordant at 61-57 Ma, synchronous with deposition of the Arkose Ridge Formation. A cooling age of ~46 Ma came from one apatite FT sample. The metamorphic protolith (previously considered Jurassic) was deposited at or after 75 Ma based on new DZ data. The probability curve has a major peak from 76 to 102 Ma, minor peaks at 186, 197, 213, 303, 346, and 1,828, and two discordant grains at ~2,700 Ma. This is similar to DZ populations in the Valdez Group. The short period of time between deposition, metamorphism, and exhumation are consistent with metamorphism in a subduction-zone setting. Ductile and brittle structures in the metamorphic rocks are consistent with exhumation in a transtensional setting.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121232","usgsCitation":"Bleick, H.A., Till, A.B., Bradley, D., O’Sullivan, P., Wooden, J.L., Bradley, D.B., Taylor, T.A., Friedman, S.B., and Hults, C.P., 2012, Early Tertiary exhumation of the flank of a forearc basin, southwest Talkeetna Mountains, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1232, 1 Sheet: 72.2 x 37 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121232.","productDescription":"1 Sheet: 72.2 x 37 inches","numberOfPages":"1","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":619,"text":"Volcano Science Center-Menlo Park","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263212,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1232.gif"},{"id":263210,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1232/"},{"id":263211,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1232/of2012-1232.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Talkeetna Mountains","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -149.00,61.67 ], [ -149.00,61.93 ], [ -149.58,61.93 ], [ -149.58,61.67 ], [ -149.00,61.67 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50a76075e4b0e93eb366ee43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bleick, Heather A. hbleick@usgs.gov","contributorId":2484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bleick","given":"Heather","email":"hbleick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Till, Alison B. atill@usgs.gov","contributorId":2482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Till","given":"Alison","email":"atill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradley, Dwight 0000-0001-9116-5289 bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9116-5289","contributorId":2358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Dwight","email":"bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O’Sullivan, Paul","contributorId":107576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Sullivan","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wooden, Joe L.","contributorId":22210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bradley, Dan B.","contributorId":44429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Dan","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Taylor, Theresa A.","contributorId":51440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Theresa","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Friedman, Sam B.","contributorId":90987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Sam","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Hults, Chad P. chults@usgs.gov","contributorId":1930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hults","given":"Chad","email":"chults@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70040727,"text":"fs20123131 - 2012 - Polar bear and walrus response to the rapid decline in Arctic sea ice","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-10T15:44:37.406137","indexId":"fs20123131","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3131","title":"Polar bear and walrus response to the rapid decline in Arctic sea ice","docAbstract":"The Arctic is warming faster than other regions of the world due to positive climate feedbacks associated with loss of snow and ice. One highly visible consequence has been a rapid decline in Arctic sea ice over the past 3 decades - a decline projected to continue and result in ice-free summers likely as soon as 2030. The polar bear (<i>Ursus maritimus</i>) and the Pacific walrus (<i>Odobenus rosmarus divergens</i>) are dependent on sea ice over the continental shelves of the Arctic Ocean's marginal seas. The continental shelves are shallow regions with high biological productivity, supporting abundant marine life within the water column and on the sea floor. Polar bears use sea ice as a platform for hunting ice seals; walruses use sea ice as a resting platform between dives to forage for clams and other bottom-dwelling invertebrates. How have sea ice changes affected polar bears and walruses? How will anticipated changes affect them in the future?","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123131","collaboration":"Changing Arctic Ecosystems","usgsCitation":"Oakley, K.L., Whalen, M.E., Douglas, D., Udevitz, M.S., Atwood, T.C., and Jay, C., 2012, Polar bear and walrus response to the rapid decline in Arctic sea ice: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3131, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123131.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263141,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3131/pdf/fs20123131.pdf"},{"id":263140,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3131/"},{"id":263179,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3131.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, Russia, United 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mwhalen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2820-5158","contributorId":203717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whalen","given":"Mary","email":"mwhalen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":150115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David C.","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Udevitz, Mark S. 0000-0003-4659-138X mudevitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4659-138X","contributorId":3189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Udevitz","given":"Mark","email":"mudevitz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Atwood, Todd C. 0000-0002-1971-3110 tatwood@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1971-3110","contributorId":4368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atwood","given":"Todd","email":"tatwood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jay, C.","contributorId":73889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jay","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70040743,"text":"70040743 - 2012 - Walrus areas of use in the Chukchi Sea during sparse sea ice cover","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-16T17:50:19","indexId":"70040743","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Walrus areas of use in the Chukchi Sea during sparse sea ice cover","docAbstract":"The Pacific walrus <i>Odobenus rosmarus divergens</i> feeds on benthic invertebrates on the continental shelf of the Chukchi and Bering Seas and rests on sea ice between foraging trips. With climate warming, ice-free periods in the Chukchi Sea have increased and are projected to increase further in frequency and duration. We radio-tracked walruses to estimate areas of walrus foraging and occupancy in the Chukchi Sea from June to November of 2008 to 2011, years when sea ice was sparse over the continental shelf in comparison to historical records. The earlier and more extensive sea ice retreat in June to September, and delayed freeze-up of sea ice in October to November, created conditions for walruses to arrive earlier and stay later in the Chukchi Sea than in the past. The lack of sea ice over the continental shelf from September to October caused walruses to forage in nearshore areas instead of offshore areas as in the past. Walruses did not frequent the deep waters of the Arctic Basin when sea ice retreated off the shelf. Walruses foraged in most areas they occupied, and areas of concentrated foraging generally corresponded to regions of high benthic biomass, such as in the northeastern (Hanna Shoal) and southwestern Chukchi Sea. A notable exception was the occurrence of concentrated foraging in a nearshore area of northwestern Alaska that is apparently depauperate in walrus prey. With increasing sea ice loss, it is likely that walruses will increase their use of coastal haul-outs and nearshore foraging areas, with consequences to the population that are yet to be understood.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research Science Center","publisherLocation":"Oldendorf/Luhe, Germany","doi":"10.3354/meps10057","usgsCitation":"Jay, C.V., Fischbach, A.S., and Kochnev, A., 2012, Walrus areas of use in the Chukchi Sea during sparse sea ice cover: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 468, p. 1-13, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10057.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"13","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474269,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10057","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":438806,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7C24TC3","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Walrus areas of use in the Chukchi Sea during sparse sea ice cover"},{"id":438805,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7X928C3","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data Supporting Walrus Areas of Use in the Chukchi Sea During Sparse Sea Ice Cover"},{"id":263178,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263177,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps10057"}],"country":"Russia;United States","state":"Alaska;Chukotka","otherGeospatial":"Chukchi Sea","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 170.0,62.0 ], [ 170.0,74.0 ], [ -150.0,74.0 ], [ -150.0,62.0 ], [ 170.0,62.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"468","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50a60f00e4b0d446a665c9bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jay, Chadwick V. 0000-0002-9559-2189 cjay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9559-2189","contributorId":192736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jay","given":"Chadwick","email":"cjay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fischbach, Anthony S. 0000-0002-6555-865X afischbach@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6555-865X","contributorId":2865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischbach","given":"Anthony","email":"afischbach@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kochnev, Anatoly A.","contributorId":18634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kochnev","given":"Anatoly A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70040649,"text":"cir1379 - 2012 - The United States National Climate Assessment - Alaska Technical Regional Report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-08T08:41:59","indexId":"cir1379","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1379","title":"The United States National Climate Assessment - Alaska Technical Regional Report","docAbstract":"The Alaskan landscape is changing, both in terms of effects of human activities as a consequence of increased population, social and economic development and their effects on the local and broad landscape; and those effects that accompany naturally occurring hazards such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis. Some of the most prevalent changes, however, are those resulting from a changing climate, with both near term and potential upcoming effects expected to continue into the future. Alaska's average annual statewide temperatures have increased by nearly 4&deg;F from 1949 to 2005, with significant spatial variability due to the large latitudinal and longitudinal expanse of the State. Increases in mean annual temperature have been greatest in the interior region, and smallest in the State's southwest coastal regions. In general, however, trends point toward increases in both minimum temperatures, and in fewer extreme cold days. Trends in precipitation are somewhat similar to those in temperature, but with more variability. On the whole, Alaska saw a 10-percent increase in precipitation from 1949 to 2005, with the greatest increases recorded in winter. The National Climate Assessment has designated two well-established scenarios developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Nakicenovic and others, 2001) as a minimum set that technical and author teams considered as context in preparing portions of this assessment. These two scenarios are referred to as the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios A2 and B1 scenarios, which assume either a continuation of recent trends in fossil fuel use (A2) or a vigorous global effort to reduce fossil fuel use (B1). Temperature increases from 4 to 22&deg;F are predicted (to 2070-2099) depending on which emissions scenario (A2 or B1) is used with the least warming in southeast Alaska and the greatest in the northwest. Concomitant with temperature changes, by the end of the 21st century the growing season is expected to lengthen by 15-25 days in some areas of Alaska, with much of that corresponding with earlier spring snow melt. Future projections of precipitation (30-80 years) over Alaska show an increase across the State, with the largest changes in the northwest and smallest in the southeast. Because of increasing temperatures and growing season length, however, increased precipitation may not correspond with increased water availability, due to temperature related increased evapotranspiration. The extent of snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere has decreased by about 10 percent since the late 1960s, with stronger trends noted since the late 1980s. Alaska has experienced similar trends, with a strong decrease in snow cover extent occurring in May. When averaged across the State, the disappearance of snow in the spring has occurred from 4 to 6 days earlier per decade, and snow return in fall has occurred approximately 2 days later per decade. This change appears to be driven by climate warming rather than a decrease in winter precipitation, with average winter temperatures also increasing by about 2.5&deg;F. The extent of sea ice has been declining, as has been widely published in both national and scientific media outlets, and is projected to continue to decline during this century. The observed decline in annual sea ice minimum extent (September) has occurred more rapidly than was predicted by climate models and has been accompanied by decreases in ice thickness and in the presence of multi-year ice. This decrease was first documented by satellite imagery in the late 1970s for the Bering and Chukchi Seas, and is projected to continue, with the potential for the disappearance of summer sea ice by mid- to late century. A new phenomenon that was not reported in previous assessments is ocean acidification. Uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) by oceans has a significant effect on marine biogeochemistry by reducing seawater pH. Ocean acidification is of particular concern in Alaska, because cold sea water absorbs CO2 more rapidly than warm water, and a decrease in sea ice extent has allowed increased sea surface exposure and more uptake of CO2 into these northern waters. Ocean acidification will likely affect the ability of organisms to produce and maintain shell material, such as aragonite or calcite (calcium carbonate minerals structured from carbonate ions), required by many shelled organism, from mollusks to corals to microscopic organisms at the base of the food chain. Direct biological effects in Alaska further along the food chain have yet to be studied and may vary among organisms. Some of the potentially most significant changes to Alaska that could result from a changing climate are the effects on the terrestrial cryosphere - particularly glaciers and permafrost. Alaskan glaciers are changing at a rapid rate, the primary driver appearing to be temperature. Statewide, glaciers lost 13 cubic miles of ice annually from the 1950s to the 1990s, and that rate doubled in the 2000s. However, like temperature and precipitation, glacier ice loss is not spatially uniform; most glaciers are losing mass, yet some are growing (for example Hubbard Glacier in southeast Alaska). Alaska glaciers with the most rapid loss are those terminating in sea water or lakes. With this increasing rate of melt, the contribution of surplus fresh water entering into the oceans from Alaska's glaciers, as well as those in neighboring British Columbia, Canada, is approximately 20 percent of that contributed by the Greenland Ice Sheet. Permafrost degradation (that is, the thawing of ice-rich soils) is currently (2012) impacting infrastructure and surface-water availability in areas of both discontinuous and continuous ground ice. Over most of the State, the permafrost is warming, with increasing temperatures broadly consistent with increasing air temperatures. On the Arctic coastal plain of Alaska, permafrost temperatures showed some cooling in the 1950s and 1960s but have been followed by a roughly 5&deg;F increase since the 1980s. Many areas in the continuous permafrost zone have seen increases in temperature in the seasonally active layer and a decrease in re-freezing rates. Changes in the discontinuous permafrost zone are initially much more observable due to the resulting thermokarst terrain (land surface formed as ice rich permafrost thaws), most notable in boreal forested areas. Climate warming in Alaska has potentially broad implications for human health and food security, especially in rural areas, as well as increased risk for injury with changing winter ice conditions. Additionally, such warming poses the potential for increasing damage to existing water and sanitation facilities and challenges for development of new facilities, especially in areas underlain by permafrost. Non-infectious and infectious diseases also are becoming an increasing concern. For example, from 1999 to 2006 there was a statistically significant increase in medical claims for insectbite reactions in five of six regions of Alaska, with the largest percentage increase occurring in the most northern areas. The availability and quality of subsistence foods, normally considered to be very healthy, may change due to changing access, changing habitats, and spoilage of meat in food storage cellars. These and other trends and potential outcomes resulting from a changing climate are further described in this report. In addition, we describe new science leadership activities that have been initiated to address and provide guidance toward conducting research aimed at making available information for policy makers and land management agencies to better understand, address, and plan for changes to the local and regional environment. This report cites data in both metric and standard units due to the contributions by numerous authors and the direct reference of their data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1379","usgsCitation":"Markon, C., Trainor, S., and Chapin, F.S., 2012, The United States National Climate Assessment - Alaska Technical Regional Report: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1379, xiv, 148 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1379.","productDescription":"xiv, 148 p.","numberOfPages":"166","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262980,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1379.jpg"},{"id":262978,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1379/"},{"id":262979,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1379/pdf/circ1379.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -172.45,51.21 ], [ -172.45,71.39 ], [ -129.99,71.39 ], [ -129.99,51.21 ], [ -172.45,51.21 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"509cf2f2e4b0e374086f46ae","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Markon, Carl J.","contributorId":67122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markon","given":"Carl J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509084,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trainor, Sarah F.","contributorId":21396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trainor","given":"Sarah F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509082,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chapin, F. Stuart III","contributorId":65632,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chapin","given":"F.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"Stuart","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":509083,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Markon, Carl J.","contributorId":67122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markon","given":"Carl J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trainor, Sarah F.","contributorId":21396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trainor","given":"Sarah F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chapin, F. 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,{"id":70200641,"text":"70200641 - 2012 - Cambrian–Ordovician sedimentary rocks of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-22T20:02:27.756573","indexId":"70200641","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-06T13:55:42","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Cambrian–Ordovician sedimentary rocks of Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>Cambrian-Lower Ordovician carbonate rocks that likely formed as part of the Laurentian continental margin, and may thus have been part of the Cambrian-Ordovician great American carbonate bank, occur in east-central Alaska in the Nation Arch area. These strata accumulated on the southwestern margin (present-day coordinates) of the Yukon stable block, a broad area of early Paleozoic carbonate platform deposition in the northern Yukon Territory, and constitute two successions. The first consists of approximately 900 m (∼2950 ft) of shallow-water limestone and dolostone that are in part silicified, laminated, oolitic, and pisolitic, and make up the lower member of the Jones Ridge Limestone. Conodonts, trilobites, archaeo-cyathids, and brachiopods indicate an age of Early Cambrian to early Early Ordovician (Tremadoc; Ibexian) and have Laurentian biogeographic affinities. Upper Ordovician bio-clastic limestone (the upper member of the Jones Ridge Limestone) unconformably overlies these strata.</p><p>A roughly coeval, but somewhat deeper water, succession crops out near the Jones Ridge Limestone and consists of, in ascending order, the Funnel Creek Limestone, Adams Argillite, and Hillard Limestone. The Funnel Creek (15-400 m [50-1310 ft] thick) is mainly nonfossilif-erous, extensively silicified, commonly oolitic limestone and dolostone and is assumed to be Lower Cambrian in age. It is overlain by argillite, siltstone, cross-laminated quartzite, and oolitic to sandy limestone of the Adams Argillite (90-180 m [295-550 ft] thick). This unit contains the trace fossil<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Oldhamia</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and Lower Cambrian archaeocyathids and trilobites that have Siberian affinities. The Hillard (30-150 m [100-490 ft] thick) is chiefly limestone, with local ooids, edgewise and boulder conglomerate, and phosphatic horizons, and likely formed in a platform-margin setting. Trilobites and brachiopods from this unit are Early Cambrian to earliest Ordovician in age and have mainly Laurentian affinities. Slope and/or basinal rocks of the Road River Formation that are as old as Early Ordovician (early middle Arenig; Ibexian) unconformably overlie the Hillard Limestone. Abrupt facies transitions between the two Nation Arch area carbonate successions may reflect relatively steep paleoslopes and/or telescoping of facies by imbricate thrust faults.</p><p>Carbonate strata of Cambrian–Ordovician age are also found north of the Nation Arch area in the Porcupine terrane. These rocks have been little studied, and their precise Stratigraphic succession and paleogeographic setting are uncertain. The few fossil collections indicate mainly Laurentian affinities and include Cambrian(?) trilobites and Lower and Middle Ordovician conodonts. Lower Paleozoic strata of the Porcupine terrane probably formed at or near the northwestern edge (present-day coordinates) of the Yukon stable block.</p><p>Cambrian–Ordovician carbonate strata occur widely in northern Alaska (parts of the Arctic Alaska, York, and Seward terranes) and interior Alaska (Farewell terrane). These rocks share distinctive lithologic and faunal features and were deposited in a range of shallow-shelf to basinal environments. Carbonate platform successions in northern and interior Alaska include fossils of both Laurentian and Siberian biotic provinces and may have formed on a single crustal fragment that rifted away from the Siberian craton during the late Proterozoic. These Alaskan strata were most likely in faunal exchange with, but not physically attached to, the great American carbonate bank.</p><p>Lower–Middle Ordovician carbonate and siliciclastic rocks are also found in the White Mountains, Livengood, and Ruby terranes of interior Alaska, the Alexander terrane in southeastern Alaska, and the Goodnews terrane in southwestern Alaska. These successions were likely not attached to Laurentia during their deposition, although some authors have proposed Laurentian origins for the White Mountains and Livengood terranes.</p><p>Little detailed information is available on the resource potential of Cambrian–Ordovician successions in Alaska. Most have low porosity and are too thermally mature to be prospective for oil and gas, although a few units in east-central and northern Alaska may have some potential as petroleum source and reservoir rocks. Strata of this age have potential for metallic mineral resources; strata-bound Zn-Pb ± Ag occurrences are known in the Funnel Creek Limestone in east-central Alaska, as well as several units of possible Cambrian and/or Ordovician age in northern and interior Alaska.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The great American carbonate bank: The geology and economic resources of the Cambrian-Ordovician Sauk megasequence of Laurentia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"The American Association of Petroleum Geologists","usgsCitation":"Dumoulin, J.A., and Harris, A.G., 2012, Cambrian–Ordovician sedimentary rocks of Alaska, chap. <i>of</i> The great American carbonate bank: The geology and economic resources of the Cambrian-Ordovician Sauk megasequence of Laurentia, p. 649-673.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"649","endPage":"673","ipdsId":"IP-019880","costCenters":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359086,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":359089,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/1267/chapter/107110574/cambrian-ordovician-sedimentary-rocks-of-alaska"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70040598,"text":"sim3153 - 2012 - Geologic map of the Cook Inlet region, Alaska, including parts of the Talkeetna, Talkeetna Mountains, Tyonek, Anchorage, Lake Clark, Kenai, Seward, Iliamna, Seldovia, Mount Katmai, and Afognak 1:250,000-scale quadrangles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-07T16:39:33","indexId":"sim3153","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3153","title":"Geologic map of the Cook Inlet region, Alaska, including parts of the Talkeetna, Talkeetna Mountains, Tyonek, Anchorage, Lake Clark, Kenai, Seward, Iliamna, Seldovia, Mount Katmai, and Afognak 1:250,000-scale quadrangles","docAbstract":"In 1976, L.B. Magoon, W.L. Adkinson, and R.M. Egbert published a major geologic map of the Cook Inlet region, which has served well as a compilation of existing information and a guide for future research and mapping. The map in this report updates Magoon and others (1976) and incorporates new and additional mapping and interpretation. This map is also a revision of areas of overlap with the geologic map completed for central Alaska (Wilson and others, 1998). Text from that compilation remains appropriate and is summarized here; many compromises have been made in strongly held beliefs to allow construction of this compilation. Yet our willingness to make interpretations and compromises does not allow resolution of all mapping conflicts. Nonetheless, we hope that geologists who have mapped in this region will recognize that, in incorporating their work, our regional correlations may have required some generalization or lumping of map units. Many sources were used to produce this geologic map and, in most cases, data from available maps were combined, without generalization, and new data were added where available. A preliminary version of this map was published as U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009&ndash;1108. The main differences between the versions concern revised mapping of surfical deposits in the northern and eastern parts of the map area. 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,{"id":70040596,"text":"pp1795 - 2012 - Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, 2011","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70048975,"text":"pp1795C - 2013 - Effect of ultramafic intrusions and associated mineralized rocks on the aqueous geochemistry of the Tangle Lakes Area, Alaska","indexId":"pp1795C","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Effect of ultramafic intrusions and associated mineralized rocks on the aqueous geochemistry of the Tangle Lakes Area, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70040596,"text":"pp1795 - 2012 - Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, 2011","indexId":"pp1795","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, 2011"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-07T21:00:34","indexId":"pp1795","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1795","title":"Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, 2011","docAbstract":"The collection of papers that follow continues the series of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) investigative reports in Alaska under the broad umbrella of the geologic sciences. This series represents new and sometimes-preliminary findings that are of interest to Earth scientists in academia, government, and industry; to land and resource managers; and to the general public. The reports presented in <i>Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska</i> cover a broad spectrum of topics from various parts of the State, serving to emphasize the diversity of USGS efforts to meet the Nation's needs for Earth-science information in Alaska. This professional paper is one of a series of \"online only\" versions of <i>Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska</i>, reflecting the current trend toward disseminating research results on the World Wide Web with rapid posting of completed reports.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1795","usgsCitation":"Dumoulin, J.A., and Dusel-Bacon, C., 2012, Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1795, 1 Chapter: PP 1795-A; More Coming Soon, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1795.","productDescription":"1 Chapter: PP 1795-A; More Coming Soon","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2011-01-01","temporalEnd":"2011-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262926,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1795.gif"},{"id":262925,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1795/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -172.5,51.2 ], [ -172.5,71.4 ], [ -130.0,71.4 ], [ -130.0,51.2 ], [ -172.5,51.2 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5094dd95e4b0e5cfc2acdc8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dusel-Bacon, Cynthia 0000-0001-8481-739X cdusel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8481-739X","contributorId":2797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusel-Bacon","given":"Cynthia","email":"cdusel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70040370,"text":"ds709 - 2012 - Local-area-enhanced, high-resolution natural-color and color-infrared satellite-image mosaics of mineral districts in Afghanistan","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70049066,"text":"ds709Z - 2013 - Local-area-enhanced, 2.5-meter resolution natural-color and color-infrared satellite-image mosaics of the Kandahar mineral district in Afghanistan","indexId":"ds709Z","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"chapter":"Z","title":"Local-area-enhanced, 2.5-meter resolution natural-color and color-infrared satellite-image mosaics of the Kandahar mineral district in Afghanistan"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70040370,"text":"ds709 - 2012 - Local-area-enhanced, high-resolution natural-color and color-infrared satellite-image mosaics of mineral districts in Afghanistan","indexId":"ds709","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Local-area-enhanced, high-resolution natural-color and color-infrared satellite-image mosaics of mineral districts in Afghanistan"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":70101717,"text":"ds709DD - 2014 - Local-area-enhanced, 2.5-meter resolution natural-color and color-infrared satellite-image mosaics of the Ghazni1 mineral district in Afghanistan","indexId":"ds709DD","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"chapter":"DD","title":"Local-area-enhanced, 2.5-meter resolution natural-color and color-infrared satellite-image mosaics of the Ghazni1 mineral district in Afghanistan"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70040370,"text":"ds709 - 2012 - Local-area-enhanced, high-resolution natural-color and color-infrared satellite-image mosaics of mineral districts in Afghanistan","indexId":"ds709","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Local-area-enhanced, high-resolution natural-color and color-infrared satellite-image mosaics of mineral districts in Afghanistan"},"id":2},{"subject":{"id":70101718,"text":"ds709EE - 2014 - Local-area-enhanced, 2.5-meter resolution natural-color and color-infrared satellite-image mosaics of the Ghazni2 mineral district in Afghanistan","indexId":"ds709EE","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"chapter":"EE","title":"Local-area-enhanced, 2.5-meter resolution natural-color and color-infrared satellite-image mosaics of the Ghazni2 mineral district in Afghanistan"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70040370,"text":"ds709 - 2012 - Local-area-enhanced, high-resolution natural-color and color-infrared satellite-image mosaics of mineral districts in Afghanistan","indexId":"ds709","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Local-area-enhanced, high-resolution natural-color and color-infrared satellite-image mosaics of mineral districts in Afghanistan"},"id":3},{"subject":{"id":70101719,"text":"ds709FF - 2014 - Local-area-enhanced, 2.5-meter resolution natural-color and color-infrared satellite-image mosaics of the Farah mineral district in Afghanistan","indexId":"ds709FF","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"chapter":"FF","title":"Local-area-enhanced, 2.5-meter resolution natural-color and color-infrared satellite-image mosaics of the Farah mineral district in Afghanistan"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70040370,"text":"ds709 - 2012 - Local-area-enhanced, high-resolution natural-color and color-infrared satellite-image mosaics of mineral districts in Afghanistan","indexId":"ds709","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Local-area-enhanced, high-resolution natural-color and color-infrared satellite-image mosaics of mineral districts in Afghanistan"},"id":4}],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-01T11:10:22","indexId":"ds709","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"709","title":"Local-area-enhanced, high-resolution natural-color and color-infrared satellite-image mosaics of mineral districts in Afghanistan","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Defense Task Force for Business and Stability Operations, prepared databases for mineral-resource target areas in Afghanistan. The purpose of the databases is to (1) provide useful data to ground-survey crews for use in performing detailed assessments of the areas and (2) provide useful information to private investors who are considering investment in a particular area for development of its natural resources. The set of satellite-image mosaics provided in this Data Series (DS) is one such database. Although airborne digital color-infrared imagery was acquired for parts of Afghanistan in 2006, the image data have radiometric variations that preclude their use in creating a consistent image mosaic for geologic analysis. Consequently, image mosaics were created using ALOS (Advanced Land Observation Satellite; renamed Daichi) satellite images, whose radiometry has been well determined (Saunier, 2007a,b). This DS consists of the locally enhanced ALOS image mosaics for each of the 24 mineral project areas (referred to herein as areas of interest), whose locality names, locations, and main mineral occurrences are shown on the index map of Afghanistan (fig. 1). ALOS was launched on January 24, 2006, and provides multispectral images from the AVNIR (Advanced Visible and Near-Infrared Radiometer) sensor in blue (420-500 nanometer, nm), green (520-600 nm), red (610-690 nm), and near-infrared (760-890 nm) wavelength bands with an 8-bit dynamic range and a 10-meter (m) ground resolution. The satellite also provides a panchromatic band image from the PRISM (Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument for Stereo Mapping) sensor (520-770 nm) with the same dynamic range but a 2.5-m ground resolution. The image products in this DS incorporate copyrighted data provided by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, but the image processing has altered the original pixel structure and all image values of the JAXA ALOS data, such that original image values cannot be recreated from this DS. As such, the DS products match JAXA criteria for value added products, which are not copyrighted, according to the ALOS end-user license agreement. The selection criteria for the satellite imagery used in our mosaics were images having (1) the highest solar-elevation angles (near summer solstice) and (2) the least cloud, cloud-shadow, and snow cover. The multispectral and panchromatic data were orthorectified with ALOS satellite ephemeris data, a process which is not as accurate as orthorectification using digital elevation models (DEMs); however, the ALOS processing center did not have a precise DEM. As a result, the multispectral and panchromatic image pairs were generally not well registered to the surface and not coregistered well enough to perform resolution enhancement on the multispectral data. Therefore, it was necessary to (1) register the 10-m AVNIR multispectral imagery to a well-controlled Landsat image base, (2) mosaic the individual multispectral images into a single image of the entire area of interest, (3) register each panchromatic image to the registered multispectral image base, and (4) mosaic the individual panchromatic images into a single image of the entire area of interest. The two image-registration steps were facilitated using an automated control-point algorithm developed by the USGS that allows image coregistration to within one picture element. PRISM image orthorectification for one-half of the target areas was performed by the Alaska Satellite Facility, applying its photogrammetric software to PRISM stereo images with vertical control points obtained from the digital elevation database produced by the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (Farr and others, 2007) and horizontal adjustments based on a controlled Landsat image base (Davis, 2006). Before rectification, the multispectral and panchromatic images were converted to radiance values and then to relative-reflectance values using the methods described in Davis (2006). Mosaicking the multispectral or panchromatic images started with the image with the highest sun-elevation angle and the least atmospheric scattering, which was treated as the standard image. The band-reflectance values of all other multispectral or panchromatic images within the area were sequentially adjusted to that of the standard image by determining band-reflectance correspondence between overlapping images using linear least-squares analysis. The resolution of the multispectral image mosaic was then increased to that of the panchromatic image mosaic using SPARKLE logic, which is described in Davis (2006). Each of the four-band images within each resolution-enhanced image mosaic was individually subjected to a local-area histogram stretch algorithm (described in Davis, 2007), which stretches each band's picture element based on the digital values of all picture elements within a specified radius that was usually 500 m. The final databases, which are provided in this DS, are three-band, color-composite images of the local-area-enhanced, natural-color data (the blue, green, and red wavelength bands) and color-infrared data (the green, red, and near-infrared wavelength bands). All image data were initially projected and maintained in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) map projection using the target area's local zone (either 41 or 42) and the WGS84 datum. Most final image mosaics were subdivided into overlapping tiles or quadrants because of the large size of the target areas. The image tiles (or quadrants) for each area of interest are provided as embedded geotiff images, which can be read and used by most geographic information system (GIS) and image-processing software. The tiff world files (tfw) are provided, even though they are generally not needed for most software to read an embedded geotiff image. Approximately one-half of the study areas have at least one subarea designated for detailed field investigations; the subareas were extracted from the area's image mosaic and are provided as separate embedded geotiff images.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds709","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Defense <a href=\"http://tfbso.defense.gov/www/\" target=\"_blank\">Task Force for Business and Stability Operations</a> and the <a href=\"http://www.bgs.ac.uk/AfghanMinerals/\" target=\"_blank\">Afghanistan Geological Survey</a>.  This report is composed of 24 chapters.  Please visit <a href=\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ds709\" target=\"_blank\">DS 709</a> to view available chapters.","usgsCitation":"Davis, P.A., 2012, Local-area-enhanced, high-resolution natural-color and color-infrared satellite-image mosaics of mineral districts in Afghanistan: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 709, 24  Chapters, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds709.","productDescription":"24  Chapters","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262620,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_709.jpg"},{"id":262613,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/709/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Afghanistan","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 60.52,29.38 ], [ 60.52,38.49 ], [ 74.89,38.49 ], [ 74.89,29.38 ], [ 60.52,29.38 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"507ee041e4b022001d87bb82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Philip A. pdavis@usgs.gov","contributorId":692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Philip","email":"pdavis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":468184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70249837,"text":"70249837 - 2012 - Mapped versus actual burned area within wildfire perimeters: Characterizing the unburned","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-01T21:03:50.201344","indexId":"70249837","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T15:58:22","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapped versus actual burned area within wildfire perimeters: Characterizing the unburned","docAbstract":"<div id=\"aep-abstract-id19\" class=\"abstract author\" lang=\"en\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id20\"><p id=\"sp0010\">For decades, wildfire studies have utilized fire occurrence as the primary data source for investigating the causes and effects of wildfire on the landscape. Fire occurrence data fall primarily into two categories: ignition points and perimeter polygons which are used to calculate a ‘burned area’ for a fire. However, understanding the relationships between climate and fire or between fire and its ecological effects requires an understanding of the burn heterogeneity across the landscape and the area within fire perimeters that remains unburned. This research characterizes unburned areas within fire perimeters, which provide ecological refugia and seed source for post-fire regeneration. We utilized differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) data to examine the frequency, extent, and spatial patterns of unburned area in three national parks across the western US (Glacier, Yosemite, and Yukon-Charley Rivers). We characterized unburned area within fire perimeters by fire size and severity, characterized distance to an unburned area across the burned portion of the fire, and investigated patch dynamics of unburned patches within the fire perimeter. From 1984 through 2009, the total area within the fire perimeters that was classified as unburned from dNBR was 37% for Yosemite, 17% for Glacier, and 14% for Yukon-Charley. Variation in unburned area between fires was highest in Yosemite and lowest in Yukon-Charley. The unburned proportion significantly decreased with increasing fire size and severity across all three parks. Unburned patch size increased with size of fire perimeter, but patches decreased in density. There were no temporal trends in unburned area found. These results raise questions about the validity of relationships found between external forcing agents, such as climate, and ‘burned area’ values derived solely from polygon fire perimeters.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2012.08.020","usgsCitation":"Key, C.H., James Lutz, Key, C.H., Jonathan Kane, and Van Wagtendonk, J.W., 2012, Mapped versus actual burned area within wildfire perimeters: Characterizing the unburned: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 286, p. 38-47, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.08.020.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"38","endPage":"47","ipdsId":"IP-039364","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":422316,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska, Montana, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yosemite National Park, Glacier National Park, Yukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.2239315959776,\n              45.14819375625538\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.2239315959776,\n              43.41806384026984\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.73003511160249,\n              43.41806384026984\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.73003511160249,\n              45.14819375625538\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.2239315959776,\n              45.14819375625538\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.90435217871973,\n              49.04942005803713\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.90435217871973,\n              48.12286489452612\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.71257971778198,\n              48.12286489452612\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.71257971778198,\n              49.04942005803713\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.90435217871973,\n              49.04942005803713\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -143.54242128938068,\n              65.82194598460669\n            ],\n            [\n              -143.54242128938068,\n              64.41714830535625\n            ],\n            [\n              -140.55414003938063,\n              64.41714830535625\n            ],\n            [\n              -140.55414003938063,\n              65.82194598460669\n            ],\n            [\n              -143.54242128938068,\n              65.82194598460669\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"286","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Key, Carl H carl_key@usgs.gov","contributorId":331312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Key","given":"Carl","email":"carl_key@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":887307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"James Lutz","contributorId":331315,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"James Lutz","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":887310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Key, Carl H. carl_key@usgs.gov","contributorId":4138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Key","given":"Carl","email":"carl_key@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":887317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jonathan Kane","contributorId":331316,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jonathan Kane","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":887311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Van Wagtendonk, Jan W jan_van_wagtendonk@usgs.gov","contributorId":331313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Wagtendonk","given":"Jan","email":"jan_van_wagtendonk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":887308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70101174,"text":"70101174 - 2012 - Population ecology of breeding Pacific common eiders on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-10T11:45:15","indexId":"70101174","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T11:40:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3773,"text":"Wildlife Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population ecology of breeding Pacific common eiders on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska","docAbstract":"Populations of Pacific common eiders (Somateria mollissima v-nigrum) on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (YKD) in western Alaska declined by 50–90% from 1957 to 1992 and then stabilized at reduced numbers from the early 1990s to the present. We investigated the underlying processes affecting their population dynamics by collection and analysis of demographic data from Pacific common eiders at 3 sites on the YKD (1991–2004) for 29 site-years. We examined variation in components of reproduction, tested hypotheses about the influence of specific ecological factors on life-history variables, and investigated their relative contributions to local population dynamics. Reproductive output was low and variable, both within and among individuals, whereas apparent survival of adult females was high and relatively invariant (0.89 ± 0.005). All reproductive parameters varied across study sites and years. Clutch initiation dates ranged from 4 May to 28 June, with peak (modal) initiation occurring on 26 May. Females at an island study site consistently initiated clutches 3–5 days earlier in each year than those on 2 mainland sites. Population variance in nest initiation date was negatively related to the peak, suggesting increased synchrony in years of delayed initiation. On average, total clutch size (laid) ranged from 4.8 to 6.6 eggs, and declined with date of nest initiation. After accounting for partial predation and non-viability of eggs, average clutch size at hatch ranged from 2.0 to 5.8 eggs. Within seasons, daily survival probability (DSP) of nests was lowest during egg-laying and late-initiation dates. Estimated nest survival varied considerably across sites and years (mean = 0.55, range: 0.06–0.92), but process variance in nest survival was relatively low (0.02, CI: 0.01–0.05), indicating that most variance was likely attributed to sampling error. We found evidence that observer effects may have reduced overall nest survival by 0.0–0.36 across site-years. Study sites with lower sample sizes and more frequent visitations appeared to experience greater observer effects. In general, Pacific common eiders exhibited high spatio-temporal variance in reproductive components. Larger clutch sizes and high nest survival at early initiation dates suggested directional selection favoring early nesting. However, stochastic environmental effects may have precluded response to this apparent selection pressure. Our results suggest that females breeding early in the season have the greatest reproductive value, as these birds lay the largest clutches and have the highest probability of successfully hatching. We developed stochastic, stage-based, matrix population models that incorporated observed spatio-temporal (process) variance and co-variation in vital rates, and projected the stable stage distribution () and population growth rate (λ). We used perturbation analyses to examine the relative influence of changes in vital rates on λ and variance decomposition to assess the proportion of variation in λ explained by process variation in each vital rate. In addition to matrix-based λ, we estimated λ using capture–recapture approaches, and log-linear regression. We found the stable age distribution for Pacific common eiders was weighted heavily towards experienced adult females (≥4 yr of age), and all calculations of λ indicated that the YKD population was stable to slightly increasing (λmatrix = 1.02, CI: 1.00–1.04); λreverse-capture–recapture = 1.05, CI: 0.99–1.11; λlog-linear = 1.04, CI: 0.98–1.10). Perturbation analyses suggested the population would respond most dramatically to changes in adult female survival (relative influence of adult survival was 1.5 times that of fecundity), whereas retrospective variation in λ was primarily explained by fecundity parameters (60%), particularly duckling survival (42%). Among components of fecundity, sensitivities were highest for duckling survival, suggesti","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Monographs","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"publisher":"Wildlife Monographs","doi":"10.1002/wmon.8","usgsCitation":"Wilson, H.M., Flint, P.L., Powell, A., Grand, J., and Moral, C.L., 2012, Population ecology of breeding Pacific common eiders on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska: Wildlife Monographs, v. 182, no. 1, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/wmon.8.","productDescription":"28 p.","ipdsId":"IP-028472","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438809,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9G6G0AV","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Pacific common eider (Somateria mollissima v-nigrum) nest records, Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska, 1991-2004"},{"id":286181,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":286079,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wmon.8"},{"id":286080,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wmon.8/full"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-kushokwim Delta","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -165.1094,62.3668 ], [ -165.1094,63.2645 ], [ -162.7789,63.2645 ], [ -162.7789,62.3668 ], [ -165.1094,62.3668 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"182","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-10-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"535594f7e4b0120853e8c109","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, Heather M.","contributorId":37056,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilson","given":"Heather","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13236,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Migratory Bird Management","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":492634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Powell, Abby N. abby_powell@usgs.gov","contributorId":2534,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Powell","given":"Abby N.","email":"abby_powell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":492632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grand, J. Barry","contributorId":61950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grand","given":"J. Barry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Moral, Christine L.","contributorId":57765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moral","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70177891,"text":"70177891 - 2012 - Eruptive history of Mount Katmai, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-30T12:27:25","indexId":"70177891","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T02:30:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1820,"text":"Geosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eruptive history of Mount Katmai, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p id=\"p-1\">Mount Katmai has long been recognized for its caldera collapse during the great pyroclastic eruption of 1912 (which vented 10 km away at Novarupta in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes), but little has previously been reported about the geology of the remote ice-clad stratovolcano itself. Over several seasons, we reconnoitered all parts of the edifice and sampled most of the lava flows exposed on its flanks and caldera rim. The precipitous inner walls of the 1912 caldera remain too unstable for systematic sampling; so we provide instead a photographic and interpretive record of the wall sequences exposed. In contrast to the several andesite-dacite stratovolcanoes nearby, products of Mount Katmai range from basalt to rhyolite. Before collapse in 1912, there were two overlapping cones with separate vent complexes and craters; their products are here divided into eight sequences of lava flows, agglutinates, and phreatomagmatic ejecta. Latest Pleistocene and Holocene eruptive units include rhyodacite and rhyolite lava flows along the south rim; a major 22.8-ka rhyolitic plinian fall and ignimbrite deposit; a dacite-andesite zoned scoria fall; a thick sheet of dacite agglutinate that filled a paleocrater and draped the west side of the edifice; unglaciated leveed dacite lava flows on the southeast slope; and the Horseshoe Island dacite dome that extruded on the caldera floor after collapse. Pre-collapse volume of the glaciated Katmai edifice was &sim;30 km<sup>3</sup>, and&nbsp;<i>eruptive</i>&nbsp;volume is estimated to have been 57&plusmn;13 km<sup>3</sup>. The latter figure includes &sim;40&plusmn;6 km<sup>3</sup>&nbsp;for the edifice, 5&plusmn;2 km<sup>3</sup>&nbsp;for off-edifice dacite pyroclastic deposits, and 12&plusmn;5 km<sup>3</sup>&nbsp;for the 22.8-ka rhyolitic pyroclastic deposits. To these can be added 13.5 km<sup>3</sup>&nbsp;of magma that erupted at Novarupta in 1912, all or much of which is inferred to have been withdrawn from beneath Mount Katmai. The oldest part of the edifice exposed is a basaltic cone, which gave a&nbsp;<sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar plateau age of 89 &plusmn; 25 ka.</p>\n<p id=\"p-2\">The seismic record of caldera collapse includes 14 earthquakes of magnitude 6.0&ndash;7.0. By combining the times of earthquakes, the hours of downwind plinian-fall episodes from Novarupta, and the stratigraphic record of hydrothermal explosion breccia and phreatic mud layers ejected around the caldera rim and intercalated within the Novarupta pumice-fall sequence, it can be inferred that collapse began in the 11th hour of the 60-h-long eruption and continued fitfully for 3.5 days. Several big landslides and pumiceous debris flows shaken loose by the collapse-related seismicity are bracketed in time by their levels of intercalation within the Novarupta pumice-fall sequence. An intracaldera lake was &sim;10 m deep by 1916, drained away in 1923, and has since deepened progressively to &sim;250 m today.</p>\n<p id=\"p-3\">Compositionally, products of Mount Katmai represent an ordinary medium-K arc array, both tholeiitic and calcalkaline, that extends from 51.6% to 72.3% SiO<sub>2</sub>. Values of&nbsp;<sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr range from 0.70335 to 0.70372, correlating loosely with fractionation indices. The 5&ndash;6 km<sup>3</sup>&nbsp;of continuously zoned andesite-dacite magma (58%&ndash;68% SiO<sub>2</sub>) that erupted at Novarupta in 1912 was withdrawn from beneath Mount Katmai and bears close compositional affinity with products of that edifice, not with pre-1912 products of the adjacent Trident cluster. Evidence is presented that the 7&ndash;8 km<sup>3</sup>&nbsp;of high-silica rhyolite (77% SiO<sub>2</sub>) released in 1912 is unlikely to have been stored under Novarupta or Trident. Pre-eruptive contiguity with the andesite-dacite reservoir is suggested by (1) eruption of &sim;3 km<sup>3</sup>&nbsp;of rhyolite magma first, followed by mutual mingling in fluctuating proportions; (2) thermal and redox continuity of the whole zoned sequence despite the wide compositional gap; (3) Nd, Sr, O isotopic, and rare earth element (REE) affinities of the whole array; (4) compositional continuity of the nearly aphyric rhyolite with the glass (melt) phase of the phenocryst-rich dacite; and (5) phase-equilibrium experiments that indicate similar shallow pre-eruptive storage depths (3&ndash;6 km) for rhyolite, dacite, and andesite.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/GES00817.1","usgsCitation":"Hildreth, E., and Fierstein, J., 2012, Eruptive history of Mount Katmai, Alaska: Geosphere, v. 8, no. 6, p. 1527-1567, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES00817.1.","productDescription":"41 p.","startPage":"1527","endPage":"1567","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-040917","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474283,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges00817.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":330410,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -156.20361328125,\n              57.70414723434193\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.20361328125,\n              58.87058467868075\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.6767578125,\n              58.87058467868075\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.6767578125,\n              57.70414723434193\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.20361328125,\n              57.70414723434193\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5811c0f5e4b0f497e79a5a91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hildreth, Edward 0000-0002-7925-4251 hildreth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-4251","contributorId":146999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"Edward","email":"hildreth@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":652049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fierstein, Judith 0000-0001-8024-1426 jfierstn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8024-1426","contributorId":147000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fierstein","given":"Judith","email":"jfierstn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":652050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70148276,"text":"70148276 - 2012 - Influence of the Amlia fracture zone on the evolution of the Aleutian Terrace forearc basin, central Aleutian subduction zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-27T10:32:38","indexId":"70148276","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1820,"text":"Geosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of the Amlia fracture zone on the evolution of the Aleutian Terrace forearc basin, central Aleutian subduction zone","docAbstract":"<p>During Pliocene to Quaternary time, the central Aleutian forearc basin evolved in response to a combination of tectonic and climatic factors. Initially, along-trench transport of sediment and accretion of a frontal prism created the accommodation space to allow forearc basin deposition. Transport of sufficient sediment to overtop the bathymetrically high Amlia fracture zone and reach the central Aleutian arc began with glaciation of continental Alaska in the Pliocene. As the obliquely subducting Amlia fracture zone swept along the central Aleutian arc, it further affected the structural evolution of the forearc basins. The subduction of the Amlia fracture zone resulted in basin inversion and loss of accommodation space east of the migrating fracture zone. Conversely, west of Amlia fracture zone, accommodation space increased arcward of a large outer-arc high that formed, in part, by a thickening of arc basement. This difference in deformation is interpreted to be the result of a variation in interplate coupling across the Amlia fracture zone that was facilitated by increasing subduction obliquity, a change in orientation of the subducting Amlia fracture zone, and late Quaternary intensification of glaciation. The change in coupling is manifested by a possible tear in the subducting slab along the Amlia fracture zone. Differences in coupling across the Amlia fracture zone have important implications for the location of maximum slip during future great earthquakes. In addition, shaking during a great earthquake could trigger large mass failures of the summit platform, as evidenced by the presence of thick mass transport deposits of primarily Quaternary age that are found in the forearc basin west of the Amlia fracture zone.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/GES00815.1","usgsCitation":"Ryan, H., Draut, A., Keranen, K., and Scholl, D.W., 2012, Influence of the Amlia fracture zone on the evolution of the Aleutian Terrace forearc basin, central Aleutian subduction zone: Geosphere, v. 8, no. 6, p. 1254-1273, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES00815.1.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1254","endPage":"1273","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-037743","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474285,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges00815.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":300842,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5566eadae4b0d9246a9ec2ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryan, Holly F. hryan@usgs.gov","contributorId":140746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"Holly F.","email":"hryan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":547647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Draut, Amy E. aeast@usgs.gov","contributorId":139707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Draut","given":"Amy E.","email":"aeast@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":547645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keranen, Katie M.","contributorId":44064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keranen","given":"Katie M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":547648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scholl, David W. 0000-0001-6500-6962 dscholl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6500-6962","contributorId":3738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"David","email":"dscholl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70040531,"text":"ds730 - 2012 - Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-30T12:04:39","indexId":"ds730","displayToPublicDate":"2012-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"730","title":"Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2011","docAbstract":"<p>Between January 1 and December 31, 2011, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) located 4,364 earthquakes, of which 3,651 occurred within 20 kilometers of the 33 volcanoes with seismograph subnetworks. There was no significant seismic activity above background levels in 2011 at these instrumented volcanic centers. This catalog includes locations, magnitudes, and statistics of the earthquakes located in 2011 with the station parameters, velocity models, and other files used to locate these earthquakes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds730","usgsCitation":"Dixon, J.P., Stihler, S.D., Power, J.A., and Searcy, C.K., 2012, Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 730, Report: iv; 82 p.; Zip file, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds730.","productDescription":"Report: iv; 82 p.; Zip file","numberOfPages":"90","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262861,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_730.jpg"},{"id":262855,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/730/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":262857,"rank":1000,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/730/2011_AVO_Seismic_Catalog.zip","text":"Seismic Catalog","size":"14 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"Seismic Catalog"},{"id":262856,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/730/pdf/ds730.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -181.82373046875,\n              50.86491125522503\n            ],\n            [\n              -182.120361328125,\n              52.09975692575725\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.33203125,\n              61.33353967329142\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.45703125,\n              65.47650756256367\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.15234374999997,\n              66.26685631430843\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.15234374999997,\n              59.88893689676585\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.8525390625,\n              53.69670647530323\n            ],\n            [\n              -181.82373046875,\n              50.86491125522503\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5090e8dae4b0e1c52f42b7df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dixon, James P. 0000-0002-8478-9971 jpdixon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8478-9971","contributorId":3163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"James","email":"jpdixon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stihler, Scott D.","contributorId":31373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stihler","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Power, John A. 0000-0002-7233-4398 jpower@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7233-4398","contributorId":2768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"John","email":"jpower@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":468497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Searcy, Cheryl K.","contributorId":107013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Searcy","given":"Cheryl","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70040503,"text":"pp1795A - 2012 - History of earthquakes and tsunamis along the eastern Aleutian-Alaska megathrust, with implications for tsunami hazards in the California Continental Borderland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-07T21:32:12","indexId":"pp1795A","displayToPublicDate":"2012-10-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1795","chapter":"A","title":"History of earthquakes and tsunamis along the eastern Aleutian-Alaska megathrust, with implications for tsunami hazards in the California Continental Borderland","docAbstract":"During the past several years, devastating tsunamis were generated along subduction zones in Indonesia, Chile, and most recently Japan. Both the Chile and Japan tsunamis traveled across the Pacific Ocean and caused localized damage at several coastal areas in California. The question remains as to whether coastal California, in particular the California Continental Borderland, is vulnerable to more extensive damage from a far-field tsunami sourced along a Pacific subduction zone. Assuming that the coast of California is at risk from a far-field tsunami, its coastline is most exposed to a trans-Pacific tsunami generated along the eastern Aleutian-Alaska subduction zone. We present the background geologic constraints that could control a possible giant (M<sub>w</sub> ~9) earthquake sourced along the eastern Aleutian-Alaska megathrust. Previous great earthquakes (M<sub>w</sub> ~8) in 1788, 1938, and 1946 ruptured single segments of the eastern Aleutian-Alaska megathrust. However, in order to generate a giant earthquake, it is necessary to rupture through multiple segments of the megathrust. Potential barriers to a throughgoing rupture, such as high-relief fracture zones or ridges, are absent on the subducting Pacific Plate between the Fox and Semidi Islands. Possible asperities (areas on the megathrust that are locked and therefore subject to infrequent but large slip) are identified by patches of high moment release observed in the historical earthquake record, geodetic studies, and the location of forearc basin gravity lows. Global Positioning System (GPS) data indicate that some areas of the eastern Aleutian-Alaska megathrust, such as that beneath Sanak Island, are weakly coupled. We suggest that although these areas will have reduced slip during a giant earthquake, they are not really large enough to form a barrier to rupture. A key aspect in defining an earthquake source for tsunami generation is determining the possibility of significant slip on the updip end of the megathrust near the trench. Large slip on the updip part of the eastern Aleutian-Alaska megathrust is a viable possibility owing to the small frontal accretionary prism and the presence of arc basement relatively close to the trench along most of the megathrust.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, 2011","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1795A","collaboration":"Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, 2011; http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1795/","usgsCitation":"Ryan, H., von Huene, R.E., Wells, R., Scholl, D.W., Kirby, S., and Draut, A.E., 2012, History of earthquakes and tsunamis along the eastern Aleutian-Alaska megathrust, with implications for tsunami hazards in the California Continental Borderland: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1795, iv, 31 p.; maps (col.), https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1795A.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p.; maps (col.)","startPage":"i","endPage":"31","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262827,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1795_A.gif"},{"id":262824,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1795/a/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":262825,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1795/a/pp1795a.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Aleutian Islands","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"508ba2fce4b0d7f30c14573b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509072,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dusel-Bacon, C. 0000-0001-8481-739X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8481-739X","contributorId":26085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusel-Bacon","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509071,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Ryan, Holly F.","contributorId":67616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"Holly F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"von Huene, Roland E. 0000-0003-1301-3866 rvonhuene@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1301-3866","contributorId":191070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Huene","given":"Roland","email":"rvonhuene@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7065,"text":"USGS emeritus","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":468476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wells, Ray E. 0000-0002-7796-0160 rwells@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7796-0160","contributorId":2692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"Ray E.","email":"rwells@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":468474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scholl, David W. 0000-0001-6500-6962 dscholl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6500-6962","contributorId":3738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"David","email":"dscholl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kirby, Stephen","contributorId":89412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"Stephen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Draut, Amy E.","contributorId":92215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Draut","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70040484,"text":"70040484 - 2012 - Influence of permafrost distribution on groundwater flow in the context of climate-driven permafrost thaw: Example from Yukon Flats Basin, Alaska, United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-25T06:26:16","indexId":"70040484","displayToPublicDate":"2012-10-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of permafrost distribution on groundwater flow in the context of climate-driven permafrost thaw: Example from Yukon Flats Basin, Alaska, United States","docAbstract":"Understanding the role of permafrost in controlling groundwater flow paths and fluxes is central in studies aimed at assessing potential climate change impacts on vegetation, species habitat, biogeochemical cycling, and biodiversity. Recent field studies in interior Alaska show evidence of hydrologic changes hypothesized to result from permafrost degradation. This study assesses the hydrologic control exerted by permafrost, elucidates modes of regional groundwater flow for various spatial permafrost patterns, and evaluates potential hydrologic consequences of permafrost degradation. The Yukon Flats Basin (YFB), a large (118,340 km<sup>2</sup>) subbasin within the Yukon River Basin, provides the basis for this investigation. Model simulations that represent an assumed permafrost thaw sequence reveal the following trends with decreasing permafrost coverage: (1) increased groundwater discharge to rivers, consistent with historical trends in base flow observations in the Yukon River Basin, (2) potential for increased overall groundwater flux, (3) increased spatial extent of groundwater discharge in lowlands, and (4) decreased proportion of suprapermafrost (shallow) groundwater contribution to total base flow. These trends directly affect the chemical composition and residence time of riverine exports, the state of groundwater-influenced lakes and wetlands, seasonal river-ice thickness, and stream temperatures. Presently, the YFB is coarsely mapped as spanning the continuous-discontinuous permafrost transition that model analysis shows to be a critical threshold; thus, the YFB may be on the verge of major hydrologic change should the current permafrost extent decrease. This possibility underscores the need for improved characterization of permafrost and other hydrogeologic information in the region via geophysical techniques, remote sensing, and ground-based observations.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2011WR011595","usgsCitation":"Walvoord, M.A., Voss, C.I., and Wellman, T., 2012, Influence of permafrost distribution on groundwater flow in the context of climate-driven permafrost thaw: Example from Yukon Flats Basin, Alaska, United States: Water Resources Research, v. 48, no. 7, W07524, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011595.","productDescription":"W07524, 17 p.","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474289,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011wr011595","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":262787,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon Flats Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -149.23828125,\n              66.8265202749748\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.14990234375,\n              65.9554260417959\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.5458984375,\n              65.85675647909318\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.88720703125,\n              65.82978060097156\n            ],\n            [\n              -143.3935546875,\n              65.1922508517221\n            ],\n            [\n              -140.99853515625,\n              64.830253743883\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.1083984375,\n              68.50409320996688\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.23828125,\n              66.8265202749748\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"48","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-07-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"508954d0e4b08c2511e770f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walvoord, Michelle Ann 0000-0003-4269-8366 walvoord@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4269-8366","contributorId":147211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walvoord","given":"Michelle","email":"walvoord@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752 cvoss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":1559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","email":"cvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wellman, Tristan P.","contributorId":56500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wellman","given":"Tristan P.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":468420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70040193,"text":"sir20125210 - 2012 - Streamflow record extension for selected streams in the Susitna River Basin, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-06T10:50:54","indexId":"sir20125210","displayToPublicDate":"2012-10-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5210","title":"Streamflow record extension for selected streams in the Susitna River Basin, Alaska","docAbstract":"Daily streamflow records for water years 1950&ndash;2010 in the Susitna River Basin range in length from 4 to 57 years, and many are distributed within that period in a way that might not adequately represent long-term streamflow conditions. Streamflow in the basin is affected by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), a multi-decadal climate pattern that shifted from a cool phase to a warm phase in 1976. Records for many streamgages in the basin fell mostly within one phase of the PDO, such that monthly and annual statistics from observed records might not reflect streamflow conditions over a longer period. Correlations between daily discharge values sufficed for extending streamflow records at 11 of the 14 streamgages in the basin on the basis of relatively long-term records for one or more of the streamgages within the basin, or one outside the basin, that were defined as index stations. Streamflow at the index stations was hydrologically responsive to glacier melt and snowmelt, and correlated well with flow from similar high-elevation, glaciated basins, but flow in low-elevation basins without glaciers could not be correlated to flow at any of the index stations. Kendall-Theil Robust Line multi-segment regression equations developed for one or more index stations were used to extend daily discharge values to the full 61-year period for all 11 streamgages. Monthly and annual statistics prepared for the extended records show shifts in timing of breakup and freeze-up and magnitude of snowmelt peaks largely predicted by the PDO phase.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125210","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Alaska Energy Authority","usgsCitation":"Curran, J.H., 2012, Streamflow record extension for selected streams in the Susitna River Basin, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5210, vi, 36 p.; col. ill.; map (col.); Appendix B, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125210.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p.; col. ill.; map (col.); Appendix B","numberOfPages":"46","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262285,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5210.jpg"},{"id":262283,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5210/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":262284,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5210/pdf/sir20125210.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Susitna River Basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"506dbb05e4b002b5ec71a858","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curran, Janet H. 0000-0002-3899-6275 jcurran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3899-6275","contributorId":690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curran","given":"Janet","email":"jcurran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70040167,"text":"sir20125145 - 2012 - Assessment of the Coal-Bed Gas Total Petroleum System in the Cook Inlet-Susitna region, south-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-10-03T17:16:16","indexId":"sir20125145","displayToPublicDate":"2012-10-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5145","title":"Assessment of the Coal-Bed Gas Total Petroleum System in the Cook Inlet-Susitna region, south-central Alaska","docAbstract":"The Cook Inlet-Susitna region of south-central Alaska contains large quantities of gas-bearing coal of Tertiary age. The U.S. Geological Survey in 2011 completed an assessment of undiscovered, technically recoverable coal-bed gas resources underlying the Cook Inlet-Susitna region based on the total petroleum system (TPS) concept. The Cook Inlet Coal-Bed Gas TPS covers about 9,600,000 acres and comprises the Cook Inlet basin, Matanuska Valley, and Susitna lowland. The TPS contains one assessment unit (AU) that was evaluated for coal-bed gas resources between 1,000 and 6,000 feet in depth over an area of about 8,500,000 acres. Coal beds, which serve as both the source and reservoir for natural gas in the AU, were deposited during Paleocene-Pliocene time in mires associated with a large trunk-tributary fluvial system. Thickness of individual coal beds ranges from a few inches to more than 50 feet, with cumulative coal thickness of more than 800 feet in the western part of the basin. Coal rank ranges from lignite to subbituminous, with vitrinite reflectance values less than 0.6 percent throughout much of the AU. The AU is considered hypothetical because only a few wells in the Matanuska Valley have tested the coal-bed reservoirs, so the use of analog coal-bed gas production data was necessary for this assessment. In order to estimate reserves that might be added in the next 30 years, coal beds of the Upper Fort Union Formation in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming and Montana were selected as the production analog for Tertiary coal beds in the Cook Inlet-Susitna region. Upper Fort Union coal beds have similar rank (lignite to subbituminous), range of thickness, and coal-quality characteristics as coal beds of the Tertiary Kenai Group. By use of this analog, the mean total estimate of undiscovered coal-bed gas in the Tertiary Coal-Bed Gas AU is 4.674 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of gas.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125145","collaboration":"Energy Resources Program","usgsCitation":"Rouse, W.A., and Houseknecht, D.W., 2012, Assessment of the Coal-Bed Gas Total Petroleum System in the Cook Inlet-Susitna region, south-central Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5145, iv, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125145.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p.","numberOfPages":"28","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262263,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5145.png"},{"id":262229,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5145/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":262230,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5145/pdf/SIR_CookInlet_20125145.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Cook Inlet-susitna","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -154,59 ], [ -154,63 ], [ -148,63 ], [ -148,59 ], [ -154,59 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"506d5160e4b002b5ec71a81e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rouse, William A. 0000-0002-0790-370X wrouse@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0790-370X","contributorId":4172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rouse","given":"William","email":"wrouse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Houseknecht, David W. 0000-0002-9633-6910 dhouse@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9633-6910","contributorId":645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houseknecht","given":"David","email":"dhouse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70047908,"text":"70047908 - 2012 - Plant toxins and trophic cascades alter fire regime and succession on a boral forest landscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-30T11:04:44","indexId":"70047908","displayToPublicDate":"2012-10-01T11:01:52","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Plant toxins and trophic cascades alter fire regime and succession on a boral forest landscape","docAbstract":"Two models were integrated in order to study the effect of plant toxicity and a trophic cascade on forest succession and fire patterns across a boreal landscape in central Alaska. One of the models, ALFRESCO, is a cellular automata model that stochastically simulates transitions from spruce dominated 1 km2 spatial cells to deciduous woody vegetation based on stochastic fires, and from deciduous woody vegetation to spruce based on age of the cell with some stochastic variation. The other model, the ‘toxin-dependent functional response’ model (TDFRM) simulates woody vegetation types with different levels of toxicity, an herbivore browser (moose) that can forage selectively on these types, and a carnivore (wolf) that preys on the herbivore. Here we replace the simple succession rules in each ALFRESCO cell by plant–herbivore–carnivore dynamics from TDFRM. The central hypothesis tested in the integrated model is that the herbivore, by feeding selectively on low-toxicity deciduous woody vegetation, speeds succession towards high-toxicity evergreens, like spruce. Wolves, by keeping moose populations down, can help slow the succession. Our results confirmed this hypothesis for the model calibrated to the Tanana floodplain of Alaska. We used the model to estimate the effects of different levels of wolf control. Simulations indicated that management reductions in wolf densities could reduce the mean time to transition from deciduous to spruce by more than 15 years, thereby increasing landscape flammability. The integrated model can be useful in estimating ecosystem impacts of wolf control and moose harvesting in central Alaska.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Modelling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.06.022","usgsCitation":"Feng, Z., Alfaro-Murillo, J.A., DeAngelis, D., Schmidt, J., Barga, M., Zheng, Y., Ahmad Tamrin, M.H., Olson, M., Glaser, T., Kielland, K., Chapin, F.S., and Bryant, J., 2012, Plant toxins and trophic cascades alter fire regime and succession on a boral forest landscape: Ecological Modelling, v. 244, p. 79-92, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.06.022.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"92","ipdsId":"IP-033449","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":277183,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.06.022"},{"id":277184,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 172.5,51.2 ], [ 172.5,71.4 ], [ -130.0,71.4 ], [ -130.0,51.2 ], [ 172.5,51.2 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"244","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5221bee7e4b001cbb8a34f23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feng, Zhilan","contributorId":30341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feng","given":"Zhilan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alfaro-Murillo, Jorge A.","contributorId":94197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alfaro-Murillo","given":"Jorge","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeAngelis, Donald L. 0000-0002-1570-4057","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":88015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"Donald L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schmidt, Jennifer","contributorId":7605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Jennifer","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Barga, Matthew","contributorId":28155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barga","given":"Matthew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zheng, Yiqiang","contributorId":76633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zheng","given":"Yiqiang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ahmad Tamrin, Muhammad Hanis B.","contributorId":106786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ahmad Tamrin","given":"Muhammad","email":"","middleInitial":"Hanis B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Olson, Mark","contributorId":91009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Glaser, Tim","contributorId":12768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glaser","given":"Tim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Kielland, Knut","contributorId":39627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kielland","given":"Knut","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Chapin, F. Stuart III","contributorId":65632,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chapin","given":"F.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"Stuart","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":483271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Bryant, John","contributorId":49262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryant","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}}
,{"id":70040033,"text":"ofr20121211 - 2012 - Ecological context for the North Pacific Landscape Conservation Cooperative","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-26T17:16:49","indexId":"ofr20121211","displayToPublicDate":"2012-09-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1211","title":"Ecological context for the North Pacific Landscape Conservation Cooperative","docAbstract":"The North Pacific Landscape Conservation Cooperative (NPLCC) encompasses the temperate coastal rainforest and extends from the coastal mountains to the near-shore from the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska to Bodega Bay, California. The area spans multiple agency, state, and international boundaries over more than 22 degrees of latitude, including a wide range of type and intensity of human land-use activities. Development of NPLCC goals and administrative structures will be facilitated by a shared ecological context for discussing this expansive, diverse, and complex landscape. In support of activities to organize the NPLCC, we provided conceptual models to describe the ecological structure of the NPLCC. Recognizing that the boundaries of LCCs were primarily based on Level 2 of the hierarchical ecoregional classification of Omernik (Comission for Environmental Cooperation 1997), we used nested Level 3 ecoregions to define subregions within the NPLCC. Rather than develop conceptual models for all nine constituent subregions, we opted to consider five groups: Puget-Georgia Basin Lowland and Willamette Valley, Alaska-British Columbia Coast, Alaska-British Columbia Mountains, Klamath-Olympic-Cascade Mountains, and Washington-Oregon-Northern California Coast. At the conclusion of the project, we felt that the close relationship between mountain and coastal areas support combining them to create three major subregions: Alaska-British Columbia coast and mountains, Washington-Oregon-Northern California coast and mountains, and the lowlands of the Georgia Basin and Willamette Valley. The following figures present the Omernik Level 3 ecoregions comprising the NPLCC; how the ecoregions were grouped to create conceptual models; and conceptual models for each group. The five models each consist of a table listing resources, stressors, potential climate change impacts; a landcover map; and a cartoon to summarize the table and evoke the landscape. A final figure summarizes resources, stressors, and climate change impacts that are common across the NPLCC.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121211","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Pacific LCC","usgsCitation":"Woodward, A., Taylor, A., and Weekes, A., 2012, Ecological context for the North Pacific Landscape Conservation Cooperative: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1211, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121211.","productDescription":"15 p.","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262057,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1211.jpg"},{"id":262055,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1211/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":262056,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1211/pdf/ofr20121211.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Canada;United States","state":"Alaska;British Columbia;California;Oregon;Washington","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -160,30 ], [ -160,60 ], [ -130,60 ], [ -130,30 ], [ -160,30 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50788d17e4b0cfc2d59f5a6c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodward, Andrea 0000-0003-0604-9115 awoodward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0604-9115","contributorId":3028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"Andrea","email":"awoodward@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, Audrey","contributorId":44024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Audrey","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weekes, Anne","contributorId":61144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weekes","given":"Anne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70040023,"text":"ds709C - 2012 - Local-area-enhanced, 2.5-meter resolution natural-color and color-infrared satellite-image mosaics of the Haji-Gak mineral district in Afghanistan: Chapter C in <i>Local-area-enhanced, high-resolution natural-color and color-infrared satellite-image mosaics of mineral districts in Afghanistan</i>","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-01T11:13:40","indexId":"ds709C","displayToPublicDate":"2012-09-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"709","chapter":"C","title":"Local-area-enhanced, 2.5-meter resolution natural-color and color-infrared satellite-image mosaics of the Haji-Gak mineral district in Afghanistan: Chapter C in <i>Local-area-enhanced, high-resolution natural-color and color-infrared satellite-image mosaics of mineral districts in Afghanistan</i>","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Defense Task Force for Business and Stability Operations, prepared databases for mineral-resource target areas in Afghanistan. The purpose of the databases is to (1) provide useful data to ground-survey crews for use in performing detailed assessments of the areas and (2) provide useful information to private investors who are considering investment in a particular area for development of its natural resources. The set of satellite-image mosaics provided in this Data Series (DS) is one such database. Although airborne digital color-infrared imagery was acquired for parts of Afghanistan in 2006, the image data have radiometric variations that preclude their use in creating a consistent image mosaic for geologic analysis. Consequently, image mosaics were created using ALOS (Advanced Land Observation Satellite; renamed Daichi) satellite images, whose radiometry has been well determined (Saunier, 2007a,b). This part of the DS consists of the locally enhanced ALOS image mosaics for the Haji-Gak mineral district, which has iron ore deposits. ALOS was launched on January 24, 2006, and provides multispectral images from the AVNIR (Advanced Visible and Near-Infrared Radiometer) sensor in blue (420-500 nanometer, nm), green (520-600 nm), red (610-690 nm), and near-infrared (760-890 nm) wavelength bands with an 8-bit dynamic range and a 10-meter (m) ground resolution. The satellite also provides a panchromatic band image from the PRISM (Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument for Stereo Mapping) sensor (520-770 nm) with the same dynamic range but a 2.5-m ground resolution. The image products in this DS incorporate copyrighted data provided by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency ((c)JAXA,2006,2007), but the image processing has altered the original pixel structure and all image values of the JAXA ALOS data, such that original image values cannot be recreated from this DS. As such, the DS products match JAXA criteria for value added products, which are not copyrighted, according to the ALOS end-user license agreement. The selection criteria for the satellite imagery used in our mosaics were images having (1) the highest solar-elevation angles (near summer solstice) and (2) the least cloud, cloud-shadow, and snow cover. The multispectral and panchromatic data were orthorectified with ALOS satellite ephemeris data, a process which is not as accurate as orthorectification using digital elevation models (DEMs); however, the ALOS processing center did not have a precise DEM. As a result, the multispectral and panchromatic image pairs were generally not well registered to the surface and not coregistered well enough to perform resolution enhancement on the multispectral data. For this particular area, PRISM image orthorectification was performed by the Alaska Satellite Facility, applying its photogrammetric software to PRISM stereo images with vertical control points obtained from the digital elevation database produced by the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (Farr and others, 2007) and horizontal adjustments based on a controlled Landsat image base (Davis, 2006). The 10-m AVNIR multispectral imagery was then co-registered to the orthorectified PRISM images and individual multispectral and panchromatic images were mosaicked into single images of the entire area of interest. The image-coregistration was facilitated using an automated control-point algorithm developed by the USGS that allows image coregistration to within one picture element. Before rectification, the multispectral and panchromatic images were converted to radiance values and then to relative-reflectance values using the methods described in Davis (2006). Mosaicking the multispectral or panchromatic images started with the image with the highest sun-elevation angle and the least atmospheric scattering, which was treated as the standard image. The band-reflectance values of all other multispectral or panchromatic images within the area were sequentially adjusted to that of the standard image by determining band-reflectance correspondence between overlapping images using linear least-squares analysis. The resolution of the multispectral image mosaic was then increased to that of the panchromatic image mosaic using the SPARKLE logic, which is described in Davis (2006). Each of the four-band images within the resolution-enhanced image mosaic was individually subjected to a local-area histogram stretch algorithm (described in Davis, 2007), which stretches each band's picture element based on the digital values of all picture elements within a 500-m radius. The final databases, which are provided in this DS, are three-band, color-composite images of the local-area-enhanced, natural-color data (the blue, green, and red wavelength bands) and color-infrared data (the green, red, and near-infrared wavelength bands). All image data were initially projected and maintained in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) map projection using the target area's local zone (42 for Haji-Gak) and the WGS84 datum. The final image mosaics were subdivided into three overlapping tiles or quadrants because of the large size of the target area. The three image tiles (or quadrants) for the Haji-Gak area are provided as embedded geotiff images, which can be read and used by most geographic information system (GIS) and image-processing software. The tiff world files (tfw) are provided, even though they are generally not needed for most software to read an embedded geotiff image. Within the Haji-Gak study area, three subareas were designated for detailed field investigations (that is, the Haji-Gak Prospect, Farenjal, and NE Haji-Gak subareas); these subareas were extracted from the area's image mosaic and are provided as separate embedded geotiff images.","largerWorkTitle":"Local-area-enhanced, high-resolution natural-color and color-infrared satellite-image mosaics of mineral districts in Afghanistan (DS 709)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds709C","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Defense <a href=\"http://tfbso.defense.gov/www/\" target=\"_blank\">Task Force for Business and Stability Operations</a> and the <a href=\"http://www.bgs.ac.uk/AfghanMinerals/\" target=\"_blank\">Afghanistan Geological Survey</a>. This report is Chapter C in <i>Local-area-enhanced, high-resolution natural-color and color-infrared satellite-image mosaics of mineral districts in Afghanistan</i>. For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ds709\" target=\"_blank\">DS 709</a>.","usgsCitation":"Davis, P.A., Cagney, L.E., Arko, S.A., and Harbin, M., 2012, Local-area-enhanced, 2.5-meter resolution natural-color and color-infrared satellite-image mosaics of the Haji-Gak mineral district in Afghanistan: Chapter C in <i>Local-area-enhanced, high-resolution natural-color and color-infrared satellite-image mosaics of mineral districts in Afghanistan</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 709, Readme; 3 Maps: 11 x 8.5 inches and 50.51 x 34.26 inches; 12 Image Files; 12 Metadata Files; Shapefiles; DS 709, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds709C.","productDescription":"Readme; 3 Maps: 11 x 8.5 inches and 50.51 x 34.26 inches; 12 Image Files; 12 Metadata Files; Shapefiles; DS 709","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262047,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_709_C.jpg"},{"id":262265,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/709/c/index_maps/Haji-Gak_Image_Index_Map.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":262266,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/709/c/index_maps/Haji-Gak_Subarea_Image_Index_Map.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":262264,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/709/c/index_maps/Haji-Gak_Area-of-Interest_Index_Map.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":262040,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/709/c/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":263628,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/709/"},{"id":263629,"type":{"id":14,"text":"Image"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/709/c/image_files/image_files.html"},{"id":263626,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/709/c/metadata/metadata.html"},{"id":263627,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/709/c/shapefiles/shapefiles.html"},{"id":263625,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/709/c/1_readme.txt"}],"country":"Afghanistan","state":"Bamyan;Parwan;Wardak","otherGeospatial":"Haji-gak Mineral District","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 67.75,34.5 ], [ 67.75,35.166667 ], [ 68.916667,35.166667 ], [ 68.916667,34.5 ], [ 67.75,34.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50788e1ce4b0cfc2d59f5ad8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Philip A. pdavis@usgs.gov","contributorId":692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Philip","email":"pdavis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":467492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cagney, Laura E. 0000-0003-3282-2458 lcagney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3282-2458","contributorId":4744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cagney","given":"Laura","email":"lcagney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arko, Scott A.","contributorId":101929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arko","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harbin, Michelle L.","contributorId":20590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harbin","given":"Michelle L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
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