A tectonic model useful in estimating the occurrence of undiscovered porphyry copper and polymetallic vein systems has been developed. This model is based on the manner in which magmatic and hydrothermal fluids flow and are trapped in fault systems as far-field stress is released in tectonic strain features above subducting plates (e.g. strike-slip fault systems). The structural traps include preferred locations for stock emplacement and tensional-shear fault meshes within the step-overs that localize porphyry- and vein-style deposits. The application of the model is illustrated for the porphyry copper and polymetallic vein deposits in the Central Slovakian Volcanic Field, Slovakia; the Mátra Mountains, Hungary; and the Apuseni Mountains, Romania.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.2747/0020-6814.45.2.143","issn":"00206814","usgsCitation":"Drew, L., 2003, Model of the porphyry copper and polymetallic vein family of deposits - Applications in Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania: International Geology Review, v. 45, no. 2, p. 143-156, https://doi.org/10.2747/0020-6814.45.2.143.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"156","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387740,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5bb0e4b0c8380cd6f72d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drew, L.J.","contributorId":69157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70025402,"text":"70025402 - 2003 - Magnitude and variability of Holocene sediment accumulation in Santa Monica Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70025402","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2664,"text":"Marine Environmental Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magnitude and variability of Holocene sediment accumulation in Santa Monica Bay, California","docAbstract":"The spatial variability of Holocene (past 10,000 years) sediment accumulation in Santa Monica Bay (California) was examined to identify controls sediment trapping in a bathymetrically complex coastal embayment and to provide geologic context for the post-industrial sedimentary record and associated pollution gradients. Sediment chronologies based on downcore AMS 14C dates were used to quantify long-term (millennia) accumulation rates in an effort to elucidate particle-transport pathways and sinks. Sediment accumulation rates for the full range of bayfloor environments (50-630 m water depths) range from 22 to 102 mg/cm2/year (15-88 mm/100 year), have an overall mean of 51??21 mg/cm2/year (1??, n=11), and are comparable to rates reported for adjacent borderland basins. Maximal accumulation rates on the Malibu shelf and within a reentrant to Redondo canyon are interpreted to reflect (1) proximity to sediment sources and (2) localized oceanographic and topographic conditions conducive to sediment trapping and deposition. The 14C-derived accumulation rates are 2-10 times lower than rates determined through 210Pb geochronology for the same sites in a related study, revealing that Holocene sediment accumulation has been non-steady-state. Santa Monica Bay is an important sink for suspended matter; averaged over the past several millennia a mass of sediment equivalent to 10-80% of the modern annual river supply is sequestered yearly. Net influx of suspended matter derived from the adjacent Palos Verdes shelf is evinced by a concentration gradient of p,p???-DDE in bayfloor sediments, whereas the distribution of anthropogenic silver suggests transport from Santa Monica shelf to the southeastern boundary of the bay. The results of this study provide new insight to the long-term fates of particulate matter in Los Angeles coastal waters. ?? 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Environmental Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0141-1136(02)00329-X","issn":"01411136","usgsCitation":"Sommerfield, C., and Lee, H., 2003, Magnitude and variability of Holocene sediment accumulation in Santa Monica Bay, California: Marine Environmental Research, v. 56, no. 1-2, p. 151-176, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-1136(02)00329-X.","startPage":"151","endPage":"176","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209559,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-1136(02)00329-X"},{"id":236156,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4beee4b0c8380cd69896","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sommerfield, C.K.","contributorId":54387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sommerfield","given":"C.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, H.J.","contributorId":96693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"H.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024652,"text":"70024652 - 2003 - Hydrological response to earthquakes in the Haibara well, central Japan - I. Groundwater level changes revealed using state space decomposition of atmospheric pressure, rainfall and tidal responses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:06","indexId":"70024652","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrological response to earthquakes in the Haibara well, central Japan - I. Groundwater level changes revealed using state space decomposition of atmospheric pressure, rainfall and tidal responses","docAbstract":"For the groundwater level observed at the Haibara well, Shizuoka Prefecture, central Japan, time series analysis using state-space modelling is applied to extract hydrological anomalies related to earthquakes. This method can decompose observed groundwater level time series into five components: atmospheric pressure, tidal, and precipitation responses, observation noise, and residual water level. The decomposed responses to atmospheric pressure and precipitation are independently determined and are consistent with the expected response to surface loading. In the groundwater level at the Haibara well, 28 coseismic changes can be discerned during the period from 1981 April to 1997 December. There is a threshold in the relationship between earthquake magnitude and the well-hypocentre distance, above which earthquakes cause coseismic changes in the residual water level. All of the coseismic water level changes at the Haibara well are decreases, although 33 per cent of the estimated coseismic volumetric strain steps are contraction, which would be expected to cause water level increases. The coseismic changes in groundwater level are more closely proportional to the estimated ground motion than to coseismic volumetric strain steps, suggesting that ground motion due to earthquakes is the major cause of the coseismic water level drops and that the contribution from static strain is rather small. Possible pre- or inter-earthquake water level changes have occurred at the Haibara well and may have been caused by local aseismic crustal deformation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Journal International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.2003.02103.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Matsumoto, N., Kitagawa, G., and Roeloffs, E., 2003, Hydrological response to earthquakes in the Haibara well, central Japan - I. Groundwater level changes revealed using state space decomposition of atmospheric pressure, rainfall and tidal responses: Geophysical Journal International, v. 155, no. 3, p. 885-898, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2003.02103.x.","startPage":"885","endPage":"898","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207978,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2003.02103.x"},{"id":233310,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"155","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a36aee4b0c8380cd608fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matsumoto, N.","contributorId":13788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matsumoto","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kitagawa, G.","contributorId":51953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitagawa","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roeloffs, E.A.","contributorId":88742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roeloffs","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026058,"text":"70026058 - 2003 - Lithospheric buoyancy and continental intraplate stresses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-29T15:00:21.292928","indexId":"70026058","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lithospheric buoyancy and continental intraplate stresses","docAbstract":"Lithospheric buoyancy, the product of lithospheric density and thickness, is an important physical property that influences both the long-term stability of continents and their state of stress. We have determined lithospheric buoyancy by applying the simple isostatic model of Lachenbruch and Morgan (1990). We determine the crustal portion of lithospheric buoyancy using the USGS global database of more than 1700 crustal structure determinations (Mooney et al., 2002), which demonstrates that a simple relationship between crustal thickness and surface elevation does not exist. In fact, major regions of the crust at or near sea level (0-200 m elevation) have crustal thicknesses that vary between 25 and 55 km. Predicted elevations due to the crustal component of buoyancy in the model exceed observed elevations in nearly all cases (97% of the data), consistent with the existence of a cool lithospheric mantle lid that is denser than the asthenosphere on which it floats. The difference between the observed and predicted crustal elevation is assumed to be equal to the decrease in elevation produced by the negative buoyancy of the mantle lid. Mantle lid thickness was first estimated from the mantle buoyancy and a mean lid density computed using a basal crust temperature determined from extrapolation of surface heat flow, assuming a linear thermal gradient in the mantle lid. The resulting values of total lithosphere thickness are in good agreement with thicknesses estimated from seismic data, except beneath cratonic regions where they are only 40-60% of the typical estimates (200-350 km) derived from seismic data. This inconsistency is compatible with petrologic data and tomography and geoid analyses that have suggested that cratonic mantle lids are ??? 1% less dense than mantle lids elsewhere. By lowering the thermally determined mean mantle lid density in cratons by 1%, our model reproduces the observed 200-350+ km cratonic lithospheric thickness. We then computed gravitational potential energy by taking a vertical integral over the computed lithosphere density. Our computed values suggest that the thick roots beneath cratons lead to strong negative potential energy differences relative to surrounding regions, and hence exert compressive stresses superimposed on the intraplate stresses derived from plate boundary forces. Forces related to this lithosphere structure thus may explain the dominance of reverse-faulting earthquakes in cratons. Areas of high elevation and a thin mantle lid (e.g., western U.S. Basin and Range, East African rift, and Baikal rift) are predicted to be in extension, consistent with the observed stress regime in these areas.","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.2747/0020-6814.45.2.95","issn":"00206814","usgsCitation":"Zoback, M., and Mooney, W.D., 2003, Lithospheric buoyancy and continental intraplate stresses: International Geology Review, v. 45, no. 2, p. 95-118, https://doi.org/10.2747/0020-6814.45.2.95.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"118","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4893e4b0c8380cd67f74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zoback, M.L.","contributorId":12982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":407739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026057,"text":"70026057 - 2003 - Statistical, economic and other tools for assessing natural aggregate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-19T14:23:52.369405","indexId":"70026057","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1102,"text":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Statistical, economic and other tools for assessing natural aggregate","docAbstract":"Quantitative aggregate resource assessment provides resource estimates useful for explorationists, land managers and those who make decisions about land allocation, which may have long-term implications concerning cost and the availability of aggregate resources. Aggregate assessment needs to be systematic and consistent, yet flexible enough to allow updating without invalidating other parts of the assessment. Evaluators need to use standard or consistent aggregate classification and statistic distributions or, in other words, models with geological, geotechnical and economic variables or interrelationships between these variables. These models can be used with subjective estimates, if needed, to estimate how much aggregate may be present in a region or country using distributions generated by Monte Carlo computer simulations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10064-002-0152-7","issn":"14359529","usgsCitation":"Bliss, J.D., Moyle, P.R., and Bolm, K.S., 2003, Statistical, economic and other tools for assessing natural aggregate: Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, v. 62, no. 1, p. 71-75, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-002-0152-7.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"75","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387239,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9762e4b08c986b31ba47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bliss, J. D.","contributorId":25564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bliss","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moyle, P. R.","contributorId":37326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moyle","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bolm, K. S.","contributorId":97079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bolm","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026089,"text":"70026089 - 2003 - Cold cratonic roots and thermal blankets: How continents affect mantle convection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-06T16:52:34.640562","indexId":"70026089","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cold cratonic roots and thermal blankets: How continents affect mantle convection","docAbstract":"Two-dimensional convection models with moving continents show that continents profoundly affect the pattern of mantle convection. If the continents are wider than the wavelength of the convection cells (-3000 km, the thickness of the mantle), they cause neighboring deep mantle thermal upwellings to coalesce into a single focused upwelling. This focused upwelling zone will have a potential temperature anomaly of about 200°C, much higher than the 100°C temperature anomaly of upwelling zones generated beneath typical oceanic lithosphere. Extensive high-temperature melts (including flood basalts and late potassic granites) will be produced, and the excess temperature anomaly will induce continental uplift (as revealed in sea level changes) and the eventual breakup of the supercontinent. The mantle thermal anomaly will persist for several hundred million years after such a breakup. In contrast, small continental blocks (<1000 km diameter) do not induce focused mantle upwelling zones. Instead, small continental blocks are dragged to mantle down-welling zones, where they spend most of their time, and will migrate laterally with the downwelling. As a result of sitting over relatively cold mantle (downwellings), small continental blocks are favored to keep their cratonic roots. This may explain the long-term survival of small cratonic blocks (e.g., the Yilgarn and Pilbara cratons of western Australia, and the West African craton). The optimum size for long-term stability of a continental block is <3000 km. These results show that continents profoundly affect the pattern of mantle convection. These effects are illustrated in terms of the timing and history of supercontinent breakup, the production of high-temperature melts, and sea level changes. Such two-dimensional calculations can be further refined and tested by three-dimensional numerical simulations of mantle convection with moving continental and oceanic plates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.2747/0020-6814.45.6.479","issn":"00206814","usgsCitation":"Trubitsyn, V., Mooney, W.D., and Abbott, D., 2003, Cold cratonic roots and thermal blankets: How continents affect mantle convection: International Geology Review, v. 45, no. 6, p. 479-492, https://doi.org/10.2747/0020-6814.45.6.479.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"479","endPage":"492","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":387739,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7a6e4b0c8380cd4cc28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trubitsyn, V.P.","contributorId":33737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trubitsyn","given":"V.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":407871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Abbott, D.H.","contributorId":64860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abbott","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70187629,"text":"70187629 - 2003 - Ecology of selected marine communities in Glacier Bay: Zooplankton, forage fish, seabirds and marine mammals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-11T13:22:00","indexId":"70187629","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Ecology of selected marine communities in Glacier Bay: Zooplankton, forage fish, seabirds and marine mammals","docAbstract":"We studied oceanography (including primary production), secondary production, small schooling fish (SSF), and marine bird and mammal predators in Glacier Bay during 1999 and 2000. Results from these field efforts were combined with a review of current literature relating to the Glacier Bay environment. Since the conceptual model developed by Hale and Wright (1979) ‘changes and cycles’ continue to be the underlying theme of the Glacier Bay ecosystem. We found marked seasonality in many of the parameters that we investigated over the two years of research, and here we provide a comprehensive description of the distribution and relative abundance of a wide array of marine biota.
Glacier Bay is a tidally mixed estuary that leads into basins, which stratify in summer, with the upper arms behaving as traditional estuaries. The Bay is characterized by renewal and mixing events throughout the year, and markedly higher primary production than in many neighboring southeast Alaska fjords (Hooge and Hooge, 2002).
Zooplankton diversity and abundance within the upper 50 meters of the water column in Glacier Bay is similar to communities seen throughout the Gulf of Alaska. Zooplankton in the lower regions of Glacier Bay peak in abundance in late May or early June, as observed at Auke Bay and in the Gulf of Alaska. The key distinction between the lower Bay and other estuaries in the Gulf of Alaska is that a second smaller peak in densities occurs in August. The upper Bay behaved uniformly in temporal trends, peaking in July. Densities had begun to decline in August, but were still more than twice those observed in that region in May. The highest density of zooplankton observed was 17,870 organisms/m3 in Tarr Inlet during July. Trends in zooplankton community abundance and diversity within the lower Bay were distinct from upper-Glacier Bay trends. Whereas the lower Bay is strongly influenced by Gulf of Alaska processes, local processes are the strongest influence in the upper-Bay.
We identified 55 species of fish during this study (1999 and 2000) from beach seines, mid-water trawls, and rod and line catches. The diversity of physical, oceanographic, and glacial chronological conditions within Glacier Bay contribute a suite of factors that influence the distribution and abundance of fish. Accordingly, we observed significant differences in the abundance and distribution of fish within the Bay. Most significantly, abundance and diversity (primarily juvenile fish including walleye Pollock, eelblennies, and capelin) were greatest at the head of both the east and west arms where zooplankton abundance was greatest – in close proximity to tidewater glaciers and freshwater runoff.
All of Glacier Bay and Icy Strait were surveyed hydroacoustically for plankton and fish during June 1999 surveys. Acoustically determined forage biomass was concentrated in relatively few important areas such as Pt. Adolphus, Berg Bay, on the Geikie-Scidmore shelf, around the Beardslee/Marble islands, and the upper arms of Glacier Bay. Forage biomass (primarily small schooling fish and euphausiids) was concentrated in shallow, nearshore waters; 50 % of acoustic biomass was found at depths < 35m, 80 % of biomass at depths < 80m. During our sampling, high density patches of prey were very rare, and less than 8 % of the area surveyed in Glacier Bay contained patch densities suitable (e.g., > 0.01 fish/m3) for seabirds foraging on zooplankton and small schooling fish. Less than 1 % of the area contained patches suitable (e.g., >0.1 fish/m3) for whales foraging on zooplankton and small schooling fish. High-density aggregations of 0.1-10 fish/m3 were comprised mostly of schools containing capelin, pollock, herring or euphausiids (0.1-1 kg/m3).
During predator surveys (1999-2000), we observed 63 species of birds and 7 species of marine mammals. Seasonal distribution and abundance of these “apex” predators was highly variable by species. Glacier Bay supports high numbers of seabirds and marine mammals that consume zooplankton and small schooling fish. Nearshore areas had higher densities of both birds and marine mammals. Several areas, such as Pt. Adolphus, Berg Bay, on the Geikie-Scidmore shelf, the Beardslee/Marble islands, and the upper arms of Glacier Bay were focal points of small schooling fish and zooplankton consuming marine birds and mammals. Comparisons between surveys and a prior study (1991) suggested that the assemblage of birds and marine mammals in the Bay is undergoing change. Most notable was a clear decline in Brachyramphus spp. murrelets while other apex species are increasing or remaining stable.
It should be noted that many of the birds and mammals observed during this project, e.g. mergansers, do not forage on zooplankton and small schooling fish; rather they forage on benthic fish and sessile invertebrates. While distribution and sampling data for these marine predator species are valid, this study did not sample benthic fish and sessile invertebrates. Thus, recommendations made by this project should be interpreted as generally specific to the zooplankton/small schooling fish marine food web components of the Glacier Bay Ecosystem.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","usgsCitation":"Robards, M.D., Drew, G.S., Piatt, J.F., Anson, J.M., Abookire, A.A., Bodkin, J.L., Hooge, P.N., and Speckman, S., 2003, Ecology of selected marine communities in Glacier Bay: Zooplankton, forage fish, seabirds and marine mammals, xiii, 156 p.","productDescription":"xiii, 156 p.","numberOfPages":"169","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341116,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341115,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://alaska.usgs.gov/science/biology/seabirds_foragefish/products/reports/Glacier_Bay_Marine_Communities.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Glacier Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -135,\n 58\n ],\n [\n -137.5,\n 58\n ],\n [\n -137.5,\n 59.25\n ],\n [\n -135,\n 59.25\n ],\n [\n -135,\n 58\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59155bf1e4b01a342e69138e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robards, Martin D.","contributorId":40148,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robards","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drew, Gary S. 0000-0002-6789-0891 gdrew@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6789-0891","contributorId":3311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"Gary","email":"gdrew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":694836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":694837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anson, Jennifer Marie","contributorId":2712,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anson","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"Marie","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":694838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Abookire, Alisa A.","contributorId":107224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abookire","given":"Alisa","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":694850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":694851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hooge, Philip N.","contributorId":52029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooge","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":694852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Speckman, Suzann G.","contributorId":88217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Speckman","given":"Suzann G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70026085,"text":"70026085 - 2003 - Vegetation sensitivity to global anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions in a topographically complex region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:30","indexId":"70026085","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1836,"text":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vegetation sensitivity to global anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions in a topographically complex region","docAbstract":"Anthropogenic increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations may affect vegetation distribution both directly through changes in photosynthesis and water-use efficiency, and indirectly through CO2-induced climate change. Using an equilibrium vegetation model (BIOME4) driven by a regional climate model (RegCM2.5), we tested the sensitivity of vegetation in the western United States, a topographically complex region, to the direct, indirect, and combined effects of doubled preindustrial atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Those sensitivities were quantified using the kappa statistic. Simulated vegetation in the western United States was sensitive to changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations, with woody biome types replacing less woody types throughout the domain. The simulated vegetation was also sensitive to climatic effects, particularly at high elevations, due to both warming throughout the domain and decreased precipitation in key mountain regions such as the Sierra Nevada of California and the Cascade and Blue Mountains of Oregon. Significantly, when the direct effects of CO2 on vegetation were tested in combination with the indirect effects of CO2-induced climate change, new vegetation patterns were created that were not seen in either of the individual cases. This result indicates that climatic and nonclimatic effects must be considered in tandem when assessing the potential impacts of elevated CO2 levels.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08866236","usgsCitation":"Diffenbaugh, N., Sloan, L., Snyder, M., Bell, J., Kaplan, J., Shafer, S., and Bartlein, P., 2003, Vegetation sensitivity to global anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions in a topographically complex region: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 17, no. 2, p. 36-13.","startPage":"36","endPage":"13","numberOfPages":"-22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234803,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc1e8e4b08c986b32a800","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diffenbaugh, N.S.","contributorId":53253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diffenbaugh","given":"N.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sloan, L.C.","contributorId":83688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloan","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Snyder, M.A.","contributorId":30053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bell, J.L.","contributorId":52053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kaplan, J.","contributorId":82888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaplan","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shafer, S.L.","contributorId":26789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafer","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bartlein, P. J.","contributorId":54566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bartlein","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70026068,"text":"70026068 - 2003 - Endocrine and physiological changes in Atlantic salmon smolts following hatchery release","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:21","indexId":"70026068","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":853,"text":"Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Endocrine and physiological changes in Atlantic salmon smolts following hatchery release","docAbstract":"Physiological and endocrine changes during smolt development were examined in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reared and released as part of a restoration program on the Connecticut River and its tributaries. Fish were reared in a cold water hatchery in Pittsford, VT and released into the Farmington River, CT (a major tributary of the Connecticut River) or into 'imprint ponds' fed by the Farmington River. Smelts were recaptured 10-20 days after their release at a smolt bypass facility 16 km downstream of their release site. Fish sampled at the hatchery from January to May had only moderate smolt development based on salinity tolerance, gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity and hormone profiles. In contrast, smolts released into the river or imprint ponds had higher salinity tolerance, gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity, plasma growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and thyroxine than smolts that remained in the hatchery. These physiological and endocrine changes were nearly identical to those of smolts that had been released into the river 2 years earlier as fry and were captured as active migrants at the same bypass facility (stream-reared smolts). The stomach contents as a percent of body weight (primarily aquatic insects) varied greatly among individuals and were greater in hatchery-reared fish than stream-reared smolts. Results from the rearing of hatchery fish at temperatures similar to that of the Farmington River indicate that some of the physiological changes may be due to increased temperature after release, though other factors may also be involved. The results indicate that substantial physiological smolt development can occur after hatchery release, coincident with downstream migration. ?? 2003 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquaculture","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00101-7","issn":"00448486","usgsCitation":"McCormick, S., O’Dea, M.F., Moeckel, A.M., and Bjornsson, B.T., 2003, Endocrine and physiological changes in Atlantic salmon smolts following hatchery release: Aquaculture, v. 222, no. 1-4, p. 45-57, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00101-7.","startPage":"45","endPage":"57","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208660,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00101-7"},{"id":234551,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"222","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0924e4b0c8380cd51e11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCormick, S. D. 0000-0003-0621-6200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-6200","contributorId":20278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"S. D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":407774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Dea, M. F.","contributorId":30579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Dea","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moeckel, Amy M.","contributorId":22946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moeckel","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bjornsson, Bjorn Thrandur","contributorId":28928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bjornsson","given":"Bjorn","email":"","middleInitial":"Thrandur","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024980,"text":"70024980 - 2003 - Groundwater level changes in a deep well in response to a magma intrusion event on Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:08","indexId":"70024980","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater level changes in a deep well in response to a magma intrusion event on Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i","docAbstract":"On May 21, 2001, an abrupt inflation of Kilauea Volcano's summit induced a rapid and large increase in compressional strain, with a maximum of 2 ??strain recorded by a borehole dilatometer. Water level (pressure) simultaneously dropped by 6 cm. This mode of water level change (drop) is in contrast to that expected for compressional strain from poroelastic theory, and therefore it is proposed that the stress applied by the intrusion has caused opening of fractures or interflows that drained water out of the well. Upon relaxation of the stress recorded by the dilatometer, water levels have recovered at a similar rate. The proposed model has implications for the analysis of ground surface deformation and for mechanisms that trigger phreatomagmatic eruptions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Hurwitz, S., and Johnston, M., 2003, Groundwater level changes in a deep well in response to a magma intrusion event on Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 30, no. 22.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233292,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2da8e4b0c8380cd5bf8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hurwitz, S.","contributorId":61110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hurwitz","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnston, M.J.S. 0000-0003-4326-8368","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4326-8368","contributorId":104889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"M.J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026064,"text":"70026064 - 2003 - Modeling carbon dynamics in vegetation and soil under the impact of soil erosion and deposition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-25T11:15:54","indexId":"70026064","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1836,"text":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling carbon dynamics in vegetation and soil under the impact of soil erosion and deposition","docAbstract":"Soil erosion and deposition may play important roles in balancing the global atmospheric carbon budget through their impacts on the net exchange of carbon between terrestrial ecosystem and the atmosphere. Few models and studies have been designed to assess these impacts. In this study, we developed a general ecosystem model, Erosion-Deposition-Carbon-Model (EDCM), to dynamically simulate the influences of rainfall-induced soil erosion and deposition on soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics in soil profiles. EDCM was applied to several landscape positions in the Nelson Farm watershed in Mississippi, including ridge top (without erosion or deposition), eroding hillslopes, and depositional sites that had been converted from native forests to croplands in 1870. Erosion reduced the SOC storage at the eroding sites and deposition increased the SOC storage at the depositional areas compared with the site without erosion or deposition. Results indicated that soils were consistently carbon sources to the atmosphere at all landscape positions from 1870 to 1950, with lowest source strength at the eroding sites (13 to 24 gC m-2 yr-1), intermediate at the ridge top (34 gC m-2 yr-1), and highest at the depositional sites (42 to 49 gC m-2 yr-1). During this period, erosion reduced carbon emissions via dynamically replacing surface soil with subsurface soil that had lower SOC contents (quantity change) and higher passive SOC fractions (quality change). Soils at all landscape positions became carbon sinks from 1950 to 1997 due to changes in management practices (e.g., intensification of fertilization and crop genetic improvement). The sink strengths were highest at the eroding sites (42 to 44 gC m-2 yr-1 , intermediate at the ridge top (35 gC m-2 yr-1), and lowest at the depositional sites (26 to 29 gC m-2 yr-1). During this period, erosion enhanced carbon uptake at the eroding sites by continuously taking away a fraction of SOC that can be replenished with enhanced plant residue input. Overall, soil erosion and deposition reduced CO2 emissions from the soil into the atmosphere by exposing low carbon-bearing soil at eroding sites and by burying SOC at depositional sites. The results suggest that failing to account for the impact of soil erosion and deposition may potentially contribute to an overestimation of both the total historical carbon released from soils owing to land use change and the contemporary carbon sequestration rates at the eroding sites.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2002GB002010","issn":"08866236","usgsCitation":"Liu, S., Bliss, N., Sundquist, E., and Huntington, T., 2003, Modeling carbon dynamics in vegetation and soil under the impact of soil erosion and deposition: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 17, no. 2, art1074: 43 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GB002010.","productDescription":"art1074: 43 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478483,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2002gb002010","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235058,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-06-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5be6e4b0c8380cd6f8a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, S.","contributorId":93170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bliss, N. 0000-0003-2409-5211","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2409-5211","contributorId":92471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bliss","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sundquist, E.","contributorId":92848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sundquist","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Huntington, T.G. 0000-0002-9427-3530","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-3530","contributorId":64675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntington","given":"T.G.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":407755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026061,"text":"70026061 - 2003 - Comparative ontogenetic behavior and migration of kaluga, Huso dauricus, and Amur sturgeon, Acipenser schrenckii, from the Amur River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:34","indexId":"70026061","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1528,"text":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparative ontogenetic behavior and migration of kaluga, Huso dauricus, and Amur sturgeon, Acipenser schrenckii, from the Amur River","docAbstract":"We conducted laboratory experiments with kaluga, Huso dauricus, and Amur sturgeon, Acipenser schrenckii, to develop a conceptual model of early behavior. We daily observed embryos (first life phase after hatching) and larvae (period initiating exogenous feeding) to day-30 (late larvae) for preference of bright habitat and cover, swimming distance above the bottom, up- and downstream movement, and diel activity. Day-0 embryos of both species strongly preferred bright, open habitat and initiated a strong, downstream migration that lasted 4 days (3 day peak) for kaluga and 3 days (2 day peak) for Amur sturgeon. Kaluga migrants swam far above the bottom (150 cm) on only 1 day and moved day and night; Amur sturgeon migrants swam far above the bottom (median 130 cm) during 3 days and were more nocturnal than kaluga. Post-migrant embryos of both species moved day and night, but Amur sturgeon used dark, cover habitat and swam closer to the bottom than kaluga. The larva period of both species began on day 7 (cumulative temperature degree-days, 192.0 for kaluga and 171.5 for Amur sturgeon). Larvae of both species preferred open habitat. Kaluga larvae strongly preferred bright habitat, initially swam far above the bottom (median 50-105 cm), and migrated downstream at night during days 10-16 (7-day migration). Amur sturgeon larvae strongly avoided illumination, had a mixed response to white substrate, swam 20-30 cm above the bottom during most days, and during days 12-34 (most of the larva period) moved downstream mostly at night (23-day migration). The embryo-larva migration style of the two species likely shows convergence of non-related species for a common style in response to environmental selection in the Amur River. The embryo-larva migration style of Amur sturgeon is unique among Acipenser yet studied.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1023224501116","issn":"03781909","usgsCitation":"Zhuang, P., Kynard, B., Zhang, L., Zhang, T., and Cao, W., 2003, Comparative ontogenetic behavior and migration of kaluga, Huso dauricus, and Amur sturgeon, Acipenser schrenckii, from the Amur River: Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 66, no. 1, p. 37-48, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023224501116.","startPage":"37","endPage":"48","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208922,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1023224501116"},{"id":235023,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f820e4b0c8380cd4cec7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhuang, P.","contributorId":49892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhuang","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kynard, B.","contributorId":51232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kynard","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhang, L.","contributorId":41543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zhang, T.","contributorId":61536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cao, W.","contributorId":10511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cao","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026059,"text":"70026059 - 2003 - Effects of crustal stresses on fluid transport in fractured rock: Case studies from northeastern and southwestern USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T09:35:27","indexId":"70026059","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of crustal stresses on fluid transport in fractured rock: Case studies from northeastern and southwestern USA","docAbstract":"The link between stress and hydrologic properties was examined at two sites that are distinguished by different rock types and different stress states. This investigation is based upon the analysis and interpretation of geophysical logs obtained in water wells at the two locations. At the northeast site (Newark Basin), the hydrologic characteristics of sedimentary rocks are dependent upon the relationship to the current regional stress field of two primary types of orthogonal features that serve as preferential pathways for fluid flow. Subhorizontal bedding-plane partings are highly transmissive near the surface and delineate transversely isotropic fluid flow at shallow depths. With increasing depth, the subhorizontal planes become less dominant and steeply dipping fractures become more influential hydrologically. These high-angle features define anisotropic flow pathways that are preferentially oriented along strike. At the southwest site (west Texas), extrusive rocks are subjected to topographically modified tectonic and gravitational stresses that vary spatially within a valley setting. The attendant changes in stress invariants cause fracture connectivity within the rock mass to systematically increase with depth along the valley flanks, but to remain relatively low in the central valley. The degree of fracture connectivity predicted within this valley configuration is consistent with variations in transmissivity determined at several well locations. In each of these cases, the idealized understanding of the hydrologic system is enhanced by considering the effects of regional and local stresses that act upon the fractured-rock aquifer.
A detailed study of the climatic significance of δ18O in precipitation was completed on a 1500 km southwest-northeast transect of the Tibetan Plateau in central Asia. Precipitation samples were collected at four meteorological stations for up to 9 years. This study shows that the gradual impact of monsoon precipitation affects the spatial variation of δ18O-T relationship along the transect. Strong monsoon activity in the southern Tibetan Plateau results in high precipitation rates and more depleted heavy isotopes. This depletion mechanism is described as a precipitation “amount effect” and results in a poor δ18O-T relationship at both seasonal and annual scales. In the middle of the Tibetan Plateau, the effects of the monsoon are diminished but continue to cause a reduced correlation of δ18O and temperature at the annual scale. At the monthly scale, however, a significant δ18O-T relationship does exist. To the north of the Tibetan Plateau beyond the extent of the effects of monsoon precipitation, δ18O in precipitation shows a strong temperature dependence. δ18O records from two shallow ice cores and historic air temperature data were compared to verify the modern δ18O-T relationship. δ18O in Dunde ice core was positively correlated with air temperature from a nearby meteorological station in the north of the plateau. The δ18O variation in an ice core from the southern Plateau, however, was inversely correlated with precipitation amount at a nearby meteorological station and also the accumulation record in the ice core. The long-term variation of δ18O in the ice core record in the monsoon regions of the southern Tibetan Plateau suggest past monsoon seasons were probably more expansive. It is still unclear, however, how changes in large-scale atmosphere circulation might influence summer monsoon precipitation on the Tibetan Plateau.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2002jd002173","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Tian, L., Yao, T., Schuster, P., White, J., Ichiyanagi, K., Pendall, E., Pu, J., and Yu, W., 2003, Oxygen-18 concentrations in recent precipitation and ice cores on the Tibetan Plateau: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 108, no. 9, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jd002173.","productDescription":"10 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478430,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jd002173","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":388133,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Tibetan Plateau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 80.1123046875,\n 28.806173508854776\n ],\n [\n 85.7373046875,\n 26.27371402440643\n ],\n [\n 91.8896484375,\n 24.126701958681668\n ],\n [\n 96.5478515625,\n 26.15543796871355\n ],\n [\n 99.6240234375,\n 30.939924331023445\n ],\n [\n 99.7998046875,\n 32.879587173066305\n ],\n [\n 96.064453125,\n 32.36140331527543\n ],\n [\n 87.802734375,\n 29.80251790576445\n ],\n [\n 82.4853515625,\n 31.39115752282472\n ],\n [\n 79.8486328125,\n 29.6880527498568\n ],\n [\n 80.1123046875,\n 28.806173508854776\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"108","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-05-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a72bde4b0c8380cd76c90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tian, L.","contributorId":86541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tian","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yao, T.","contributorId":67267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yao","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schuster, P. F.","contributorId":30197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"P. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"White, J.W.C.","contributorId":43124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"J.W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ichiyanagi, K.","contributorId":39562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ichiyanagi","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pendall, Elise","contributorId":6637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pendall","given":"Elise","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Pu, J.","contributorId":52374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pu","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Yu, W.","contributorId":61613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yu","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70026035,"text":"70026035 - 2003 - Wave propagation and site response in the Santa Clara Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-17T01:10:20.469584","indexId":"70026035","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wave propagation and site response in the Santa Clara Valley","docAbstract":"Forty-two portable digital instruments were deployed across the Santa Clara Valley from June until early November 1998; this array recorded 14 small and moderate local events and 7 large teleseismic events. We analyze the ground motion from these events to determine station delays and relative site amplification within the Valley. P waves from an event at the southern edge of the valley are early (Δt > -0.35 sec) at stations over an axial ridge in the basement interface in the middle of the valley, but late (Δt < 0.20 sec) for stations over the Cupertino and Evergreen basins to either side. The S-wave delays are approximately twice as large. Teleseismic P-waves from an M = 7.0 event beneath the Bonin Islands show a similar pattern in travel-time delays. The P waves are amplified by factors of 1.5-3 for frequencies below 2 Hz at stations within either basin, compared with stations on the axial ridge. The P-wave coda appear enhanced at 2-3 sec, but coda Q estimates at frequencies from 0.2 to 1.1 Hz are not markedly different at stations over the basin compared with stations on the ridge with the possible exceptions of consistently high values over the northern end of the Evergreen Basin. We invert the S-wave spectra for site-specific attenuation and amplification from the 14 local events by assuming a common source spectra for each event, 1/r geometrical spreading, and constraining the inversion using the 30-m velocity profile at four stations in the array. The largest amplifications occurred in the 1- to 6-Hz band at stations near the northwest edge of the Evergreen basin. While the highest amplifications occur at stations with the lowest S-wave velocities, the scatter obscures the correlation between velocity and amplification. The stations in the basins are characterized by higher attenuation than the stations on the basement ridge.
Investigations in the northernmost Carlin trend were undertaken to advance understanding of the geochemical signatures and genesis of precious metal deposits in the trend. Two fundamental geologic relationships near the trend significantly affect regional geochemical distributions: a remarkably intact lower Paleozoic stratigraphic sequence of siliceous rocks in the upper plate of the middle Paleozoic Roberts Mountains thrust, and the widespread repetition of rocks high in the upper plate during late Paleozoic thrusting that thickens the cover above mineralized rock in the lower plate. A compilation of previously published chemical analyses of 440 stream sediment samples and 115 rocks from two 7 1/2-minute quadrangles, as well as new chemical analyses of approximately 1,000 drill core samples in a 1,514 m (4,970 ft) hole through the Rodeo Creek deposit were used to construct three-dimensional element distribution models that highlight metal zonation in the mineralized systems. The Rodeo Creek deposit comprises deep Ag base-metal ± Au-mineralized rock below the Roberts Mountains thrust and contains an unusually high Ag/Au ratio greater than 30. Stacked geochemical halos related to the deposit are confined to the lower plate of the Roberts Mountains thrust and include two horizons of Hg, Cu, and Zn anomalies-as much as 180 m above the deposit-that mostly result from mercurian sphalerite. Extremely subtle indications of mineralization in the upper plate of the Roberts Mountains thrust above the deposit include arsenopyrite overgrowths on small pyrite crystals in 50- to 75-μm-wide clay-carbonate veinlets that lack alteration halos, arsenical rims on small disseminated crystal of recrystallized diagenetic pyrite, and partial replacement of diagenetic pyrite by tennantite. Some of these minerals contain anomalously high Au. However, these As-(Au)-bearing rocks most likely represent another locus of largely untested mineralized rock rather than distal halos related to either the Rodeo Creek or the nearby Dee and Storm gold deposits. Application of micromineralogic techniques helped to identify mineral assemblages that are specific to mineralization and provided an empirical foundation for interpretations of geochemical halos in the Carlin trend. District-scale geochemical patterns of several elements in stream sediments and surface rocks coincide with the northernmost Carlin trend and can be used to explore for Carlin-type deposits. Concentrations of elevated As and Sb in stream sediments (as much as 54 ppm As) have northwest-elongate lobate patterns that clearly outline the trend across a width of approximately 4 km. Arsenic contents of exposed rocks (as much as 90 ppm As) strongly correlate with As contents of derivative stream sediments, and rock contents of Sb show a somewhat lesser but nonetheless strong and similar correspondence. Factor analysis of stream-sediment data shows that those factor scores that are correlated with As, Sb, Au, and Pb also are high along the trend and suggest that mineralized rocks may be present. Although As was not detected by scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) studies in heavy mineral concentrates of high-As stream sediments in the Carlin trend, X-ray absorption near-edge spectra (XANES) of selected light fractions of stream sediment samples indicate that Al-bearing phases, such as gibbsite, amorphous Al oxyhydroxides, or aluminosilicate clay minerals host most of the As(V). The best fit, visually and in terms of the lowest residual, was obtained by a model compound of As(V) sorbed to gibbsite. Thus, most As in stream sediments derived from altered rock within the Carlin trend apparently is contained in light fractions. The geochemical character of young, unconsolidated, postmineral deposits that cover mineralized rocks on the Carlin trend partly results from mineralized sources along the trend. Concentration of As in the Miocene Carlin Formation shows an exceptionally well developed progressive increase to about 30 ppm As as altered rock surrounding the trend is approached. Mineralized and/or altered rock fragments probably have been shed directly into the sedimentary basin of the Carlin Formation, and migration of As, now fixed as As(V), also may have occurred in the supergene environment after material was recycled out of the Carlin Formation and into present-day gulleys.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.98.2.287","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Theodore, T.G., Kotlyar, B.B., Singer, D., Berger, V., Abbott, E., and Foster, A., 2003, Applied geochemistry, geology and mineralogy of the northernmost Carlin trend, Nevada: Economic Geology, v. 98, no. 2, p. 287-316, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.98.2.287.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"287","endPage":"316","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387483,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","city":"Carlin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.17492675781251,\n 40.68063802521456\n ],\n [\n -115.9881591796875,\n 40.68063802521456\n ],\n [\n -115.9881591796875,\n 40.78885994449482\n ],\n [\n -116.17492675781251,\n 40.78885994449482\n ],\n [\n -116.17492675781251,\n 40.68063802521456\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"98","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eccde4b0c8380cd494cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Theodore, T. G.","contributorId":38122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theodore","given":"T.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kotlyar, B. B.","contributorId":74408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kotlyar","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Singer, D.A.","contributorId":69128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Berger, V.I.","contributorId":50920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"V.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Abbott, E.W.","contributorId":7890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abbott","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Foster, A. L. 0000-0003-1362-0068","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1362-0068","contributorId":17190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"A. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70025954,"text":"70025954 - 2003 - Static stress transfer during the 2002 Nenana Mountain-Denali Fault, Alaska, earthquake sequence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:33","indexId":"70025954","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Static stress transfer during the 2002 Nenana Mountain-Denali Fault, Alaska, earthquake sequence","docAbstract":"On 23 October 2002, the Mw 6.7 Nenana Mountain earthquake occurred in central Alaska. It was followed on 3 November 2002 by the Mw 7.9 Denali Fault mainshock, the largest strike-slip earthquake to occur in North America during the past 150 years. We have modeled static Coulomb stress transfer effects during this sequence. We find that the Nenana Mountain foreshock transferred 30-50 kPa of Coulomb stress to the hypocentral region of the Denali Fault mainshock, encouraging its occurrence. We also find that the two main earthquakes together transferred more than 400 kPa of Coulomb stress to the Cross Creek segment of the Totschunda fault system and to the Denali fault southeast of the mainshock rupture, and up to 80 kPa to the Denali fault west of the Nenana Mountain rupture. Other major faults in the region experienced much smaller static Coulomb stress changes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Anderson, G., and Ji, C., 2003, Static stress transfer during the 2002 Nenana Mountain-Denali Fault, Alaska, earthquake sequence: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 30, no. 6, p. 43-1.","startPage":"43","endPage":"1","numberOfPages":"-41","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234983,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b96f4e4b08c986b31b7d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, G.","contributorId":26490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ji, C.","contributorId":31093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ji","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024855,"text":"70024855 - 2003 - Test of a Power Transfer Model for Standardized Electrofishing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:09","indexId":"70024855","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Test of a Power Transfer Model for Standardized Electrofishing","docAbstract":"Standardization of electrofishing in waters with differing conductivities is critical when monitoring temporal and spatial differences in fish assemblages. We tested a model that can help improve the consistency of electrofishing by allowing control over the amount of power that is transferred to the fish. The primary objective was to verify, under controlled laboratory conditions, whether the model adequately described fish immobilization responses elicited with various electrical settings over a range of water conductivities. We found that the model accurately described empirical observations over conductivities ranging from 12 to 1,030 ??S/cm for DC and various pulsed-DC settings. Because the model requires knowledge of a fish's effective conductivity, an attribute that is likely to vary according to species, size, temperature, and other variables, a second objective was to gather available estimates of the effective conductivity of fish to examine the magnitude of variation and to assess whether in practical applications a standard effective conductivity value for fish may be assumed. We found that applying a standard fish effective conductivity of 115 ??S/cm introduced relatively little error into the estimation of the peak power density required to immobilize fish with electrofishing. However, this standard was derived from few estimates of fish effective conductivity and a limited number of species; more estimates are needed to validate our working standard.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/T02-093","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Miranda, L., and Dolan, C., 2003, Test of a Power Transfer Model for Standardized Electrofishing: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 132, no. 6, p. 1179-1185, https://doi.org/10.1577/T02-093.","startPage":"1179","endPage":"1185","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233072,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207834,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/T02-093"}],"volume":"132","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba59fe4b08c986b320b72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miranda, L.E.","contributorId":58406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miranda","given":"L.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dolan, C.R.","contributorId":96870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dolan","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024870,"text":"70024870 - 2003 - The fate of wastewater-derived nitrate in the subsurface of the Florida Keys: Key Colony Beach, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-16T09:07:03","indexId":"70024870","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The fate of wastewater-derived nitrate in the subsurface of the Florida Keys: Key Colony Beach, Florida","docAbstract":"Shallow injection is the predominant mode of wastewater disposal for most tourist-oriented facilities and some residential communities in the US Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Concern has been expressed that wastewater nutrients may be escaping from the saline groundwater system into canals and surrounding coastal waters and perhaps to the reef tract 10 km offshore, promoting unwanted algal growth and degradation of water quality. We performed a field study of the fate of wastewater-derived nitrate in the subsurface of a Florida Keys residential community (Key Colony Beach, FL) that uses this disposal method, analyzing samples from 21 monitoring wells and two canal sites. The results indicate that wastewater injection at 18–27 m depth into saline groundwater creates a large buoyant plume that flows quickly (within days) upward to a confining layer 6 m below the surface, and then in a fast flow path toward a canal 200 m to the east within a period of weeks to months. Low-salinity groundwaters along the fast flow path have nitrate concentrations that are not significantly reduced from that of the injected wastewaters (ranging from 400 to 600 μmol kg−1). Portions of the low-salinity plume off the main axis of flow have relatively long residence times (>2 months) and have had their nitrate concentrations strongly reduced by a combination of mixing and denitrification. These waters have dissolved N2 concentrations up to 1.6 times air-saturation values with δ15 N[N2]=0.5-5‰, δ15N[NO3-]=16-26‰, and calculated isotope fractionation factors of about −12±4‰, consistent with denitrification as the predominant nitrate reduction reaction. Estimated rates of denitrification of wastewater in the aquifer are of the order of 4 μmol kg-1 N day-1 or 0.008 day-1. The data indicate that denitrification reduces the nitrate load of the injected wastewater substantially, but not completely, before it discharges to nearby canals.
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","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120020087","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Bakun, W.H., Johnston, A.C., and Hopper, M.G., 2003, Estimating locations and magnitudes of earthquakes in eastern North America from Modified Mercalli intensities: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 93, no. 1, p. 190-202, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020087.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"190","endPage":"202","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":421926,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -101.77615017574712,\n 49.85969549130496\n ],\n [\n -101.77615017574712,\n 28.17918988486774\n ],\n [\n -66.61990017574733,\n 28.17918988486774\n ],\n [\n -66.61990017574733,\n 49.85969549130496\n ],\n [\n -101.77615017574712,\n 49.85969549130496\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"93","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b28e4b0c8380cd525d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bakun, W. H.","contributorId":67055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bakun","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnston, A. C.","contributorId":85574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hopper, M. G.","contributorId":39389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopper","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024967,"text":"70024967 - 2003 - Probabilistic assessment methodology for continuous-type petroleum accumulations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024967","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Probabilistic assessment methodology for continuous-type petroleum accumulations","docAbstract":"The analytic resource assessment method, called ACCESS (Analytic Cell-based Continuous Energy Spreadsheet System), was developed to calculate estimates of petroleum resources for the geologic assessment model, called FORSPAN, in continuous-type petroleum accumulations. The ACCESS method is based upon mathematical equations derived from probability theory in the form of a computer spreadsheet system. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00075-2","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Crovelli, R., 2003, Probabilistic assessment methodology for continuous-type petroleum accumulations: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 56, no. 1-2, p. 45-48, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00075-2.","startPage":"45","endPage":"48","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207839,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00075-2"},{"id":233078,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8c88e4b0c8380cd7e736","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crovelli, R. A.","contributorId":40969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crovelli","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70025867,"text":"70025867 - 2003 - Herbicides and transformation products in surface waters of the Midwestern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T10:39:55","indexId":"70025867","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Herbicides and transformation products in surface waters of the Midwestern United States","docAbstract":"Most herbicides applied to crops are adsorbed by plants or transformed (degraded) in the soil, but small fractions are lost from fields and either move to streams in overland runoff, near surface flow, or subsurface drains, or they infiltrate slowly to ground water. Herbicide transformation products (TPs) can be more or less mobile and more or less toxic in the environment than their source herbicides. To obtain information on the concentrations of selected herbicides and TPs in surface waters of the Midwestern United States, 151 water samples were collected from 71 streams and five reservoir outflows in 1998. These samples were analyzed for 13 herbicides and 10 herbicide TPs. Herbicide TPs were found to occur as frequently or more frequently than source herbicides and at concentrations that were often larger than their source herbicides. Most samples contained a mixture of more than 10 different herbicides or TPs. The ratios of TPs to herbicide concentrations can be used to determine the source of herbicides in streams. Results of a two-component mixing model suggest that on average 90 percent or more of the herbicide mass in Midwestern streams during early summer runoff events originates from the runoff and 10 percent or less comes from increased ground water discharge.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04402.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Battaglin, W., Thurman, E., Kalkhoff, S., and Porter, S.D., 2003, Herbicides and transformation products in surface waters of the Midwestern United States: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 39, no. 4, p. 743-756, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04402.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"743","endPage":"756","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234755,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a306de4b0c8380cd5d631","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Battaglin, W.A.","contributorId":16376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kalkhoff, S. J.","contributorId":28967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkhoff","given":"S. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Porter, S. D.","contributorId":8882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}