An examination of boundary-layer meteorological and avian aerodynamic theories suggests that soaring birds can be used to measure the magnitude of vertical air motions within the boundary layer. These theories are applied to obtain mixed-layer normalized thermal updraft intensity over both flat and complex terrain from the climb rates of soaring American white pelicans and from diagnostic boundary-layer model-produced estimates of the boundary-layer depth zi and the convective velocity scale w*. Comparison of the flatland data with the profiles of normalized updraft velocity obtained from previous studies reveals that the pelican-derived measurements of thermal updraft intensity are in close agreement with those obtained using traditional research aircraft and large eddy simulation (LES) in the height range of 0.2 to 0.8 zi. Given the success of this method, the profiles of thermal vertical velocity over the flatland and the nearby mountains are compared. This comparison shows that these profiles are statistically indistinguishable over this height range, indicating that the profile for thermal updraft intensity varies little over this sample of complex terrain. These observations support the findings of a recent LES study that explored the turbulent structure of the boundary layer using a range of terrain specifications. For terrain similar in scale to that encountered in this study, results of the LES suggest that the terrain caused less than an 11% variation in the standard deviation of vertical velocity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1016095804357","usgsCitation":"Shannon, H., Young, G., Yates, M., Fuller, M.R., and Seegar, W., 2003, Measurements of thermal updraft intensity over complex terrain using American white pelicans and a simple boundary-layer forecast model: Boundary-Layer Meteorology, v. 104, no. 2, p. 167-199, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016095804357.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"167","endPage":"199","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":387237,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db611335","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shannon, H.D.","contributorId":30593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shannon","given":"H.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Young, G.S.","contributorId":42569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yates, M.","contributorId":39750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yates","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fuller, Mark R. 0000-0001-7459-1729 mark_fuller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7459-1729","contributorId":2296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"Mark","email":"mark_fuller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Seegar, W.","contributorId":29375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seegar","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70184630,"text":"70184630 - 2003 - Temperature-profile methods for estimating percolation rates in arid environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-10T13:42:07","indexId":"70184630","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3674,"text":"Vadose Zone Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temperature-profile methods for estimating percolation rates in arid environments","docAbstract":"Percolation rates are estimated using vertical temperature profiles from sequentially deeper vadose environments, progressing from sediments beneath stream channels, to expansive basin-fill materials, and finally to deep fractured bedrock underlying mountainous terrain. Beneath stream channels, vertical temperature profiles vary over time in response to downward heat transport, which is generally controlled by conductive heat transport during dry periods, or by advective transport during channel infiltration. During periods of stream-channel infiltration, two relatively simple approaches are possible: a heat-pulse technique, or a heat and liquid-water transport simulation code. Focused percolation rates beneath stream channels are examined for perennial, seasonal, and ephemeral channels in central New Mexico, with estimated percolation rates ranging from 100 to 2100 mm d−1 Deep within basin-fill and underlying mountainous terrain, vertical temperature gradients are dominated by the local geothermal gradient, which creates a profile with decreasing temperatures toward the surface. If simplifying assumptions are employed regarding stratigraphy and vapor fluxes, an analytical solution to the heat transport problem can be used to generate temperature profiles at specified percolation rates for comparison to the observed geothermal gradient. Comparisons to an observed temperature profile in the basin-fill sediments beneath Frenchman Flat, Nevada, yielded water fluxes near zero, with absolute values <10 mm yr−1 For the deep vadose environment beneath Yucca Mountain, Nevada, the complexities of stratigraphy and vapor movement are incorporated into a more elaborate heat and water transport model to compare simulated and observed temperature profiles for a pair of deep boreholes. Best matches resulted in a percolation rate near zero for one borehole and 11 mm yr−1 for the second borehole.
","language":"English","publisher":"Soil Science Society","doi":"10.2136/vzj2003.0012","usgsCitation":"Constantz, J., Tyler, S.W., and Kwicklis, E., 2003, Temperature-profile methods for estimating percolation rates in arid environments: Vadose Zone Journal, v. 2, no. 1, p. 12-24, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2003.0012.","productDescription":"13 p. ","startPage":"12","endPage":"24","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337379,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c945e4b0f37a93ee9b61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Constantz, Jim","contributorId":66338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constantz","given":"Jim","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tyler, Scott W.","contributorId":188141,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tyler","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kwicklis, Edward","contributorId":188142,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kwicklis","given":"Edward","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1008180,"text":"1008180 - 2003 - How should environmental stress affect the population dynamics of disease?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-28T14:14:50","indexId":"1008180","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1466,"text":"Ecology Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"How should environmental stress affect the population dynamics of disease?","docAbstract":"We modelled how stress affects the population dynamics of infectious disease. We were specifically concerned with stress that increased susceptibility of uninfected hosts when exposed to infection. If such stresses also reduced resources, fecundity and/or survivorship, there was a reduction in the host carrying capacity. This lowered the contact between infected and uninfected hosts, thereby decreasing transmission. In addition, stress that increased parasite mortality decreased disease. The opposing effects of stress on disease dynamics made it difficult to predict the response of disease to environmental stress. We found analytical solutions with negative, positive, convex and concave associations between disease and stress. Numerical simulations with randomly generated parameter values suggested that the impact of host-specific diseases generally declined with stress while the impact of non-specific (or open) diseases increased with stress. These results help clarify predictions about the interaction between environmental stress and disease in natural populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00480.x","usgsCitation":"Lafferty, K.D., and Holt, R.D., 2003, How should environmental stress affect the population dynamics of disease?: Ecology Letters, v. 6, no. 7, p. 654-664, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00480.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"654","endPage":"664","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478419,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/2ck310s3","text":"External Repository"},{"id":132364,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-06-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bd2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lafferty, Kevin D. 0000-0001-7583-4593 klafferty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-4593","contributorId":1415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lafferty","given":"Kevin","email":"klafferty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":316939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holt, Robert D.","contributorId":80584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holt","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70174324,"text":"70174324 - 2003 - Sediment dynamics drive contaminant dynamics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T14:00:31","indexId":"70174324","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5127,"text":"Pulse of the Estuary","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":9}},"seriesNumber":"2003","title":"Sediment dynamics drive contaminant dynamics","docAbstract":"Many contaminants of greatest concern in San Francisco Bay, including mercury and PCBs, are primarily associated with sediment particles rather than dissolved in water. Therefore, the movement and fate of sediment determines the movement and fate of many contaminants in the Bay. Because of this close association, the RMP monitors and seeks to understand the quantity and movement of sediment suspended in the water. Through study of suspended sediment dynamics, the RMP is developing a better understanding of trends and patterns of contaminants and how the Bay will respond to management actions during the next several decades. Recent RMP efforts to develop predictive models of contaminant fate in the Bay have highlighted the fundamental importance of understanding sediment dynamics.
\nSediment movement in the Bay is determined by tides, wind, and freshwater inflow. Tides flood and ebb twice a day, wind typically is strongest in the afternoon, and freshwater inflow is greatest during the winter rainy season (see sidebar on next page). To characterize these fluctuations, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began continuous monitoring of suspended sediment concentration in 1991. Continuous suspended sediment concentration monitoring stations were established in each major region of San Francisco Bay (Figure 1), establishing a continuous monitoring network. The sensors at each station measure the amount of material in the water every 15 minutes. Results are available on the internet at . In addition to the network, sensors have been deployed at as many as 14 additional sites in the Bay for periods of several months as part of focused studies of sediment transport in Bay locales of special interest.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"2003 Pulse of the estuary: Monitoring & managing contamination in the San Francisco Estuary","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"San Francisco Estuary Institute","usgsCitation":"Schoellhamer, D., Shellenbarger, G., Ganju, N., Davis, J., and McKee, L.J., 2003, Sediment dynamics drive contaminant dynamics: Pulse of the Estuary 2003, 6 p.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"26","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324895,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":324894,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.sfei.org/documents/2003-pulse-estuary-monitoring-managing-contamination-san-francisco-estuary"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.53326416015624,\n 37.40725549559876\n ],\n [\n -122.53326416015624,\n 38.18422791820727\n ],\n [\n -121.6680908203125,\n 38.18422791820727\n ],\n [\n -121.6680908203125,\n 37.40725549559876\n ],\n [\n -122.53326416015624,\n 37.40725549559876\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5780cebee4b08116168223b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":641903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shellenbarger, Gregory gshellen@usgs.gov","contributorId":1133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shellenbarger","given":"Gregory","email":"gshellen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":641904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ganju, Neil K. 0000-0002-1096-0465 nganju@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1096-0465","contributorId":140088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ganju","given":"Neil K.","email":"nganju@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":641905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davis, Jay A.","contributorId":168696,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davis","given":"Jay A.","affiliations":[{"id":12703,"text":"San Francisco Estuary Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":641906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McKee, Lester J.","contributorId":24693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"Lester","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1003001,"text":"1003001 - 2003 - Estimating mortality rates of adult fish from entrainment through the propellers of river towboats","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-14T17:54:20.47021","indexId":"1003001","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating mortality rates of adult fish from entrainment through the propellers of river towboats","docAbstract":"We developed a method to estimate mortality rates of adult fish caused by entrainment through the propellers of commercial towboats operating in river channels. The method combines trawling while following towboats (to recover a fraction of the kills) and application of a hydrodynamic model of diffusion (to estimate the fraction of the total kills collected in the trawls). The sampling problem is unusual and required quantifying relatively rare events. We first examined key statistical properties of the entrainment mortality rate estimators using Monte Carlo simulation, which demonstrated that a design-based estimator and a new ad hoc estimator are both unbiased and converge to the true value as the sample size becomes large. Next, we estimated the entrainment mortality rates of adult fishes in Pool 26 of the Mississippi River and the Alton Pool of the Illinois River, where we observed kills that we attributed to entrainment. Our estimates of entrainment mortality rates were 2.52 fish/km of towboat travel (80% confidence interval, 1.00–6.09 fish/km) for gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum, 0.13 fish/km (0.00–0.41) for skipjack herring Alosa chrysochloris, and 0.53 fish/km (0.00–1.33) for both shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus and smallmouth buffalo Ictiobus bubalus. Our approach applies more broadly to commercial vessels operating in confined channels, including other large rivers and intracoastal waterways.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/T01-098","usgsCitation":"Gutreuter, S., Dettmers, J.M., and Wahl, D.H., 2003, Estimating mortality rates of adult fish from entrainment through the propellers of river towboats: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 132, no. 4, p. 646-661, https://doi.org/10.1577/T01-098.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"646","endPage":"661","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128487,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Alton Pool, Illinois River, Mississippi River, Pool 26","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.70930480957031,\n 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S.","contributorId":79829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutreuter","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dettmers, John M.","contributorId":27395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettmers","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wahl, David H.","contributorId":206529,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wahl","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":37336,"text":"Illinois Natural History Survey, Kaskaskia Biological Station","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":312557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70186906,"text":"70186906 - 2003 - Two-dimensional inverse and three-dimensional forward modeling of MT (magnetotelluric) data to evaluate the mineral potential of the Amphitheater Mountains, Alaska, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-13T14:44:32","indexId":"70186906","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Two-dimensional inverse and three-dimensional forward modeling of MT (magnetotelluric) data to evaluate the mineral potential of the Amphitheater Mountains, Alaska, USA","docAbstract":"As part of an integrated geological and geophysical study to assess the mineral potential in the Amphitheater Mountains of south-central Alaska, USA, two magnetotelluric (MT) profiles were acquired during the summer of 2002. The two parallel MT lines, along with helicopter electromagnetic (HEM) and magnetic data acquired by the State of Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys and new detailed U.S. Geological Survey gravity data, are being used to investigate a feeder system to a Late Triassic flood basalt, the Nikolai Greenstone. The platinum-group-element-bearing, layered, and mafic-ultramafic sills of the Fish Lake and Tangle complexes and the geophysical responses suggest the presence of a substantial root of ultramafic material below the Amphitheater synform and several conductive, dense, magnetic, and possibly sulfide-bearing lenses within the surrounding Tangle Formation. The Amphitheater synform was defined by a prominent magnetic anomaly and the repetition of geologic units. Data from the HEM survey were used to assess and correct static shifts in the MT data. A striking conductivity anomaly was observable in the MT apparent resistivity data at sites on each line. Two-dimensional (2-D) inversion was used to model the geometry of the synform structure, electrical properties related to possible mineralization in the top few kilometers, and a feeder root to the magmatic system substantiated with potential field and geological models. The synform plunges to the west with the highly conductive zone ranging from depths of roughly 1.5 to 3.5 km where sampled. Two sensitivity analyses were performed to aid in assessment decisions. First, 2-D models were evaluated from several algorithms, including the rapid-relaxation inversion, the conjugate-gradient method, and Occam?s inversion with the use of different combinations of the apparent resistivity and phase for the transverse electric and magnetic modes. Second, a three-dimensional forward model, developed from the 2-D MT models and other geophysical and geological information, was constructed to further understand the response that could not be fit with the 2-D models.
","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 3DEM-3 symposium: Three dimensional electromagnetics III: ASEG Special Publications 2003(1)","conferenceTitle":"3DEM-3 Symposium: Three Dimensional Electromagnetics III","conferenceDate":"February 20-21, 2003","conferenceLocation":"Adelaide, Australia","language":"English","publisher":"Australian Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1071/ASEG2003_3DEMab012","usgsCitation":"Pellerin, L., Schmidt, J.M., and Hoversten, G., 2003, Two-dimensional inverse and three-dimensional forward modeling of MT (magnetotelluric) data to evaluate the mineral potential of the Amphitheater Mountains, Alaska, USA, in Proceedings of the 3DEM-3 symposium: Three dimensional electromagnetics III: ASEG Special Publications 2003(1), Adelaide, Australia, February 20-21, 2003, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.1071/ASEG2003_3DEMab012.","productDescription":"7 p.","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478383,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071/aseg2003_3demab012","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":339702,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339701,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.aseg.org.au/proceedings-3dem-3-symposium-three-dimensional-electromagnetics-iii","text":"CD of Conference Proceedings from publisher"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Amphitheater Mountains","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-02-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f08e63e4b06911a29fa866","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pellerin, Louise","contributorId":20824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pellerin","given":"Louise","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmidt, Jeanine M. jschmidt@usgs.gov","contributorId":3138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Jeanine","email":"jschmidt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoversten, G. Michael","contributorId":190873,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hoversten","given":"G. Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53886,"text":"53886 - 2003 - Electrofishing and its harmful effects on fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-07T14:27:22.319366","indexId":"53886","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"2003-0002","title":"Electrofishing and its harmful effects on fish","docAbstract":"Electrofishing, a valuable sampling technique in North America for over half a century, involves a very dynamic and complex mix of physics, physiology, and behavior that remains poorly understood. New hypotheses have been advanced regarding \"power transfer\" to fish and the epileptic nature of their responses to electric fields, but these too need to be more fully explored and validated.\r\n\r\nFishery researchers and managers in the Colorado River Basin, and elsewhere, are particularly concerned about the harmful effects of electrofishing on fish, especially endangered species. Although often not externally obvious or fatal, spinal injuries and associated hemorrhages sometimes have been documented in over 50% of fish examined internally. Such injuries can occur anywhere in the electrofishing field at or above the intensity threshold for twitch. These injuries are believed to result from powerful convulsions of body musculature (possibly epileptic seizures) caused mostly by sudden changes in voltage as when electricity is pulsed or switched on or off. Significantly fewer spinal injuries are reported when direct current, low-frequency pulsed direct current (<30 Hz), or specially designed pulse trains are used. Salmoniae are especially susceptible. Endangered cyprinids of the Colorado River Basin are generally much less susceptible, enough so to allow cautious use of less harmful currents for most recovery monitoring and research. However, the endangered catostomid Xyrauchen texanus appears sufficiently susceptible to warrant a continued minimal-use policy.\r\n\r\nOther harmful effects, such as bleeding at gills or vent and excessive physiological stress, are also of concern. Mortality, usually by asphyxiation, is a common result of excessive exposure to tetanizing intensities near electrodes or poor handling of captured specimens. Reported effects on reproduction are contradictory, but electrofishing over spawning grounds can harm embryos. Electrofishing is often considered the most effective and benign technique for capturing moderate- to large-size fish, but when adverse effects are problematic and cannot be sufficiently reduced, its use should be severely restricted.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Snyder, D.E., 2003, Electrofishing and its harmful effects on fish: Information and Technology Report 2003-0002, vii, 149 p.","productDescription":"vii, 149 p.","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":481713,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/53886/report.pdf"},{"id":125138,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/53886/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08a0e4b0c8380cd51bc8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, Darrel E.","contributorId":27543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Darrel","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70175094,"text":"70175094 - 2003 - Effects of spatial and temporal variability of turbidity on phytoplankton blooms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-25T09:27:19","indexId":"70175094","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of spatial and temporal variability of turbidity on phytoplankton blooms","docAbstract":"A central challenge of coastal ecology is sorting out the interacting spatial and temporal components of environmental variability that combine to drive changes in phytoplankton biomass. For 2 decades, we have combined sustained observation and experimentation in South San Francisco Bay (SSFB) with numerical modeling analyses to search for general principles that define phytoplankton population responses to physical dynamics characteristic of shallow, nutrient-rich coastal waters having complex bathymetry and influenced by tides, wind and river flow. This study is the latest contribution where we investigate light-limited phytoplankton growth using a numerical model, by modeling turbidity as a function of suspended sediment concentrations (SSC). The goal was to explore the sensitivity of estuarine phytoplankton dynamics to spatial and temporal variations in turbidity, and to synthesize outcomes of simulation experiments into a new conceptual framework for defining the combinations of physical-biological forcings that promote or preclude development of phytoplankton blooms in coastal ecosystems. The 3 main conclusions of this study are: (1) The timing of the wind with semidiurnal tides and the spring-neap cycle can significantly enhance spring-neap variability in turbidity and phytoplankton biomass; (2) Fetch is a significant factor potentially affecting phytoplankton dynamics by enhancing and/or creating spatial variability in turbidity; and (3) It is possible to parameterize the combined effect of the processes influencing turbidity‹and thus affecting potential phytoplankton bloom development‹with 2 indices for vertical and horizontal clearing of the water column. Our conceptual framework is built around these 2 indices, providing a means to determine under what conditions a phytoplankton bloom can occur, and whether a potential bloom is only locally supported or system-wide in scale. This conceptual framework provides a tool for exploring the inherent light climate attributes of shallow estuarine ecosystems and helps determine susceptibility to the harmful effects of nutrient enrichment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/meps254111","usgsCitation":"May, C.L., Koseff, J.R., Lucas, L., Cloern, J.E., and Schoellhamer, D., 2003, Effects of spatial and temporal variability of turbidity on phytoplankton blooms: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 254, p. 111-128, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps254111.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"128","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478387,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps254111","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":325800,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"254","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"579b2caee4b0589fa1c980a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"May, Christine L.","contributorId":79440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koseff, Jeffrey R.","contributorId":37915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koseff","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":643893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lucas, Lisa 0000-0001-7797-5517 llucas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7797-5517","contributorId":2181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucas","given":"Lisa","email":"llucas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025072,"text":"70025072 - 2003 - Geology of the MER 2003 \"Elysium\" candidate landing site in southeastern Utopia Planitia, Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-05T09:03:27","indexId":"70025072","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology of the MER 2003 \"Elysium\" candidate landing site in southeastern Utopia Planitia, Mars","docAbstract":"The NASA Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Project has been considering a landing-site ellipse designated EP78B2 in southeastern Utopia Planitia, southwest of Elysium Mons. The site appears to be relatively safe for a MER landing site because of its predicted low wind velocities in mesoscale atmospheric circulation models and its low surface roughness at various scales as indicated by topographic and imaging data sets. Previously, the site's surface rocks have been interpreted to be marine sediments or lava flows. In addition, we suggest that Late Noachian to Early Hesperian collapse and mass wasting of Noachian highland rocks contributed to the deposition of detritus in the area of the ellipse. Furthermore, we document partial Late Hesperian to Early Amazonian resurfacing of the ellipse by flows and vents that may be of mud or silicate volcanic origin. A rover investigation of the Utopia landing site using the MER Athena instrument package might address some fundamental aspects of Martian geologic evolution, such as climate change, hydrologic evolution, and magmatic and tectonic history.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2003JE002054","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Tanaka, K.L., Carr, M.H., Skinner, J., Gilmore, M.S., and Hare, T.M., 2003, Geology of the MER 2003 \"Elysium\" candidate landing site in southeastern Utopia Planitia, Mars: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 108, no. E12, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JE002054.","productDescription":"19 p.","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478549,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003je002054","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235720,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars; Utopia Planitia","volume":"108","issue":"E12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-11-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a25fae4b0c8380cd58cf7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tanaka, Kenneth L. ktanaka@usgs.gov","contributorId":610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanaka","given":"Kenneth","email":"ktanaka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":403699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carr, Michael H.","contributorId":61894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Skinner, James A. 0000-0002-3644-7010 jskinner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3644-7010","contributorId":3187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"James A.","email":"jskinner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":403703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gilmore, Martha S.","contributorId":211064,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gilmore","given":"Martha","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hare, Trent M. 0000-0001-8842-389X thare@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8842-389X","contributorId":3188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hare","given":"Trent","email":"thare@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":403701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1015139,"text":"1015139 - 2003 - Evaluation of oral and subcutaneous delivery of an experimental canarypox recombinant canine distemper vaccine in the Siberian polecate (Mustela eversmanni)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-06T16:30:26","indexId":"1015139","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2514,"text":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of oral and subcutaneous delivery of an experimental canarypox recombinant canine distemper vaccine in the Siberian polecate (Mustela eversmanni)","docAbstract":"We assessed the safety and efficacy of an experimental canarypox-vectored recombinant canine distemper virus (CDV) subunit vaccine in the Siberian polecat (Mustela eversmanni), a close relative of the black-footed ferret, (M. nigripes), an endangered species that is highly susceptible to the virus. Siberian polecats were randomized into six treatment groups. Recombinant canine distemper vaccine was administered s.c. at three dose levels (104.5, 105.0, and 105.5 plaque-forming units [PFU] per dose) and was administered orally by spraying the vaccine into the oropharnyx at two dose levels (105.5, 108.0 PFU per dose). The sixth group of control animals was not vaccinated. For both routes of administration, two 1-ml doses of reconstituted vaccine were delivered 4 wk apart, followed by live virus challenge 3 wk after the second vaccination. During the challenge, Synder Hill test strain CDV obtained from the National Veterinary Services Laboratory in Ames, Iowa, was administered i.p. Serial blood samples for CDV serology were collected immediately before vaccination and challenge, and 10, 15, and 20 days after challenge. Clinical signs and body weights were recorded up to 32 days after challenge. The survival rate in animals receiving vaccine at the highest oral dose (108.0 PFU per dose) was 83.3%. Survival rate was 50.0% in the high s.c. and 60.0% in the medium s.c. groups. All animals in the low–s.c. dose, low–oral dose, and control groups died after exposure. Vaccine dose overall (oral and s.c.) and dose in response to s.c. administration when considered alone were significant predictors of survival (P = 0.006 and P = 0.04, respectively). Among the polecats challenged with virulent virus, those that died became sick sooner than those that survived. Animals that died lost significantly more weight during the 10 days after challenge than did animals that survived (P = 0.02). Survival rates did not differ by sex, founder female status, or breeding pedigree in any of the treatment groups. Survival rates were higher in animals with increasing serum neutralization titers (P = 0.027). This study demonstrates the efficacy of oral delivery of a recombinant CDV vaccine in the Siberian polecat. Further studies are needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of vectored recombinant vaccines in highly susceptible species and especially in those species in which vaccination with modified live CDV has led to disease.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","doi":"10.1638/1042-7260(2003)34[0025:EOOASD]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wimsatt, J., Biggins, D.E., Innes, K., Taylor, B., and Garell, D., 2003, Evaluation of oral and subcutaneous delivery of an experimental canarypox recombinant canine distemper vaccine in the Siberian polecate (Mustela eversmanni): Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, v. 34, no. 1, p. 25-35, https://doi.org/10.1638/1042-7260(2003)34[0025:EOOASD]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131671,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fac30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wimsatt, Jeffrey","contributorId":173421,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wimsatt","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Biggins, Dean E. 0000-0003-2078-671X bigginsd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2078-671X","contributorId":2522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biggins","given":"Dean","email":"bigginsd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Innes, Kim","contributorId":47744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Innes","given":"Kim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taylor, Bobbi","contributorId":179108,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taylor","given":"Bobbi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Garell, Della","contributorId":79751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garell","given":"Della","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1015138,"text":"1015138 - 2003 - Ecohydrology of a resource-conserving semiarid woodland: Effects of scale and disturbance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-23T12:27:58","indexId":"1015138","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1459,"text":"Ecological Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecohydrology of a resource-conserving semiarid woodland: Effects of scale and disturbance","docAbstract":"In semiarid landscapes, the linkage between runoff and vegetation is a particularly close one. In this paper we report on the results of a long-term and multiple-scale study of interactions between runoff, erosion, and vegetation in a piñon–juniper woodland in New Mexico. We use our results to address three knowledge gaps: (1) the temporal scaling relationships between precipitation and runoff; (2) the effects of spatial scale on runoff and erosion, as influenced by vegetation; and (3) the influence of disturbance on these relationships. On the basis of our results, we tested three assumptions that represent current thinking in these areas (as evidenced, for example, by explicit or implicit assumptions embedded in commonly used models). The first assumption, that aggregated precipitation can be used as a surrogate for total runoff in semiarid environments, was not verified by our findings. We found that when runoff is generated mainly by overland flow in these systems, aggregated precipitation amounts alone (by year, season, or individual event) are a poor predictor of runoff amounts. The second assumption, that at the hillslope and smaller scales runoff and erosion are independent of spatial scale, was likewise not verified. We found that the redistribution of water and sediment within the hillslope was substantial and that there was a strong and nonlinear reduction in unit-area runoff and erosion with increasing scale (our scales were slope lengths ranging from 1 m to 105 m). The third assumption, that disturbance-related increases in runoff and erosion remain constant with time, was partially verified. We found that for low-slope-gradient sites, disturbance led to accelerated runoff and erosion, and these conditions may persist for a decade or longer. On the basis of our findings, we further suggest that (a) disturbance alters the effects of scale on runoff and erosion in a predictable way—scale relationships in degraded areas will be fundamentally different from those in nondegraded areas because more runoff will escape off site and erosion rates will be much higher; and (b) there exists a slope threshold, below which semiarid landscapes will eventually recover following disturbance and above which there will be no recovery without mitigation or remediation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/0012-9615(2003)073[0223:EOARSW]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wilcox, B., Breshears, D., and Allen, C.D., 2003, Ecohydrology of a resource-conserving semiarid woodland: Effects of scale and disturbance: Ecological Monographs, v. 73, no. 2, p. 223-239, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(2003)073[0223:EOARSW]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"223","endPage":"239","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478437,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/182278","text":"External Repository"},{"id":134052,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627d35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilcox, B.P.","contributorId":83490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcox","given":"B.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Breshears, D.D.","contributorId":17952,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Breshears","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12625,"text":"School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":322301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allen, Craig D. 0000-0002-8777-5989 craig_allen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-5989","contributorId":2597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"craig_allen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024884,"text":"70024884 - 2003 - Fault slip and seismic moment of the 1700 Cascadia earthquake inferred from Japanese tsunami descriptions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024884","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fault slip and seismic moment of the 1700 Cascadia earthquake inferred from Japanese tsunami descriptions","docAbstract":"The 1700 Cascadia earthquake attained moment magnitude 9 according to new estimates based on effects of its tsunami in Japan, computed coseismic seafloor deformation for hypothetical ruptures in Cascadia, and tsunami modeling in the Pacific Ocean. Reports of damage and flooding show that the 1700 Casscadia tsunami reached 1-5 m heights at seven shoreline sites in Japan. Three sets of estimated heights express uncertainty about location and depth of reported flooding, landward decline in tsunami heights from shorelines, and post-1700 land-level changes. We compare each set with tsunami heights computed from six Cascadia sources. Each source is vertical seafloor displacement calculated with a three-dimensional elastic dislocation model, for three sources the rupture extends the 1100 km length of the subduction zone and differs in width and shallow dip; for the other sources, ruptures of ordinary width extend 360-670 km. To compute tsunami waveforms, we use a linear long-wave approximation with a finite difference method, and we employ modern bathymetry with nearshore grid spacing as small as 0.4 km. The various combinations of Japanese tsunami heights and Cascadia sources give seismic moment of 1-9 ?? 1022 N m, equivalent to moment magnitude 8.7-9.2. This range excludes several unquantified uncertainties. The most likely earthquake, of moment magnitude 9.0, has 19 m of coseismic slip on an offshore, full-slip zone 1100 km long with linearly decreasing slip on a downdip partial-slip zone. The shorter rupture models require up to 40 m offshore slip and predict land-level changes inconsistent with coastal paleoseismological evidence. Copyright 2003 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Satake, K., Wang, K., and Atwater, B., 2003, Fault slip and seismic moment of the 1700 Cascadia earthquake inferred from Japanese tsunami descriptions: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 108, no. 11.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233002,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f1be4b0c8380cd53781","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Satake, K.","contributorId":53124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Satake","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wang, K.","contributorId":55975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Atwater, B.F. 0000-0003-1155-2815","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1155-2815","contributorId":14006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atwater","given":"B.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024969,"text":"70024969 - 2003 - Deformation and the timing of gas generation and migration in the eastern Brooks Range foothills, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-25T15:22:49.377632","indexId":"70024969","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deformation and the timing of gas generation and migration in the eastern Brooks Range foothills, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska","docAbstract":"Along the southeast border of the 1002 Assessment Area in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, an explicit link between gas generation and deformation in the Brooks Range fold and thrust belt is provided through petrographic, fluid inclusion, and stable isotope analyses of fracture cements integrated with zircon fission-track data. Predominantly quartz-cemented fractures, collected from thrusted Triassic and Jurassic rocks, contain crack-seal textures, healed microcracks, and curved crystals and fluid inclusion populations, which suggest that cement growth occurred before, during, and after deformation. Fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures (175–250![\"deg\"](\"https://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/2003/11nov/1823/IMAGES/DEG.JPG\")
C) and temperature trends in fracture samples suggest that cements grew at 7–10 km depth during the transition from burial to uplift and during early uplift. CH4-rich (dry gas) inclusions in the Shublik Formation and Kingak Shale are consistent with inclusion entrapment at high thermal maturity for these source rocks. Pressure modeling of these CH4-rich inclusions suggests that pore fluids were overpressured during fracture cementation.
Zircon fission-track data in the area record postdeposition denudation associated with early Brooks Range deformation at 64 ![\"plusmn\"](\"https://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/2003/11nov/1823/IMAGES/PLUSMN.JPG\")
3 Ma. With a closure temperature of 225–240C, the zircon fission-track data overlap homogenization temperatures of coeval aqueous inclusions and inclusions containing dry gas in Kingak and Shublik fracture cements. This critical time-temperature relationship suggests that fracture cementation occurred during early Brooks Range deformation. Dry gas inclusions suggest that Shublik and Kingak source rocks had exceeded peak oil and gas generation temperatures at the time structural traps formed during early Brooks Range deformation. The timing of hydrocarbon generation with respect to deformation therefore represents an important exploration risk for gas exploration in this part of the Brooks Range fold and thrust belt. The persistence of gas high at thermal maturity levels suggests, however, that significant volumes of gas may have been generated.
An essential component to models of fire-caused tree mortality is an assessment of cambial damage. Cambial heat resistance has been traditionally measured in large overstory trees with thick bark, although small trees have thinner bark and thus are more sensitive to fire. We undertook this study to determine if current models of bark heat transfer are applicable to small trees (<20 cm diameter at breast height (dbh)). We performed this work in situ on four common species in the mixed conifer forests of the Sierra Nevada, California.
The allometric relationship between bole diameter and bark thickness for each species was linear, even for very small trees (5 cm dbh). Heating experiments demonstrated that bark thickness was the primary determinant of cambial heat resistance. We found only slight, but statistically significant, among species differences in bark thermal properties. Our most significant finding was that small trees were more resistant to heating than expected from commonly used models of bark heat transfer. Our results may differ from those of existing models because we found smaller trees to have a greater proportion of inner bark, which appears to have superior insulating properties compared to outer bark. From a management perspective, growth projections suggest that a 50-year fire-free interval may allow some fire intolerant species to achieve at least some degree of cambial heat resistance in the Sierra Nevada.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00554-6","usgsCitation":"van Mantgem, P.J., and Schwartz, M., 2003, Bark heat resistance of small trees in Californian mixed conifer forests: Testing some model assumptions: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 178, no. 3, p. 341-352, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00554-6.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"341","endPage":"352","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132099,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"178","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64950d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"van Mantgem, Phillip J. 0000-0002-3068-9422 pvanmantgem@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3068-9422","contributorId":2838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Mantgem","given":"Phillip","email":"pvanmantgem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwartz, Mark","contributorId":106789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025154,"text":"70025154 - 2003 - Estimation of Flattened Musk Turtle (Sternotherus depressus) survival, recapture, and recovery rate during and after a disease outbreak","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-16T10:13:39","indexId":"70025154","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2334,"text":"Journal of Herpetology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of Flattened Musk Turtle (Sternotherus depressus) survival, recapture, and recovery rate during and after a disease outbreak","docAbstract":"We estimated survivorship, recapture probabilities and recovery rates in a threatened population of Flattened Musk Turtles (Sternotherus depressus) through a disease outbreak in Alabama in 1985. We evaluated a set of models for the demographic effects of disease by analyzing recaptures and recoveries simultaneously. Multiple-model inference suggested survival was temporally dynamic, whereas recapture probability was sex- and age-specifc. Biweekly survivorship declined from 98-99% before to 82-88% during the outbreak. Live recapture was twice as likely for male turtles relative to juveniles or females, whereas dead recoveries varied only slightly by sex and age. Our results suggest modest reduction in survival over a relatively short time period may severely affect population status.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles","issn":"00221511","usgsCitation":"Fonnesbeck, C., and Dodd, C., 2003, Estimation of Flattened Musk Turtle (Sternotherus depressus) survival, recapture, and recovery rate during and after a disease outbreak: Journal of Herpetology, v. 37, no. 3, p. 602-607.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"602","endPage":"607","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235725,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":312352,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1566072"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b75e4b0c8380cd52722","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fonnesbeck, C.J.","contributorId":41381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fonnesbeck","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dodd, C.K. Jr.","contributorId":86286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodd","given":"C.K.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1001750,"text":"1001750 - 2003 - Life history, diversity and distribution: A study of Japanese pteridophytes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-19T12:05:19.666761","indexId":"1001750","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1445,"text":"Ecography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Life history, diversity and distribution: A study of Japanese pteridophytes","docAbstract":"Many studies address the relationships between diversity or distribution and attributes of the physical environment. However, how these relationships are connected to variation in life history is poorly understood. This is particularly true in the case of pteridophytes. Japanese ferns and their allies comprise one of the best-known pteridophyte floras in the world. We analyzed ca 600 species of Japanese pteridophytes for which there is detailed information on distribution, reproduction, and chromosome number. Species richness was greatest in groups with a single reproductive mode (sexual, followed by apogamous), but distribution was greatest in species groups with multiple reproductive modes: sexual plus either sterile (irregular in meiosis) or apogamous. Geographical ranges varied greatly among species with small chromosome numbers but were uniformly small among species having high chromosome numbers. Seasonally green (mostly summer green) species had significantly larger distribution ranges than evergreen species. Endemic species had higher proportions of apogamy and sterility than non-endemic species. Seasonally green species had significantly larger distributional ranges, and a smaller proportion of species with apogamous reproduction, than evergreen species. There was no clear relationship between distribution and spore size, either among endemic species, non-endemic species, or all species combined. There was no relationship between spore size and chromosome number when all species were combined. However, positive relationships were detected within three of the nine largest genera, suggesting potential phylogenetic effects. We concluded that habitat availability, rather than dispersability, may be the limiting factor for the distribution of pteridophytes in Japan.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1034/j.1600-0587.2003.03379.x","usgsCitation":"Guo, Q., Kato, M., and Ricklefs, R., 2003, Life history, diversity and distribution: A study of Japanese pteridophytes: Ecography, v. 26, no. 2, p. 129-138, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0587.2003.03379.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"138","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478390,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.415.6622","text":"External Repository"},{"id":130453,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[134.63843,34.14923],[134.76638,33.80633],[134.20342,33.20118],[133.79295,33.52199],[133.28027,33.28957],[133.01486,32.70457],[132.36311,32.98938],[132.37118,33.46364],[132.92437,34.0603],[133.49297,33.94462],[133.90411,34.36493],[134.63843,34.14923]]],[[[140.97639,37.14207],[140.59977,36.34398],[140.77407,35.84288],[140.25328,35.13811],[138.97553,34.6676],[137.2176,34.60629],[135.79298,33.46481],[135.12098,33.84907],[135.07943,34.59654],[133.34032,34.37594],[132.15677,33.90493],[130.98614,33.88576],[132.00004,33.14999],[131.33279,31.45035],[130.68632,31.02958],[130.20242,31.41824],[130.44768,32.31947],[129.81469,32.61031],[129.40846,33.29606],[130.35394,33.60415],[130.87845,34.23274],[131.88423,34.74971],[132.61767,35.43339],[134.6083,35.73162],[135.67754,35.52713],[136.72383,37.30498],[137.39061,36.82739],[138.8576,37.82748],[139.4264,38.21596],[140.05479,39.43881],[139.88338,40.56331],[140.30578,41.19501],[141.36897,41.37856],[141.91426,39.99162],[141.8846,39.18086],[140.95949,38.174],[140.97639,37.14207]]],[[[143.91016,44.1741],[144.61343,43.96088],[145.32083,44.38473],[145.54314,43.26209],[144.05966,42.98836],[143.18385,41.99521],[141.61149,42.67879],[141.06729,41.58459],[139.95511,41.56956],[139.81754,42.56376],[140.31209,43.33327],[141.38055,43.38882],[141.67195,44.77213],[141.96764,45.55148],[143.14287,44.51036],[143.91016,44.1741]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Japan\"}}]}","volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-04-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a53d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guo, Q.","contributorId":67039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guo","given":"Q.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kato, Masako","contributorId":25105,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kato","given":"Masako","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ricklefs, R. E.","contributorId":13924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ricklefs","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025151,"text":"70025151 - 2003 - Comparison of heat and bromide as ground-water tracers near streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-16T10:37:37","indexId":"70025151","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of heat and bromide as ground-water tracers near streams","docAbstract":"Heat and bromide were compared as tracers for examining stream/ground water exchanges along the middle reaches of the Santa Clara River, California, during a 10-hour surface water sodium bromide injection test. Three cross sections that comprise six shallow (<1 m) piezometers were installed at the upper, middle, and lower sections of a 17 km long study reach, to monitor temperatures and bromide concentrations in the shallow ground water beneath the stream. A heat and ground water transport simulation model and a closely related solute and ground water transport simulation model were matched up for comparison of simulated and observed temperatures and bromide concentrations in the streambed. Vertical, one-dimensional simulations of sediment temperature were fitted to observed temperature results, to yield apparent streambed hydraulic conductivities in each cross section. The temperature-based hydraulic conductivities were assigned to a solute and ground water transport model to predict sediment bromide concentrations, during the sodium bromide injection test. Vertical, one-dimensional simulations of bromide concentrations in the sediments yielded a good match to the observed bromide concentrations, without adjustment of any model parameters except solute dispersivities. This indicates that, for the spatial and temporal scales examined on the Santa Clara River, the use of heat and bromide as tracers provide comparable information with respect to apparent hydraulic conductivities and fluxes for sediments near streams. In other settings, caution should be used due to differences in the nature of conservative (bromide) versus nonconservative (heat) tracers, particularly when preferential flowpaths are present.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02403.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Constantz, J., Cox, M., and Su, G., 2003, Comparison of heat and bromide as ground-water tracers near streams: Ground Water, v. 41, no. 5, p. 647-656, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02403.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"647","endPage":"656","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209354,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02403.x"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Santa Clara River","volume":"41","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f842e4b0c8380cd4cf9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Constantz, J.","contributorId":29953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constantz","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cox, M.H.","contributorId":34306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Su, G.W.","contributorId":23314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Su","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025493,"text":"70025493 - 2003 - Characterization of the time-dependent strain field at seismogenic depths using first-motion focal mechanisms: Observations of large-scale decadal variations in stress along the San Andrea fault system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:30","indexId":"70025493","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of the time-dependent strain field at seismogenic depths using first-motion focal mechanisms: Observations of large-scale decadal variations in stress along the San Andrea fault system","docAbstract":"We present a method for summing moment tensors derived from first-motion focal mechanisms to study temporal dependence in features of the subsurface regional strain field. Time-dependent processes are inferred by comparing mechanisms summed over differing time periods. We apply this methodology to seismogenic zones in central and southern California using focal mechanisms produced by the Northern and Southern California Seismograph Networks for events during 1980-1999. We find a consistent pattern in both the style of deformation (strike-slip versus compressional) and seismicity rate across the entire region. If these temporal variations are causally related, it suggests a temporal change in the regional-scale stress field. One change consistent with the observations is a rotation in the regional maximum horizontal compressive stress direction, followed by a reversal to the original direction. Depending upon the dominant style of deformation locally, this change in orientation of the regional stress will tend to either enhance or hinder deformation. The mode of enhanced deformation can range from increased microseismicity and creep to major earthquakes. We hypothesize that these temporal changes in the regional stress field are the result of subtle changes in apparent relative plate motion between the Pacific and North American plates, perhaps due to long-range postseismic stress diffusion. Others have hypothesized that small changes in plate motion over thousands of years, and/or over decades, are responsible for changes in the style of deformation in southern California. We propose that such changes, over the course of just a few years, also affect the style of deformation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Sipkin, S., and Silver, P., 2003, Characterization of the time-dependent strain field at seismogenic depths using first-motion focal mechanisms: Observations of large-scale decadal variations in stress along the San Andrea fault system: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 108, no. 7.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4e7e4b0c8380cd4bfc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sipkin, S.A.","contributorId":9399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sipkin","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Silver, P.G.","contributorId":31642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silver","given":"P.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1001784,"text":"1001784 - 2003 - Temporal species richness-biomass relationships along successional gradients","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-16T09:47:53","indexId":"1001784","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2490,"text":"Journal of Vegetation Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal species richness-biomass relationships along successional gradients","docAbstract":"Diversity-biomass relationships are frequently reported to be hump-shaped over space at a given time. However, it is not yet clear how diversity and biomass change simultaneously and how they are related to each other over time (e.g. in succession) at one locality. This study develops a temporal model based on the projected changes of various community variables in a generalized terrestrial environment after fire and uses post-fire succession data on Santa Monica Mountains of southern California and other published succession data to examine the temporal diversity-biomass relationships. The results indicate that in the early stages of succession, both diversity and biomass increase and a positive relationship appears, while in the late stages of succession, biomass continued to increase but diversity usually declines; thus a negative relationship may be observed. When the scales of measurement become sufficiently large so that the measured diversity and biomass cross various stages of succession, a 'hump-shaped' relationship can emerge. The diversity-biomass relationship appears to be concordant in space and time when appropriate scales are used. Formerly proposed explanations for spatial patterns may well apply to the temporal patterns (particularly colonization, facilitation and competitive exclusion).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Vegetation Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Guo, Q., 2003, Temporal species richness-biomass relationships along successional gradients: Journal of Vegetation Science, v. 14, p. 121-128.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"128","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129083,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db68554b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guo, Q.","contributorId":67039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guo","given":"Q.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1001825,"text":"1001825 - 2003 - Modeling species-abundance relationships in multi-species collections","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T12:59:38","indexId":"1001825","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":630,"text":"Acta Ecologica Sinica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling species-abundance relationships in multi-species collections","docAbstract":"Species-abundance relationship is one of the most fundamental aspects of community ecology. Since Motomura first developed the geometric series model to describe the feature of community structure, ecologists have developed many other models to fit the species-abundance data in communities. These models can be classified into empirical and theoretical ones, including (1) statistical models, i.e., negative binomial distribution (and its extension), log-series distribution (and its extension), geometric distribution, lognormal distribution, Poisson-lognormal distribution, (2) niche models, i.e., geometric series, broken stick, overlapping niche, particulate niche, random assortment, dominance pre-emption, dominance decay, random fraction, weighted random fraction, composite niche, Zipf or Zipf-Mandelbrot model, and (3) dynamic models describing community dynamics and restrictive function of environment on community. These models have different characteristics and fit species-abundance data in various communities or collections. Among them, log-series distribution, lognormal distribution, geometric series, and broken stick model have been most widely used.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Acta Ecologica Sinica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Peng, S., Yin, Z., Ren, H., and Guo, Q., 2003, Modeling species-abundance relationships in multi-species collections: Acta Ecologica Sinica, v. 23, p. 1590-1605.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1590","endPage":"1605","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133924,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6997f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peng, S.","contributorId":68688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peng","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yin, Z.","contributorId":108077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yin","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ren, H.","contributorId":45273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ren","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Guo, Q.","contributorId":67039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guo","given":"Q.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":79296,"text":"fs20053076 - 2003 - Helping to combat chronic wasting disease","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-26T15:04:00","indexId":"fs20053076","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-3076","title":"Helping to combat chronic wasting disease","docAbstract":"Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a disease of the nervous system that results in distinctive brain lesions. CWD affects elk, white-tailed deer, and mule deer, but has not been documented in livestock or humans. The origins of the disease, as well as the modes of transmission, remain unknown. Infected deer and elk appear robust and healthy in the early stages of CWD; clinical signs might not show for years. Mortality typically occurs within months after the appearance of clinical signs. The route of transmission is unknown; likely routes include direct transmission between infected and noninfected animals and infected animals contaminating local environments.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20053076","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2003, Helping to combat chronic wasting disease: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2005-3076, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20053076.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121054,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3076/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":8791,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3076/fs20053076.pdf","text":"Report","size":"271 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2005-3076"}],"contact":"Director, National Wildlife Health Center
U.S. Geological Survey
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Madison, WI 53711