Knowledge of the distribution of vegetation on the landscape can be used to investigate ecosystem functioning. The sizes and movements of animal populations can be linked to resources provided by different plant species. This paper demonstrates the application of imaging spectroscopy to the study of vegetation in Yellowstone National Park (Yellowstone) using spectral feature analysis of data from the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). AVIRIS data, acquired on August 7, 1996, were calibrated to surface reflectance using a radiative transfer model and field reflectance measurements of a ground calibration site. A spectral library of canopy reflectance signatures was created by averaging pixels of the calibrated AVIRIS data over areas of known forest and nonforest vegetation cover types in Yellowstone. Using continuum removal and least squares fitting algorithms in the US Geological Survey's Tetracorder expert system, the distributions of these vegetation types were determined by comparing the absorption features of vegetation in the spectral library with the spectra from the AVIRIS data. The 0.68 μm chlorophyll absorption feature and leaf water absorption features, centered near 0.98 and 1.20 μm, were analyzed. Nonforest cover types of sagebrush, grasslands, willows, sedges, and other wetland vegetation were mapped in the Lamar Valley of Yellowstone. Conifer cover types of lodgepole pine, whitebark pine, Douglas fir, and mixed Engelmann spruce/subalpine fir forests were spectrally discriminated and their distributions mapped in the AVIRIS images. In the Mount Washburn area of Yellowstone, a comparison of the AVIRIS map of forest cover types to a map derived from air photos resulted in an overall agreement of 74.1% (kappa statistic=0.62).
The volcanological significance of seismicity within Katmai National Park has been debated since the first seismograph was installed in 1963, in part because Katmai seismicity consists almost entirely of high-frequency earthquakes that can be caused by a wide range of processes. I investigate this issue by determining 140 well-constrained first-motion fault-plane solutions for shallow (depth < 9 km) earthquakes occurring between 1995 and 2001 and inverting these solutions for the stress tensor in different regions within the park. Earthquakes removed by several kilometers from the volcanic axis occur in a stress field characterized by horizontally oriented σ1 and σ3 axes, with σ1 rotated slightly (12°) relative to the NUVEL1A subduction vector, indicating that these earthquakes are occurring in response to regional tectonic forces. On the other hand, stress tensors for earthquake clusters beneath several Katmai cluster volcanoes have vertically oriented σ1 axes, indicating that these events are occurring in response to local, not regional, processes. At Martin-Mageik, vertically oriented σ1 is most consistent with failure under edifice loading conditions in conjunction with localized pore pressure increases associated with hydrothermal circulation cells. At Trident-Novarupta, it is consistent with a number of possible models, including occurrence along fractures formed during the 1912 eruption that now serve as horizontal conduits for migrating fluids and/or volatiles from nearby degassing and cooling magma bodies. At Mount Katmai, it is most consistent with continued seismicity along ring-fracture systems created in the 1912 eruption, perhaps enhanced by circulating hydrothermal fluids and/or seepage from the caldera-filling lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/0120020113","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Moran, S.C., 2003, Multiple seismogenic processes for high-frequency earthquakes at Katmai National Park, Alaska: Evidence from stress tensor inversions of fault-plane solutions: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 93, no. 1, p. 94-108, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020113.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"94","endPage":"108","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234649,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":364317,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/bssa/issue/93/1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Katmai National Park","volume":"93","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6079e4b0c8380cd714a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moran, Seth C. 0000-0001-7308-9649 smoran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7308-9649","contributorId":548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"Seth","email":"smoran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":763671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70025926,"text":"70025926 - 2003 - An empirical model for earthquake probabilities in the San Francisco Bay region, California, 2002-2031","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-17T00:58:00.370015","indexId":"70025926","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An empirical model for earthquake probabilities in the San Francisco Bay region, California, 2002-2031","docAbstract":"The moment magnitude M 7.8 earthquake in 1906 profoundly changed the rate of seismic activity over much of northern California. The low rate of seismic activity in the San Francisco Bay region (SFBR) since 1906, relative to that of the preceding 55 yr, is often explained as a stress-shadow effect of the 1906 earthquake. However, existing elastic and visco-elastic models of stress change fail to fully account for the duration of the lowered rate of earthquake activity. We use variations in the rate of earthquakes as a basis for a simple empirical model for estimating the probability of M ≥6.7 earthquakes in the SFBR. The model preserves the relative magnitude distribution of sources predicted by the Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities' (WGCEP, 1999; WGCEP, 2002) model of characterized ruptures on SFBR faults and is consistent with the occurrence of the four M ≥6.7 earthquakes in the region since 1838. When the empirical model is extrapolated 30 yr forward from 2002, it gives a probability of 0.42 for one or more M ≥6.7 in the SFBR. This result is lower than the probability of 0.5 estimated by WGCEP (1988), lower than the 30-yr Poisson probability of 0.60 obtained by WGCEP (1999) and WGCEP (2002), and lower than the 30-yr time-dependent probabilities of 0.67, 0.70, and 0.63 obtained by WGCEP (1990), WGCEP (1999), and WGCEP (2002), respectively, for the occurrence of one or more large earthquakes. This lower probability is consistent with the lack of adequate accounting for the 1906 stress-shadow in these earlier reports. The empirical model represents one possible approach toward accounting for the stress-shadow effect of the 1906 earthquake. However, the discrepancy between our result and those obtained with other modeling methods underscores the fact that the physics controlling the timing of earthquakes is not well understood. Hence, we advise against using the empirical model alone (or any other single probability model) for estimating the earthquake hazard and endorse the use of all credible earthquake probability models for the region, including the empirical model, with appropriate weighting, as was done in WGCEP (2002).
Mixing models provide a useful null hypothesis against which to evaluate processes controlling stream water chemical data. Because conservative mixing of end‐members with constant concentration is a linear process, a number of simple mathematical and multivariate statistical methods can be applied to this problem. Although mixing models have been most typically used in the context of mixing soil and groundwater end‐members, an extension of the mathematics of mixing models is presented that assesses the “fit” of a multivariate data set to a lower dimensional mixing subspace without the need for explicitly identified end‐members. Diagnostic tools are developed to determine the approximate rank of the data set and to assess lack of fit of the data. This permits identification of processes that violate the assumptions of the mixing model and can suggest the dominant processes controlling stream water chemical variation. These same diagnostic tools can be used to assess the fit of the chemistry of one site into the mixing subspace of a different site, thereby permitting an assessment of the consistency of controlling end‐members across sites. This technique is applied to a number of sites at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed located near Atlanta, Georgia.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2002WR001528","usgsCitation":"Hooper, R.P., 2003, Diagnostic tools for mixing models of stream water chemistry: Water Resources Research, v. 39, no. 3, p. 2-1-2-13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002WR001528.","productDescription":"Article 1055; 13 p.","startPage":"2-1","endPage":"2-13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235052,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-03-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00a3e4b0c8380cd4f82a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hooper, Richard P.","contributorId":19144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70025916,"text":"70025916 - 2003 - Estimation of ground motion for Bhuj (26 January 2001; Mw 7.6) and for future earthquakes in India","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-17T01:06:43.659731","indexId":"70025916","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of ground motion for Bhuj (26 January 2001; Mw 7.6) and for future earthquakes in India","docAbstract":"Only five moderate and large earthquakes (Mw ≥5.7) in India—three in the Indian shield region and two in the Himalayan arc region—have given rise to multiple strong ground-motion recordings. Near-source data are available for only two of these events. The Bhuj earthquake (Mw 7.6), which occurred in the shield region, gave rise to useful recordings at distances exceeding 550 km. Because of the scarcity of the data, we use the stochastic method to estimate ground motions. We assume that (1) S waves dominate at R < 100 km and Lg waves at R ≥ 100 km, (2) Q = 508f0.48 is valid for the Indian shield as well as the Himalayan arc region, (3) the effective duration is given by fc-1 + 0.05R, where fc is the corner frequency, and R is the hypocentral distance in kilometer, and (4) the acceleration spectra are sharply cut off beyond 35 Hz. We use two finite-source stochastic models. One is an approximate model that reduces to the ω2-source model at distances greater that about twice the source dimension. This model has the advantage that the ground motion is controlled by the familiar stress parameter, Δσ. In the other finite-source model, which is more reliable for near-source ground-motion estimation, the high-frequency radiation is controlled by the strength factor, sfact, a quantity that is physically related to the maximum slip rate on the fault. We estimate Δσ needed to fit the observed Amax and Vmax data of each earthquake (which are mostly in the far field). The corresponding sfact is obtained by requiring that the predicted curves from the two models match each other in the far field up to a distance of about 500 km. The results show: (1) The Δσ that explains Amax data for shield events may be a function of depth, increasing from ∼50 bars at 10 km to ∼400 bars at 36 km. The corresponding sfact values range from 1.0-2.0. The Δσ values for the two Himalayan arc events are 75 and 150 bars (sfact = 1.0 and 1.4). (2) The Δσ required to explain Vmax data is, roughly, half the corresponding value for Amax, while the same sfact explains both sets of data. (3) The available far-field Amax and Vmax data for the Bhuj mainshock are well explained by Δσ = 200 and 100 bars, respectively, or, equivalently, by sfact = 1.4. The predicted Amax and Vmax in the epicentral region of this earthquake are 0.80 to 0.95 g and 40 to 55 cm/sec, respectively.
The glaciers in the Blackfoot–Jackson Glacier Basin of Glacier National Park, Montana, decreased in area from 21.6 square kilometers (km2) in 1850 to 7.4 km2 in 1979. Over this same period global temperatures increased by 0.45°C (± 0.15°C). We analyzed the climatic causes and ecological consequences of glacier retreat by creating spatially explicit models of the creation and ablation of glaciers and of the response of vegetation to climate change. We determined the melt rate and spatial distribution of glaciers under two possible future climate scenarios, one based on carbon dioxide–induced global warming and the other on a linear temperature extrapolation. Under the former scenario, all glaciers in the basin will disappear by the year 2030, despite predicted increases in precipitation; under the latter, melting is slower. Using a second model, we analyzed vegetation responses to variations in soil moisture and increasing temperature in a complex alpine landscape and predicted where plant communities are likely to be located as conditions change.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0131:MCIGCI]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00063568","usgsCitation":"Hall, M., and Fagre, D., 2003, Modeled climate-induced glacier change in Glacier National Park, 1850-2100: BioScience, v. 53, no. 2, p. 131-140, https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0131:MCIGCI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"140","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478531,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0131:mcigci]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234832,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Glacier National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.01586914062499,\n 48.30877444352327\n ],\n [\n -112.9119873046875,\n 48.30877444352327\n ],\n [\n -112.9119873046875,\n 49.005447494058096\n ],\n [\n -115.01586914062499,\n 49.005447494058096\n ],\n [\n -115.01586914062499,\n 48.30877444352327\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"53","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5bbce4b0c8380cd6f782","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, M.H.P.","contributorId":41631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"M.H.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fagre, D.B.","contributorId":52135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fagre","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025898,"text":"70025898 - 2003 - Role of arachidonic acid and protein kinase C during maturation-inducing hormone-dependent meiotic resumption and ovulation in ovarian follicles of Atlantic croaker","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:24","indexId":"70025898","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1033,"text":"Biology of Reproduction","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Role of arachidonic acid and protein kinase C during maturation-inducing hormone-dependent meiotic resumption and ovulation in ovarian follicles of Atlantic croaker","docAbstract":"The roles of arachidonic acid (AA) and protein kinase C (PKC) during in vitro maturation-inducing hormone (MIH)-dependent meiotic resumption (maturation) and ovulation were studied in ovarian follicles of Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus). The requirement for cyclooxygenase (COX) metabolites of AA was examined using a nonspecific COX inhibitor, indomethacin (IM), as well as two COX products, prostaglandin (PG) F2?? and PGE2, whereas the role of lipoxygenase (LOX) was investigated using a specific LOX inhibitor, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA). The involvement of PKC was examined using phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a PKC activator, as well as GF109203X (GF), a specific inhibitor of PKC and 1-(5-isoquin- olinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H7), nonspecific inhibitor of protein kinases. Genomic mechanisms were examined with the transcription-inhibitor actinomycin D (ActD) and the functionality of heterologous (oocyte-granulosa) gap junctions (GJ) with a dye transfer assay. The AA (100 ??M) and PGF2?? (5 ??M) did not induce maturation, and NDGA (10 ??M) did not affect MIH-dependent maturation. However, IM (100 ??M) partially inhibited MIH-dependent maturation. Conversely, AA and both PGs induced, and IM and NDGA inhibited, MIH-dependent ovulation in matured follicles. The PMA (1 ??g/ml) did not induce maturation but caused ovulation in matured follicles, whereas PKC inhibitors (GF, 5 ??M; H7, 50??M) did not affect MIH-dependent maturation but inhibited MIH- and PMA-dependent ovulation. The PMA-dependent ovulation was inhibited by IM but not by NDGA. In addition, ActD (5 ??M) blocked MIH-dependent, but not PMA-dependent, ovulation, and PGF2?? restored MIH-dependent ovulation in ActD-blocked follicles. The AA and PGs did not induce, and GF did not inhibit, MIH-dependent heterologous GJ uncoupling. In conclusion, AA and PKC mediate MIH-dependent ovulation but not meiotic resumption or heterologous GJ uncoupling in croaker follicles, but a permissive role of COX products of AA during maturation is possible. A novel model of MIH-dependent ovulation is proposed in which 1) LOX and COX metabolites of AA are both required for ovulation, but at upstream and downstream sites of the pathway, respectively, relative to PKC, and 2) PKC is downstream of genomic activation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biology of Reproduction","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1095/biolreprod.102.009662","issn":"00063363","usgsCitation":"Patino, R., Yoshizaki, G., Bolamba, D., and Thomas, P., 2003, Role of arachidonic acid and protein kinase C during maturation-inducing hormone-dependent meiotic resumption and ovulation in ovarian follicles of Atlantic croaker: Biology of Reproduction, v. 68, no. 2, p. 516-523, https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.102.009662.","startPage":"516","endPage":"523","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208750,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.102.009662"},{"id":234718,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aae40e4b0c8380cd8705e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patino, R.","contributorId":39915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patino","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yoshizaki, G.","contributorId":74488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yoshizaki","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bolamba, D.","contributorId":104670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bolamba","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thomas, P.","contributorId":59185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024939,"text":"70024939 - 2003 - Catchability of Walleyes to Fyke Netting and Electrofishing in Northern Wisconsin Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:08","indexId":"70024939","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Catchability of Walleyes to Fyke Netting and Electrofishing in Northern Wisconsin Lakes","docAbstract":"We quantified relationships between both fyke-net catch rates (catch/net-night) and electrofishing catch rates (catch/mi) and population densities (number/acre) of walleye Sander vitreus (formerly Stizostedion vitreum) for adult population estimates and total population estimates to determine whether catchability was density dependent. Fyke-net catch rates were modeled as a nonlinear function of adult walleye density and of four size-classes of the adult population, and electrofishing catch rates were modeled as a nonlinear function of adult and total walleye density and four size-classes of the adult and total populations. The results showed nonlinear relationships between catch rate and density for the adult and total populations. We accounted for measurement errors in catch rates and densities by estimating bias-corrected slopes by means of Monte Carlo simulations and estimated measurement-error ratios by means of an errors-in-variables model. We found that the bias-corrected slopes were higher than ordinary-least-squares regression estimates and that measurement errors were greater in catch rates than in density estimates. Lastly, we sought to explain the residual variability in the relationships between (1) fyke-net catch rates and adult walleye densities and (2) electrofishing catch rates and adult and total walleye densities. We found that the fyke-net catch rate was positively related to adult walleye density and percent littoral zone (percentage of lake surface area ???20 ft deep) and negatively related to conductivity. We found that the electrofishing catch rate of adult walleyes was positively related to adult walleye density and conductivity and that the electrofishing catch rate of the total walleye population was positively related to total walleye density. We concluded that the nonlinear relationship between catch rates and walleye abundance limits the use of catch rates to index walleye abundance in northern Wisconsin lakes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/M02-121","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Rogers, M., Hansen, M., and Beard, T., 2003, Catchability of Walleyes to Fyke Netting and Electrofishing in Northern Wisconsin Lakes: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 23, no. 4, p. 1193-1206, https://doi.org/10.1577/M02-121.","startPage":"1193","endPage":"1206","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207940,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M02-121"},{"id":233255,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f3cce4b0c8380cd4b97f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rogers, M.W.","contributorId":68929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hansen, M.J.","contributorId":39166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beard, T.D. Jr.","contributorId":100160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beard","given":"T.D.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025616,"text":"70025616 - 2003 - Three-dimensional imaging of buried objects in very lossy earth by inversion of VETEM data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70025616","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Three-dimensional imaging of buried objects in very lossy earth by inversion of VETEM data","docAbstract":"The very early time electromagnetic system (VETEM) is an efficient tool for the detection of buried objects in very lossy earth, which allows a deeper penetration depth compared to the ground-penetrating radar. In this paper, the inversion of VETEM data is investigated using three-dimensional (3-D) inverse scattering techniques, where multiple frequencies are applied in the frequency range from 0-5 MHz. For small and moderately sized problems, the Born approximation and/or the Born iterative method have been used with the aid of the singular value decomposition and/or the conjugate gradient method in solving the linearized integral equations. For large-scale problems, a localized 3-D inversion method based on the Born approximation has been proposed for the inversion of VETEM data over a large measurement domain. Ways to process and to calibrate the experimental VETEM data are discussed to capture the real physics of buried objects. Reconstruction examples using synthesized VETEM data and real-world VETEM data are given to test the validity and efficiency of the proposed approach.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.2003.815974","issn":"01962892","usgsCitation":"Cui, T., Aydiner, A., Chew, W., Wright, D., and Smith, D., 2003, Three-dimensional imaging of buried objects in very lossy earth by inversion of VETEM data: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 41, no. 10 PART I, p. 2197-2210, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2003.815974.","startPage":"2197","endPage":"2210","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209529,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2003.815974"},{"id":236090,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"10 PART I","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb32ee4b08c986b325c29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cui, T.J.","contributorId":72552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cui","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aydiner, A.A.","contributorId":76088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aydiner","given":"A.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chew, W.C.","contributorId":19730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chew","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wright, D.L.","contributorId":88758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, D.V.","contributorId":31143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025822,"text":"70025822 - 2003 - Difficulties in relating Cd concentrations in the predatory insect Chaoborus to those of its prey in nature","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:23","indexId":"70025822","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Difficulties in relating Cd concentrations in the predatory insect Chaoborus to those of its prey in nature","docAbstract":"Because Chaoborus larvae take up most of their cadmium (Cd) from food, we tested the hypothesis that Cd concentrations in this insect are directly related to those in their planktonic prey. We measured Cd in Chaoborus and in Zooplankton collected from 24 eastern Canadian lakes varying widely in their Cd concentrations. Cd concentrations in the predator were not correlated with those in bulk zooplankton, whether separated into size fractions liable to be eaten by Chaoborus or not. In highly acidic lakes, Cd concentrations in Chaoborus did not respond to increases in zooplankton Cd because of either competition between H and Cd ions at Cd absorption sites in the predator's gut or differences in prey community composition between highly acidic and circumneutral lakes. Relationships between Cd in Chaoborus and in its potential prey were stronger when we used Cd concentrations for specific crustacean taxa in a mechanistic model. We conclude that predictive relationships between metal concentrations in predators and their prey are likely to be strongest if the subset of prey consumed by the predator has been characterized and if this information is used in a bioaccumulation model.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/f03-068","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Croteau, M., Hare, L., and Tessier, A., 2003, Difficulties in relating Cd concentrations in the predatory insect Chaoborus to those of its prey in nature: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 60, no. 7, p. 800-808, https://doi.org/10.1139/f03-068.","startPage":"800","endPage":"808","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208706,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f03-068"},{"id":234643,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a010ce4b0c8380cd4fa89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Croteau, M.-N.","contributorId":37511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Croteau","given":"M.-N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hare, L.","contributorId":30414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hare","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tessier, A.","contributorId":88920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tessier","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025820,"text":"70025820 - 2003 - Mercury effects on predator avoidance behavior of a forage fish, golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:23","indexId":"70025820","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury effects on predator avoidance behavior of a forage fish, golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas)","docAbstract":"Mercury contamination of fish is widespread in North America and has resulted in the establishment of fish consumption advisories to protect human health, However, the effects of mercury exposure to fish have seldom been investigated. We examined the effects of dietary mercury exposure at environmental levels in a common forage species, golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas). Fish were fed either an unaltered diet (12 ng/g wet wt methylmercury [MeHg] as Hg), a low-Hg diet (455 ng/g Hg), or a high-Hg diet (959 ng/g Hg). After 90 d mean fish whole-body total Hg concentrations were 41, 230, and 518 ng/g wet wt, respectively, which were within the range of concentrations found in this species in northern U.S. lakes. There were no mortalities or differences in growth rate among groups. Groups of fish from each treatment were exposed to a model avian predator and their behavioral response videotaped for analysis. Brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was determined in fish after behavioral testing. Fish fed the high-Hg diet had significantly greater shoal vertical dispersal following predator exposure, took longer to return to pre-exposure activity level, and had greater shoal area after return to pre-exposure activity than did the other treatments, all of which would increase vulnerability of the fish to predation. There were no differences in brain AChE among treatments. We conclude that mercury exposure at levels currently occurring in northern United States lakes alters fish predator-avoidance behavior in a manner that may increase vulnerability to predation. This finding has significant implications for food chain transfer of Hg and Hg exposure of fish predators.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1897/1551-5028(2003)22<1556:MEOPAB>2.0.CO;2","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Webber, H., and Haines, T., 2003, Mercury effects on predator avoidance behavior of a forage fish, golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas): Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 22, no. 7, p. 1556-1561, https://doi.org/10.1897/1551-5028(2003)22<1556:MEOPAB>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"1556","endPage":"1561","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208705,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1897/1551-5028(2003)22<1556:MEOPAB>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":234641,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5402e4b0c8380cd6ce60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Webber, H.M.","contributorId":49962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webber","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haines, T.A.","contributorId":83062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haines","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025816,"text":"70025816 - 2003 - Latitudinal comparisons of walleye growth in North America and factors influencing growth of walleyes in Kansas reservoirs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:24","indexId":"70025816","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Latitudinal comparisons of walleye growth in North America and factors influencing growth of walleyes in Kansas reservoirs","docAbstract":"We compared the growth of walleyes Stizostedion vitreum in Kansas to that of other populations throughout North America and determined the effects of the abundance of gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum and temperature on the growth of walleyes in Kansas reservoirs. Age was estimated from scales and otoliths collected from walleyes (N = 2,072) sampled with gill nets from eight Kansas reservoirs during fall in 1991-1999. Age-0 gizzard shad abundance was indexed based on summer seining information, and temperature data were obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Parameter estimates of von Bertalanffy growth models indicated that the growth of walleyes in Kansas was more similar to that of southern latitude populations (e.g., Mississippi and Texas) than to that of northern (e.g., Manitoba, Minnesota and South Dakota) or middle latitude (e.g., Colorado and Iowa) populations. Northern and middle latitude populations had lower mean back-calculated lengths at age 1, lower growth coefficients, and greater longevity than southern and Kansas populations. A relative growth index (RGI; [Lt/Ls ] ?? 100, where Lt is the observed length at age and Ls is the age-specific standard length derived from a pooled von Bertalanffy growth model) and standardized percentile values (percentile values of mean back-calculated lengths at age) indicated that the growth of walleyes in Kansas was above average compared with that of other populations in North America. The annual growth increments of Kansas walleyes were more variable among years than among reservoirs. The growth increments of age-0 and age-1 walleyes were positively related to the catch rates of gizzard shad smaller than 80 mm, whereas the growth of age-2 and age-3 walleyes was inversely related to mean summer air temperature. Our results provide a framework for comparing North American walleye populations, and our proposed RGI provides a simple, easily interpreted index of growth.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/M02-050","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Quist, M., Guy, C., Schultz, R., and Stephen, J., 2003, Latitudinal comparisons of walleye growth in North America and factors influencing growth of walleyes in Kansas reservoirs: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 23, no. 3, p. 677-692, https://doi.org/10.1577/M02-050.","startPage":"677","endPage":"692","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234572,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208672,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M02-050"}],"volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4582e4b0c8380cd6739c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quist, M.C. 0000-0001-8268-1839","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8268-1839","contributorId":62805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quist","given":"M.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guy, C.S.","contributorId":59160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guy","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schultz, R.D.","contributorId":66889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schultz","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stephen, J.L.","contributorId":84126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephen","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025814,"text":"70025814 - 2003 - Effects of disturbance on contribution of energy sources to growth of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in boreal streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-28T15:49:16","indexId":"70025814","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of disturbance on contribution of energy sources to growth of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in boreal streams","docAbstract":"We used stable isotopes of carbon in a growth-dependent tissue-turnover model to quantify the relative contribution of autochthonous and terrestrial energy sources to juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in five small boreal streams tributary to the upper Yukon River. We used a tissue-turnover model because fish did not grow enough to come into isotopic equilibrium with their diet. In two streams, autochthonous energy sources contributed 23 and 41% to the growth of juvenile salmon. In the other three, fish growth was largely due to terrestrial (i.e., allochthonous) energy sources. This low contribution of autochthonous energy appeared to be related to stream-specific disturbances: a recent forest fire impacted two of the streams and the third was affected by a large midsummer spate during the study. These disturbances reduced the relative abundance of herbivorous macroinvertebrates, the contribution of autochthonous material to other invertebrates, and ultimately, the energy flow between stream algae and fish. Our findings suggest that disturbances to streams can be an important mechanism affecting transfer of primary energy sources to higher trophic levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f03-035","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Perry, R., Bradford, M., and Grout, J., 2003, Effects of disturbance on contribution of energy sources to growth of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in boreal streams: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 60, no. 4, p. 390-400, https://doi.org/10.1139/f03-035.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"390","endPage":"400","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234538,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208653,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f03-035"}],"country":"Canada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -140.6634521484375,\n 64.69440978626835\n ],\n [\n -140.6304931640625,\n 63.12705521006729\n ],\n [\n -136.6754150390625,\n 63.17171454570863\n ],\n [\n -136.9500732421875,\n 64.67091929440798\n ],\n [\n -140.6634521484375,\n 64.69440978626835\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"60","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a06d4e4b0c8380cd51427","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perry, R.W.","contributorId":43947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradford, M.J.","contributorId":105495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradford","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grout, J.A.","contributorId":93674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grout","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025805,"text":"70025805 - 2003 - Modeling Np and Pu transport with a surface complexation model and spatially variant sorption capacities: Implications for reactive transport modeling and performance assessments of nuclear waste disposal sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T09:14:44","indexId":"70025805","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling Np and Pu transport with a surface complexation model and spatially variant sorption capacities: Implications for reactive transport modeling and performance assessments of nuclear waste disposal sites","docAbstract":"One-dimensional (1D) geochemical transport modeling is used to demonstrate the effects of speciation and sorption reactions on the ground-water transport of Np and Pu, two redox-sensitive elements. Earlier 1D simulations (Reardon, 1981) considered the kinetically limited dissolution of calcite and its effect on ion-exchange reactions (involving 90Sr, Ca, Na, Mg and K), and documented the spatial variation of a 90Sr partition coefficient under both transient and steady-state chemical conditions. In contrast, the simulations presented here assume local equilibrium for all reactions, and consider sorption on constant potential, rather than constant charge, surfaces. Reardon's (1981) seminal findings on the spatial and temporal variability of partitioning (of 90Sr) are reexamined and found partially caused by his assumption of a kinetically limited reaction.
In the present work, sorption is assumed the predominant retardation process controlling Pu and Np transport, and is simulated using a diffuse-double-layer-surface-complexation (DDLSC) model. Transport simulations consider the infiltration of Np- and Pu-contaminated waters into an initially uncontaminated environment, followed by the cleanup of the resultant contamination with uncontaminated water. Simulations are conducted using different spatial distributions of sorption capacities (with the same total potential sorption capacity, but with different variances and spatial correlation structures). Results obtained differ markedly from those that would be obtained in transport simulations using constant Kd, Langmuir or Freundlich sorption models. When possible, simulation results (breakthrough curves) are fitted to a constant Kdadvection–dispersion transport model and compared. Functional differences often are great enough that they prevent a meaningful fit of the simulation results with a constant Kd (or even a Langmuir or Freundlich) model, even in the case of Np, a weakly sorbed radionuclide under the simulation conditions. Functional behaviors that cannot be fit include concentration trend reversals and radionuclide desorption spikes. Other simulation results are fit successfully but the fitted parameters (Kd and dispersivity) vary significantly depending on simulation conditions (e.g. “infiltration” vs. “cleanup” conditions). Notably, an increase in the variance of the specified sorption capacities results in a marked increase in the dispersion of the radionuclides.
The results presented have implications for the simulation of radionuclide migration in performance assessments of nuclear waste-disposal sites, for the future monitoring of those sites, and more generally for modeling contaminant transport in ground-water environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0098-3004(03)00009-8","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Glynn, P.D., 2003, Modeling Np and Pu transport with a surface complexation model and spatially variant sorption capacities: Implications for reactive transport modeling and performance assessments of nuclear waste disposal sites: Computers & Geosciences, v. 29, no. 3, p. 331-349, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(03)00009-8.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"331","endPage":"349","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235008,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208915,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(03)00009-8"}],"volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5bcae4b0c8380cd6f7e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glynn, P. D.","contributorId":7008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glynn","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70025756,"text":"70025756 - 2003 - Development of small carbonate banks on the south Florida platform margin: Response to sea level and climate change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-30T12:57:37","indexId":"70025756","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of small carbonate banks on the south Florida platform margin: Response to sea level and climate change","docAbstract":"Geophysical and coring data from the Dry Tortugas, Tortugas Bank, and Riley’s Hump on the southwest Florida margin reveal the stratigraphic framework and growth history of these carbonate banks. The Holocene reefs of the Dry Tortugas and Tortugas Bank are approximately 14 and 10 m thick, respectively, and are situated upon Pleistocene reefal edifices. Tortugas Bank consists of the oldest Holocene corals in the Florida Keys with earliest coral recruitment occurring at ∼9.6 cal ka. Growth curves for the Tortugas Bank reveal slow growth (<1 mm/yr) until 6.2 cal ka, then a rapid increase to 3.4 mm/yr, until shallow reef demise at ∼4.2 cal ka. Coral reef development at the Dry Tortugas began at ∼6.4 cal ka. Aggradation at the Dry Tortugas was linear, and rapid (∼3.7 mm/yr) and kept pace with sea-level change. The increase in aggradation rate of Tortugas Bank at 6.2 cal ka is attributed to the growth of the Dry Tortugas reefs, which formed a barrier to inimical shelf water. Termination of shallow (<15 m below sea level) reef growth at Tortugas Bank at ∼4.2 cal ka is attributed to paleoclimate change in the North American interior that increased precipitation and fluvial discharge. Reef growth rates and characteristics are related to the rate of sea-level rise relative to the position of the reef on the shelf margin, and are additionally modified by hydrographic conditions related to climate change.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00141-5","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Mallinson, D., Hine, A.C., Hallock, P., Locker, S., Shinn, E., Naar, D., Donahue, B., and Weaver, D.C., 2003, Development of small carbonate banks on the south Florida platform margin: Response to sea level and climate change: Marine Geology, v. 199, no. 1-2, p. 45-63, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00141-5.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"63","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234821,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Dry Tortugas, Riley's Hump, Tortugas Bank","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.55950927734374,\n 24.67946552658519\n ],\n [\n -82.5238037109375,\n 24.627044746156027\n ],\n [\n -82.51281738281249,\n 24.587090339209634\n ],\n [\n -82.5897216796875,\n 24.587090339209634\n ],\n [\n -83.2159423828125,\n 24.57210414801684\n ],\n [\n -83.48785400390625,\n 24.58958786341259\n ],\n [\n -83.5015869140625,\n 24.6345347764961\n ],\n [\n -83.485107421875,\n 24.666986385216273\n ],\n [\n -82.66937255859375,\n 24.676969798202656\n ],\n [\n -82.55950927734374,\n 24.67946552658519\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"199","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0064e4b0c8380cd4f733","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mallinson, David J.","contributorId":74222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mallinson","given":"David J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hine, Albert C.","contributorId":87580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hine","given":"Albert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hallock, Pamela","contributorId":59536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hallock","given":"Pamela","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Locker, Stanley D. slocker@usgs.gov","contributorId":5906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locker","given":"Stanley D.","email":"slocker@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":406456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shinn, Eugene","contributorId":119336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shinn","given":"Eugene","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Naar, David","contributorId":97393,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Naar","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7149,"text":"College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":406460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Donahue, Brian","contributorId":22951,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Donahue","given":"Brian","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7149,"text":"College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":406453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Weaver, Douglas C.","contributorId":102135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":81488,"text":"81488 - 2003 - Grizzly bear","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-03T15:28:29","indexId":"81488","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Grizzly bear","docAbstract":"The grizzly bear inspires fear, awe, and respect in humans to a degree unmatched by any other North American wild mammal. Like other bear species, it can inflict serious injury and death on humans and sometimes does. Unlike the polar bear (Ursus maritimus) of the sparsely inhabited northern arctic, however, grizzly bears still live in areas visited by crowds of people, where presence of the grizzly remains physically real and emotionally dominant. A hike in the wilderness that includes grizzly bears is different from a stroll in a forest from which grizzly bears have been purged; nighttime conversations around the campfire and dreams in the tent reflect the presence of the great bear. Contributing to the aura of the grizzly bear is the mixture of myth and reality about its ferocity. unpredictable disposition, large size, strength, huge canines, long claws, keen senses, swiftness, and playfulness. They share characteristics with humans such as generalist life history strategies. extended periods of maternal care, and omnivorous diets. These factors capture the human imagination in ways distinct from other North American mammals. Precontact Native American legends reflected the same fascination with the grizzly bear as modern stories and legends (Rockwell 1991).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wild Mammals of North America.","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Johns Hopkins University Press","usgsCitation":"Schwartz, C., Miller, S., and Haroldson, M., 2003, Grizzly bear, chap. of Wild Mammals of North America., p. 556-586.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"556","endPage":"586","numberOfPages":"31","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127934,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Second edition","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab1e4b07f02db66de88","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Feldhamer, G.","contributorId":111744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feldhamer","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504181,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, B.","contributorId":13810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504180,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chapman, J.","contributorId":113391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504182,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Schwartz, C.C.","contributorId":33658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, S.D.","contributorId":30937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haroldson, M.A. 0000-0002-7457-7676","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7457-7676","contributorId":108047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haroldson","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024957,"text":"70024957 - 2003 - Surface water qualit: Revisiting nitrate concentrations in the Des Moines River: 1945 and 1976-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-16T22:33:30.519685","indexId":"70024957","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface water qualit: Revisiting nitrate concentrations in the Des Moines River: 1945 and 1976-2001","docAbstract":"Recent compilations of historical and contemporary riverine nitrate (NO3) concentrations indicate that concentrations in many rivers in the north-central USA increased during the second half of the 20th century. The Des Moines River near Des Moines, Iowa, however, was reported to have had similar NO3 concentrations in 1945 and the 1980s, in spite of substantially greater N input to the watershed during the latter period. The objective of this study was to reconsider the comparison of historical and contemporary NO3 concentrations in the Des Moines River near Des Moines in light of the following: (i) possible errors in the historical data used, (ii) variations in methods of sample collection, (iii) variations in location of sampling, and (iv) additional data collected since 1990. We discovered that an earlier study had compared the flow-weighted average concentration in 1945 to arithmetic annual average concentrations in the 1980s. The intertemporal comparison also appeared to be influenced by differences in sample collection methods and locations used at different times. Depending on the model used and the estimated effects of composite sample collection, the 1945 arithmetic average NO3 concentration was between 44 and 57% of the expected mean value at a similar water yield during 1976–2001. The flow-weighted average NO3 concentration for 1945 was between 54 and 73% of the expected mean value at a similar water yield during 1976–2001. The difference between NO3 concentrations in 1945 and the contemporary period are larger than previously reported for the Des Moines River.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agronomy","doi":"10.2134/jeq2003.2280","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"McIsaac, G., and Libra, R., 2003, Surface water qualit: Revisiting nitrate concentrations in the Des Moines River: 1945 and 1976-2001: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 32, no. 6, p. 2280-2289, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2003.2280.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"2280","endPage":"2289","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387955,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","otherGeospatial":"Des Moines River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.69827270507812,\n 41.70367796221136\n ],\n [\n -93.69003295898438,\n 41.64213096472801\n ],\n [\n -93.6536407470703,\n 41.6195489884308\n ],\n [\n -93.62823486328125,\n 41.600040006763805\n ],\n [\n -93.61656188964844,\n 41.57025176609894\n ],\n [\n -93.53004455566406,\n 41.54301946112854\n ],\n [\n -93.47785949707031,\n 41.52811390935743\n ],\n [\n -93.45932006835938,\n 41.55021401530996\n ],\n [\n -93.66806030273438,\n 41.70624114327587\n ],\n [\n -93.69827270507812,\n 41.70367796221136\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"32","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9f89e4b08c986b31e658","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McIsaac, G.F.","contributorId":58058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIsaac","given":"G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Libra, R.D.","contributorId":54353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Libra","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025466,"text":"70025466 - 2003 - Stochastic analysis of transverse dispersion in density‐coupled transport in aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T12:43:16","indexId":"70025466","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stochastic analysis of transverse dispersion in density‐coupled transport in aquifers","docAbstract":"Spectral perturbation techniques have been used previously to derive integral expressions for dispersive mixing in concentration‐dependent transport in three‐dimensional, heterogeneous porous media, where fluid density and viscosity are functions of solute concentration. Whereas earlier work focused on evaluating longitudinal dispersivity in isotropic media and incorporating the result in a mean one‐dimensional transport model, the emphasis of this paper is on evaluation of the complete dispersion tensor, including the more general case of anisotropic media. Approximate analytic expressions for all components of the macroscopic dispersivity tensor are derived, and the tensor is shown to be asymmetric. The tensor is separated into its symmetric and antisymmetric parts, where the symmetric part is used to calculate the principal components and principal directions of dispersivity, and the antisymmetric part of the tensor is shown to modify the velocity of the solute body compared to that of the background fluid. An example set of numerical simulations incorporating the tensor illustrates the effect of density‐coupled dispersivity on a sinking plume in an aquifer. The simulations show that the effective transverse vertical spreading in a sinking plume to be significantly greater than would be predicted by a standard density‐coupled transport model that does not incorporate the coupling in the dispersivity tensor.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2002WR001631","usgsCitation":"Welty, C., Kane, A.C., and Kauffman, L.J., 2003, Stochastic analysis of transverse dispersion in density‐coupled transport in aquifers: Water Resources Research, v. 39, no. 6, p. 5-1-5-18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002WR001631.","productDescription":"Article 1150; 18 p.","startPage":"5-1","endPage":"5-18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235935,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-06-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9848e4b08c986b31bf54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Welty, Claire","contributorId":39416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welty","given":"Claire","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kane, Allen C. III","contributorId":94480,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kane","given":"Allen","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kauffman, Leon J. 0000-0003-4564-0362 lkauff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4564-0362","contributorId":1094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauffman","given":"Leon","email":"lkauff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}