{"pageNumber":"1119","pageRowStart":"27950","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40859,"records":[{"id":70024939,"text":"70024939 - 2003 - Catchability of Walleyes to Fyke Netting and Electrofishing in Northern Wisconsin Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:08","indexId":"70024939","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Catchability of Walleyes to Fyke Netting and Electrofishing in Northern Wisconsin Lakes","docAbstract":"We quantified relationships between both fyke-net catch rates (catch/net-night) and electrofishing catch rates (catch/mi) and population densities (number/acre) of walleye Sander vitreus (formerly Stizostedion vitreum) for adult population estimates and total population estimates to determine whether catchability was density dependent. Fyke-net catch rates were modeled as a nonlinear function of adult walleye density and of four size-classes of the adult population, and electrofishing catch rates were modeled as a nonlinear function of adult and total walleye density and four size-classes of the adult and total populations. The results showed nonlinear relationships between catch rate and density for the adult and total populations. We accounted for measurement errors in catch rates and densities by estimating bias-corrected slopes by means of Monte Carlo simulations and estimated measurement-error ratios by means of an errors-in-variables model. We found that the bias-corrected slopes were higher than ordinary-least-squares regression estimates and that measurement errors were greater in catch rates than in density estimates. Lastly, we sought to explain the residual variability in the relationships between (1) fyke-net catch rates and adult walleye densities and (2) electrofishing catch rates and adult and total walleye densities. We found that the fyke-net catch rate was positively related to adult walleye density and percent littoral zone (percentage of lake surface area ???20 ft deep) and negatively related to conductivity. We found that the electrofishing catch rate of adult walleyes was positively related to adult walleye density and conductivity and that the electrofishing catch rate of the total walleye population was positively related to total walleye density. We concluded that the nonlinear relationship between catch rates and walleye abundance limits the use of catch rates to index walleye abundance in northern Wisconsin lakes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/M02-121","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Rogers, M., Hansen, M., and Beard, T., 2003, Catchability of Walleyes to Fyke Netting and Electrofishing in Northern Wisconsin Lakes: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 23, no. 4, p. 1193-1206, https://doi.org/10.1577/M02-121.","startPage":"1193","endPage":"1206","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207940,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M02-121"},{"id":233255,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f3cce4b0c8380cd4b97f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rogers, M.W.","contributorId":68929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hansen, M.J.","contributorId":39166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beard, T.D. Jr.","contributorId":100160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beard","given":"T.D.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025233,"text":"70025233 - 2003 - Numerical modeling of coupled nitrification-denitrification in sediment perfusion cores from the hyporheic zone of the Shingobee River, MN","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T09:45:02","indexId":"70025233","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Numerical modeling of coupled nitrification-denitrification in sediment perfusion cores from the hyporheic zone of the Shingobee River, MN","docAbstract":"

Nitrification and denitrification kinetics in sediment perfusion cores were numerically modeled and compared to experiments on cores from the Shingobee River MN, USA. The experimental design incorporated mixing groundwater discharge with stream water penetration into the cores, which provided a well-defined, one-dimensional simulation of in situ hydrologic conditions. Ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−) concentration gradients suggested the upper region of the cores supported coupled nitrification–denitrification, where groundwater-derived NH4+ was first oxidized to NO3− then subsequently reduced via denitrification to N2. Nitrification and denitrification were modeled using a Crank–Nicolson finite difference approximation to a one-dimensional advection–dispersion equation. Both processes were modeled using first-order reaction kinetics because substrate concentrations (NH4+ and NO3−) were much smaller than published Michaelis constants. Rate coefficients for nitrification and denitrification ranged from 0.2 to 15.8 h−1 and 0.02 to 8.0 h−1, respectively. The rate constants followed an Arrhenius relationship between 7.5 and 22 °C. Activation energies for nitrification and denitrification were 162 and 97.3 kJ/mol, respectively. Seasonal NH4+ concentration patterns in the Shingobee River were accurately simulated from the relationship between perfusion core temperature and NH4+ flux to the overlying water. The simulations suggest that NH4+ in groundwater discharge is controlled by sediment nitrification that, consistent with its activation energy, is strongly temperature dependent.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0309-1708(03)00088-5","issn":"03091708","usgsCitation":"Sheibley, R., Jackman, A.P., Duff, J., and Triska, F., 2003, Numerical modeling of coupled nitrification-denitrification in sediment perfusion cores from the hyporheic zone of the Shingobee River, MN: Advances in Water Resources, v. 26, no. 9, p. 977-987, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(03)00088-5.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"977","endPage":"987","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235885,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209439,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(03)00088-5"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Shingobee River","volume":"26","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a68f7e4b0c8380cd73ab7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sheibley, R.W. 0000-0003-1627-8536 sheibley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1627-8536","contributorId":43066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheibley","given":"R.W.","email":"sheibley@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackman, A. P.","contributorId":46957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackman","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Duff, J.H.","contributorId":60377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duff","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Triska, F.J.","contributorId":69560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Triska","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024933,"text":"70024933 - 2003 - Brittle structures and their role in controlling porosity and permeability in a complex Precambrian crystalline-rock aquifer system in the Colorado Rocky Mountain front range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-26T10:06:37","indexId":"70024933","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Brittle structures and their role in controlling porosity and permeability in a complex Precambrian crystalline-rock aquifer system in the Colorado Rocky Mountain front range","docAbstract":"Expansion of the Denver metropolitan area has resulted in substantial residential development in the foothills of the Rocky Mountain Front Range. This type of sub-urban growth, characteristic of much of the semiarid intermountain west, often relies on groundwater from individual domestic wells and is exemplified in the Turkey Creek watershed. The watershed is underlain by complexly deformed and fractured crystalline bedrock in which groundwater resources are poorly understood, and concerns regarding groundwater mining and degradation have arisen. As part of a pilot project to establish quantitative bounds on the groundwater resource, an outcrop-based geologic characterization and numerical modeling study of the brittle structures and their controls on the flow system was initiated. Existing data suggest that ground-water storage, flow, and contaminant transport are primarily controlled by a heterogeneous array of fracture networks. Inspections of well-permit data and field observations led to a conceptual model in which three dominant lithologic groups underlying sparse surface deposits form the aquifer system-metamorphic rocks, a complex array of granitic intrusive rocks, and major brittle fault zones. Pervasive but variable jointing of each lithologic group forms the \"background\" permeability structure and is an important component of the bulk storage capacity. This \"background\" is cut by brittle fault zones of varying structural styles and by pegmatite dikes, both with much higher fracture intensities relative to \"background\" that likely make them spatially complex conduits. Probabilistic, discrete-fracture-network and finite-element modeling was used to estimate porosity and permeability at the outcrop scale using fracture network data collected in the field. The models were conditioned to limited aquifer test and borehole geophysical data and give insight into the relative hydraulic properties between locations and geologic controls on storage and flow. Results from this study reveal a complex aquifer system in which the upper limits on estimated hydraulic properties suggest limited storage capacity and permeability as compared with many sedimentary-rock and surficial-deposit aquifers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/B25088.1","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Caine, J.S., and Tomusiak, S., 2003, Brittle structures and their role in controlling porosity and permeability in a complex Precambrian crystalline-rock aquifer system in the Colorado Rocky Mountain front range: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, no. 11, p. 1410-1424, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25088.1.","startPage":"1410","endPage":"1424","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233150,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207880,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/B25088.1"}],"volume":"115","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f285e4b0c8380cd4b205","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Caine, Jonathan S. 0000-0002-7269-6989 jscaine@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7269-6989","contributorId":1272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caine","given":"Jonathan","email":"jscaine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":403168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tomusiak, S.R.A.","contributorId":12237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tomusiak","given":"S.R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025228,"text":"70025228 - 2003 - Morphological traits of Pacific Flyway Canada Geese as an aid to subspecies identification and management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-14T13:53:51","indexId":"70025228","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Morphological traits of Pacific Flyway Canada Geese as an aid to subspecies identification and management","docAbstract":"

Subspecies of Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) exhibit wide variation in body size across their range. To monitor harvest levels in the Pacific Flyway, biologists commonly use culmen length and plumage color to differentiate among subspecies on sympatric wintering grounds. Among the four large-bodied Pacific subspecies (B. c. parvipes, B. c. occidentalis, B. c. fulva, and B. c. moffitti), overlap in culmen length and subjectivity of visually assessing color results in misclassification and inaccurate harvest estimates. We examined the morphology of Pacific large-bodied Canada Geese to characterize body size variation among subspecies and provide more discriminatory measures for harvest assessments. We found that culmen length, one of the most commonly used field measures, overlapped widely among subspecies, and it had little support for inclusion in discriminatory models. Morphological measures with greater explanatory power included bill width at nail, bill width at base, head length, and mid wing. If culmen length and plumage color continue to be used to assess winter harvest, we recommend the addition of at least one sex-specific measurement to reduce levels of misclassification among subspecies. If an additional morphological measure is included, further evaluation on the wintering grounds should be conducted as this measure's effectiveness may vary depending upon observer bias, temporal and spatial variation in subspecies abundance, and the proportion of birds accurately sexed by cloacal examination.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1648/0273-8570-74.4.357","issn":"02738570","usgsCitation":"Pearce, J.M., and Bollinger, K.S., 2003, Morphological traits of Pacific Flyway Canada Geese as an aid to subspecies identification and management: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 74, no. 4, p. 357-369, https://doi.org/10.1648/0273-8570-74.4.357.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"357","endPage":"369","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235773,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Pacific Flyway","volume":"74","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5e43e4b0c8380cd708f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pearce, John M. 0000-0002-8503-5485 jpearce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8503-5485","contributorId":181766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearce","given":"John","email":"jpearce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":404315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bollinger, Karen S.","contributorId":33842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bollinger","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024927,"text":"70024927 - 2003 - Evacuation of Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) Tags from Northern Pikeminnow Consuming Tagged Juvenile Chinook Salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-28T15:51:10","indexId":"70024927","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evacuation of Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) Tags from Northern Pikeminnow Consuming Tagged Juvenile Chinook Salmon","docAbstract":"

Prey fish implanted with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags can be used in predation studies if the timing of tag evacuation from the predators is understood. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine how PIT tags in juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha that were consumed by northern pikeminnow Ptychocheilus oregonensis were evacuated in relation to various parameters. The rate of evacuation was directly related to temperature, while predator size and the number of prey consumed had less effect on the timing of tag evacuation. A power model was fitted to predict the proportion of tags expected to be evacuated at different intervals after ingestion. These results could be used in planning field or laboratory predation experiments with PIT-tagged prey fish.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/M02-079","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Petersen, J., and Barfoot, C., 2003, Evacuation of Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) Tags from Northern Pikeminnow Consuming Tagged Juvenile Chinook Salmon: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 23, no. 4, p. 1265-1270, https://doi.org/10.1577/M02-079.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1265","endPage":"1270","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233040,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207816,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M02-079"}],"volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bd4e4b0c8380cd528d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, J.H.","contributorId":72154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barfoot, C.A.","contributorId":51490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barfoot","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024926,"text":"70024926 - 2003 - Modeling radium and radon transport through soil and vegetation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024926","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling radium and radon transport through soil and vegetation","docAbstract":"A one-dimensional flow and transport model was developed to describe the movement of two fluid phases, gas and water, within a porous medium and the transport of 226Ra and 222Rn within and between these two phases. Included in this model is the vegetative uptake of water and aqueous 226Ra and 222Rn that can be extracted from the soil via the transpiration stream. The mathematical model is formulated through a set of phase balance equations and a set of species balance equations. Mass exchange, sink terms and the dependence of physical properties upon phase composition couple the two sets of equations. Numerical solution of each set, with iteration between the sets, is carried out leading to a set-iterative compositional model. The Petrov-Galerkin finite element approach is used to allow for upstream weighting if required for a given simulation. Mass lumping improves solution convergence and stability behavior. The resulting numerical model was applied to four problems and was found to produce accurate, mass conservative solutions when compared to published experimental and numerical results and theoretical column experiments. Preliminary results suggest that the model can be used as an investigative tool to determine the feasibility of phytoremediating radium and radon-contaminated soil. ?? 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0169-7722(03)00032-9","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Kozak, J., Reeves, H.W., and Lewis, B., 2003, Modeling radium and radon transport through soil and vegetation: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 66, no. 3-4, p. 179-200, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(03)00032-9.","startPage":"179","endPage":"200","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207815,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(03)00032-9"},{"id":233039,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c1fe4b0c8380cd6fa59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kozak, J.A.","contributorId":50326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kozak","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reeves, H. W.","contributorId":53739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeves","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lewis, B.A.","contributorId":66450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024925,"text":"70024925 - 2003 - The typological approach to submarine groundwater discharge (SGD)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024925","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1007,"text":"Biogeochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The typological approach to submarine groundwater discharge (SGD)","docAbstract":"Coastal zone managers need to factor submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) in their integration. SGD provides a pathway for the transfer of freshwater, and its dissolved chemical burden, from the land to the coastal ocean. SGD reduces salinities and provides nutrients to specialized coastal habitats. It also can be a pollutant source, often undetected, causing eutrophication and triggering nuisance algal blooms. Despite its importance, SGD remains somewhat of a mystery in most places because it is usually unseen and difficult to measure. SGD has been directly measured at only about a hundred sites worldwide. A typology generated by the Land-Ocean Interaction in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ) Project is one of the few tools globally available to coastal resource managers for identifying areas in their jurisdiction where SGD may be a confounding process. (LOICZ is a core project of the International Geosphere/Biosphere Programme.) Of the hundreds of globally distributed parameters in the LOICZ typology, a SGD subset of potentially relevant parameters may be culled. A quantitative combination of the relevant hydrological parameters can serve as a proxy for the SGD conditions not directly measured. Web-LOICZ View, geospatial software then provides an automated approach to clustering these data into groups of locations that have similar characteristics. It permits selection of variables, of the number of clusters desired, and of the clustering criteria, and provides means of testing predictive results against independent variables. Information on the occurrence of a variety of SGD indicators can then be incorporated into regional clustering analysis. With such tools, coastal managers can focus attention on the most likely sites of SGD in their jurisdiction and design the necessary measurement and modeling programs needed for integrated management.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biogeochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/B:BIOG.0000006125.10467.75","issn":"01682563","usgsCitation":"Bokuniewicz, H., Buddemeier, R., Maxwell, B., and Smith, C., 2003, The typological approach to submarine groundwater discharge (SGD): Biogeochemistry, v. 66, no. 1-2, p. 145-158, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BIOG.0000006125.10467.75.","startPage":"145","endPage":"158","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207791,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:BIOG.0000006125.10467.75"},{"id":233005,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb145e4b08c986b3252a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bokuniewicz, H.","contributorId":68928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bokuniewicz","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buddemeier, R.","contributorId":84543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buddemeier","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maxwell, B.","contributorId":56615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maxwell","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, C.","contributorId":96429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024924,"text":"70024924 - 2003 - A 16,000 14C yr B.P. packrat midden series from the USA-Mexico Borderlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024924","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A 16,000 14C yr B.P. packrat midden series from the USA-Mexico Borderlands","docAbstract":"A new packrat midden chronology from Playas Valley, southwestern New Mexico, is the first installment of an ongoing effort to reconstruct paleovegetation and paleoclimate in the U.S.A.-Mexico Borderlands. Playas Valley and neighboring basins supported pluvial lakes during full and/or late glacial times. Plant macrofossil and pollen assemblages from nine middens in the Playas Valley allow comparisons of two time intervals: 16,000-10,000 and 4000-0 14C yr B.P. Vegetation along pluvial lake margins consisted of open pinyon-juniper communities dominated by Pinus edulis, Juniperus scopulorum, Juniperus cf. coahuilensis, and a rich understory of C4 annuals and grasses. This summer-flowering understory is also characteristic of modern desert grassland in the Borderlands and indicates at least moderate summer precipitation. P. edulis and J. scopulorum disappeared or were rare in the midden record by 10,670 14C yr B.P. The late Holocene is marked by the arrival of Chihuahuan desert scrub elements and few departures as the vegetation gradually became modern in character. Larrea tridentata appears as late as 2190 14C yr B.P. based on macrofossils, but may have been present as early as 4095 14C yr B.P. based on pollen. Fouquieria splendens, one of the dominant desert species present at the site today, makes its first appearance only in the last millennium. The midden pollen assemblages are difficult to interpret; they lack modern analogs in surface pollen assemblages from stock tanks at different elevations in the Borderlands. ?? 2003 University of Washington. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.yqres.2003.08.001","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Holmgren, C., Penalba, M., Rylander, K., and Betancourt, J., 2003, A 16,000 14C yr B.P. packrat midden series from the USA-Mexico Borderlands: Quaternary Research, v. 60, no. 3, p. 319-329, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2003.08.001.","startPage":"319","endPage":"329","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207790,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2003.08.001"},{"id":233004,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e2c0e4b0c8380cd45c07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holmgren, C.A.","contributorId":19692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmgren","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Penalba, M.C.","contributorId":80462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Penalba","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rylander, K.A.","contributorId":58414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rylander","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Betancourt, J.L. 0000-0002-7165-0743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":87505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":403140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024923,"text":"70024923 - 2003 - The petrographic microscope: Evolution of a mineralogical research instrument","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:11","indexId":"70024923","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2749,"text":"Mineralogical Record","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The petrographic microscope: Evolution of a mineralogical research instrument","docAbstract":"The petrographic microscope, designed to observe and measure the optical properties of minerals as a means of identifying them, has provided a foundation for mineralogical and petrological research for more than 120 years. Much of what is known today in these fields is attributable to this instrument, the development of which paralleled an evolution of fundamental optical theory and its correlation with mineral structure and composition. This instrument and its related accessories have evolved through a range of models and designs, which are in themselves distinctive for their scientific function and elegant construction, and are today prized by collectors of scientific instruments.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineralogical Record","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00264628","usgsCitation":"Kile, D.E., 2003, The petrographic microscope: Evolution of a mineralogical research instrument: Mineralogical Record, v. 1, no. SUPPLEMENT, p. 5-39.","startPage":"5","endPage":"39","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232969,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"SUPPLEMENT","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae8ce4b08c986b324196","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kile, D. E.","contributorId":22758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kile","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70024919,"text":"70024919 - 2003 - Wetlands: Crop freezes and land-use change in Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T10:47:21","indexId":"70024919","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wetlands: Crop freezes and land-use change in Florida","docAbstract":"

South Florida experienced a significant change in land usage during the twentieth century, including the conversion of natural wetlands into agricultural land for the cultivation of winter vegetable, sugar cane and citrus crops. This movement of agriculture from more northerly areas was intended partly to escape the risk of damaging winter freezes. Here we present evidence from a case study using a coupled atmosphere and land-surface computer-modelling system that suggests that the draining of wetlands may have inadvertently increased the frequency and severity of agriculturally damaging freezes in the south of Florida.

","language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","doi":"10.1038/426029a","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Marshall, C.H., Pielke, R., and Steyaert, L.T., 2003, Wetlands: Crop freezes and land-use change in Florida: Nature, v. 426, no. 6962, p. 29-30, https://doi.org/10.1038/426029a.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":207749,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/426029a"},{"id":232935,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"426","issue":"6962","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcb6e4b0c8380cd4e3d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marshall, C. H.","contributorId":31050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pielke, R.A. Sr.","contributorId":96224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pielke","given":"R.A.","suffix":"Sr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steyaert, L. T.","contributorId":71303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steyaert","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025226,"text":"70025226 - 2003 - Analysis of Slug Tests in Formations of High Hydraulic Conductivity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:28","indexId":"70025226","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of Slug Tests in Formations of High Hydraulic Conductivity","docAbstract":"A new procedure is presented for the analysis of slug tests performed in partially penetrating wells in formations of high hydraulic conductivity. This approach is a simple, spreadsheet-based implementation of existing models that can be used for analysis of tests from confined or unconfined aquifers. Field examples of tests exhibiting oscillatory and nonoscillatory behavior are used to illustrate the procedure and to compare results with estimates obtained using alternative approaches. The procedure is considerably simpler than recently proposed methods for this hydrogeologic setting. Although the simplifications required by the approach can introduce error into hydraulic-conductivity estimates, this additional error becomes negligible when appropriate measures are taken in the field. These measures are summarized in a set of practical field guidelines for slug tests in highly permeable aquifers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02400.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Butler, J., Garnett, E., and Healey, J., 2003, Analysis of Slug Tests in Formations of High Hydraulic Conductivity: Ground Water, v. 41, no. 5, p. 620-630, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02400.x.","startPage":"620","endPage":"630","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209389,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02400.x"},{"id":235771,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb00e4b0c8380cd48b4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butler, J.J. Jr.","contributorId":12194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"J.J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garnett, E.J.","contributorId":45870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garnett","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Healey, J.M.","contributorId":61199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healey","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024905,"text":"70024905 - 2003 - Groundwater flow associated with coalbed gas production, Ferron Sandstone, east-central Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:08","indexId":"70024905","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater flow associated with coalbed gas production, Ferron Sandstone, east-central Utah","docAbstract":"The flow and distribution of water associated with coalbed gas production in the Ferron Sandstone was characterized utilizing a discrete fracture network model and a porous media model. A discrete fracture network model calculated fluid flux through volumes of various scales to determine scale effects, directional bulk permeability, and connectivity. The mean directional permeabilities varied by less than a factor of 6, with the northwest-southeast direction (face cleat direction) as the most conductive. Northwest southeast directed hydrofracture simulations increased permeability in all directions except the northeast-southwest, although the permeability increase was not more than a factor of 3. Cluster analysis showed that the simulated cleat network was very well connected at all simulated scales. For thick coals, the entire cleat network formed one compartment, whereas thin coals formed several compartments. Convex hulls of the compartments confirmed that the directional bulk permeability was nearly isotropic. Volumetric calculations of the Ferron coal indicated that all the water produced to date can be accounted for from the coal cleat porosity system and does not depend on contributions of water from contiguous units.Flow paths, determined from porous media modeling from recharge to discharge, indicate that the three coalbed gas (CBG) fields assessed in this study could have different groundwater chemical compositions as confirmed by geochemical data. Simulated water production from 185 wells from 1993 to 1998 showed that in 1998 the maximum head drawdown from the Drunkards Wash field was more than 365 m, and the cone of depression extended to within a short distance of the Ferron outcrop. Maximum drawdown in the Helper field was 120 m, and the maximum drawdown in the Buzzards Bench field was just over 60 m. The cone of depression for the Helper field was half the size of the Drunkards Wash field, and the cone of depression for the Buzzards Bench field was limited to just outside the field unit. Water budget calculations from the simulation indicate that none of the stream flows are affected by coalbed gas associated water production. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00077-6","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Anna, L.O., 2003, Groundwater flow associated with coalbed gas production, Ferron Sandstone, east-central Utah: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 56, no. 1-2, p. 69-95, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00077-6.","startPage":"69","endPage":"95","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233326,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207989,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00077-6"}],"volume":"56","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2da1e4b0c8380cd5bf6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anna, L. O.","contributorId":65472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anna","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70025223,"text":"70025223 - 2003 - Evaluation of an expandable, breakaway radiocollar for white-tailed deer fawns","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:28","indexId":"70025223","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of an expandable, breakaway radiocollar for white-tailed deer fawns","docAbstract":"We evaluated an expandable, breakaway VHF radiocollar design for use on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from birth to about 1 year of age. A similar collar design has been used on caribou (Rangifer tarandus), but we found that the collar did not expand quickly enough to accommodate increase in neck circumference of fawns during the first 2 months of life. Consequently, we modified the stitching pattern so that the first expansion fold opened faster. We monitored performance of this modification on free-ranging and captive fawns. Also, we collected data on neck growth in fawns to document design requirements of expandable collars for white-tailed deer. Mean neck circumference at ???14 days of age of free-ranging fawns in Pennsylvania was 17.8 cm (SD=1.67, n=62) for males and 17.3 cm (SD=1.50, n=52) for females. Based on measurements of captive fawns, neck circumference increased 8.8 cm from birth to August, 2.5 cm from August to October, and 2.6 cm from October to March. Observations of captive fawns fitted with dummy radiocollars indicated that collars expanded when needed and caused no apparent discomfort to fawns. We detected no problems with use of 86 collars on 113 free-ranging fawns for >270 days and recovered radiocollars expanded as designed. The elastic collar material failed on 3 collars (3%) after 142, 207, and 226 days on fawns, and 1-5 radiocollars (???4%) were cast by fawns. Our modification to this radiocollar design reduced fawn discomfort or suffering, allowing researchers to better comply with principles of the Animal Welfare Act.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00917648","usgsCitation":"Diefenbach, D., Kochanny, C., Vreeland, J., and Wallingford, B., 2003, Evaluation of an expandable, breakaway radiocollar for white-tailed deer fawns: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 31, no. 3, p. 756-761.","startPage":"756","endPage":"761","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235729,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c45e4b0c8380cd52adf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diefenbach, Duane R. 0000-0001-5111-1147","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5111-1147","contributorId":106592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diefenbach","given":"Duane R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kochanny, C.O.","contributorId":79437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kochanny","given":"C.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vreeland, J.K.","contributorId":22528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vreeland","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wallingford, B.D.","contributorId":62726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallingford","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025222,"text":"70025222 - 2003 - Lead in the Getchell-Turquoise ridge Carlin-type gold deposits from the perspective of potential igneous and sedimentary rock sources in Northern Nevada: Implications for fluid and metal sources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-27T18:47:05.589774","indexId":"70025222","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lead in the Getchell-Turquoise ridge Carlin-type gold deposits from the perspective of potential igneous and sedimentary rock sources in Northern Nevada: Implications for fluid and metal sources","docAbstract":"

Lead isotope compositions of bulk mineral samples (fluorite, orpiment, and realgar) determined using conventional techniques and of ore-stage arsenian pyrite using the Sensitive High Resolution Ion-Microprobe (SHRIMP) in the Getchell and Turquoise Ridge Carlin-type gold deposits (Osgood Mountains) require contribution from two different Pb sources. One Pb source dominates the ore stage. It has a limited Pb isotope range characterized by 208Pb/ 206Pb values of 2.000 to 2.005 and 207Pb/ 206Pb values of 0.8031 to 0.8075, as recorded by 10-μm-diameter spot SHRIMP analyses of ore-stage arsenian pyrite. These values approximately correspond to 206Pb/ 204Pb of 19.3 to 19.6, 207Pb/ 204Pb of 15.65 to 15.75, and 208Pb/ 204Pb of 39.2 to 39.5. This Pb source is isotopically similar to that in average Neoproterozoic and Cambrian elastic rocks but not to any potential magmatic sources. Whether those clastic rocks provided Pb to the ore fluid cannot be unequivocally proven because their Pb isotope compositions over the same range as in ore-stage arsenian pyrite are similar to those of Ordovician to Devonian siliciclastic and calcareous rocks. The Pb source in the calcareous rocks most likely is largely detrital minerals, since that detritus was derived from the same sources as the detritus in the Neoproterozoic and Cambrian clastic rocks. The second Pb source is characterized by a large range of 206Pb/ 204Pb values (18-34) with a limited range of 208Pb/ 204Pb values (38.1-39.5), indicating low but variable Th/U and high and variable U/Pb values. The second Pb source dominates late and postore-stage minerals but is also found in preore sulfide minerals. These Pb isotope characteristics typify Ordovician to Devonian siliciclastic and calcareous rocks around the Carlin trend in northeast Nevada. Petrologically similar rocks host the Getchell and Turquoise Ridge deposits. Lead from the second source was either contributed from the host sedimentary rock sequences or brought into the hydrothermal system by oxidized ground water as the system collapsed. Late ore- and postore-stage sulfide minerals (pyrite, orpiment, and stibnite) from the Betze-Post and Meikle deposits in the Carlin trend and from the Jerritt Canyon mining district have Pb isotope characteristics similar to those determined in Getchell and Turquoise Ridge. This observation suggests that the Pb isotope compositions of their ore fluids may be similar to those at Getchell and Turquoise Ridge. Two models can explain the Pb isotope compositions of the ore-stage arsenian pyrite versus the late ore or postore sulfide minerals. In either model, Pb from the Ordovician to Devonian siliciclastic and calcareous rock source enters the hydrothermal system late in the ore stage but not to any extent during the main stage of ore deposition. In one model, ore-stage Pb was derived from a source with Pb isotope compositions similar to those of the Neoproterozoic and Cambrian clastic sequence, transported as part of the ore fluid and then deposited in the ore-stage arsenian pyrite and fluorite. The second model is based on the observation that the Pb isotope characteristics of the ore-stage minerals also are found in some Ordovician to Devonian calcareous and siliciclastic rocks. Hence, ore-stage Pb could have been derived locally and simply concentrated during the ore stage. Critical to the second model is the removal of all high 206Pb/ 204Pb (>20) material during alteration. It Also requires the retention of only the low 206Pb/ 204Pb component of the Ordovician to Devonian sedimentary rocks. This critical step is possible only if the high 206Pb/ 204Pb values are contained in readily dissolvable mineral phases, whereas the low 206Pb/ 204Pb values are found only in refractory minerals that released Pb during a final alteration stage just prior deposition of auriferous arsenian pyrite. Distinguishing between Pb transported with the ore fluid or inherited from the site of mineral deposition is not straightforward; however, it is simpler to explain the Pb isotope compositions of ore-stage arsenian pyrite and fluorite in two different but spatially related Carlin-type deposits (Getchell and Turquoise Ridge) with different host rocks by input of Pb with the ore fluid. Once the limited Pb in the hydrothermal fluid was exhausted by incorporation in ore-stage arsenian pyrite or other ore-stage minerals, Pb from the second source, the Ordovician to Devonian sedimentary rock sequences, became available for incorporation in some but not all of the late-stage sulfide minerals.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.98.6.1189","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Tosdal, R., Cline, J.S., Fanning, C., and Wooden, J.L., 2003, Lead in the Getchell-Turquoise ridge Carlin-type gold deposits from the perspective of potential igneous and sedimentary rock sources in Northern Nevada: Implications for fluid and metal sources: Economic Geology, v. 98, no. 6, p. 1189-1211, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.98.6.1189.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"1189","endPage":"1211","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387489,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"northern Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.981689453125,\n 40.91351257612758\n ],\n [\n -114.027099609375,\n 40.91351257612758\n ],\n [\n -114.027099609375,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -119.981689453125,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -119.981689453125,\n 40.91351257612758\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"98","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a45bce4b0c8380cd6749a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tosdal, R. M.","contributorId":54982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tosdal","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cline, J. S.","contributorId":39541,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cline","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fanning, C.M.","contributorId":82434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fanning","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025221,"text":"70025221 - 2003 - Structural patterns and tectonic history of the Bauer microplate, Eastern Tropical Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:29","indexId":"70025221","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2668,"text":"Marine Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structural patterns and tectonic history of the Bauer microplate, Eastern Tropical Pacific","docAbstract":"The Bauer microplate was an independent slab of oceanic lithosphere that from 17 Ma to 6 Ma grew from 1.4 ?? 105 km2 to 1.2 ?? 106 km2 between the rapidly diverging Pacific and Nazca plates. Growth was by accretion at the lengthening and overlapping axes of the (Bauer-Nazca) Galapagos Rise (GR) and the (Pacific-Bauer) East Pacific Rise (EPR). EPR and GR axial propagation to create and rapidly grow the counter-clockwise spinning microplate occurred in two phases: (1) 17-15Ma, when the EPR axis propagated north and the GR axis propagated south around a narrow (100- to 200-km-wide) core of older lithosphere; and (2) 8-6 Ma, when rapid northward propagation of the EPR axis resumed, overlapping ???400 km of the fast-spreading Pacific-Nazca rise-crest and appending a large (200- to 400-km-wide) area of the west flank of that rise as a 'northern annex' to the microplate. Between 15 and 8 Ma the microplate grew principally by crustal accretion at the crest of its rises. The microplate was captured by the Nazca plate and the Galapagos Rise axis became extinct soon after 6 Ma, when the south end of the Pacific-Bauer EPR axis became aligned with the southern Pacific-Nazca EPR axis and its north end was linked by the Quebrada Transform to the northern Pacific-Nazca EPR axis. Incomplete multibeam bathymetry of the microplate margins, and of both flanks of the Pacific-Bauer and Bauer-Nazca Rises, together with archival magnetic and satellite altimetry data, clarifies the growth and (counter-clockwise) rotation of the microplate, and tests tectonic models derived from studies of the still active, much smaller, Easter and Juan Fernandez microplates. Our interpretations differ from model predictions in that Euler poles were not located on the microplate boundary, propagation in the 15-8 Ma phase of growth was not toward these poles, and microplate rotation rates were small (5??/m.y.) for much of its history, when long, bounding transform faults reduced coupling to Nazca plate motion. Some structures of the Bauer microplate boundary, such as deep rift valleys and a broad zone of thrust-faulted lithosphere, are, however, similar to those observed around the smaller, active microplates. Analysis of how the Bauer microplate was captured when coupling to the Pacific plate was reduced invites speculation on why risecrest microplates eventually lose their independence. ?? Springer 2005.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geophysical Researches","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s11001-004-5882-4","issn":"00253235","usgsCitation":"Eakins, B., and Lonsdale, P.F., 2003, Structural patterns and tectonic history of the Bauer microplate, Eastern Tropical Pacific: Marine Geophysical Research, v. 24, no. 3-4, p. 171-205, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-004-5882-4.","startPage":"171","endPage":"205","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209356,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11001-004-5882-4"},{"id":235689,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-07-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9bffe4b08c986b31d1fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eakins, B.W.","contributorId":36728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eakins","given":"B.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lonsdale, P. F.","contributorId":101258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lonsdale","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024899,"text":"70024899 - 2003 - Rockfall hazard and risk assessment in the Yosemite Valley, California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-21T20:48:52","indexId":"70024899","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2824,"text":"Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rockfall hazard and risk assessment in the Yosemite Valley, California, USA","docAbstract":"Rock slides and rock falls are the most frequent types of slope movements in Yosemite National Park, California. In historical time (1857-2002) 392 rock falls and rock slides have been documented in the valley, and some of them have been mapped in detail. We present the results of an attempt to assess rock fall hazards in the Yosemite Valley. Spatial and temporal aspects of rock falls hazard are considered. A detailed inventory of slope movements covering the 145-year period from 1857 to 2002 is used to determine the frequency-volume statistics of rock falls and to estimate the annual frequency of rock falls, providing the temporal component of rock fall hazard. The extent of the areas potentially subject to rock fall hazards in the Yosemite Valley were obtained using STONE, a physically-based rock fall simulation computer program. The software computes 3-dimensional rock fall trajectories starting from a digital elevation model (DEM), the location of rock fall release points, and maps of the dynamic rolling friction coefficient and of the coefficients of normal and tangential energy restitution. For each DEM cell the software calculates the number of rock falls passing through the cell, the maximum rock fall velocity and the maximum flying height. For the Yosemite Valley, a DEM with a ground resolution of 10 ?? 10 m was prepared using topographic contour lines from the U.S. Geological Survey 1:24 000-scale maps. Rock fall release points were identified as DEM cells having a slope steeper than 60??, an assumption based on the location of historical rock falls. Maps of the normal and tangential energy restitution coefficients and of the rolling friction coefficient were produced from a surficial geologic map. The availability of historical rock falls mapped in detail allowed us to check the computer program performance and to calibrate the model parameters. Visual and statistical comparison of the model results with the mapped rock falls confirmed the accuracy of the model. The model results are compared with a previous map of rockfall talus and with a geomorphic assessment of rock fall hazard based on potential energy referred to as a shadow angle approach, recently completed for the Yosemite Valley. The model results are then used to identify the roads and trails more subject to rock fall hazard. Of the 166.5 km of roads and trails in the Yosemite Valley 31.2% were found to be potentially subject to rock fall hazard, of which 14% are subject to very high hazard. ?? European Geosciences Union 2003.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Natural Hazards and Earth System Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"European Geosciences Union","doi":"10.5194/nhess-3-491-2003","issn":"15618633","usgsCitation":"Guzzetti, F., Reichenbach, P., and Wieczorek, G.F., 2003, Rockfall hazard and risk assessment in the Yosemite Valley, California, USA: Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, v. 3, no. 6, p. 491-503, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-3-491-2003.","startPage":"491","endPage":"503","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478494,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-3-491-2003","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233217,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267922,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-3-491-2003"}],"volume":"3","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aae0fe4b0c8380cd87005","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guzzetti, F.","contributorId":46732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guzzetti","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reichenbach, P.","contributorId":61988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichenbach","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wieczorek, G. F.","contributorId":50143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieczorek","given":"G.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024894,"text":"70024894 - 2003 - Influence of landscape structure and climate variability on a late holocene plant migration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:09","indexId":"70024894","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1459,"text":"Ecological Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of landscape structure and climate variability on a late holocene plant migration","docAbstract":"We analyzed and radiocarbon-dated 205 fossil woodrat middens from 14 sites in central and northern Wyoming and adjacent Utah and Montana to document spatiotemporal patterns of Holocene invasion by Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma). Holocene migration into central and northern Wyoming and southern Montana from the south proceeded by a series of long-distance dispersal events, which were paced by climate variability and structured by the geographic distribution and connectivity of suitable habitats on the landscape. The migration of Utah juniper into the region involved multiple long-distance dispersal events, ranging from 30 to 135 km. One of the earliest established populations, on East Pryor Mountain in south central Montana, is currently the northernmost population of the species. Establishment by long-distance dispersal of that population and another in the Bighorn Basin occurred during a period of relatively dry climate between 7500 and 5400 years ago. Further expansion of these initial colonizing populations and backfilling to occupy suitable sites to the south was delayed during a wet period from 5400 to 2800 years ago. Development of dry conditions 2800 years ago led to a rapid expansion in which Utah juniper colonized sites throughout its current range. Landscape structure and climate variability play important roles in governing the pattern and pace of natural invasions and deserve close attention in studying and modeling plant invasions, whether exotic or natural.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Monographs","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00129615","usgsCitation":"Lyford, M., Jackson, S., Betancourt, J., and Gray, S., 2003, Influence of landscape structure and climate variability on a late holocene plant migration: Ecological Monographs, v. 73, no. 4, p. 567-583.","startPage":"567","endPage":"583","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233147,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b49e4b0c8380cd623c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lyford, M.E.","contributorId":33883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyford","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackson, S.T.","contributorId":90072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Betancourt, J.L. 0000-0002-7165-0743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":87505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":403038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gray, S.T.","contributorId":19680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024893,"text":"70024893 - 2003 - Feedback-driven response to multidecadal climatic variability at an alpine treeline","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-11T06:36:05","indexId":"70024893","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3059,"text":"Physical Geography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Feedback-driven response to multidecadal climatic variability at an alpine treeline","docAbstract":"

The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) has significant climatological and ecological effects in northwestern North America. Its possible effects and their modification by feedbacks are examined in the forest-tundra ecotone in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Tree ring samples were collected to estimate establishment dates in 10 quadrats. Age-diameter regressions were used to estimate the ages of uncored trees. The temporal pattern of establishment and survival was compared to the pattern of the PDO. A wave of establishment began in the mid-1940s, rose to a peak rate in the mid-1970s, and dropped precipitously beginning ca. 1980 to near zero for the 1990s. The period of establishment primarily coincided with the negative phase of the PDO, but the establishment and survival pattern is not correlated with the PDO index. The pattern indicates a period during which establishment was possible and was augmented by positive feedback from surviving trees. Snow may be the most important factor in the feedback, but studies indicate that its effects vary locally. Spatially differentiated analyses of decadal or longer periodicity may elucidate responses to climatic variation.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.2747/0272-3646.24.6.520","issn":"02723646","usgsCitation":"Alftine, K., Malanson, G., and Fagre, D., 2003, Feedback-driven response to multidecadal climatic variability at an alpine treeline: Physical Geography, v. 24, no. 6, p. 520-535, https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3646.24.6.520.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"520","endPage":"535","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233146,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Glacier National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.1202392578125,\n 48.07807894349862\n ],\n [\n -112.45056152343749,\n 48.07807894349862\n ],\n [\n -112.45056152343749,\n 48.99824008113872\n ],\n [\n -115.1202392578125,\n 48.99824008113872\n ],\n [\n -115.1202392578125,\n 48.07807894349862\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f65e4b0c8380cd538b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alftine, K.J.","contributorId":63201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alftine","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Malanson, G.P.","contributorId":14982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malanson","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fagre, D.B.","contributorId":52135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fagre","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025220,"text":"70025220 - 2003 - A media-based assessment of damage and ground motions from the January 26th, 2001 M 7.6 Bhuj, India earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-10T15:42:13.389711","indexId":"70025220","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2239,"text":"Journal of Earth System Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A media-based assessment of damage and ground motions from the January 26th, 2001 M 7.6 Bhuj, India earthquake","docAbstract":"We compiled available news and internet accounts of damage and other effects from the 26th January, 2001, Bhuj earthquake, and interpreted them to obtain modified Mercalli intensities at over 200 locations throughout the Indian subcontinent. These values are used to map the intensity distribution using a simple mathematical interpolation method. The maps reveal several interesting features. Within the Kachchh region, the most heavily damaged villages are concentrated towards the western edge of the inferred fault, consistent with western directivity. Significant sediment-induced amplification is also suggested at a number of locations around the Gulf of Kachchh to the south of the epicenter. Away from the Kachchh region intensities were clearly amplified significantly in areas that are along rivers, within deltas, or on coastal alluvium such as mud flats and salt pans. In addition we use fault rupture parameters inferred from teleseismic data to predict shaking intensity at distances of 0-1000 km. We then convert the predicted hard rock ground motion parameters to MMI using a relationship (derived from internet-based intensity surveys) that assigns MMI based on the average effects in a region. The predicted MMIs are typically lower by 1-2 units than those estimated from news accounts. This discrepancy is generally consistent with the expected effect of sediment response, but it could also reflect other factors such as a tendency for media accounts to focus on the most dramatic damage, rather than the average effects. Our modeling results also suggest, however, that the Bhuj earthquake generated more high-frequency shaking than is expected for earthquakes of similar magnitude in California, and may therefore have been especially damaging.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences - Earth and Planetary Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"02534126","usgsCitation":"Hough, S.E., Martin, S., Bilham, R., and Atkinson, G.M., 2003, A media-based assessment of damage and ground motions from the January 26th, 2001 M 7.6 Bhuj, India earthquake: Journal of Earth System Science, v. 112, no. 3, p. 353-373.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"353","endPage":"373","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235655,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"India","city":"Bhuj","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 68.4228515625,\n 20.817741019786485\n ],\n [\n 71.663818359375,\n 20.817741019786485\n ],\n [\n 71.663818359375,\n 24.287026865376436\n ],\n [\n 68.4228515625,\n 24.287026865376436\n ],\n [\n 68.4228515625,\n 20.817741019786485\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"112","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e44ce4b0c8380cd46577","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hough, Susan E. 0000-0002-5980-2986 hough@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5980-2986","contributorId":587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"Susan","email":"hough@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":404286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, Stacey","contributorId":35165,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martin","given":"Stacey","affiliations":[{"id":5110,"text":"Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":404288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bilham, Roger","contributorId":225117,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bilham","given":"Roger","affiliations":[{"id":13693,"text":"University of Colorado Boulder","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":404289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Atkinson, Gail M.","contributorId":60515,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Atkinson","given":"Gail","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13255,"text":"University of Western Ontario","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":404287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024887,"text":"70024887 - 2003 - Use of statistically and dynamically downscaled atmospheric model output for hydrologic simulations in three mountainous basins in the western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024887","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of statistically and dynamically downscaled atmospheric model output for hydrologic simulations in three mountainous basins in the western United States","docAbstract":"This paper examines the hydrologic model performance in three snowmelt-dominated basins in the western United States to dynamically- and statistically downscaled output from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research Reanalysis (NCEP). Runoff produced using a distributed hydrologic model is compared using daily precipitation and maximum and minimum temperature timeseries derived from the following sources: (1) NCEP output (horizontal grid spacing of approximately 210 km); (2) dynamically downscaled (DDS) NCEP output using a Regional Climate Model (RegCM2, horizontal grid spacing of approximately 52 km); (3) statistically downscaled (SDS) NCEP output; (4) spatially averaged measured data used to calibrate the hydrologic model (Best-Sta) and (5) spatially averaged measured data derived from stations located within the area of the RegCM2 model output used for each basin, but excluding Best-Sta set (All-Sta). In all three basins the SDS-based simulations of daily runoff were as good as runoff produced using the Best-Sta timeseries. The NCEP, DDS, and All-Sta timeseries were able to capture the gross aspects of the seasonal cycles of precipitation and temperature. However, in all three basins, the NCEP-, DDS-, and All-Sta-based simulations of runoff showed little skill on a daily basis. When the precipitation and temperature biases were corrected in the NCEP, DDS, and All-Sta timeseries, the accuracy of the daily runoff simulations improved dramatically, but, with the exception of the bias-corrected All-Sta data set, these simulations were never as accurate as the SDS-based simulations. This need for a bias correction may be somewhat troubling, but in the case of the large station-timeseries (All-Sta), the bias correction did indeed 'correct' for the change in scale. It is unknown if bias corrections to model output will be valid in a future climate. Future work is warranted to identify the causes for (and removal of) systematic biases in DDS simulations, and improve DDS simulations of daily variability in local climate. Until then, SDS based simulations of runoff appear to be the safer downscaling choice.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00252-X","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Hay, L., and Clark, M., 2003, Use of statistically and dynamically downscaled atmospheric model output for hydrologic simulations in three mountainous basins in the western United States: Journal of Hydrology, v. 282, no. 1-4, p. 56-75, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00252-X.","startPage":"56","endPage":"75","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207814,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00252-X"},{"id":233038,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"282","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf8be4b08c986b329c06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hay, L.E.","contributorId":54253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, M.P.","contributorId":49558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"M.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024885,"text":"70024885 - 2003 - Transport and cycling of iron and hydrogen peroxide in a freshwater stream: Influence of organic acids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-16T08:57:58","indexId":"70024885","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport and cycling of iron and hydrogen peroxide in a freshwater stream: Influence of organic acids","docAbstract":"

An in‐stream injection of two dissolved organic acids (phthalic and aspartic acids) was performed in an acidic mountain stream to assess the effects of organic acids on Fe photoreduction and H2O2 cycling. Results indicate that the fate of Fe is dependent on a net balance of oxidative and reductive processes, which can vary over a distance of several meters due to changes in incident light and other factors. Solution phase photoreduction rates were high in sunlit reaches and were enhanced by the organic acid addition but were also limited by the amount of ferric iron present in the water column. Fe oxide photoreduction from the streambed and colloids within the water column resulted in an increase in the diurnal load of total filterable Fe within the experimental reach, which also responded to increases in light and organic acids. Our results also suggest that Fe(II) oxidation increased in response to the organic acids, with the result of offsetting the increase in Fe(II) from photoreductive processes. Fe(II) was rapidly oxidized to Fe(III) after sunset and during the day within a well‐shaded reach, presumably through microbial oxidation. H2O2, a product of dissolved organic matter photolysis, increased downstream to maximum concentrations of 0.25 μM midday. Kinetic calculations show that the buildup of H2O2 is controlled by reaction with Fe(II), but this has only a small effect on Fe(II) because of the small formation rates of H2O2 compared to those of Fe(II). The results demonstrate the importance of incorporating the effects of light and dissolved organic carbon into Fe reactive transport models to further our understanding of the fate of Fe in streams and lakes.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2002WR001768","usgsCitation":"Scott, D.T., Runkel, R.L., McKnight, D.M., Voelker, B.M., Kimball, B.A., and Carraway, E.R., 2003, Transport and cycling of iron and hydrogen peroxide in a freshwater stream: Influence of organic acids: Water Resources Research, v. 39, no. 11, p. 1-14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002WR001768.","productDescription":"Article 1308; 14 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"14","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478533,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2002wr001768","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233003,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb737e4b08c986b327112","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, Durelle T.","contributorId":102383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Durelle","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runkel, Robert L. 0000-0003-3220-481X runkel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-481X","contributorId":685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"Robert","email":"runkel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":403012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":403009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Voelker, Bettina M.","contributorId":74914,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Voelker","given":"Bettina","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":12444,"text":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":403010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kimball, Briant A. bkimball@usgs.gov","contributorId":533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimball","given":"Briant","email":"bkimball@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":403011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Carraway, Elizabeth R.","contributorId":30000,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carraway","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70024884,"text":"70024884 - 2003 - Fault slip and seismic moment of the 1700 Cascadia earthquake inferred from Japanese tsunami descriptions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024884","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fault slip and seismic moment of the 1700 Cascadia earthquake inferred from Japanese tsunami descriptions","docAbstract":"The 1700 Cascadia earthquake attained moment magnitude 9 according to new estimates based on effects of its tsunami in Japan, computed coseismic seafloor deformation for hypothetical ruptures in Cascadia, and tsunami modeling in the Pacific Ocean. Reports of damage and flooding show that the 1700 Casscadia tsunami reached 1-5 m heights at seven shoreline sites in Japan. Three sets of estimated heights express uncertainty about location and depth of reported flooding, landward decline in tsunami heights from shorelines, and post-1700 land-level changes. We compare each set with tsunami heights computed from six Cascadia sources. Each source is vertical seafloor displacement calculated with a three-dimensional elastic dislocation model, for three sources the rupture extends the 1100 km length of the subduction zone and differs in width and shallow dip; for the other sources, ruptures of ordinary width extend 360-670 km. To compute tsunami waveforms, we use a linear long-wave approximation with a finite difference method, and we employ modern bathymetry with nearshore grid spacing as small as 0.4 km. The various combinations of Japanese tsunami heights and Cascadia sources give seismic moment of 1-9 ?? 1022 N m, equivalent to moment magnitude 8.7-9.2. This range excludes several unquantified uncertainties. The most likely earthquake, of moment magnitude 9.0, has 19 m of coseismic slip on an offshore, full-slip zone 1100 km long with linearly decreasing slip on a downdip partial-slip zone. The shorter rupture models require up to 40 m offshore slip and predict land-level changes inconsistent with coastal paleoseismological evidence. Copyright 2003 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Satake, K., Wang, K., and Atwater, B., 2003, Fault slip and seismic moment of the 1700 Cascadia earthquake inferred from Japanese tsunami descriptions: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 108, no. 11.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233002,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f1be4b0c8380cd53781","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Satake, K.","contributorId":53124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Satake","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wang, K.","contributorId":55975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Atwater, B.F. 0000-0003-1155-2815","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1155-2815","contributorId":14006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atwater","given":"B.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024871,"text":"70024871 - 2003 - Multi-site evaluation of IKONOS data for classification of tropical coral reef environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:11","indexId":"70024871","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multi-site evaluation of IKONOS data for classification of tropical coral reef environments","docAbstract":"Ten IKONOS images of different coral reef sites distributed around the world were processed to assess the potential of 4-m resolution multispectral data for coral reef habitat mapping. Complexity of reef environments, established by field observation, ranged from 3 to 15 classes of benthic habitats containing various combinations of sediments, carbonate pavement, seagrass, algae, and corals in different geomorphologic zones (forereef, lagoon, patch reef, reef flats). Processing included corrections for sea surface roughness and bathymetry, unsupervised or supervised classification, and accuracy assessment based on ground-truth data. IKONOS classification results were compared with classified Landsat 7 imagery for simple to moderate complexity of reef habitats (5-11 classes). For both sensors, overall accuracies of the classifications show a general linear trend of decreasing accuracy with increasing habitat complexity. The IKONOS sensor performed better, with a 15-20% improvement in accuracy compared to Landsat. For IKONOS, overall accuracy was 77% for 4-5 classes, 71% for 7-8 classes, 65% in 9-11 classes, and 53% for more than 13 classes. The Landsat classification accuracy was systematically lower, with an average of 56% for 5-10 classes. Within this general trend, inter-site comparisons and specificities demonstrate the benefits of different approaches. Pre-segmentation of the different geomorphologic zones and depth correction provided different advantages in different environments. Our results help guide scientists and managers in applying IKONOS-class data for coral reef mapping applications. ?? 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote Sensing of Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2003.04.005","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Andrefouet, S., Kramer, P., Torres-Pulliza, D., Joyce, K., Hochberg, E., Garza-Perez, R., Mumby, P., Riegl, B., Yamano, H., White, W.H., Zubia, M., Brock, J.C., Phinn, S., Naseer, A., Hatcher, B., and Muller-Karger, F., 2003, Multi-site evaluation of IKONOS data for classification of tropical coral reef environments: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 88, no. 1-2, p. 128-143, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2003.04.005.","startPage":"128","endPage":"143","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207654,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2003.04.005"}],"volume":"88","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5fc7e4b0c8380cd71123","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrefouet, S.","contributorId":43134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrefouet","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kramer, Philip","contributorId":35911,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kramer","given":"Philip","affiliations":[{"id":5112,"text":"University of Miami","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":402947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Torres-Pulliza, D.","contributorId":87721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torres-Pulliza","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Joyce, K.E.","contributorId":19334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joyce","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hochberg, E.J.","contributorId":32706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hochberg","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Garza-Perez, R.","contributorId":98917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garza-Perez","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mumby, P.J.","contributorId":70963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mumby","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Riegl, Bernhard","contributorId":20942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riegl","given":"Bernhard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Yamano, H.","contributorId":24135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yamano","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"White, W. H.","contributorId":24793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Zubia, M.","contributorId":77705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zubia","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Brock, J. C.","contributorId":36095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brock","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Phinn, S.R.","contributorId":97677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phinn","given":"S.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Naseer, A.","contributorId":35509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naseer","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Hatcher, B.G.","contributorId":104252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"B.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Muller-Karger, F. E.","contributorId":84542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muller-Karger","given":"F. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}} ,{"id":70024870,"text":"70024870 - 2003 - The fate of wastewater-derived nitrate in the subsurface of the Florida Keys: Key Colony Beach, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-16T09:07:03","indexId":"70024870","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The fate of wastewater-derived nitrate in the subsurface of the Florida Keys: Key Colony Beach, Florida","docAbstract":"

Shallow injection is the predominant mode of wastewater disposal for most tourist-oriented facilities and some residential communities in the US Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Concern has been expressed that wastewater nutrients may be escaping from the saline groundwater system into canals and surrounding coastal waters and perhaps to the reef tract 10 km offshore, promoting unwanted algal growth and degradation of water quality. We performed a field study of the fate of wastewater-derived nitrate in the subsurface of a Florida Keys residential community (Key Colony Beach, FL) that uses this disposal method, analyzing samples from 21 monitoring wells and two canal sites. The results indicate that wastewater injection at 18–27 m depth into saline groundwater creates a large buoyant plume that flows quickly (within days) upward to a confining layer 6 m below the surface, and then in a fast flow path toward a canal 200 m to the east within a period of weeks to months. Low-salinity groundwaters along the fast flow path have nitrate concentrations that are not significantly reduced from that of the injected wastewaters (ranging from 400 to 600 μmol kg−1). Portions of the low-salinity plume off the main axis of flow have relatively long residence times (>2 months) and have had their nitrate concentrations strongly reduced by a combination of mixing and denitrification. These waters have dissolved N2 concentrations up to 1.6 times air-saturation values with δ15 N[N2]=0.5-5‰, δ15N[NO3-]=16-26‰, and calculated isotope fractionation factors of about −12±4‰, consistent with denitrification as the predominant nitrate reduction reaction. Estimated rates of denitrification of wastewater in the aquifer are of the order of 4 μmol kg-1 N day-1 or 0.008 day-1. The data indicate that denitrification reduces the nitrate load of the injected wastewater substantially, but not completely, before it discharges to nearby canals.

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The Reocín Zn-Pb deposit, 30 km southwest of Santander, Spain, occurs within Lower Cretaceous dolomitized Urgonian limestones on the southern flank of the Santillana syncline. The Reocín deposit is one of the largest known strata-bound, carbonate-hosted, zinc-lead deposits in Europe. The total metal endowment of the deposit, including past production and remaining reserves, is 62 Mt of ore grading 8.7 percent Zn and 1.0 percent Pb. The epigenetic mineralization consists of sphalerite and galena, with lesser marcasite and trace pyrite with dolomite as gangue. Microprobe analyses of different generations of dolomite revealed nonstoichiometric compositions with various amounts of iron (up to 14 mol % of FeCO 3). Replacement of host dolomite, open-space filling of fractures, and cementation of breccias derived from dissolution collapse are the principal types of ore occurrence. Detailed cross-section mapping indicates a stratigraphic and structural control on the deposit. A stratiform morphology is present in the western part of the orebody (Capa Sur), whereas mineralization in the eastern part is highly discordant but strata bound (Barrendera). Stratigraphic studies demonstrate that synsedimentary tectonic activity, related to the rifting of the North Atlantic (Bay of Biscay), was responsible for variation in sedimentation, presence of unconformities (including paleokarsts), local platform emergence and dolomitization along the N60 fault trend. In the Reocín area, two stages of dolomitization are recognized. The first stage is a pervasive dolomitization of the limestone country rocks that was controlled by faulting and locally affected the upper part of the Aptian and the complete Albian sequence. The second dolomitization event occurred after erosion and was controlled by karstic cavities. This later dolomitization was accompanied by ore deposition and, locally, filling of dolomite sands and clastic sediments in karstic cavities. The circulation of hydrothermal fluids responsible for sulfide deposition and the infilling of karst cavities were broadly contemporaneous, indicating a post-Albian age. Vitrinite reflectance data are consistent with previously measured fluid inclusion temperatures and indicate temperatures of ore deposition that were less than 100°C. Carbon and oxygen isotopic data from samples of regional limestone, host-rock dolostone and ore-stage dolomite suggest an early hydrothermal alteration of limestone to dolostone. This initial dolomitization was followed by a second period of dolomite formation produced by the mixing of basinal metal-rich fluids with local modified seawater. Both dolomitization events occurred under similar conditions from fluids exhibiting characteristics of basinal brines. The δ 34S values of sulfides are between -1.8 and +8.5 per mil, which is consistent with thermochemical sulfate reduction involving organic matter as the main source of reduced sulfur. Galena lead isotope compositions are among the most radiogenic values reported for Zn-Pb occurrences in Europe, and they are distinct from values reported for galena from other Basque-Cantabrian deposits. This suggests that a significant part of the lead was scavenged from the local underlying Asturian sediments. The stratigraphic and structural setting, timing of epigenetic mineralization, mineralogy, and isotopic geochemistry of sulfide and gangue minerals of the Reocín deposit are consistent with the features of most of Mississippi Valley-type ore deposits.

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