Hydrologic processes control much of the export of organic matter and nutrients from the land surface. It is the variability of these hydrologic processes that produces variable patterns of nutrient transport in both space and time. In this paper, we explore how hydrologic “connectivity” potentially affects nutrient transport. Hydrologic connectivity is defined as the condition by which disparate regions on the hillslope are linked via subsurface water flow. We present simulations that suggest that for much of the year, water draining through a catchment is spatially isolated. Only rarely, during storm and snowmelt events when antecedent soil moisture is high, do our simulations suggest that mid-slope saturation (or near saturation) occurs and that a catchment connects from ridge to valley. Observations during snowmelt at a small headwater catchment in Idaho are consistent with these model simulations. During early season discharge episodes, in which the mid-slope soil column is not saturated, the electrical conductivity in the stream remains low, reflecting a restricted, local (lower slope) source of stream water and the continued isolation of upper and mid-slope soil water and nutrients from the stream system. Increased streamflow and higher stream water electrical conductivity, presumably reflecting the release of water from the upper reaches of the catchment, are simultaneously observed when the mid-slope becomes sufficiently wet. This study provides preliminary evidence that the seasonal timing of hydrologic connectivity may affect a range of ecological processes, including downslope nutrient transport, C/N cycling, and biological productivity along the toposequence. A better elucidation of hydrologic connectivity will be necessary for understanding local processes as well as material export from land to water at regional and global scales.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2003gb002041","issn":"08866236","usgsCitation":"Stieglitz, M., Shaman, J., McNamara, J., Engel, V., Shanley, J., and Kling, G., 2003, An approach to understanding hydrologic connectivity on the hillslope and the implications for nutrient transport: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 17, no. 4, 1105, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gb002041.","productDescription":"1105, 15 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489100,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gb002041","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":387734,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-11-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea0de4b0c8380cd485e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stieglitz, M.","contributorId":73786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stieglitz","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shaman, J.","contributorId":29612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaman","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McNamara, J.","contributorId":86549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNamara","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Engel, V. 0000-0002-3858-7308","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3858-7308","contributorId":107905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engel","given":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shanley, J.","contributorId":37488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanley","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kling, G.W.","contributorId":22368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kling","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70025507,"text":"70025507 - 2003 - Geochemistry of carbonatites of the Tomtor massif","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-06T15:00:54.050116","indexId":"70025507","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1756,"text":"Geochemistry International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of carbonatites of the Tomtor massif","docAbstract":"Carbonatites compose sheet bodies in a 300-m sequence of volcanic lamproites, as well as separate large bodies at depths of >250-300 m. An analysis of new high-precision data on concentrations of major, rare, and rare earth elements in carbonatites shows that these rocks were formed during crystallization differentiation of a carbonatite magma, which resulted in enrichment of the later melt fractions in rare elements and was followed by autometasomatic and allometasomatic hydrothermal processes. Some independent data indicate that the main factor of ore accumulation in the weathered rock zone (also known as the \"lower ore horizon\" comprising metasomatized volcanics with interbedded carbonatites) was hydrothermal addition of Nb and REEs. The giant size of the Tomtor carbonatite-nepheline syenite massif caused advanced magma differentiation, extensive postmagmatic metasomatism and recrystallization of host rocks, and strong enrichment of carbonatites in incompatible rare and rare earth elements (except for Ta, Zr, Ti, K, and Rb) compared to the rocks of many other carbonatite massifs. We suggest that a wide range of iron contents in carbonatites-2 can be related to extensive magnetite fractionation at the magmatic stage in different parts of the huge massif.
","language":"English","publisher":"Pleiades Publishing","issn":"00167029","usgsCitation":"Kravchenko, S., Czamanske, G., and Fedorenko, V., 2003, Geochemistry of carbonatites of the Tomtor massif: Geochemistry International, v. 41, no. 6, p. 545-558.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"545","endPage":"558","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236009,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":401750,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.pleiades.online/cgi-perl/search.pl?type=abstract&name=geochem&number=6&year=3&page=545"}],"country":"Russia","otherGeospatial":"Tomtor Massif","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 115.3839111328125,\n 70.81671468224674\n ],\n [\n 117.77618408203124,\n 70.81671468224674\n ],\n [\n 117.77618408203124,\n 71.26377436883315\n ],\n [\n 115.3839111328125,\n 71.26377436883315\n ],\n [\n 115.3839111328125,\n 70.81671468224674\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16f0e4b0c8380cd55308","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kravchenko, S.M.","contributorId":27659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kravchenko","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Czamanske, G.","contributorId":61185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czamanske","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fedorenko, V.A.","contributorId":59961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fedorenko","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025543,"text":"70025543 - 2003 - Characterization of petroleum reservoirs in the Eocene Green River Formation, Central Uinta Basin, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70025543","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2789,"text":"Mountain Geologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of petroleum reservoirs in the Eocene Green River Formation, Central Uinta Basin, Utah","docAbstract":"The oil-productive Eocene Green River Formation in the central Uinta Basin of northeastern Utah is divided into five distinct intervals. In stratigraphically ascending order these are: 1) Uteland Butte, 2) Castle Peak, 3) Travis, 4) Monument Butte, and 5) Beluga. The reservoir in the Uteland Butte interval is mainly lacustrine limestone with rare bar sandstone beds, whereas the reservoirs in the other four intervals are mainly channel and lacustrine sandstone beds. The changing depositional environments of Paleocene-Eocene Lake Uinta controlled the characteristics of each interval and the reservoir rock contained within. The Uteland Butte consists of carbonate and rare, thin, shallow-lacustrine sandstone bars deposited during the initial rise of the lake. The Castle Peak interval was deposited during a time of numerous and rapid lake-level fluctuations, which developed a simple drainage pattern across the exposed shallow and gentle shelf with each fall and rise cycle. The Travis interval records a time of active tectonism that created a steeper slope and a pronounced shelf break where thick cut-and-fill valleys developed during lake-level falls and rises. The Monument Butte interval represents a return to a gentle, shallow shelf where channel deposits are stacked in a lowstand delta plain and amalgamated into the most extensive reservoir in the central Uinta Basin. The Beluga interval represents a time of major lake expansion with fewer, less pronounced lake-level falls, resulting in isolated single-storied channel and shallow-bar sandstone deposits.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mountain Geologist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0027254X","usgsCitation":"Morgan, C.D., and Bereskin, S., 2003, Characterization of petroleum reservoirs in the Eocene Green River Formation, Central Uinta Basin, Utah: Mountain Geologist, v. 40, no. 4, p. 111-127.","startPage":"111","endPage":"127","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236012,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4d4e4b0c8380cd4bf50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morgan, C. D.","contributorId":35094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bereskin, S.R.","contributorId":31961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bereskin","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025559,"text":"70025559 - 2003 - Discharge indices for water quality loads","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-03T11:40:03","indexId":"70025559","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Discharge indices for water quality loads","docAbstract":"Effective discharge has been used to describe the streamflow level that is responsible for transporting the most sediment over the long term. Careful inspection reveals that this concept may not have been well defined, and different interpretations have led to conflicting representations. Because total load is ultimately the quantity of interest, we define a new index, the half‐load discharge, which is that discharge above and below which half the total long‐term load is transported. The value of the half‐load discharge is derived for a reasonable model of flows and constituent concentration. The effective discharge has generally been thought to be a relatively common or frequent flood. The half‐load discharge is generally a much greater and less frequent flow than commonly used estimators of the effective discharge. Relations provided here for the frequency and magnitude of the half‐load discharge provide evidence that it is relatively rare floods that transport most of the sediment over the long term. These ideas apply to other constituents as well.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2002WR001872","usgsCitation":"Vogel, R.M., Stedinger, J.R., and Hooper, R.P., 2003, Discharge indices for water quality loads: Water Resources Research, v. 39, no. 10, p. 1-1-1-9, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002WR001872.","productDescription":"Article 1273; 9 p.","startPage":"1-1","endPage":"1-9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478490,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2002wr001872","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235676,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a01dfe4b0c8380cd4fd81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vogel, Richard M.","contributorId":66811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogel","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stedinger, Jery R. 0000-0002-7081-729X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7081-729X","contributorId":203276,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stedinger","given":"Jery","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":12722,"text":"Cornell University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":405641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hooper, Richard P.","contributorId":19144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025564,"text":"70025564 - 2003 - Fire and grazing impacts on plant diversity and alien plant invasions in the southern Sierra Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-28T14:27:02","indexId":"70025564","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fire and grazing impacts on plant diversity and alien plant invasions in the southern Sierra Nevada","docAbstract":"Patterns of native and alien plant diversity in response to disturbance were examined along an elevational gradient in blue oak savanna, chaparral, and coniferous forests. Total species richness, alien species richness, and alien cover declined with elevation, at scales from 1 to 1000 m2. We found no support for the hypothesis that community diversity inhibits alien invasion. At the 1-m2 point scale, where we would expect competitive interactions between the largely herbaceous flora to be most intense, alien species richness as well as alien cover increased with increasing native species richness in all communities. This suggests that aliens are limited not by the number of native competitors, but by resources that affect establishment of both natives and aliens.
Blue oak savannas were heavily dominated by alien species and consistently had more alien than native species at the 1-m2 scale. All of these aliens are annuals, and it is widely thought that they have displaced native bunchgrasses. If true, this means that aliens have greatly increased species richness. Alternatively, there is a rich regional flora of native annual forbs that could have dominated these grasslands prior to displacement by alien grasses. On our sites, livestock grazing increased the number of alien species and alien cover only slightly over that of sites free of livestock grazing for more than a century, indicating some level of permanency to this invasion.
In chaparral, both diversity and aliens increased markedly several years after fire. Invasive species are rare in undisturbed shrublands, and alien propagules fail to survive the natural crown fires in these ecosystems. Thus, aliens necessarily must colonize after fire and, as a consequence, time since fire is an important determinant of invasive presence. Blue oak savannas are an important propagule source for alien species because they maintain permanent populations of all alien species encountered in postfire chaparral, and because the vegetation mosaic in this region places them in proximity to chaparral. The speed at which alien propagules reach a burned site and the speed at which the shrublands return to their former closed-canopy condition determine alien invasion. Frequent burning of this vegetation alters the balance in favor of alien invasion.
In the higher-elevation coniferous forests, species diversity was a function of fire severity and time since fire. High-intensity fires create gaps that decrease canopy coverage and increase light levels and nutrients for an ephemeral successional flora. Few species have persistent seed banks, so the time since fire is an important determinant of colonization success. There was a highly significant interaction between fire severity and time since fire for understory cover, species richness, and alien richness and cover. Understory was sparse in the first year after fire, particularly in low-severity burns, and increased substantially several years after fire, particularly on high-severity burns. Both fire severity and time since fire affected alien species richness and dominance. Coniferous forests had about one-third as many alien species as the foothill oak savannas, and fewer than half of the species were shared between these communities. Unburned coniferous forests were largely free of alien species, whereas some burned sites had a significant alien presence, which presents a challenge for fire restoration of these forests.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/02-5002","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J.E., Lubin, D., and Fotheringham, C.J., 2003, Fire and grazing impacts on plant diversity and alien plant invasions in the southern Sierra Nevada: Ecological Applications, v. 13, no. 5, p. 1355-1374, https://doi.org/10.1890/02-5002.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1355","endPage":"1374","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235794,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1037e4b0c8380cd53b9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lubin, Daniel","contributorId":174974,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lubin","given":"Daniel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fotheringham, C. J.","contributorId":63334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fotheringham","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025605,"text":"70025605 - 2003 - Fire and amphibians in North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T18:03:26","indexId":"70025605","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fire and amphibians in North America","docAbstract":"Information on amphibian responses to fire and fuel reduction practices is critically needed due to potential declines of species and the prevalence of new, more intensive fire management practices in North American forests. The goals of this review are to summarize the known and potential effects of fire and fuels management on amphibians and their aquatic habitats, and to identify information gaps to help direct future scientific research. Amphibians as a group are taxonomically and ecologically diverse; in turn, responses to fire and associated habitat alteration are expected to vary widely among species and among geographic regions. Available data suggest that amphibian responses to fire are spatially and temporally variable and incompletely understood. Much of the limited research has addressed short-term (1–3 years) effects of prescribed fire on terrestrial life stages of amphibians in the southeastern United States. Information on the long-term negative effects of fire on amphibians and the importance of fire for maintaining amphibian communities is sparse for the majority of taxa in North America. Given the size and severity of recent wildland fires and the national effort to reduce fuels on federal lands, future studies are needed to examine the effects of these landscape disturbances on amphibians. We encourage studies to address population-level responses of amphibians to fire by examining how different life stages are affected by changes in aquatic, riparian, and upland habitats. Research designs need to be credible and provide information that is relevant for fire managers and those responsible for assessing the potential effects of various fuel reduction alternatives on rare, sensitive, and endangered amphibian species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elselvier","doi":"10.1016/S0378-1127(03)00060-4","usgsCitation":"Pilliod, D., Bury, R., Hyde, E., Pearl, C., and Corn, P., 2003, Fire and amphibians in North America: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 178, no. 1-2, p. 163-181, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(03)00060-4.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"181","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235907,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"178","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1033e4b0c8380cd53b8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pilliod, D. S.","contributorId":45259,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pilliod","given":"D. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bury, R.B.","contributorId":25497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bury","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hyde, E.J.","contributorId":47719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hyde","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pearl, C.A. 0000-0003-2943-7321","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2943-7321","contributorId":30732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearl","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Corn, P.S.","contributorId":63751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corn","given":"P.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025630,"text":"70025630 - 2003 - Biogeochemical sulphur cycle in an extreme environment - Life beneath a high arctic glacier, Nunavut, Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:27","indexId":"70025630","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Biogeochemical sulphur cycle in an extreme environment - Life beneath a high arctic glacier, Nunavut, Canada","docAbstract":"Unique springs discharge from the surface of a high arctic glacier, releasing H2S, and depositing native sulphur, gypsum, and calcite. A rare CaCO3 polymorph, vaterite, is also observed. Physical and chemical conditions of the spring water and surrounding environment, as well as mineralogical and isotopic signatures, argue for biologically mediated redox reactions controlling sulfur. Cell counts and DNA analyses, confirm bacteria are present in the spring system. ?? 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0375-6742(03)00026-8","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Grasby, S., Allen, C.C., Longazo, T., Lisle, J., Griffin, D., and Beauchamp, B., 2003, Biogeochemical sulphur cycle in an extreme environment - Life beneath a high arctic glacier, Nunavut, Canada, in Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 78-79, p. 71-74, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-6742(03)00026-8.","startPage":"71","endPage":"74","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209367,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0375-6742(03)00026-8"}],"volume":"78-79","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f156e4b0c8380cd4abcf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grasby, S.E.","contributorId":17026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grasby","given":"S.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, C. C.","contributorId":74181,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allen","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Longazo, T.G.","contributorId":57248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Longazo","given":"T.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lisle, J.T. 0000-0002-5447-2092","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5447-2092","contributorId":16965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisle","given":"J.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Griffin, Dale W.","contributorId":23668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"Dale W.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":405934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Beauchamp, B.","contributorId":101858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beauchamp","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70025654,"text":"70025654 - 2003 - Hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell: Application to studies of geologic fluids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-25T12:07:36","indexId":"70025654","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":644,"text":"Acta Petrologica Sinica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell: Application to studies of geologic fluids","docAbstract":"The hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell (HDAC) was designed to simulate the geologic conditions of crustal processes in the presence of water or other fluids. The HDAC has been used to apply external pressure to both synthetic and natural fluid inclusions in quartz to minimize problems caused by stretching or decrepitation of inclusions during microthermometric analysis. When the HDAC is loaded with a fluid sample, it can be considered as a large synthetic fluid inclusion and therefore, can be used to study the PVTX properties as well as phase relations of the sample fluid. Because the HDAC has a wide measurement pressure-temperature range and also allows in-situ optical observations, it has been used to study critical phenomena of various chemical systems, such as the geologically important hydrous silicate melts. It is possible, when the HDAC is combined with synchrotron X-ray sources, to obtain basic information on speciation and structure of metal including rare-earth elements (REE) complexes in hydrothermal solutions as revealed by X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectra. Recent modifications of the HDAC minimize the loss of intensity of X-rays due to scattering and absorption by the diamonds. These modifications are especially important for studying elements with absorption edges below 10 keV and therefore particularly valuable for our understanding of transport and deposition of first-row transition elements and REE in hydrothermal environments.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Acta Petrologica Sinica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"Chinese","issn":"10000569","usgsCitation":"Chou, I., 2003, Hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell: Application to studies of geologic fluids: Acta Petrologica Sinica, v. 19, no. 2, p. 213-220.","startPage":"213","endPage":"220","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234929,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269997,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://caod.oriprobe.com/articles/5692252/Hydrothermal_diamond_anvil_cell__application_to_studies_of_geologic_fl.htm"}],"volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a379de4b0c8380cd61000","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chou, I.-M. 0000-0001-5233-6479","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-6479","contributorId":44283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chou","given":"I.-M.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":406033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70025707,"text":"70025707 - 2003 - Rare-earth elements and Nd and Pb isotopes as source indicators for Labrador Sea clay-size sediments during Heinrich event 2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-15T13:22:05","indexId":"70025707","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rare-earth elements and Nd and Pb isotopes as source indicators for Labrador Sea clay-size sediments during Heinrich event 2","docAbstract":"Elemental abundances and Nd and Pb isotope ratios were determined on samples from the carbonate-free, clay-size fractions of sediments from intervals above, within, and below Heinrich event 2 (H-2) in core HU87-9 from the Northwest Labrador Sea slope. In HU87-9, rare-earth element (REE) distributions and elemental concentrations within the H-2 event are distinct from those outside this event. εNd(0) and 206Pb/204Pb data also indicate different values for sediments deposited within and outside the H-2 event. Comparisons of REE patterns from the H-2 interval with those from bedrock units in Baffin Island, northern Quebec, and Labrador indicate that the Lake Harbour Group (LHG), which crops out on the north side of the Hudson Strait, is the most probable bedrock source of the clay-size fraction found within the H-2 interval in HU87-9. The Tasiuyak Gneiss (TG) and Lac Lomier Complex (LLC) have REE patterns (including a negative Eu anomaly) similar to those found in H-2 sediments; however, the La/Yb ratios of these units are smaller than those associated with H-2 sediments. The Nd and Pb isotope data support and complement REE-based interpretations of provenance; i.e., the Nd–Pb signatures of sediments deposited at the HU87-9 site during the H-2 event are similar to Nd–Pb signatures obtained on diamicts from the western end of Hudson Strait.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00011-8","usgsCitation":"Benson, L., Barber, D., Andrews, J.T., Taylor, H.E., and Lamothe, P., 2003, Rare-earth elements and Nd and Pb isotopes as source indicators for Labrador Sea clay-size sediments during Heinrich event 2: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 22, no. 8-9, p. 881-889, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00011-8.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"881","endPage":"889","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234599,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"8-9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a952ae4b0c8380cd8183b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benson, L.","contributorId":56793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barber, David","contributorId":19747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Andrews, John T.","contributorId":79678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":406251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lamothe, P.","contributorId":100477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamothe","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025808,"text":"70025808 - 2003 - Lithospheric roots beneath western Laurentia: The geochemical signal in mantle garnets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:32","indexId":"70025808","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lithospheric roots beneath western Laurentia: The geochemical signal in mantle garnets","docAbstract":"This study presents major and trace element data for 243 mantle garnet xenocrysts from six kimberlites in parts of western North America. The geochemical data for the garnet xenocrysts are used to infer the composition, thickness, and tectonothermal affinity of the mantle lithosphere beneath western Laurentia at the time of kimberlite eruption. The garnets record temperatures between 800 and 1450??C using Ni-in-garnet thermometry and represent mainly lherzolitic mantle lithosphere sampled over an interval from about 110-260 km depth. Garnets with sinuous rare-earth element patterns, high Sr, and high Sc/V occur mainly at shallow depths and occur almost exclusively in kimberlites interpreted to have sampled Archean mantle lithosphere beneath the Wyoming Province in Laurentia, and are notably absent in garnets from kimberlites erupting through the Proterozoic Yavapai Mazatzal and Trans-Hudson provinces. The similarities in depths of equilibration, but differing geochemical patterns in garnets from the Cross kimberlite (southeastern British Columbia) compared to kimberlites in the Wyoming Province argue for post-Archean replacement and (or) modification of mantle beneath the Archean Hearne Province. Convective removal of mantle lithosphere beneath the Archean Hearne Province in a \"tEctonic vise\" during the Proterozoic terminal collisions that formed Laurentia either did not occur, or was followed by replacement of thick mantle lithosphere that was sampled by kimberlite in the Triassic, and is still observed there seismically today.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/e03-003","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Canil, D., Schulze, D., Hall, D., Hearn, B.C., and Milliken, S., 2003, Lithospheric roots beneath western Laurentia: The geochemical signal in mantle garnets: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 40, no. 8, p. 1027-1051, https://doi.org/10.1139/e03-003.","startPage":"1027","endPage":"1051","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208932,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e03-003"},{"id":235045,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a48a0e4b0c8380cd67fd1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Canil, D.","contributorId":7478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Canil","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schulze, D.J.","contributorId":18549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulze","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hall, D.","contributorId":55620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hearn, B. C. Jr.","contributorId":37709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hearn","given":"B.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Milliken, S.M.","contributorId":76915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milliken","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025841,"text":"70025841 - 2003 - A simplified approach for monitoring hydrophobic organic contaminants associated with suspended sediment: Methodology and applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:33","indexId":"70025841","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A simplified approach for monitoring hydrophobic organic contaminants associated with suspended sediment: Methodology and applications","docAbstract":"Hydrophobic organic contaminants, although frequently detected in bed sediment and in aquatic biota, are rarely detected in whole-water samples, complicating determination of their occurrence, load, and source. A better approach for the investigation of hydrophobic organic contaminants is the direct analysis of sediment in suspension, but procedures for doing so are expensive and cumbersome. We describe a simple, inexpensive methodology for the dewatering of sediment and present the results of two case studies. Isolation of a sufficient mass of sediment for analyses of organochlorine compounds and PAHs is obtained by in-line filtration of large volumes of water. The sediment is removed from the filters and analyzed directly by standard laboratory methods. In the first case study, suspended-sediment sampling was used to determine occurrence, loads, and yields of contaminants in urban runoff affecting biota in Town Lake, Austin, TX. The second case study used suspended-sediment sampling to locate a point source of PCBs in the Donna Canal in south Texas, where fish are contaminated with PCBs. The case studies demonstrate that suspended-sediment sampling can be an effective tool for determining the occurrence, load, and source of hydrophobic organic contaminants in transport.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00244-002-2032-3","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"Mahler, B., and Van Metre, P., 2003, A simplified approach for monitoring hydrophobic organic contaminants associated with suspended sediment: Methodology and applications: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 44, no. 3, p. 288-297, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-002-2032-3.","startPage":"288","endPage":"297","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208853,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-002-2032-3"},{"id":234906,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e593e4b0c8380cd46e41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mahler, B.J.","contributorId":36888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahler","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Metre, P. C.","contributorId":92999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Metre","given":"P. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025847,"text":"70025847 - 2003 - The sedimentary record of climatic and anthropogenic influence on the Patuxent estuary and Chesapeake Bay ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:32","indexId":"70025847","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The sedimentary record of climatic and anthropogenic influence on the Patuxent estuary and Chesapeake Bay ecosystems","docAbstract":"Ecological and paleoecological studies from the Patuxent River mouth reveal dynamic variations in benthic ostracode assemblages over the past 600 years due to climatic and anthropogenic factors. Prior to the late 20th century, centennial-scale changes in species dominance were influenced by climatic and hydrological factors that primarily affected salinity and at times led to oxygen depletion. Decadal-scale droughts also occurred resulting in higher salinities and migration of ostracode species from the deep channel (Loxoconcha sp., Cytheromorpha newportensis) into shallower water along the flanks of the bay. During the 19th century the abundance of Leptocythere nikraveshae and Perissocytheridea brachyforma suggest increased turbidity and decreased salinity. Unprecedented changes in benthic ostracodes at the Patuxent mouth and in the deep channel of the bay occurred after the 1960s when Cytheromorpha curta became the dominant species, reflecting seasonal anoxia. The change in benthic assemblages coincided with the appearance of deformities in foraminifers. A combination of increased nitrate loading due to greater fertilizer use and increased freshwater flow explains this shift. A review of the geochemical and paleoecological evidence for dissolved oxygen indicates that seasonal oxygen depletion in the main channel of Chesapeake Bay varies over centennial and decadal timescales. Prior to 1700 AD, a relatively wet climate and high freshwater runoff led to oxygen depletion but rarely anoxia. Between 1700 and 1900, progressive eutrophication occurred related to land dearance and increased sedimentation, but this was superimposed on the oscillatory pattern of oxygen depletion most likely driven by climatological and hydrological factors. It also seems probable that the four- to five-fold increase in sedimentation due to agricultural and timber activity could have contributed to an increased natural nutrient load, likely fueling the early periods (1700-1900) of hypoxla prior to widespread fertilizer use. Twentieth-century anoxia worsened in the late 1930s-1940s and again around 1970, reaching unprecedented levels in the past few decades. Decadal and interannual variability in oxygen depletion even in the 20th century is still strongly influenced by climatic processes influencing precipitation and freshwater runoff.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Estuaries","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01608347","usgsCitation":"Cronin, T.M., and Vann, C., 2003, The sedimentary record of climatic and anthropogenic influence on the Patuxent estuary and Chesapeake Bay ecosystems: Estuaries, v. 26, no. 2 A, p. 196-209.","startPage":"196","endPage":"209","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235011,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"2 A","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb005e4b08c986b324b8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":406807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vann, C.D.","contributorId":51951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vann","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025857,"text":"70025857 - 2003 - Paleozoic and Mesozoic silica-rich seawater: Evidence from hematitic chert (jasper) deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-05T15:23:58","indexId":"70025857","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleozoic and Mesozoic silica-rich seawater: Evidence from hematitic chert (jasper) deposits","docAbstract":"Laterally extensive beds of highly siliceous, hematitic chert (jasper) are associated with many volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits of Late Cambrian to Early Cretaceous age, yet are unknown in analogous younger (including modern) settings. Textural studies suggest that VMS-related jaspers in the Ordovician Løkken ophiolite of Norway were originally deposited as Si- and Fe-rich gels that precipitated from hydrothermal plumes as colloidal silica and iron-oxyhydroxide particles. Rare earth element patterns and Ge/Si ratios of the jaspers reflect precipitation from plumes having seawater dilution factors of 103 to 104, similar to modern examples. We propose that silica in the ancient jaspers is not derived from submarine hydrothermal fluids-as suggested by previous workers-but instead was deposited from silic-rich sea-water. Flocculation and precipitation of the silica were triggered inorganically by the bridging effect of positively charged iron oxyhydroxides in the hydrothermal plume. A model involving amorphous silica (opal-A) precursors to the jaspers suggests that silica contents of Cambrian-Early Cretaceous oceans were at least 110 mg/L SiO2, compared to values of 40-60 mg/L SiO2 estimated in other studies. The evolution of ancient silica-rich to modern Fe-rich precipitates in submarine-hydrothermal plumes reflects a changeover from silica-saturated to silica-depleted seawater through Phanerozoic time, due mainly to ocean-wide emergence of diatoms in the Cretaceous.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0319:PAMSRS>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Grenne, T., and Slack, J.F., 2003, Paleozoic and Mesozoic silica-rich seawater: Evidence from hematitic chert (jasper) deposits: Geology, v. 31, no. 4, p. 319-322, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0319:PAMSRS>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"319","endPage":"322","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208688,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0319:PAMSRS>2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"31","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7465e4b0c8380cd7760c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grenne, Tor","contributorId":7460,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grenne","given":"Tor","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":35509,"text":"Geological Survey of Norway","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":406841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slack, J. F.","contributorId":75917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025958,"text":"70025958 - 2003 - Application of adaptive cluster sampling to low-density populations of freshwater mussels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:33","indexId":"70025958","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1573,"text":"Environmental and Ecological Statistics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of adaptive cluster sampling to low-density populations of freshwater mussels","docAbstract":"Freshwater mussels appear to be promising candidates for adaptive cluster sampling because they are benthic macroinvertebrates that cluster spatially and are frequently found at low densities. We applied adaptive cluster sampling to estimate density of freshwater mussels at 24 sites along the Cacapon River, WV, where a preliminary timed search indicated that mussels were present at low density. Adaptive cluster sampling increased yield of individual mussels and detection of uncommon species; however, it did not improve precision of density estimates. Because finding uncommon species, collecting individuals of those species, and estimating their densities are important conservation activities, additional research is warranted on application of adaptive cluster sampling to freshwater mussels. However, at this time we do not recommend routine application of adaptive cluster sampling to freshwater mussel populations. The ultimate, and currently unanswered, question is how to tell when adaptive cluster sampling should be used, i.e., when is a population sufficiently rare and clustered for adaptive cluster sampling to be efficient and practical? A cost-effective procedure needs to be developed to identify biological populations for which adaptive cluster sampling is appropriate.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental and Ecological Statistics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1021956617984","issn":"13528505","usgsCitation":"Smith, D., Villella, R., and Lemarie, D.P., 2003, Application of adaptive cluster sampling to low-density populations of freshwater mussels: Environmental and Ecological Statistics, v. 10, no. 1, p. 7-15, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021956617984.","startPage":"7","endPage":"15","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208936,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021956617984"},{"id":235053,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec94e4b0c8380cd4936a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, D. R. 0000-0001-6074-9257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":44108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D. R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":407244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Villella, R.F.","contributorId":53323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Villella","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lemarie, D. P.","contributorId":23100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemarie","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026001,"text":"70026001 - 2003 - Early neogene history of the central American arc from Bocas del Toro, western Panama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-31T10:43:39","indexId":"70026001","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Early neogene history of the central American arc from Bocas del Toro, western Panama","docAbstract":"A newly discovered sequence of lower to middle Miocene rocks from the eastern Bocas del Toro archipelago, western Panama, reveals the timing and environment of the earliest stages in the rise of the Isthmus of Panama in this region. Two new formations, the Punta Alegre Formation (lower Miocene, Aquitanian to Burdigalian) and the Valiente Formation (middle Miocene, Langhian to Serravallian), are here named and formally described. The Punta Alegre Formation contains a diagnostic microfauna of benthic and planktic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils that indicate deposition in a 2000-m-deep pre-isthmian neotropical ocean from as old as 21.5–18.3 Ma. Its lithology varies from silty mudstone to muddy foraminiferal ooze with rare thin microturbidite layers near the top. The Valiente Formation, which ranges in age from 16.4 to ca. 12.0 Ma, lies with slight angular unconformity on the Punta Alegre Formation and consists of five lithofacies: (1) columnar basalt and flow breccia, (2) pyroclastic deposits, (3) coarse-grained volcaniclastic deposits, (4) coral-reef limestone with diverse large coral colonies, and (5) marine debris-flow deposits and microturbidites. These lithofacies are interpreted to indicate that after ca. 16 Ma a volcanic arc developed in the region of Bocas del Toro and that by ca. 12 Ma an extensively emergent archipelago of volcanic islands had formed. 39Ar/40Ar dating of basalt flows associated with the fossiliferous sedimentary rocks in the upper part of the Valiente Formation strongly confirms the ages derived from planktic foraminifera and nannofossils. Paleobathymetric analysis of the two new formations in the Valiente Peninsula and Popa Island, in the Bocas del Toro archipelago, shows a general shallowing from lower- through upper-bathyal to upper-neritic and emergent laharic and fluviatile deposits from ca. 19 to 12 Ma. The overlying nonconformable Bocas del Toro Group contains a lower transgressive sequence ranging from basal nearshore sandstone to upper-bathyal mudstone (ca. 8.1–5.3 Ma) and an upper regressive sequence (5.3–3.5 Ma). A similar paleobathymetric pattern is observed from the Gatun to Chagres Formations (12–6 Ma) in the Panama Canal Basin area and in the Uscari, Rio Banana, Quebrada Chocolate, and Moin Formations (8–1.7 Ma) in the southern Limón Basin of Costa Rica.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0271:ENHOTC>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Coates, A.G., Aubry, M., Berggren, W.A., Collins, L.S., and Kunk, M.J., 2003, Early neogene history of the central American arc from Bocas del Toro, western Panama: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, no. 3, p. 271-287, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0271:ENHOTC>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"287","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234548,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"115","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a048de4b0c8380cd50a58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coates, Anthony G.","contributorId":174335,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Coates","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":27419,"text":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, P.O. Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Republic of Panama","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":407450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aubry, Marie-Pierre","contributorId":174332,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aubry","given":"Marie-Pierre","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27421,"text":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Rutgers University 610 Taylor Road Piscataway NJ 08854-8066, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":407453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berggren, William A.","contributorId":174333,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Berggren","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":27421,"text":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Rutgers University 610 Taylor Road Piscataway NJ 08854-8066, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":407449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Collins, Laurel S.","contributorId":174336,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Collins","given":"Laurel","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":27423,"text":"Department of Earth and Environment, and Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":407451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":407452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70044781,"text":"70044781 - 2003 - Mineral resource of the month: platinum-group metals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-07T13:12:05","indexId":"70044781","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1829,"text":"Geotimes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineral resource of the month: platinum-group metals","docAbstract":"The precious metals commonly referred to as platinum-group metals (PGM) include iridium, osmium, palladium, platinum, rhodium and ruthenium. PGM are among the rarest of elements, and their market values — particularly for palladium, platinum and rhodium — are the highest of all precious metals.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geotimes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geosciences Institute","publisherLocation":"Alexandria, VA","usgsCitation":"Hilliard, H., 2003, Mineral resource of the month: platinum-group metals: Geotimes, v. 2003, no. September, HTML Document.","productDescription":"HTML Document","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-021529","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270419,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270418,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.geotimes.org/sept03/resources.html"}],"volume":"2003","issue":"September","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"515aac65e4b0105540728a45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hilliard, Henry","contributorId":89779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hilliard","given":"Henry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":51982,"text":"wri034045 - 2003 - Comprehensive water quality of the Boulder Creek Watershed, Colorado, during high-flow and low-flow conditions, 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-20T22:28:43.026829","indexId":"wri034045","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-08T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"03-4045","title":"Comprehensive water quality of the Boulder Creek Watershed, Colorado, during high-flow and low-flow conditions, 2000","docAbstract":"The Boulder Creek Watershed, Colorado, is 1160 square kilometers in area and ranges in elevation from 1480 to 4120 meters above sea level. Streamflow originates primarily as snowmelt near the Continental Divide, and thus discharge varies seasonally and annually (Chapter 1). Most of the water in Boulder Creek is diverted for domestic, agricultural, and industrial use. Some diverted water is returned to the creek as wastewater effluent and by ditch returns, and additional water enters as groundwater and by transbasin diversions. These diversions and returns lead to complex temporal and spatial variations in discharge. The variations in discharge, along with natural factors such as geology and climate, and anthropogenic factors such as wastewater treatment, agriculture, mining, and urbanization, can affect water chemistry. As with many watersheds in the American West, dependable water quality and sufficient water supply are issues facing local water managers and users.
Detailed water-quality and sediment sampling allows the identification of sources and sinks of chemical constituents and an understanding of the processes at work in a river system. This study, the most comprehensive water-quality analysis performed for Boulder Creek to date, was a cooperative effort of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the city of Boulder. Geographic information systems and modeling programs were used to delineate watershed boundaries, land cover, and geology (Chapter 2). During high-flow (June 2000) and low-flow (October 2000) conditions, researchers evaluated 226 water-quality variables, including basic water-quality indicators (Chapter 3), major ions and trace elements (Chapter 4), wastewater-derived organic compounds (Chapter 5), and pesticides (Chapter 6). Discharge (Chapter 1) and bed-sediment particle size and mineralogy (Chapter 7) were also evaluated. This cooperative study was facilitated by the Boulder Area Sustainability Information Network (BASIN), which provides public access to environmental information about the Boulder Creek Watershed on a website, www.basin.org. In addition to the USGS and city of Boulder data, researchers at the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research at the University of Colorado provided water chemistry data for the headwaters of North Boulder Creek, upstream of the reach of the USGS/city of Boulder sampling sites (Chapter 8).
Snowmelt produces high flows in Boulder Creek in late spring to early summer (Chapter 1). Because precipitation falling in the headwaters is very dilute (specific conductance about 5 microsiemens per centimeter), most chemical constituents are present in lower concentrations during high flows (Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8). However, concentrations of some constituents, such as total suspended solids (Chapter 3) and organic carbon (Chapter 5), increase during the spring snowmelt flush.
The upper basin, which consists of alpine, subalpine, montane, and foothills regions west of the mouth of Boulder Canyon, is underlain by Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks (Chapter 1). Major dissolved inorganic constituents in headwater sites were found to be enriched by factors of 10 to 20 relative to precipitation; this is consistent with minor weathering of the local crystalline bedrock (Chapter 4). Some anthropogenic input is observed in the headwaters; precipitation introduces nitrogen derived from fossil fuel combustion and agricultural activities (Chapter 8).
The lower basin, which consists of the plains region east of the mouth of Boulder Canyon, is underlain by Mesozoic sedimentary rock and Quaternary alluvium, and has substantially more anthropogenic sources. Concentrations of most dissolved inorganic constituents increased in the lower basin. Differentiation between natural and anthropogenic sources of some dissolved constituents is difficult because both sources contribute to the water composition in this region. The increase of most major constituents (bicarbonate, calcium, chloride, magnesium, sodium, and sulfate) is consistent with weathering of the underlying sedimentary bedrock (Chapter 4). It is likely that anthropogenic loading of constituents in this reach occurs during storm events. Fecal coliform concentrations were variable and in some cases exceeded state standards, primarily during low-flow conditions (Chapter 3).
Effluent from Boulder’s 75th Street Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) has a substantial impact on the water chemistry of lower Boulder Creek. The WWTP increases the concentrations of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus (Chapter 3), major ions and trace metals (Chapter 4), and organic carbon (Chapter 5) in Boulder Creek. The effluent contained a spike in gadolinium, a rare earth element that is ingested for magnetic resonance imaging as a contrasting agent and then excreted to the urban wastewater system. The effluent also contained trace organic compounds such as surfactants, pharmaceuticals, hormones (Chapter 5), and pesticides (Chapter 6), which also were detected at downstream Boulder Creek sites. Water chemistry of Boulder Creek downstream of the WWTP is largely controlled by the degree of dilution of the wastewater effluent, which varies depending on the baseflow of Boulder Creek, the volume of wastewater effluent, and depletion by agricultural diversions. Coal Creek, a tributary of Boulder Creek, contains wastewater effluent from four additional WWTPs, and increases the load of many constituents in Boulder Creek. In addition to the impact from wastewater effluent, lower Boulder Creek is affected by agricultural land use. Eleven of 84 analyzed pesticides were detected in Boulder Creek or its inflows, primarily in the eastern section of the watershed (Chapter 6).
This collaborative study provides an in-depth evaluation of the hydrology, water chemistry, and sediment mineralogy of North Boulder Creek, Middle Boulder Creek, Boulder Creek, and major inflows. The detailed sampling and analysis in this report provide a baseline for future reference, as well as information on the effect of land use and geology on water chemistry.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034045","usgsCitation":"Murphy, S.F., Verplanck, P.L., and Barber, L.B., 2003, Comprehensive Water Quality of the Boulder Creek Watershed, Colorado, During High-Flow and Low-Flow Conditions, 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4045, 198 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034045.","productDescription":"xiii, 198 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":366653,"rank":10,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Chapter6.pdf","text":"Report Chapter 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Chapter 6"},{"id":366651,"rank":8,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Chapter4.pdf","text":"Report Chapter 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Chapter 4"},{"id":366649,"rank":6,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Chapter2.pdf","text":"Report Chapter 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Chapter 2"},{"id":366648,"rank":5,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Chapter1.pdf","text":"Report Chapter 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Chapter 1"},{"id":422749,"rank":14,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_62004.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":366647,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_ExecSummary.pdf","text":"Executive Summary","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Executive Summary"},{"id":366655,"rank":12,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Chapter8.pdf","text":"Report Chapter 8","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Chapter 8"},{"id":366654,"rank":11,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Chapter7.pdf","text":"Report Chapter 7","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Chapter 7"},{"id":366656,"rank":13,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Errata.pdf","text":"Errata","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Errata"},{"id":366652,"rank":9,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Chapter5.pdf","text":"Report Chapter 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Chapter 5"},{"id":366650,"rank":7,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Chapter3.pdf","text":"Report Chapter 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Chapter 3"},{"id":179190,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":366644,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025.pdf","text":"Entire Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025"},{"id":366646,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Foreword.pdf","text":"Report Foreword","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Foreword"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Boulder Creek Watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.029052734375,\n 39.806426117299374\n ],\n [\n -104.1888427734375,\n 39.806426117299374\n ],\n [\n -104.1888427734375,\n 40.29419163838167\n ],\n [\n -106.029052734375,\n 40.29419163838167\n ],\n [\n -106.029052734375,\n 39.806426117299374\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Earth System Processes Division, Water Resources Mission Area
U.S. Geological Survey
3215 Marine St., Suite E-127
Boulder, CO 80303
This report is the result of a five-year collaboration between scientists of the U.S. Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Olympic Field Station, and the natural resources staff of Olympic National Park to develop a comprehensive strategy for monitoring natural resources of Olympic National Park. Olympic National Park is the National Park Serviceʼs prototype monitoring park, representing parks in the coniferous forest biome. Under the umbrella of the National Park Serviceʼs prototype parks program, U.S. Geological Survey and Olympic National Park staffs are obligated to:
Olympic National Park is part of the North Coast and Cascades Network, a network of seven Pacific Northwestern park units created recently by the National Park Serviceʼs Inventory and Monitoring Program to extend the monitoring of ʻvital signsʼ of park health to all National Park Service units. It is our intent and hope that the monitoring strategies and conceptual models described here will meet the overall purpose of the prototype parks monitoring program in proving useful not only to Olympic National Park, but also to parks within the North Coast and Cascades Network and elsewhere.
Part I contains the conceptual design and sampling framework for the prototype long-term monitoring program in Olympic National Park. In this section, we explore key elements of monitoring design that help to ensure the spatial, ecological, and temporal integration of monitoring program elements and discuss approaches used to design an ecosystem-based monitoring program. Basic monitoring components include ecosystem drivers, (e.g., climate, atmospheric inputs, human pressures), indicators of ecosystem integrity (e.g., biogeochemical indicators), known threats (e.g., impacts of introduced mountain goats), and focal or ʻkeyʼ species (e.g., rare or listed species, Roosevelt elk). Monitoring system drivers and key indicators of ecosystem integrity provide the long-term baseline needed to judge what constitutes ʻunnaturalʼ variation in park resources and provide the earliest possible warning of unacceptable change. Monitoring effects of known threats and the status of focal species will provide information useful to park managers for dealing with current park issues.
In Part I we describe the process of identifying potential indicators of ecological condition and present conceptual models of park ecosystems. In addition we report results from several workshops held in conjunction with Olympic National Park aimed at identifying potential indicators of change in the parkʼs ecosystem. First, we describe the responses of Olympic National Park staff to the generic question, “What is the most important resource to monitor in Olympic National Park and why?” followed by the responses from resource and land managers from areas adjoining the park. We also catalogue the responses of various expert groups that we asked to help identify the most appropriate system drivers and indicators of change in the Olympic National Park ecosystems. Results of the workshops provided the justification for selecting basic indicators of ecosystem integrity, effects of current threats to park resources, and focal resources of parks to detect both the currently evident and unforeseeable changes in park resources.
We conclude Part I by exploring several generic statistical issues relevant to monitoring natural resources in Olympic National Park. Specifically we discuss trade-offs associated with sampling extensively versus sampling intensively in smaller geographic regions and describe a conceptual framework to guide development of a generic sampling frame for monitoring. We recommend partitioning Olympic National Park into three zones of decreasing accessibility to maximize monitoring efficiency. We present examples of how the generic sampling frame could be used to help ensure spatial integration of individual monitoring projects.
Part II of the report is a record of the potential monitoring questions and indicators identified to date in our workshops. The presentation is organized according to the major system drivers, components, and processes identified in the intermediate-level working model of the Olympic National Park ecosystem. For each component of the park system, we develop the need and justification for monitoring, articulate park management issues, and describe key resources and ecosystem functions. We also present a pictorial conceptual model of each ecological subsystem, identify monitoring questions, and list potential indicators for each monitoring question. We conclude each section by identifying linkages of indicators to other ecological subsystems in our general ecosystem model, spatial and temporal contexts for monitoring (where and how often to monitor), and research and development needs. Part II represents the most current detailed listing of potential indicators—the material for subsequent discussions of monitoring priorities and selection of indicators for protocol development.
Collectively, the sections of this report contain a comprehensive list of the important monitoring questions and potential indicators as well as recommendations for designing an integrated monitoring program. In Part I, Chapter 6 we provide recommendations on how to proceed with the important next steps in the design process: establishing priorities among the many possible monitoring questions and indicators, and beginning to research and design effective long-term monitoring protocols.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","collaboration":"Prepared in Cooperation with Olympic National Park","usgsCitation":"Jenkins, K., Woodward, A., and Schreiner, E., 2003, A Framework for Long-term Ecological Monitoring in Olympic National Park: Prototype for the Coniferous Forest Biome: Information and Technology Report 2003-0006, x, 150 p.","productDescription":"x, 150 p.","numberOfPages":"162","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":174607,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/2003/0006/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":4858,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/2003/0006/itr030006.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"ITR "}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4955e4b0b290850ef105","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jenkins, Kurt","contributorId":30681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkins","given":"Kurt","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":248748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodward, Andrea 0000-0003-0604-9115 awoodward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0604-9115","contributorId":3028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"Andrea","email":"awoodward@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schreiner, Ed","contributorId":97555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreiner","given":"Ed","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":54226,"text":"b2209C - 2003 - Chapter C: Hydrothermal Enrichment of Gallium in Zones of Advanced Argillic Alteration-Examples from the Paradise Peak and McDermitt Ore Deposits, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:59","indexId":"b2209C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2209","chapter":"C","title":"Chapter C: Hydrothermal Enrichment of Gallium in Zones of Advanced Argillic Alteration-Examples from the Paradise Peak and McDermitt Ore Deposits, Nevada","docAbstract":"Gallium is produced as a byproduct from bauxite and zinc sulfide ores and rarely from primary Ga ores. High Ga contents (>60 ppm) can occur in zones of advanced argillic alteration consisting of alunite+kaolinite+quartz associated with quartz-alunite (high sulfidation Au-Ag) deposits. In a magmatic-hydrothermal environment, the zones of advanced argillic alteration associated with quartz-alunite (high sulfidation) Au-Ag deposits have the highest Ga contents (max 120 ppm). In these Au deposits, Ga is enriched in the zone of alunite+kaolinite alteration and depleted in the zone of quartz-rich alteration within acid-leached rocks. Peripheral zones of argillic alteration have Ga contents and Al/Ga ratios similar to those in unaltered volcanic rocks. The zones of advanced argillic alteration that formed in a steam-heated environment in association with hot-spring-type Hg-Au deposits are not Ga enriched, and residual silicified zones have very low Ga contents. The McDermitt Hg and Paradise Peak Au-Hg deposits, Nev., have zones of advanced argillic alteration that are Ga enriched. At the Paradise Peak Au-Hg deposits, Ga is enriched in the zone of alunite+jarosite alteration that formed in a magmatic-hydrothermal environment. Ga is depleted in the zone of opal+alunite alteration formed in a steam-heated environment, in residual silicified zones formed in a magmatic-hydrothermal environment, and in zones of supergene jarosite alteration. At the McDermitt Hg deposit, Ga is enriched in the zone of alunite+kaolinite alteration below the zone of adularia-quartz alteration that coincides with the Hg ore body. The spatial relation of Ga enrichment to alunite-kaolinite alteration suggests that formation in a magmatic-hydrothermal environment. X-ray-absorption spectra of Ga-enriched samples from the McDermitt Hg deposit are similar to that of gallium sulfate and support the association of Ga enrichment with alunite alteration.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Industrial-Minerals Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/b2209C","usgsCitation":"Rytuba, J.J., John, D.A., Foster, A., Ludington, S.D., and Kotlyar, B., 2003, Chapter C: Hydrothermal Enrichment of Gallium in Zones of Advanced Argillic Alteration-Examples from the Paradise Peak and McDermitt Ore Deposits, Nevada (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2209, iii, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2209C.","productDescription":"iii, 16 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":658,"text":"Western Mineral Resources","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":181302,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8976,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2209/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":9356,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2209-c/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d5e4b07f02db5ddbde","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rytuba, James J. jrytuba@usgs.gov","contributorId":3043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rytuba","given":"James","email":"jrytuba@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"John, David A. 0000-0001-7977-9106 djohn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7977-9106","contributorId":1748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"John","given":"David","email":"djohn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foster, Andrea","contributorId":99218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"Andrea","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ludington, Steven D.","contributorId":107777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludington","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kotlyar, Boris","contributorId":12922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kotlyar","given":"Boris","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70159754,"text":"70159754 - 2002 - Consumption of fungal sporocarps by Yellowstone grizzly bears","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-19T13:52:58","indexId":"70159754","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-12T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3671,"text":"Ursus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Consumption of fungal sporocarps by Yellowstone grizzly bears","docAbstract":"Sign of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) consuming fungal sporocarps (mushrooms and truffles) was observed on 68 occasions during a study of radiomarked bears in the Yellowstone region, 1977–96. Sporocarps also were detected in 96 grizzly bear feces. Most fungi consumedby Yellowstone's grizzlybearsweremembersofthe Boletaceae(Suillus spp.), Russulaceae (Russula spp. and Lactarius sp.), Morchellaceae (Morchella elata), and Rhizopogonaceae. Consumption of false truffles (Rhizopogon spp.) was indicated by excavations that were deeper, on average (1.1 dm), than excavations for mushrooms (0.6 dm). Consumption of sporocarps was most frequent during September (7% of all activity), although median numbers of sporocarps excavated at feeding sites peaked during both August and September (22–23 excavations/site). Almost all consumption (75%) occurred on edaphically harsh sites typically dominated by lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta). At broad scales, consumption of sporocarps was most likely where these types of lodgepole pine-dominated sites were extensive or where high-elevation sites supporting mature whitebarkpine (P albicaulis) were rare. The number of sporocarps excavated atafeeding site was greatest when conecrops of whitebarkpine were smallandinstands with abundantlodgepolepine. At finescales, consumption of fungi was positively associated with lodgepolepine basalarea and negatively associated with total ground vegetation cover. Because of the strong association of sporocarp consumption with lodgepole pine and its disassociation at broad scales with availability of whitebark pineseeds, consumption of mushrooms and truffles by grizzly bears will likely increase in the Yellowstone ecosystem with global warming. Lodgepole pine is predicted to increase and whitebark pine to decline with global warming.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Bear Research & Management","usgsCitation":"Mattson, D.J., Podruzny, S., and Haroldson, M.A., 2002, Consumption of fungal sporocarps by Yellowstone grizzly bears: Ursus, v. 13, p. 95-103.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"103","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311577,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311576,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.bearbiology.com/index.php?id=ursvol13_10"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.46728515624999,\n 42.06560675405716\n ],\n [\n -111.46728515624999,\n 45.182036837015886\n ],\n [\n -107.8857421875,\n 45.182036837015886\n ],\n [\n -107.8857421875,\n 42.06560675405716\n ],\n [\n -111.46728515624999,\n 42.06560675405716\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564f00c1e4b064dd1d095577","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mattson, David J. david_mattson@usgs.gov","contributorId":3662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattson","given":"David","email":"david_mattson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Podruzny, Shannon","contributorId":45614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Podruzny","given":"Shannon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haroldson, Mark A. 0000-0002-7457-7676 mharoldson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7457-7676","contributorId":1773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haroldson","given":"Mark","email":"mharoldson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70159831,"text":"70159831 - 2002 - Effects of management practices on wetland birds: Black tern","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-17T08:35:07","indexId":"70159831","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-06T08:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Effects of management practices on wetland birds: Black tern","docAbstract":"Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on wetland birds were summarized from information in more than 500 published and unpublished papers. A range map is provided to indicate the relative densities of the species in North America, based on Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data. Although the BBS may not capture the presence of elusive waterbird species, the BBS is a standardized survey and the range maps, in many cases, represent the most consistent information available on species’ distributions. Although birds frequently are observed outside the breeding range indicated, the maps are intended to show areas where managers might concentrate their attention. It may be ineffectual to manage habitat at a site for a species that rarely occurs in an area. The species account begins with a brief capsule statement, which provides the fundamental components or keys to management for the species. A section on breeding range outlines the current breeding distribution of the species in North America, including areas that could not be mapped using BBS data. The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species, especially those habitats that occur in the Great Plains. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The section on brood parasitism summarizes information on intra- and interspecific parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species’ nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species’ response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of grassland birds and their responses to habitat management is posted at the Web site mentioned below.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Effects of management practices on wetland birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Research Center","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","doi":"10.3133/70159831","usgsCitation":"Zimmerman, A., Dechant, J., Johnson, D.A., Goldade, C., Jamison, B.E., and Euliss, B., 2002, Effects of management practices on wetland birds: Black tern, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159831.","productDescription":"40 p.","numberOfPages":"69","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311751,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159831.PNG"},{"id":312398,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159831/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"565d813ee4b071e7ea543470","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimmerman, Amy L.","contributorId":69087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Amy L.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dechant, Jill A. 0000-0003-3172-0708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3172-0708","contributorId":103984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dechant","given":"Jill A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":580641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas A.","contributorId":146626,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goldade, Christopher M.","contributorId":90668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldade","given":"Christopher M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jamison, Brent E.","contributorId":149791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jamison","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Euliss, Betty R.","contributorId":58218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"Betty R.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70159826,"text":"70159826 - 2002 - Effects of management practices on wetland birds: Yellow Rail","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-17T12:31:11","indexId":"70159826","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Effects of management practices on wetland birds: Yellow Rail","docAbstract":"Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on wetland birds were summarized from information in more than 500 published and unpublished papers. A range map is provided to indicate the relative densities of the species in North America, based on Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data. Although the BBS may not capture the presence of elusive waterbird species, the BBS is a standardized survey and the range maps, in many cases, represent the most consistent information available on species’ distributions. Although birds frequently are observed outside the breeding range indicated, the maps are intended to show areas where managers might concentrate their attention. It may be ineffectual to manage habitat at a site for a species that rarely occurs in an area. The species account begins with a brief capsule statement, which provides the fundamental components or keys to management for the species. A section on breeding range outlines the current breeding distribution of the species in North America, including areas that could not be mapped using BBS data. The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species, especially those habitats that occur in the Great Plains. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The section on brood parasitism summarizes information on intra- and interspecific parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species’ nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species’ response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of wetland birds and their responses to habitat management is posted at the Web site mentioned below.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Effects of management practices on wetland birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Research Center","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","doi":"10.3133/70159826","usgsCitation":"Goldade, C., Dechant, J., Johnson, D.H., Zimmerman, A., Jamison, B.E., Church, J.O., and Euliss, B., 2002, Effects of management practices on wetland birds: Yellow Rail, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159826.","productDescription":"20 p.","numberOfPages":"33","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311737,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159826.PNG"},{"id":312453,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159826/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"565d813ee4b071e7ea543474","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goldade, Christopher M.","contributorId":90668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldade","given":"Christopher M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dechant, Jill A. 0000-0003-3172-0708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3172-0708","contributorId":103984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dechant","given":"Jill A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":580609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641 douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":1387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zimmerman, Amy L.","contributorId":69087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Amy L.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jamison, Brent E.","contributorId":149791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jamison","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Church, James O.","contributorId":150063,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Church","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Euliss, Betty R.","contributorId":58218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"Betty R.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70159833,"text":"70159833 - 2002 - Effects of management practices on wetland birds: Virginia rail","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-17T12:27:04","indexId":"70159833","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-02T05:15:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Effects of management practices on wetland birds: Virginia rail","docAbstract":"Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on wetland birds were summarized from information in more than 500 published and unpublished papers. A range map is provided to indicate the relative densities of the species in North America, based on Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data. Although the BBS may not capture the presence of elusive waterbird species, the BBS is a standardized survey and the range maps, in many cases, represent the most consistent information available on species’ distributions. Although birds frequently are observed outside the breeding range indicated, the maps are intended to show areas where managers might concentrate their attention. It may be ineffectual to manage habitat at a site for a species that rarely occurs in an area. The species account begins with a brief capsule statement, which provides the fundamental components or keys to management for the species. A section on breeding range outlines the current breeding distribution of the species in North America, including areas that could not be mapped using BBS data. The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species, especially those habitats that occur in the Great Plains. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The section on brood parasitism summarizes information on intra- and interspecific parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species’ nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species’ response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of wetland birds and their responses to habitat management is posted at the Web site mentioned below.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Effects of management practices on wetland birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Research Center","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","doi":"10.3133/70159833","usgsCitation":"Zimmerman, A., Dechant, J., Jamison, B.E., Johnson, D.H., Goldade, C., Church, J.O., and Euliss, B., 2002, Effects of management practices on wetland birds: Virginia rail, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159833.","productDescription":"34 p.","numberOfPages":"66","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312449,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159833/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":311753,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159833.PNG"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"565d813ee4b071e7ea543472","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimmerman, Amy L.","contributorId":69087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Amy L.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dechant, Jill A. 0000-0003-3172-0708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3172-0708","contributorId":103984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dechant","given":"Jill A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":580649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jamison, Brent E.","contributorId":149791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jamison","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641 douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":1387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goldade, Christopher M.","contributorId":90668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldade","given":"Christopher M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Church, James O.","contributorId":150063,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Church","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Euliss, Betty R.","contributorId":58218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"Betty R.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70159825,"text":"70159825 - 2002 - Effects of management practices on wetland birds: American Avocet","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-17T08:28:17","indexId":"70159825","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-19T09:15:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"subseriesTitle":"Effects of management practices on wetland birds","title":"Effects of management practices on wetland birds: American Avocet","docAbstract":"Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on wetland birds were summarized from information in more than 500 published and unpublished papers. A range map is provided to indicate the relative densities of the species in North America, based on Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data. Although the BBS may not capture the presence of elusive waterbird species, the BBS is a standardized survey and the range maps, in many cases, represent the most consistent information available on species’ distributions. Although birds frequently are observed outside the breeding range indicated, the maps are intended to show areas where managers might concentrate their attention. It may be ineffectual to manage habitat at a site for a species that rarely occurs in an area. The species account begins with a brief capsule statement, which provides the fundamental components or keys to management for the species. A section on breeding range outlines the current breeding distribution of the species in North America, including areas that could not be mapped using BBS data. The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species, especially those habitats that occur in the Great Plains. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The section on brood parasitism summarizes information on intra- and interspecific parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species’ nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species’ response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of wetland birds and their responses to habitat management is posted at the Web site mentioned below.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Effects of management practices on wetland birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Research Center","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","doi":"10.3133/70159825","usgsCitation":"Dechant, J., Zimmerman, A., Johnson, D.H., Goldade, C., Jamison, B.E., and Euliss, B., 2002, Effects of management practices on wetland birds: American Avocet, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159825.","productDescription":"26 p.","numberOfPages":"33","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311736,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159825.PNG"},{"id":312395,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159825/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"565d813ee4b071e7ea54346e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dechant, Jill A. 0000-0003-3172-0708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3172-0708","contributorId":103984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dechant","given":"Jill A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":580602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zimmerman, Amy L.","contributorId":69087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Amy L.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641 douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":1387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goldade, Christopher M.","contributorId":90668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldade","given":"Christopher M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jamison, Brent E.","contributorId":149791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jamison","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Euliss, Betty R.","contributorId":58218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"Betty R.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ]}