Permafrost presence is determined by a complex interaction of climatic, topographic, and ecological conditions operating over long time scales. In particular, vegetation and organic layer characteristics may act to protect permafrost in regions with a mean annual air temperature (MAAT) above 0 °C. In this study, we document the presence of residual permafrost plateaus in the western Kenai Peninsula lowlands of south-central Alaska, a region with a MAAT of 1.5 ± 1 °C (1981–2010). Continuous ground temperature measurements between 16 September 2012 and 15 September 2015, using calibrated thermistor strings, documented the presence of warm permafrost (−0.04 to −0.08 °C). Field measurements (probing) on several plateau features during the fall of 2015 showed that the depth to the permafrost table averaged 1.48 m but at some locations was as shallow as 0.53 m. Late winter surveys (augering, coring, and GPR) in 2016 showed that the average seasonally frozen ground thickness was 0.45 m, overlying a talik above the permafrost table. Measured permafrost thickness ranged from 0.33 to > 6.90 m. Manual interpretation of historic aerial photography acquired in 1950 indicates that residual permafrost plateaus covered 920 ha as mapped across portions of four wetland complexes encompassing 4810 ha. However, between 1950 and ca. 2010, permafrost plateau extent decreased by 60.0 %, with lateral feature degradation accounting for 85.0 % of the reduction in area. Permafrost loss on the Kenai Peninsula is likely associated with a warming climate, wildfires that remove the protective forest and organic layer cover, groundwater flow at depth, and lateral heat transfer from wetland surface waters in the summer. Better understanding the resilience and vulnerability of ecosystem-protected permafrost is critical for mapping and predicting future permafrost extent and degradation across all permafrost regions that are currently warming. Further work should focus on reconstructing permafrost history in south-central Alaska as well as additional contemporary observations of these ecosystem-protected permafrost sites south of the regions with relatively stable permafrost.
","language":"English","publisher":"European Geosciences Union","publisherLocation":"Katlenberg-Lindau, Germany","doi":"10.5194/tc-2016-91","usgsCitation":"Jones, B.M., Baughman, C., Romanovsky, V.E., Parsekian, A.D., Babcock, E., Stephani, E., Jones, M.C., Grosse, G., and Berg, E.E., 2016, Presence of rapidly degrading permafrost plateaus in south-central Alaska: The Cryosphere, v. 10, p. 2673-2692, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2016-91.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"2673","endPage":"2692","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-074467","costCenters":[{"id":118,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geography","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470969,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2016-91","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":321881,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kenai Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153,\n 60\n ],\n [\n -153,\n 61\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 61\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 60\n ],\n [\n -153,\n 60\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"574eb5dde4b0ee97d51a8411","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, Benjamin M. 0000-0002-1517-4711 bjones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1517-4711","contributorId":2286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Benjamin","email":"bjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":118,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geography","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":630560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baughman, Carson 0000-0002-9423-9324 cbaughman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9423-9324","contributorId":169657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baughman","given":"Carson","email":"cbaughman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":118,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geography","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":630561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Romanovsky, Vladimir E.","contributorId":169658,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Romanovsky","given":"Vladimir","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":6695,"text":"UAF","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":630562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Parsekian, Andrew D.","contributorId":23829,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parsekian","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":17842,"text":"University of Wyoming, Laramie","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":630563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Babcock, Esther 0000-0001-7665-7795 ebabcock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7665-7795","contributorId":169659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Babcock","given":"Esther","email":"ebabcock@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":118,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geography","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":630564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stephani, Eva","contributorId":176912,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stephani","given":"Eva","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Jones, Miriam C. 0000-0002-6650-7619 miriamjones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6650-7619","contributorId":4056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Miriam","email":"miriamjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":630565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Grosse, Guido","contributorId":146182,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grosse","given":"Guido","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12916,"text":"Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":630566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Berg, Edward E","contributorId":169660,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Berg","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"E","affiliations":[{"id":25568,"text":"USFWS retired","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":630567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70171128,"text":"70171128 - 2016 - Persistence and microbial source tracking of Escherichia coli at a swimming beach at Lake of the Ozarks State Park, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T10:03:06","indexId":"70171128","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-23T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Persistence and microbial source tracking of Escherichia coli at a swimming beach at Lake of the Ozarks State Park, Missouri","docAbstract":"The Missouri Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) has closed or posted advisories at public beaches at Lake of the Ozarks State Park in Missouri because of Escherichia coli (E. coli) concentration exceedances in recent years. Spatial and temporal patterns of E. coliconcentrations, microbial source tracking, novel sampling techniques, and beach-use patterns were studied during the 2012 recreational season to identify possible sources, origins, and occurrence of E. coli contamination at Grand Glaize Beach (GGB). Results indicate an important source of E. coli contamination at GGB was E. coli released into the water column by bathers resuspending avian-contaminated sediments, especially during high-use days early in the recreational season. Escherichia coli concentrations in water, sediment, and resuspended sediment samples all decreased throughout the recreational season likely because of decreasing lake levels resulting in sampling locations receding away from the initial spring shoreline as well as natural decay and physical transport out of the cove. Weekly MDNR beach monitoring, based solely on E. coli concentrations, at GGB during this study inaccurately predicted E. coli exceedances, especially on weekends and holidays. Interestingly, E. coli of human origin were measured at concentrations indicative of raw sewage in runoff from an excavation of a nearby abandoned septic tank that had not been used for nearly two years.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/1752-1688.12404","usgsCitation":"Wilson, J.L., Schumacher, J., and Burken, J.G., 2016, Persistence and microbial source tracking of Escherichia coli at a swimming beach at Lake of the Ozarks State Park, Missouri: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 52, no. 2, p. 508-522, https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.12404.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"508","endPage":"522","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063150","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321483,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Lake of the Ozarks State Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.67519235610962,\n 38.11313549976183\n ],\n [\n -92.67519235610962,\n 38.12088427450711\n ],\n [\n -92.66251087188719,\n 38.12088427450711\n ],\n [\n -92.66251087188719,\n 38.11313549976183\n ],\n [\n -92.67519235610962,\n 38.11313549976183\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"52","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-02-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57441b9ce4b07e28b660dabe","chorus":{"doi":"10.1111/1752-1688.12404","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.12404","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","authors":"Wilson Jordan L., Schumacher John G., Burken Joel G.","journalName":"JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association","publicationDate":"2/24/2016"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, Jordan L. 0000-0003-0490-9062 jlwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0490-9062","contributorId":5416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Jordan","email":"jlwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":630018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schumacher, John G. jschu@usgs.gov","contributorId":2055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumacher","given":"John G.","email":"jschu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":630019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burken, Joel G.","contributorId":21218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burken","given":"Joel","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70171127,"text":"70171127 - 2016 - Diet and macronutrient optimization in wild ursids: A comparison of grizzly bears with sympatric and allopatric black bears","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-25T11:29:58","indexId":"70171127","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-23T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diet and macronutrient optimization in wild ursids: A comparison of grizzly bears with sympatric and allopatric black bears","docAbstract":"When fed ad libitum, ursids can maximize mass gain by selecting mixed diets wherein protein provides 17 ± 4% of digestible energy, relative to carbohydrates or lipids. In the wild, this ability is likely constrained by seasonal food availability, limits of intake rate as body size increases, and competition. By visiting locations of 37 individuals during 274 bear-days, we documented foods consumed by grizzly (Ursus arctos) and black bears (Ursus americanus) in Grand Teton National Park during 2004–2006. Based on published nutritional data, we estimated foods and macronutrients as percentages of daily energy intake. Using principal components and cluster analyses, we identified 14 daily diet types. Only 4 diets, accounting for 21% of days, provided protein levels within the optimal range. Nine diets (75% of days) led to over-consumption of protein, and 1 diet (3% of days) led to under-consumption. Highest protein levels were associated with animal matter (i.e., insects, vertebrates), which accounted for 46–47% of daily energy for both species. As predicted: 1) daily diets dominated by high-energy vertebrates were positively associated with grizzly bears and mean percent protein intake was positively associated with body mass; 2) diets dominated by low-protein fruits were positively associated with smaller-bodied black bears; and 3) mean protein was highest during spring, when high-energy plant foods were scarce, however it was also higher than optimal during summer and fall. Contrary to our prediction: 4) allopatric black bears did not exhibit food selection for high-energy foods similar to grizzly bears. Although optimal gain of body mass was typically constrained, bears usually opted for the energetically superior trade-off of consuming high-energy, high-protein foods. Given protein digestion efficiency similar to obligate carnivores, this choice likely supported mass gain, consistent with studies showing monthly increases in percent body fat among bears in this region.
","language":"English","publisher":"Public Library of Science","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0153702","usgsCitation":"Costello, C., Cain, S.L., Pils, S.R., Frattaroli, L., Haroldson, M.A., and van Manen, F.T., 2016, Diet and macronutrient optimization in wild ursids: A comparison of grizzly bears with sympatric and allopatric black bears: PLoS ONE, v. 11, no. 5, p. 1-22, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153702.","productDescription":"e0153702; 22 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"22","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-070131","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470971,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153702","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":321484,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Grand Teton National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.79437255859375,\n 43.63706904996992\n ],\n [\n -109.90310668945312,\n 43.65594991256823\n ],\n [\n -110.52520751953125,\n 44.36313311380771\n ],\n [\n -111.05529785156249,\n 44.228472525527614\n ],\n [\n -111.05117797851562,\n 44.19205137735955\n ],\n [\n -110.79437255859375,\n 43.63706904996992\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-05-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57441b9ce4b07e28b660daba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Costello, Cecily M.","contributorId":145510,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Costello","given":"Cecily M.","affiliations":[{"id":5117,"text":"University of Montana, College of Forestry and Conservation, University Hall, Room 309, Missoula, MT 59812, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":630012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cain, Steven L.","contributorId":145511,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cain","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":16139,"text":"National Park Service, Grand Teton National Park, Moose, Wyoming 83012, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":630013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pils, Shannon R","contributorId":167609,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pils","given":"Shannon","email":"","middleInitial":"R","affiliations":[{"id":24778,"text":"US Forest Service, Shoshone National Forest, Wapiti Ranger District, 203A Yellowstone Avenue, Cody, WY 82414,USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":630014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Frattaroli, Leslie","contributorId":169550,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Frattaroli","given":"Leslie","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":5124,"text":"Grand Teton National Park, P.O. Box 170, Moose, WY 83012","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":630015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Haroldson, Mark A. 0000-0002-7457-7676 mharoldson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7457-7676","contributorId":1773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haroldson","given":"Mark","email":"mharoldson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":630016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"van Manen, Frank T. 0000-0001-5340-8489 fvanmanen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5340-8489","contributorId":2267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Manen","given":"Frank","email":"fvanmanen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":630017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70171124,"text":"70171124 - 2016 - Observations of wave transformation over a fringing coral reef and the importance of low-frequency waves and offshore water levels to runup, overwash, and coastal flooding","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-24T11:34:56","indexId":"70171124","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-23T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2315,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations of wave transformation over a fringing coral reef and the importance of low-frequency waves and offshore water levels to runup, overwash, and coastal flooding","docAbstract":"Many low-lying tropical islands are susceptible to sea level rise and often subjected to overwash and flooding during large wave events. To quantify wave dynamics and wave-driven water levels on fringing coral reefs, a 5 month deployment of wave gauges and a current meter was conducted across two shore-normal transects on Roi-Namur Island in the Republic of the Marshall Islands. These observations captured two large wave events that had waves with maximum heights greater than 6 m with peak periods of 16 s over the fore reef. The larger event coincided with a peak spring tide, leading to energetic, highly skewed infragravity (0.04–0.004 Hz) and very low frequency (0.004–0.001 Hz) waves at the shoreline, which reached heights of 1.0 and 0.7 m, respectively. Water surface elevations, combined with wave runup, reached 3.7 m above the reef bed at the innermost reef flat adjacent to the toe of the beach, resulting in flooding of inland areas. This overwash occurred during a 3 h time window that coincided with high tide and maximum low-frequency reef flat wave heights. The relatively low-relief characteristics of this narrow reef flat may further drive shoreline amplification of low-frequency waves due to resonance modes. These results (1) demonstrate how the coupling of high offshore water levels with low-frequency reef flat wave energetics can lead to large impacts along fringing reef-lined shorelines, such as island overwash, and (2) lend support to the hypothesis that predicted higher sea levels will lead to more frequent occurrences of these extreme events, negatively impacting coastal resources and infrastructure.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1002/2015JC011231","usgsCitation":"Cheriton, O., Storlazzi, C.D., and Rosenberger, K.J., 2016, Observations of wave transformation over a fringing coral reef and the importance of low-frequency waves and offshore water levels to runup, overwash, and coastal flooding: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 121, no. 5, p. 3121-3140, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011231.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"3121","endPage":"3140","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066923","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470970,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jc011231","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":321486,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"121","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-05-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57441b9ce4b07e28b660dabc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cheriton, Olivia 0000-0003-3011-9136 ocheriton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3011-9136","contributorId":149003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheriton","given":"Olivia","email":"ocheriton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Storlazzi, Curt D. 0000-0001-8057-4490 cstorlazzi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-4490","contributorId":140584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storlazzi","given":"Curt","email":"cstorlazzi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosenberger, Kurt J. 0000-0002-5185-5776 krosenberger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5185-5776","contributorId":140453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberger","given":"Kurt","email":"krosenberger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70171384,"text":"70171384 - 2016 - Component greenhouse gas fluxes and radiative balance from two deltaic marshes in Louisiana: Pairing chamber techniques and eddy covariance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-12T16:24:56","indexId":"70171384","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-23T10:45:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2320,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Component greenhouse gas fluxes and radiative balance from two deltaic marshes in Louisiana: Pairing chamber techniques and eddy covariance","docAbstract":"Coastal marshes take up atmospheric CO2 while emitting CO2, CH4, and N2O. This ability to sequester carbon (C) is much greater for wetlands on a per-area basis than from most ecosystems, facilitating scientific, political, and economic interest in their value as greenhouse gas sinks. However, the greenhouse gas balance of Gulf of Mexico wetlands is particularly understudied. We describe the net ecosystem exchange (NEEc) of CO2 and CH4 using eddy covariance (EC) in comparison with fluxes of CO2, CH4, and N2O using chambers from brackish and freshwater marshes in Louisiana, USA. From EC, we found that 182 g C m-2 y-1 was lost through NEEc from the brackish marsh. Of this, 11 g C m-2 y-1 resulted from net CH4 emissions and the remaining 171 g C m-2 y-1 resulted from net CO2 emissions. In contrast, -290 g C m2 y-1 was taken up through NEEc by the freshwater marsh, with 47 g C m-2 y-1 emitted as CH4 and -337 g C m-2 y-1 taken up as CO2. From chambers, we discovered that neither site had large fluxes of N2O. Sustained-flux greenhouse gas accounting metrics indicated that both marshes had a positive (warming) radiative balance, with the brackish marsh having a substantially greater warming effect than the freshwater marsh. That net respiratory emissions of CO2 and CH4 as estimated through chamber techniques were 2-4 times different from emissions estimated through EC requires additional understanding of the artifacts created by different spatial and temporal sampling footprints between techniques.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Richmond, VA","doi":"10.1002/2015JG003224","usgsCitation":"Krauss, K.W., Holm, G., Perez, B.C., McWhorter, D.E., Cormier, N., Moss, R., Johnson, D., Neubauer, S.C., and Raynie, R., 2016, Component greenhouse gas fluxes and radiative balance from two deltaic marshes in Louisiana: Pairing chamber techniques and eddy covariance: Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, v. 121, no. 6, p. 1503-1521, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG003224.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1503","endPage":"1521","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065904","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321875,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"121","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"574eb5bbe4b0ee97d51a83a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krauss, Ken W. 0000-0003-2195-0729 kraussk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2195-0729","contributorId":2017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krauss","given":"Ken","email":"kraussk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":630867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holm, Guerry O.","contributorId":79219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holm","given":"Guerry O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perez, Brian C.","contributorId":42286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perez","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McWhorter, David E.","contributorId":168801,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McWhorter","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":18062,"text":"CH2MHILL, Austin, TX","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":630870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cormier, Nicole 0000-0003-2453-9900 cormiern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2453-9900","contributorId":4262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cormier","given":"Nicole","email":"cormiern@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":630871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Moss, Rebecca 0000-0002-7599-9758 mossr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7599-9758","contributorId":169722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moss","given":"Rebecca","email":"mossr@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":630872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Johnson, Darren 0000-0002-0502-6045 johnsond@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0502-6045","contributorId":3663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Darren","email":"johnsond@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":630873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Neubauer, Scott C","contributorId":169723,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neubauer","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"C","affiliations":[{"id":25575,"text":"Dept. of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":630874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Raynie, Richard C","contributorId":140898,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Raynie","given":"Richard C","affiliations":[{"id":13608,"text":"Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":630875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70170865,"text":"ofr20161046 - 2016 - Algorithms used in the Airborne Lidar Processing System (ALPS)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T15:51:47","indexId":"ofr20161046","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-23T10:45:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-1046","title":"Algorithms used in the Airborne Lidar Processing System (ALPS)","docAbstract":"The Airborne Lidar Processing System (ALPS) analyzes Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar (EAARL) data—digitized laser-return waveforms, position, and attitude data—to derive point clouds of target surfaces. A full-waveform airborne lidar system, the EAARL seamlessly and simultaneously collects mixed environment data, including submerged, sub-aerial bare earth, and vegetation-covered topographies.
ALPS uses three waveform target-detection algorithms to determine target positions within a given waveform: centroid analysis, leading edge detection, and bottom detection using water-column backscatter modeling. The centroid analysis algorithm detects opaque hard surfaces. The leading edge algorithm detects topography beneath vegetation and shallow, submerged topography. The bottom detection algorithm uses water-column backscatter modeling for deeper submerged topography in turbid water.
The report describes slant range calculations and explains how ALPS uses laser range and orientation measurements to project measurement points into the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system. Parameters used for coordinate transformations in ALPS are described, as are Interactive Data Language-based methods for gridding EAARL point cloud data to derive digital elevation models. Noise reduction in point clouds through use of a random consensus filter is explained, and detailed pseudocode, mathematical equations, and Yorick source code accompany the report.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161046","usgsCitation":"Nagle, David B., and Wright, C. Wayne, 2016, Algorithms used in the Airborne Lidar Processing System (ALPS):\nU.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 2016–1046, 45 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161046.","productDescription":"x, 45 p.","numberOfPages":"56","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063528","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321007,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1046/ofr20161046.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.51 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1046"},{"id":321006,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1046/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
600 4th Street South
St. Petersburg, FL 33701
(727) 502–8000
http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/
Climate change vulnerability assessments (CCVAs) are valuable tools for assessing species’ vulnerability to climatic changes, yet failure to include measures of adaptive capacity and to account for sources of uncertainty may limit their effectiveness. Here, we provide a more comprehensive CCVA approach that incorporates all three elements used for assessing species’ climate change vulnerability: exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. We illustrate our approach using case studies of two threatened salmonids with different life histories – anadromous steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and non-anadromous bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) – within the Columbia River Basin, USA. We identified general patterns of high vulnerability in low-elevation and southernmost habitats for both species. However, vulnerability rankings varied widely depending on the factors (climate, habitat, demographic, and genetic) included in the CCVA and often differed for the two species at locations where they were sympatric. Our findings illustrate that CCVA results are highly sensitive to data inputs and that spatial differences can complicate multi-species conservation. Our results highlight how CCVAs should be considered within a broader conceptual and computational framework for refining hypotheses, guiding research, and comparing plausible scenarios of species’ vulnerability for ongoing and projected climate change.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Conservation Biology","publisherLocation":"Malden, MA","doi":"10.1111/cobi.12764","usgsCitation":"Wade, A., Hand, B.K., Kovach, R., Luikart, G., Whited, D., and Muhlfeld, C.C., 2016, Accounting for adaptive capacity and uncertainty in assessments of species’ climate-change vulnerability: Conservation Biology, v. 31, no. 1, p. 136-149, https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12764.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"136","endPage":"149","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-072886","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":498973,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12764","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":326091,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River Basin","volume":"31","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-08-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a4672ee4b0ebae89b63ca1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wade, Alisa A.","contributorId":145917,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wade","given":"Alisa A.","affiliations":[{"id":16296,"text":"University of Montana, Polson Montana 59860 USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":644689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hand, Brian K.","contributorId":145915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hand","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":16296,"text":"University of Montana, Polson Montana 59860 USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":644690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kovach, Ryan 0000-0001-5402-2123 rkovach@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5402-2123","contributorId":145914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kovach","given":"Ryan","email":"rkovach@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":644691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Luikart, Gordon","contributorId":97409,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Luikart","given":"Gordon","affiliations":[{"id":6580,"text":"University of Montana, Flathead Lake Biological Station, Polson, Montana 59860, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":644692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Whited, Diane","contributorId":126718,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whited","given":"Diane","affiliations":[{"id":6576,"text":"Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":644693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Muhlfeld, Clint C. 0000-0002-4599-4059 cmuhlfeld@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4599-4059","contributorId":924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhlfeld","given":"Clint","email":"cmuhlfeld@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":644688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70168682,"text":"pp1822 - 2016 - Late Holocene volcanism at Medicine Lake Volcano, northern California Cascades","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-24T08:43:11","indexId":"pp1822","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1822","title":"Late Holocene volcanism at Medicine Lake Volcano, northern California Cascades","docAbstract":"Late Holocene volcanism at Medicine Lake volcano in the southern Cascades arc exhibited widespread and compositionally diverse magmatism ranging from basalt to rhyolite. Nine well-characterized eruptions have taken place at this very large rear-arc volcano since 5,200 years ago, an eruptive frequency greater than nearly all other Cascade volcanoes. The lavas are widely distributed, scattered over an area of ~300 km2 across the >2,000-km2 volcano. The eruptions are radiocarbon dated and the ages are also constrained by paleomagnetic data that provide strong evidence that the volcanic activity occurred in three distinct episodes at ~1 ka, ~3 ka, and ~5 ka. The ~1-ka final episode produced a variety of compositions including west- and north-flank mafic flows interspersed in time with fissure rhyolites erupted tangential to the volcano’s central caldera, including the youngest and most spectacular lava flow at the volcano, the ~950-yr-old compositionally zoned Glass Mountain flow. At ~3 ka, a north-flank basalt eruption was followed by an andesite eruption 27 km farther south that contains quenched basalt inclusions. The ~5-ka episode produced two caldera-focused dacitic eruptions. Quenched magmatic inclusions record evidence of intrusions that did not independently reach the surface. The inclusions are present in five andesitic, dacitic, and rhyolitic host lavas, and were erupted in each of the three episodes. Compositional and mineralogic evidence from mafic lavas and inclusions indicate that both tholeiitic (dry) and calcalkaline (wet) parental magmas were present. Petrologic evidence records the operation of complex, multi-stage processes including fractional crystallization, crustal assimilation, and magma mixing. Experimental evidence suggests that magmas were stored at 3 to 6 km depth prior to eruption, and that both wet and dry parental magmas were involved in generating the more silicic magmas. The broad distribution of eruptive events and the relative accessibility and good exposure of lavas, combined with physical and petrologic evidence for multiple and varied mafic inputs, has created an unusual opportunity to understand the workings of this large magmatic system. A combined total of more than 25 intrusive and extrusive events are indicated for late Holocene time. Plutonic inclusions, some with ages as young as Holocene, were also brought to the surface in five of the eruptions. All eruptions took place along northwest- to northeast-trending alignments of vents, reflecting the overall east-west extensional tectonic environment. The interaction of tectonism and volcanism is a dominant influence at this subduction-related volcano, located where the west edge of the extensional Basin and Range Province impinges on the Cascades arc. Ongoing subsidence focused at the central caldera has been documented along with geophysical evidence for a small magma body. This evidence, combined with the frequency of eruptive and intrusive activity in late Holocene time, an active geothermal system, and intermittent long-period seismic events indicate that the volcano is likely to erupt again.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1822","usgsCitation":"Donnelly-Nolan, J.M., Champion, D.E., and Grove, T.L., 2016, Late Holocene volcanism at Medicine Lake volcano, northern California Cascades: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1822, 59 p.,\nhttps://dx.doi.org/10.3133/pp1822.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 59 p.; Tables 1-3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-055982","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321256,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1822/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":321257,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1822/pp1822.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP1822"},{"id":321258,"rank":3,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1822/pp1822_table1.xls","text":"Table 1","size":"411 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"PP1822 Table 1"},{"id":321259,"rank":4,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1822/pp1822_table2.xls","text":"Table 2","size":"63 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"PP1822 Table 2"},{"id":321260,"rank":5,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1822/pp1822_table3.pdf","text":"Table 3","size":"132 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP1822 Table 3"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Medicine Lake Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.74224853515625,\n 41.35413387210046\n ],\n [\n -121.74224853515625,\n 41.71700538790365\n ],\n [\n -121.3385009765625,\n 41.71700538790365\n ],\n [\n -121.3385009765625,\n 41.35413387210046\n ],\n [\n -121.74224853515625,\n 41.35413387210046\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Contact Information
Volcano Science Center - Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 910
Menlo Park, CA 94025
http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/
Biocrusts exert a strong influence on hydrological processes in drylands by modifying numerous soil properties that affect water retention and movement in soils. Yet, their role in these processes is not clearly understood due to the large number of factors that act simultaneously and can mask the biocrust effect. The influence of biocrusts on soil hydrology depends on biocrust intrinsic characteristics such as cover, composition, and external morphology, which differ greatly among climate regimes, but also on external factors as soil type, topography and vegetation distribution patterns, as well as interactions among these factors. This chapter reviews the most recent literature published on the role of biocrusts in infiltration and runoff, soil moisture, evaporation and non-rainfall water inputs (fog, dew, water absorption), in an attempt to elucidate the key factors that explain how biocrusts affect land hydrology. In addition to the crust type and site characteristics, recent studies point to the crucial importance of the type of rainfall and the spatial scale at which biocrust effects are analyzed to understand their role in hydrological processes. Future studies need to consider the temporal and spatial scale investigated to obtain more accurate generalizations on the role of biocrusts in land hydrology.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological studies","language":"English","publisher":"Springer International Publishing","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-30214-0_17","usgsCitation":"Chamizo, S., Belnap, J., Elridge, D.J., and Issa, O., 2016, Biological soil crusts: An organizing principle in dryland ecosystems (aka: the role of biocrusts in arid land hydrology), chap. of Ecological studies, p. 321-346, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30214-0_17.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"321","endPage":"346","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-070333","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328249,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-05-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57cfe8b0e4b04836416a0d2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chamizo, Sonia 0000-0002-2980-1683","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2980-1683","contributorId":174264,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chamizo","given":"Sonia","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27406,"text":"Department of Agronomy, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":647888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elridge, David J","contributorId":174265,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Elridge","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J","affiliations":[{"id":27407,"text":"Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":647889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Issa, Oumarou M","contributorId":174266,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Issa","given":"Oumarou M","affiliations":[{"id":27408,"text":"URCA, GEGENAA EA 3795, 51100 Reims – France / UMR 242 IEES-Paris, IRD representation au Niger BP11416 Niamey, Niger","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":647890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70176218,"text":"70176218 - 2016 - Controls on distribution patterns of biological soil crusts at micro- to global scales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-06T13:45:02","indexId":"70176218","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Controls on distribution patterns of biological soil crusts at micro- to global scales","docAbstract":"Biocrusts are heterogeneously distributed in space. The drivers of their distribution patterns vary\ndepending on the spatial scale of observation. Globally, there are about 1337 cyanobacteria,\nalgae, bryophyte, and lichen species reported as components of biocrusts. At the broadest\nbiogeographical scales, the degree and age of isolation of land masses may dictate distribution of\nthese species and the similarities of the floras of different continents. At intra-continental and\nsmaller scales, climate strongly influences abundance and community composition of biocrusts.\nWithin drylands, biocrusts become more abundant as precipitation increases. The seasonality of\nrainfall is about equally important, with regions receiving most precipitation as winter rain and\nsnow exhibiting the highest abundance and greatest relative cover of bryophyte and lichens vs.\ncyanobacteria. Temperature gradients may dictate the dominant cyanobacterium present in the\ncommunity. At eco-regional and smaller scales, edaphic gradients determined by either soil\nparent materials or geomorphology or both become particularly influential. Globally, the most\nsignificant soil properties influencing the eco-regional scale cover and richness of biocrusts in\ndryland environments are soil texture, pH, and soil CaCO3 content. Sandier soils tend to favour\ndevelopment of cyanobacterial biocrusts, whereas mosses and lichens tend to be more abundant\non finer textured soils. The alkalinity and CaCO3 content of soils are associated with greater\nbioocrust abundance in some regions, and dictates the species composition in the bryophyte and\nlichen component. Globally, gypsiferous soils are often associated with distinct floras and high\nabdundances of biocrusts, especially lichens. At local to micro-scales, biocrusts often are better\ndeveloped in habitats with lower radiation loads such as polar-oriented slopes, or shaded\nhabitats. Also at small scales, vascular plant canopies buffer microclimate for biocrusts, but also\nexert negative influences such as burial by litter. While our knowledge of biocrust distribution\nhas advanced rapidly, there are considerable geographic and taxonomic gaps in our knowledge\nand a pronounced lack of truly global studies.","largerWorkTitle":"Ecological studies","language":"English","publisher":"Springer International Publishing","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-30214-0_10","usgsCitation":"Belnap, J., Lange, O., Bowker, M.A., Buedel, B., Sannier, C., Pietrasiak, N., Eldridge, D., and Aguilar, V.R., 2016, Controls on distribution patterns of biological soil crusts at micro- to global scales, chap. of Ecological studies, p. 173-197, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30214-0_10.","productDescription":"15 p. ","startPage":"173","endPage":"197","ipdsId":"IP-070326","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328256,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":328200,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319302126"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-05-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57cfe8b1e4b04836416a0d46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lange, Otto L.","contributorId":17193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lange","given":"Otto L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bowker, Matthew A. mbowker@usgs.gov","contributorId":2875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowker","given":"Matthew","email":"mbowker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":647871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Buedel, Burkhard","contributorId":172210,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buedel","given":"Burkhard","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27000,"text":"Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserlautern, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":647872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sannier, Christophe","contributorId":174258,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sannier","given":"Christophe","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27401,"text":"SIRS - Systèmes d'Information à Référence Spatiale, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France 59650","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":647873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pietrasiak, Nicole","contributorId":174259,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pietrasiak","given":"Nicole","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27402,"text":"Department of Biology, John Carroll University, University Heights, Ohio 4118","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":647874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Eldridge, David","contributorId":103595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eldridge","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Aguilar, Victor Rivera","contributorId":174260,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aguilar","given":"Victor","email":"","middleInitial":"Rivera","affiliations":[{"id":27403,"text":"Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico 54090","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":647876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70176222,"text":"70176222 - 2016 - Natural recovery of biological soil crusts after disturbance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-06T13:36:18","indexId":"70176222","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Natural recovery of biological soil crusts after disturbance","docAbstract":"Natural recovery of biological soil crusts (biocrusts) is influenced by a number of different parameters, such as climate, soil conditions, the severity of disturbance, and the timing of disturbance relative to the climatic conditions. In recent studies, it has been shown that recovery is often not linear, but a highly dynamic process directly influenced by non-linear external parameters as extraordinary climatic conditions (e.g., particularly dry or wet year). Natural recovery often follows a general succession pattern, starting out with cyanobacteria and algae, which is then followed by lichens and bryophytes at a later stage. However, this general sequence can be altered by parameters like dust deposition, fire effects, and special climatic conditions as in fog deserts and under mesic climates. Recent studies have proposed that under favorable, stable soil conditions, the initial soil-stabilizing cyanobacteria-dominated succession stages may be omitted and moss-dominated biocrusts can develop in the initial phases of biocrust development. During natural recovery of biocrusts, soil properties change, e.g., soil nutrient and organic matter contents increase. Also, silt and clay contents of encrusted soils increase with biocrust maturity, which may be caused by two mechanisms, i.e. entrapment of fine soil particles by biocrusts and the new formation of smaller particles by weathering of the existing substrate.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer International Publishing","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-30214-0_23","usgsCitation":"Weber, B., Bowker, M.A., Zhang, Y., and Belnap, J., 2016, Natural recovery of biological soil crusts after disturbance, p. 479-498, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30214-0_23.","productDescription":"20 p. ","startPage":"479","endPage":"498","ipdsId":"IP-070526","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328252,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":328210,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319302126"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-05-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57cfe8b8e4b04836416a0dec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weber, Bettina","contributorId":21447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"Bettina","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bowker, Matthew A. mbowker@usgs.gov","contributorId":2875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowker","given":"Matthew","email":"mbowker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":647896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhang, Yuanming","contributorId":173232,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"Yuanming","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27200,"text":"Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":647897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70176223,"text":"70176223 - 2016 - Synthesis on biological soil crust research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-06T13:29:15","indexId":"70176223","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Synthesis on biological soil crust research","docAbstract":"In this closing chapter, we summarize the advances in biocrust research made during the last 1.5 decades. In the first part of the chapter, we discuss how in some research fields, such as the microbial diversity of fungi, bacteria, and microfauna; the interaction between biocrusts and vascular plants; and in the rehabilitation of biocrusts; particularly large achievements have been made. In other fields, previously established knowledge of overall patterns has been corroborated and refined by additional studies, e.g., in the fields of soil stabilization and disturbance effects. In the second part of the chapter, we outline the research gaps and challenges foreseen by us. We identify multiple knowledge gaps, including many understudied geographic regions, the largely missing link between genetic and morphological species identification data, and the answers to some mechanistic questions, such as the overall role of biocrusts in hydrology and nutrient cycles. With some ideas on promising new research questions and approaches we close this chapter and the overall book.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological studies","language":"English","publisher":"Springer International Publishing","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-30214-0_25","usgsCitation":"Weber, B., Belnap, J., and Buedel, B., 2016, Synthesis on biological soil crust research, chap. of Ecological studies, p. 527-534, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30214-0_25.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"527","endPage":"534","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-071476","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328250,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-05-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57cfe8bee4b04836416a0e3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weber, Bettina","contributorId":21447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"Bettina","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buedel, Burkhard","contributorId":172210,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buedel","given":"Burkhard","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27000,"text":"Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserlautern, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":647900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70176220,"text":"70176220 - 2016 - Carbon budgets of biological soil crusts at micro-, meso-, and global scales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-06T13:42:21","indexId":"70176220","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Carbon budgets of biological soil crusts at micro-, meso-, and global scales","docAbstract":"The importance of biocrusts in the ecology of arid lands across all continents is widely recognized. In spite of this broad distribution, contributions of biocrusts to the global biogeochemical cycles have only recently been considered. While these studies opened a new view on the global role of biocrusts, they also clearly revealed the lack of data for many habitats and of overall standards for measurements and analysis. In order to understand carbon cycling in biocrusts and the progress which has been made during the last 15 years, we offer a multi-scale approach covering different climatic regions. We also include a discussion on available measurement techniques at each scale: A micro-scale section focuses on the individual organism level, including modeling based on the combination of field and lab data. The meso-scale section addresses the CO2 exchange of a complete ecosystem or at the community level. Finally, we consider the contribution of biocrusts at a global scale, giving a general perspective of the most relevant findings regarding the role of biological soil crusts in the global terrestrial carbon cycle.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological studies","language":"English","publisher":"Springer International Publishing","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-30214-0_15","usgsCitation":"Sancho, L.G., Belnap, J., Colesie, C., Raggio, J., and Weber, B., 2016, Carbon budgets of biological soil crusts at micro-, meso-, and global scales, chap. of Ecological studies, p. 287-304, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30214-0_15.","productDescription":"18 p. ","startPage":"287","endPage":"304","ipdsId":"IP-071038","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328254,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-05-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57cfe8b0e4b04836416a0d33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sancho, Leopoldo G","contributorId":174261,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sancho","given":"Leopoldo","email":"","middleInitial":"G","affiliations":[{"id":27404,"text":"Departamento de Biologıa Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":647883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Colesie, Claudia","contributorId":174262,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Colesie","given":"Claudia","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27405,"text":"Plant Ecology and Systematics, Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserlautern, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":647884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Raggio, Jose","contributorId":174263,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Raggio","given":"Jose","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27404,"text":"Departamento de Biologıa Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":647885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Weber, Bettina","contributorId":21447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"Bettina","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70176217,"text":"70176217 - 2016 - How biological soil crusts became recognized as a functional unit: a selective history","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-06T13:46:43","indexId":"70176217","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"How biological soil crusts became recognized as a functional unit: a selective history","docAbstract":"It is surprising that despite the world-wide distribution and general importance of biological soil crusts (biocrusts), scientific recognition and functional analysis of these communities is a relatively young field of science. In this chapter, we sketch the historical lines that led to the recognition of biocrusts as a community with important ecosystem functions. The idea of biocrusts as a functional ecological community has come from two main scientific branches: botany and soil science. For centuries, botanists have long recognized that multiple organisms colonize the soil surface in the open and often dry areas occurring between vascular plants. Much later, after the initial taxonomic and phyto-sociological descriptions were made, soil scientists and agronomists observed that these surface organisms interacted with soils in ways that changed the soil structure. In the 1970’s, research on these communities as ecological units that played an important functional role in drylands began in earnest, and these studies have continued to this day. Here, we trace the history of these studies from the distant past until 1990, when biocrusts became well-known to scientists and the public.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer International Publishing","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-30214-0_2","usgsCitation":"Lange, O., and Belnap, J., 2016, How biological soil crusts became recognized as a functional unit: a selective history, p. 15-33, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30214-0_2.","productDescription":"19 p. ","startPage":"15","endPage":"33","ipdsId":"IP-070325","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328257,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-05-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57cfe8b6e4b04836416a0db5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lange, Otto L.","contributorId":17193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lange","given":"Otto L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70176219,"text":"70176219 - 2016 - Patterns and controls on nitrogen cycling of biological soil crusts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-06T13:39:33","indexId":"70176219","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Patterns and controls on nitrogen cycling of biological soil crusts","docAbstract":"Biocrusts play a significant role in the nitrogen [N ] cycle within arid and semi-arid ecosystems, as they contribute major N inputs via biological fixation and dust capture, harbor internal N transformation processes, and direct N losses via N dissolved, gaseous and erosional loss processes (Fig. 1). Because soil N availability in arid and semi-arid ecosystems is generally low and may limit net primary production (NPP), especially during periods when adequate water is available, understanding the mechanisms and controls of N input and loss pathways in biocrusts is critically important to our broader understanding of N cycling in dryland environments. In particular, N cycling by biocrusts likely regulates short-term soil N availability to support vascular plant growth, as well as long-term N accumulation and maintenance of soil fertility. \nIn this chapter, we review the influence of biocrust nutrient input, internal cycling, and loss pathways across a range of biomes. We examine linkages between N fixation capabilities of biocrust organisms and spatio-temporal patterns of soil N availability that may influence the longer-term productivity of dryland ecosystems. Lastly, biocrust influence on N loss pathways such as N gas loss, leakage of N compounds from biocrusts, and transfer in wind and water erosion are important to understand the maintenance of dryland soil fertility over longer time scales. Although great strides have been made in understanding the influence of biocrusts on ecosystem N cycling, there are important knowledge gaps in our understanding of the influence of biocrusts on ecosystem N cycling that should be the focus of future studies. Because work on the interaction of N cycling and biocrusts was reviewed in Belnap and Lange (2003), this chapter will focus primarily on research findings that have emerged over the last 15 years (2000-2015).","language":"English","publisher":"Springer International Publishing","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-30214-0_14","usgsCitation":"Barger, N., Zaady, E., Weber, B., Garcia-Pichel, F., and Belnap, J., 2016, Patterns and controls on nitrogen cycling of biological soil crusts, p. 257-285, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30214-0_14.","productDescription":"29 p. ","startPage":"257","endPage":"285","ipdsId":"IP-070429","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328253,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":328201,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319302126"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-05-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57cfe8bbe4b04836416a0e00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barger, Nichole N.","contributorId":102392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barger","given":"Nichole N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zaady, Eli","contributorId":39638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaady","given":"Eli","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weber, Bettina","contributorId":21447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"Bettina","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Garcia-Pichel, Ferran","contributorId":166779,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garcia-Pichel","given":"Ferran","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24511,"text":"Arizona State University, Tempe AZ USA 85287","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":647881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70168430,"text":"70168430 - 2016 - Biocrusts in the context of global change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-14T12:26:26","indexId":"70168430","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Biocrusts in the context of global change","docAbstract":"A wide range of studies show global environmental change will profoundly affect the structure, function, and dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems. The research synthesized here underscores that biocrust communities are also likely to respond significantly to global change drivers, with a large potential for modification to their abundance, composition, and function. We examine how elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations, climate change (increased temperature and altered precipitation), and nitrogen deposition affect biocrusts and the ecosystems they inhabit. We integrate experimental and observational data, as well as physiological, community ecology, and biogeochemical perspectives. Taken together, these data highlight the potential for biocrust organisms to respond dramatically to environmental change and show how changes to biocrust community composition translate into effects on ecosystem function (e.g., carbon and nutrient cycling, soil stability, energy balance). Due to the importance of biocrusts in regulating dryland ecosystem processes and the potential for large modifications to biocrust communities, an improved understanding and predictive capacity regarding biocrust responses to environmental change are of scientific and societal relevance.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biological soil crusts: An organizing principle in drylands","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-30214-0_22","usgsCitation":"Reed, S.C., Maestre, F.T., Ochoa-Hueso, R., Kuske, C., Darrouzet-Nardi, A., Darby, B., Sinsabaugh, B., Oliver, M., Sancho, L., and Belnap, J., 2016, Biocrusts in the context of global change, chap. of Biological soil crusts: An organizing principle in drylands, p. 451-476, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30214-0_22.","productDescription":"26 p. ","startPage":"451","endPage":"476","ipdsId":"IP-060490","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332112,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-05-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"585268e0e4b0e2663625ec84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, Sasha C. 0000-0002-8597-8619 screed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8597-8619","contributorId":462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Sasha","email":"screed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":620065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maestre, Fernando T.","contributorId":62450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maestre","given":"Fernando","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":620066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ochoa-Hueso, Raul","contributorId":166773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ochoa-Hueso","given":"Raul","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24505,"text":"Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Penrith Australia 2751","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":620067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kuske, Cheryl","contributorId":22262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuske","given":"Cheryl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":620068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Darrouzet-Nardi, Anthony N. adarrouzet-nardi@usgs.gov","contributorId":5766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darrouzet-Nardi","given":"Anthony N.","email":"adarrouzet-nardi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":620069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Darby, Brian","contributorId":166774,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Darby","given":"Brian","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24506,"text":"University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND USA 58202-9019","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":620070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sinsabaugh, Bob","contributorId":166775,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sinsabaugh","given":"Bob","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24507,"text":"University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA 87131","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":620071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Oliver, Mel","contributorId":166776,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oliver","given":"Mel","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24508,"text":"USDA-ARS, University of Missouri, Columbia campus, Columbia, MO USA 65211","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":620072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Sancho, Leo","contributorId":166777,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sancho","given":"Leo","affiliations":[{"id":24509,"text":"Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid Spain","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":620073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":620076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70171126,"text":"ofr20161080 - 2016 - Spatially explicit modeling of annual and seasonal habitat for greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in Nevada and Northeastern California—An updated decision-support tool for management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-23T16:23:54","indexId":"ofr20161080","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-20T17:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-1080","title":"Spatially explicit modeling of annual and seasonal habitat for greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in Nevada and Northeastern California—An updated decision-support tool for management","docAbstract":"Successful adaptive management hinges largely upon integrating new and improved sources of information as they become available. As a timely example of this tenet, we updated a management decision support tool that was previously developed for greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus, hereinafter referred to as “sage-grouse”) populations in Nevada and California. Specifically, recently developed spatially explicit habitat maps derived from empirical data played a key role in the conservation of this species facing listing under the Endangered Species Act. This report provides an updated process for mapping relative habitat suitability and management categories for sage-grouse in Nevada and northeastern California (Coates and others, 2014, 2016). These updates include: (1) adding radio and GPS telemetry locations from sage-grouse monitored at multiple sites during 2014 to the original location dataset beginning in 1998; (2) integrating output from high resolution maps (1–2 m2) of sagebrush and pinyon-juniper cover as covariates in resource selection models; (3) modifying the spatial extent of the analyses to match newly available vegetation layers; (4) explicit modeling of relative habitat suitability during three seasons (spring, summer, winter) that corresponded to critical life history periods for sage-grouse (breeding, brood-rearing, over-wintering); (5) accounting for differences in habitat availability between more mesic sagebrush steppe communities in the northern part of the study area and drier Great Basin sagebrush in more southerly regions by categorizing continuous region-wide surfaces of habitat suitability index (HSI) with independent locations falling within two hydrological zones; (6) integrating the three seasonal maps into a composite map of annual relative habitat suitability; (7) deriving updated land management categories based on previously determined cut-points for intersections of habitat suitability and an updated index of sage-grouse abundance and space-use (AUI); and (8) masking urban footprints and major roadways out of the final map products.
Seasonal habitat maps were generated based on model-averaged resource selection functions (RSF) derived for 10 project areas (813 sage-grouse; 14,085 locations) during the spring season, 10 during the summer season (591 sage-grouse, 11,743 locations), and 7 during the winter season (288 sage-grouse, 4,862 locations). RSF surfaces were transformed to HSIs and averaged in a GIS framework for every pixel for each season. Validation analyses of categorized HSI surfaces using a suite of independent datasets resulted in an agreement of 93–97 percent for habitat versus non-habitat on an annual basis. Spring and summer maps validated similarly well at 94–97 percent, while winter maps validated slightly less accurately at 87–93 percent.
We then provide an updated example of how space use models can be integrated with habitat models to help inform conservation planning. We used updated lek count data to calculate a composite abundance and space use index (AUI) that comprised the combination of probabilistic breeding density with a non-linear probability of occurrence relative to distance to nearest lek. The AUI was then classified into two categories of use (high and low-to-no) and intersected with the HSI categories to create potential management prioritization scenarios based on information about sage-grouse occupancy coupled with habitat suitability. Compared to Coates and others (2014, 2016), the amount of area classified as habitat across the region increased by 6.5 percent (approximately 1,700,000 acres). For management categories, core increased by 7.2 percent (approximately 865,000 acres), priority increased by 9.6 percent (approximately 855,000 acres), and general increased by 9.2 percent (approximately 768,000 acres), while non-habitat decreased (that is, classified non-habitat occurring outside of areas of concentrated use) by 11.9 percent (approximately 2,500,000 acres). Importantly, seasonal and annual maps represent habitat for all age and sex classes of sage-grouse (that is, sample sizes of marked grouse were insufficient to only construct models for reproductive females). This revised sage-grouse habitat mapping product helps improve adaptive application of conservation planning tools based on intersections of spatially explicit habitat suitability, abundance, and space use indices.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161080","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Nevada Sagebrush Ecosystem Program, Bureau of Land Management, Nevada Department of Wildlife, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, and Idaho State University","usgsCitation":"Coates, P.S., Casazza, M.L., Brussee B.E., Ricca, M.A., Gustafson, K.B., Sanchez-Chopitea, E., Mauch, K., Niell, L., Gardner, S., Espinosa, S., and Delehanty, D.J., 2016, Spatially explicit modeling of annual and seasonal habitat for greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in Nevada and Northeastern California—An updated decision-support tool for management: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016-1080, 160 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161080.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 160 p.; Dataset","numberOfPages":"172","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-072897","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":322138,"rank":3,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7CC0XRV","text":"USGS data release - Spatially Explicit Modeling of Annual and Seasonal Habitat for Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in Nevada and Northeastern California - an Updated Decision-Support Tool for Management"},{"id":321471,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1080/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":321472,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1080/ofr20161080.pdf","text":"Report","size":"20 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1080 Report PDF"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.87158203125,\n 37.50972584293751\n ],\n [\n -120.87158203125,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -114.06005859375,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -114.06005859375,\n 37.50972584293751\n ],\n [\n -120.87158203125,\n 37.50972584293751\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Western Ecological Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive East
Sacramento, California 95819
http://werc.usgs.gov/
The Colorado Plateau is a physiographic region that encompasses 330,000 square kilometers in parts of four states in the southwestern United States (Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona). Known for its high deserts, the Colorado Plateau also includes isolated mountains, high plateaus, and rugged canyons. Not only is the region topographically diverse, but geologically, biologically, and culturally diverse as well. The landscape is managed by Federal entities including the Bureau of Land Management, the National Park Service, and the U.S. Forest Service; Tribal nations including the Navajo Nation, Kaibab Paiute, Mountain Ute, Southern Ute, Hopi, Zuni, Hualapai, Havasupai, and White Mountain Apache Tribes; State land and wildlife management agencies; and privately owned holdings, creating complex interactions and management challenges. Population growth, increased tourism to Federal and State lands, and energy development have increased water demands and altered land-use patterns, and these changes have emerged as management challenges facing the people working and living in the region. Climate change, particularly the ongoing drought, has exacerbated the effects of population growth, land-use change, and other stressors such as invasive species. As managers seek solutions to the challenges facing the region’s natural and cultural resources, the Biennial Conference of Science and Management of the Colorado Plateau has become an important venue for exchanging information about emerging management concerns and recent scientific research. Each biennial conference has sought to promote discussion, information sharing, and productive communication among the managers, scientists, students, administrators, tribal representatives, and others who attend the conference with the goal of enhancing the use of the best available science to manage the region’s incomparable natural and cultural resources.
\nThe publication and dissemination of a conference proceedings series expands the reach of the conference beyond those people in attendance and creates a record on the research presented. The idea of producing a conference proceedings, and its subsequent publication, first occurred in 1993 following the first biennial conference in 1991. A published volume of contributed papers has followed each subsequent biennial conference, including this volume. The venue for publishing proceedings has changed over the years and has included the National Park Service, the Government Printing Office, the U.S. Geological Survey, and University of Arizona Press. Recently, van Riper and others (2015) published a compilation of the abstracts from the 11 previous conference proceedings. Collectively, the proceedings highlight approximately 25 years of natural- and cultural-resources research, promoting the integration of research with resource management across the Colorado Plateau. This volume is freely downloadable by the public, thereby further expanding the influence of this conference beyond the Colorado Plateau.
\nThe 12th Biennial Conference held in Flagstaff, Arizona, from September 16 to 19, 2013, covered a range of topics in the physical, biological, and socio-cultural sciences. The conference was organized and hosted by Northern Arizona University’s (NAU) Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, the Colorado Plateau Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Unit, and the U.S. Geological Survey Southwest Biological Science Center. Financial and in-kind support was provided by a wide range of organizations including the U.S. Forest Service, National Park Service, Bureau of Land Management, Grand Canyon Trust, Colorado Plateau Research Station, and various NAU entities. NAU sponsors include the Landscape Conservation Initiative, School of Forestry, School of Earth Science and Environmental Sustainability, Office of the Provost, and Office of the Vice President of Research. Contributors to these proceedings include researchers and managers from Federal, State, and Tribal governments, universities, private entities, and non-profit organizations. In this regard, this conference has wide-ranging support and participation among private and public entities involved in the science and management of natural resources on the Colorado Plateau.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155180","usgsCitation":"Ralston, B.E., ed., 2016, Proceedings of the 12th Biennial Conference of Research on the Colorado River Plateau: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5180, 128 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155180.","productDescription":"128 p.","numberOfPages":"136","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-070115","costCenters":[{"id":501,"text":"Office of Science Quality and Integrity","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399526,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_104245.htm"},{"id":321450,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5180/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":321451,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5180/sir20155180.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5180 Report PDF"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Colorado Plateau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.40087890624999,\n 34.75\n ],\n [\n -113.40087890624999,\n 39.35129035526705\n ],\n [\n -106.76513671875,\n 39.35129035526705\n ],\n [\n -106.76513671875,\n 34.75\n ],\n [\n -113.40087890624999,\n 34.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"SBSC staff, Southwest Biological Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2255 N. Gemini Drive
Flagstaff, AZ 86001
http://sbsc.wr.usgs.gov/
Graptemys ernsti, the Escambia Map Turtle, inhabits the Escambia/Conecuh River, the adjacent Yellow River, and the Pea River further to the east, all of which have been distinct drainage systems since the Pleistocene. We used continuous and meristic morphological and genetic data to compare populations of G. ernsti and found evidence of differences among the three drainages. Frequency of occurrence of a nasal trident differed among the three drainages. Yellow River specimens possessed unique mitochondrial haplotypes while the Conecuh and the Pea shared haplotypes. Five microsatellite loci identified the drainages as being distinct, with the strongest differentiation between the Yellow River and the other two drainages. While these differences do not appear great enough to warrant taxonomic recognition, they do suggest that each population has a distinct evolutionary and demographic history and that they should therefore be managed separately.
","language":"English","publisher":"Herpetological Conservation and Biology","usgsCitation":"Ennen, J.R., Godwin, J., Lovich, J.E., Kreiser, B.R., Folt, B., and Hazard, S., 2016, Interdrainage morphological and genetic differentiation in the Escambia Map Turtle, Graptemys ernsti: Herpetological Conservation and Biology, v. 11, no. 1, p. 122-131.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"122","endPage":"131","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063620","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321443,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":321419,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.herpconbio.org/contents_vol11_issue1.html"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5740271be4b07e28b65dcfdc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ennen, Joshua R.","contributorId":83858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ennen","given":"Joshua","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Godwin, James","contributorId":81015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godwin","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lovich, Jeffrey E. 0000-0002-7789-2831 jeffrey_lovich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7789-2831","contributorId":458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovich","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jeffrey_lovich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kreiser, Brian R.","contributorId":47691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kreiser","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Folt, Brian","contributorId":127807,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Folt","given":"Brian","affiliations":[{"id":7160,"text":"Department of Biological Sciences and Auburn University Museum of Natural History, 331 Funchess Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849; E-mail: brian.folt@gmail.com.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hazard, Sarah","contributorId":169519,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hazard","given":"Sarah","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25549,"text":"Tennessee Aquarium Conservation Institute, 201 Chestnut Street, Chattanooga, TN 37402","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70171103,"text":"70171103 - 2016 - Dendritic network models: Improving isoscapes and quantifying influence of landscape and in-stream processes on strontium isotopes in rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-22T17:33:57","indexId":"70171103","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-20T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dendritic network models: Improving isoscapes and quantifying influence of landscape and in-stream processes on strontium isotopes in rivers","docAbstract":"A critical challenge for the Earth sciences is to trace the transport and flux of matter within and among aquatic, terrestrial, and atmospheric systems. Robust descriptions of isotopic patterns across space and time, called “isoscapes,” form the basis of a rapidly growing and wide-ranging body of research aimed at quantifying connectivity within and among Earth's systems. However, isoscapes of rivers have been limited by conventional Euclidean approaches in geostatistics and the lack of a quantitative framework to apportion the influence of processes driven by landscape features versus in-stream phenomena. Here we demonstrate how dendritic network models substantially improve the accuracy of isoscapes of strontium isotopes and partition the influence of hydrologic transport versus local geologic features on strontium isotope ratios in a large Alaska river. This work illustrates the analytical power of dendritic network models for the field of isotope biogeochemistry, particularly for provenance studies of modern and ancient animals.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1002/2016GL068904","usgsCitation":"Brennan, S.R., Torgersen, C.E., Hollenbeck, J.P., Fernandez, D.P., Jensen, C.K., and Schindler, D.E., 2016, Dendritic network models: Improving isoscapes and quantifying influence of landscape and in-stream processes on strontium isotopes in rivers: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 43, no. 10, p. 5043-5051, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL068904.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"5043","endPage":"5051","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-073082","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470972,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2016gl068904","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":321442,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"10","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-05-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5740271be4b07e28b65dcfd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brennan, Sean R.","contributorId":149334,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brennan","given":"Sean","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Torgersen, Christian E. 0000-0001-8325-2737 ctorgersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8325-2737","contributorId":146935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torgersen","given":"Christian","email":"ctorgersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hollenbeck, Jeff P. 0000-0001-6481-5354 jhollenbeck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6481-5354","contributorId":5130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollenbeck","given":"Jeff","email":"jhollenbeck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fernandez, Diego P.","contributorId":138701,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fernandez","given":"Diego","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":12499,"text":"Univ. of Utah","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jensen, Carrie K","contributorId":169520,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jensen","given":"Carrie","email":"","middleInitial":"K","affiliations":[{"id":25550,"text":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schindler, Daniel E.","contributorId":83485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schindler","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70171105,"text":"70171105 - 2016 - A possible transoceanic tsunami directed toward the U.S. west coast from the Semidi segment, Alaska convergent margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-08T12:47:45","indexId":"70171105","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-20T10:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1757,"text":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A possible transoceanic tsunami directed toward the U.S. west coast from the Semidi segment, Alaska convergent margin","docAbstract":"The Semidi segment of the Alaska convergent margin appears capable of generating a giant tsunami like the one produced along the nearby Unimak segment in 1946. Reprocessed legacy seismic reflection data and a compilation of multibeam bathymetric surveys reveal structures that could generate such a tsunami. A 200 km long ridge or escarpment with crests >1 km high is the surface expression of an active out-of-sequence fault zone, recently referred to as a splay fault. Such faults are potentially tsunamigenic. This type of fault zone separates the relatively rigid rock of the margin framework from the anelastic accreted sediment prism. Seafloor relief of the ridge exceeds that of similar age accretionary prism ridges indicating preferential slip along the splay fault zone. The greater slip may derive from Quaternary subduction of the Patton Murray hot spot ridge that extends 200 km toward the east across the north Pacific. Estimates of tsunami repeat times from paleotsunami studies indicate that the Semidi segment could be near the end of its current inter-seismic cycle. GPS records from Chirikof Island at the shelf edge indicate 90% locking of plate interface faults. An earthquake in the shallow Semidi subduction zone could generate a tsunami that will inundate the US west coast more than the 1946 and 1964 earthquakes because the Semidi continental slope azimuth directs a tsunami southeastward.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1002/2015GC006147","usgsCitation":"von Huene, R.E., Miller, J.J., and Dartnell, P., 2016, A possible transoceanic tsunami directed toward the U.S. west coast from the Semidi segment, Alaska convergent margin: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 17, no. 3, p. 645-659, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GC006147.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"645","endPage":"659","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066716","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470974,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gc006147","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":321440,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-03-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5740271ae4b07e28b65dcfcc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"von Huene, Roland E. 0000-0003-1301-3866 rvonhuene@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1301-3866","contributorId":191070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Huene","given":"Roland","email":"rvonhuene@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":7065,"text":"USGS emeritus","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, John J. 0000-0002-9098-0967 jmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9098-0967","contributorId":3785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"John","email":"jmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dartnell, Peter 0000-0002-9554-729X pdartnell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9554-729X","contributorId":2688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dartnell","given":"Peter","email":"pdartnell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70171104,"text":"70171104 - 2016 - Waterfowl endozoochory: An overlooked long-distance dispersal mode for Cuscuta (dodder)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-20T09:25:09","indexId":"70171104","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-20T10:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":724,"text":"American Journal of Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Waterfowl endozoochory: An overlooked long-distance dispersal mode for Cuscuta (dodder)","docAbstract":"REMISE OF THE STUDY: Dispersal of parasitic Cuscuta species (dodders) worldwide has been assumed to be largely anthropomorphic because their seeds do not match any previously known dispersal syndrome and no natural dispersal vectors have been reliably documented. However, the genus has a subcosmopolitan distribution and recent phylogeographic results have indicated that at least18 historical cases of long-distance dispersal (LDD) have occurred during its evolution. The objective of this study is to report the first LDD biological vector for Cuscuta seeds.
\nMETHODS: Twelve northern pintails (Anas acuta) were collected from Suisun Marsh, California and the contents of their lowest part of the large intestine (rectum) were extracted and analyzed. Seed identification was done both morphologically and using a molecular approach. Extracted seeds were tested for germination and compared to seeds not subjected to gut passage to determine the extent of structural changes caused to the seed coat by passing through the digestive tract.
\nKEY RESULTS: Four hundred and twenty dodder seeds were found in the rectum of four northern pintails. From these, 411 seeds were identified as Cuscuta campestris and nine as most likely C. pacifica. The germination rate of C. campestris seeds after gut passage was 55%. Structural changes caused by the gut passage in both species were similar to those caused by an acid scarification.
\nCONCLUSIONS: Endozoochory by waterbirds may explain the historical LDD cases in the evolution of Cuscuta. This also suggests that current border quarantine measures may be insufficient to stopping spreading of dodder pests along migratory flyways.
\nWhole-genome sequencing has provided fundamental insights into infectious disease epidemiology, but has rarely been used for examining transmission dynamics of a bacterial pathogen in wildlife. In the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), outbreaks of brucellosis have increased in cattle along with rising seroprevalence in elk. Here we use a genomic approach to examine Brucella abortus evolution, cross-species transmission and spatial spread in the GYE. We find that brucellosis was introduced into wildlife in this region at least five times. The diffusion rate varies among Brucella lineages (B3 to 8 km per year) and over time. We also estimate 12 host transitions from bison to elk, and 5 from elk to bison. Our results support the notion that free-ranging elk are currently a self-sustaining brucellosis reservoir and the source of livestock infections, and that control measures in bison are unlikely to affect the dynamics of unrelated strains circulating in nearby elk populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","doi":"10.1038/ncomms11448","usgsCitation":"Kamath, P.L., Foster, J., Drees, K., Luikart, G., Quance, C., Anderson, N.J., Clarke, P.R., Cole, E., Drew, M.L., Edwards, W.H., Rhyan, J.C., Treanor, J.J., Wallen, R.L., White, P.J., Robbe-Austerman, S., and Cross, P.C., 2016, Genomics reveals historic and contemporary transmission dynamics of a bacterial disease among wildlife and livestock: Nature Communications, v. 7, Article 11448, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11448.","productDescription":"Article 11448, 10 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-067034","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470976,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11448","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":321439,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-05-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5740271be4b07e28b65dcfd8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kamath, Pauline L. pkamath@usgs.gov","contributorId":4517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kamath","given":"Pauline","email":"pkamath@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foster, Jeffrey T.","contributorId":8744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"Jeffrey T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Drees, Kevin P.","contributorId":81759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drees","given":"Kevin P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Luikart, Gordon","contributorId":97409,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Luikart","given":"Gordon","affiliations":[{"id":6580,"text":"University of Montana, Flathead Lake Biological Station, Polson, Montana 59860, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Quance, Christine","contributorId":169525,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quance","given":"Christine","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25553,"text":"USDA-APHIS, National Veterinary Services Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Anderson, Neil J.","contributorId":85870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Neil","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Clarke, P. 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Two classes of modeling tools are often used to this end–(1) distributed-parameter hydrologic models for quantifying supply and (2) river-operation models for sorting out demands under rule-based systems such as the prior-appropriation doctrine. Within each of these two broad classes of models, there are many software tools that excel at simulating the processes specific to each discipline, but have historically over-simplified, or at worse completely neglected, aspects of the other. As a result, water managers reliant on river-operation models for administering water resources need improved tools for representing spatially and temporally varying groundwater resources in conjunctive-use systems. A new tool is described that improves the representation of groundwater/surface-water (GW-SW) interaction within a river-operations modeling context and, in so doing, advances evaluation of system-wide hydrologic consequences of new or altered management regimes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.04.018","usgsCitation":"Morway, E.D., Niswonger, R.G., and Triana, E., 2016, Toward improved simulation of river operations through integration with a hydrologic model: Environmental Modelling and Software, no. 82, p. 255-274, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.04.018.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"255","endPage":"274","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-070519","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470977,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.04.018","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":321438,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"82","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5740271de4b07e28b65dcfea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morway, Eric D. 0000-0002-8553-6140 emorway@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8553-6140","contributorId":4320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morway","given":"Eric","email":"emorway@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Niswonger, Richard G. 0000-0001-6397-2403 rniswon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6397-2403","contributorId":152462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niswonger","given":"Richard","email":"rniswon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":629911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Triana, Enrique","contributorId":169532,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Triana","given":"Enrique","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25556,"text":"MWH Global, Fort Collins, CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70171415,"text":"70171415 - 2016 - Forest disturbance interactions and successional pathways in the Southern Rocky Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-01T15:59:35","indexId":"70171415","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-20T02:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Forest disturbance interactions and successional pathways in the Southern Rocky Mountains","docAbstract":"The pine forests in the southern portion of the Rocky Mountains are a heterogeneous mosaic of disturbance and recovery. The most extensive and intensive stress and mortality are received from human activity, fire, and mountain pine beetles (MPB;Dendroctonus ponderosae). Understanding disturbance interactions and disturbance-succession pathways are crucial for adapting management strategies to mitigate their impacts and anticipate future ecosystem change. Driven by this goal, we assessed the forest disturbance and recovery history in the Southern Rocky Mountains Ecoregion using a 13-year time series of Landsat image stacks. An automated classification workflow that integrates temporal segmentation techniques and a random forest classifier was used to examine disturbance patterns. To enhance efficiency in selecting representative samples at the ecoregion scale, a new sampling strategy that takes advantage of the scene-overlap among adjacent Landsat images was designed. The segment-based assessment revealed that the overall accuracy for all 14 scenes varied from 73.6% to 92.5%, with a mean of 83.1%. A design-based inference indicated the average producer’s and user’s accuracies for MPB mortality were 85.4% and 82.5% respectively. We found that burn severity was largely unrelated to the severity of pre-fire beetle outbreaks in this region, where the severity of post-fire beetle outbreaks generally decreased in relation to burn severity. Approximately half the clear-cut and burned areas were in various stages of recovery, but the regeneration rate was much slower for MPB-disturbed sites. Pre-fire beetle outbreaks and subsequent fire produced positive compound effects on seedling reestablishment in this ecoregion. Taken together, these results emphasize that although multiple disturbances do play a role in the resilience mechanism of the serotinous lodgepole pine, the overall recovery could be slow due to the vast area of beetle mortality.
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