Analysis of 10Be and 26Al in bedrock (n=10), colluvium (n=5 including grain size splits), and alluvial sediments (n=59 including grain size splits), coupled with field observations and GIS analysis, suggest that erosion rates in the Great Smoky Mountains are controlled by subsurface bedrock erosion and diffusive slope processes. The results indicate rapid alluvial transport, minimal alluvial storage, and suggest that most of the cosmogenic nuclide inventory in sediments is accumulated while they are eroding from bedrock and traveling down hill slopes.
Spatially homogeneous erosion rates of 25 - 30 mm Ky−1 are calculated throughout the Great Smoky Mountains using measured concentrations of cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al in quartz separated from alluvial sediment. 10Be and 26Al concentrations in sediments collected from headwater tributaries that have no upstream samples (n=18) are consistent with an average erosion rate of 28 ± 8 mm Ky−1, similar to that of the outlet rivers (n=16, 24 ± 6 mm Ky−1), which carry most of the sediment out of the mountain range.
Grain-size-specific analysis of 6 alluvial sediment samples shows higher nuclide concentrations in smaller grain sizes than in larger ones. The difference in concentrations arises from the large elevation distribution of the source of the smaller grains compared with the narrow and relatively low source elevation of the large grains. Large sandstone clasts disaggregate into sand-size grains rapidly during weathering and downslope transport; thus, only clasts from the lower parts of slopes reach the streams. 26Al/10Be ratios do not suggest significant burial periods for our samples. However, alluvial samples have lower 26Al/10Be ratios than bedrock and colluvial samples, a trend consistent with a longer integrated cosmic ray exposure history that includes periods of burial during down-slope transport.
The results confirm some of the basic ideas embedded in Davis’ geographic cycle model, such as the reduction of relief through slope processes, and of Hack’s dynamic equilibrium model such as the similarity of erosion rates across different lithologies. Comparing cosmogenic nuclide data with other measured and calculated erosion rates for the Appalachians, we conclude that rates of erosion, integrated over varying time periods from decades to a hundred million years are similar, the result of equilibrium between erosion and isostatic uplift in the southern Appalachian Mountains.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Journal of Science","doi":"10.2475/ajs.303.9.817","issn":"00029599","usgsCitation":"Matmon, A., Bierman, P., Larsen, J., Southworth, S., Pavich, M., Finkel, R., and Caffee, M., 2003, Erosion of an ancient mountain range, the Great Smoky Mountains, North Carolina and Tennessee: American Journal of Science, v. 303, no. 9, p. 817-855, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.303.9.817.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"817","endPage":"855","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478495,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.303.9.817","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":387187,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee, North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Great Smokey Mountains National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.276123046875,\n 35.06597313798418\n ],\n [\n -82.716064453125,\n 35.06597313798418\n ],\n [\n -82.716064453125,\n 35.9157474194997\n ],\n [\n -84.276123046875,\n 35.9157474194997\n ],\n [\n -84.276123046875,\n 35.06597313798418\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"303","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a3ce4b0c8380cd5226b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matmon, A.","contributorId":14983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matmon","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bierman, P.R.","contributorId":49145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bierman","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Larsen, J.","contributorId":74544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Southworth, S.","contributorId":107886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Southworth","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pavich, M.","contributorId":58399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pavich","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Finkel, R.","contributorId":103028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkel","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Caffee, M.","contributorId":86518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caffee","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70024863,"text":"70024863 - 2003 - Interglacial extension of the boreal forest limit in the Noatak Valley, northwest Alaska: Evidence from an exhumed river-cut bluff and debris apron","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-29T18:22:08.022178","indexId":"70024863","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":899,"text":"Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interglacial extension of the boreal forest limit in the Noatak Valley, northwest Alaska: Evidence from an exhumed river-cut bluff and debris apron","docAbstract":"Numerous exposures of Pleistocene sediments occur in the Noatak basin, which extends for 130 km along the Noatak River in northwestern Alaska. Nk-37, an extensive bluff exposure near the west end of the basin, contains a record of at least three glacial advances separated by interglacial and interstadial deposits. An ancient river-cut bluff and associated debris apron is exposed in profile through the central part of Nk-37. The debris apron contains a rich biotic record and represents part of an interglaciation that is probably assignable to marine-isotope stage 5. Pollen spectra from the lower part of the debris apron closely resemble modern samples taken from the Noatak floodplain in spruce gallery forest, and macrofossils of spruce are also present at this level. Fossil bark beetles and carpenter ants occur higher in the debris apron. Mutual Climatic Range (MCR) estimates from the fossil beetles suggest temperatures similar to or warmer than today. Together, these fossils indicate the presence of an interglacial spruce forest in the western part of the Noatak Basin, which lies about 80 km upstream of the modern limit of spruce forest.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1657/1523-0430(2003)035[0460:IEOTBF]2.0.CO;2","issn":"15230430","usgsCitation":"Edwards, M.E., Hamilton, T.D., Elias, S.A., Bigelow, N., and Krumhardt, A., 2003, Interglacial extension of the boreal forest limit in the Noatak Valley, northwest Alaska: Evidence from an exhumed river-cut bluff and debris apron: Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, v. 35, no. 4, p. 460-468, https://doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430(2003)035[0460:IEOTBF]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"460","endPage":"468","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478553,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1657/1523-0430%282003%29035%5B0460%3AIEOTBF%5D2.0.CO%3B2","text":"External Repository"},{"id":388637,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Noatak Valley, northwest Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -164.3994140625,\n 65.96437717203096\n ],\n [\n -156.7529296875,\n 65.96437717203096\n ],\n [\n -156.7529296875,\n 67.7760253890732\n ],\n [\n -164.3994140625,\n 67.7760253890732\n ],\n [\n -164.3994140625,\n 65.96437717203096\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"35","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3d02e4b0c8380cd63212","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, M. E.","contributorId":29977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hamilton, T. D.","contributorId":36921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elias, S. A.","contributorId":65996,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Elias","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bigelow, N.H.","contributorId":85352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bigelow","given":"N.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Krumhardt, A.P.","contributorId":11253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krumhardt","given":"A.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70024860,"text":"70024860 - 2003 - Impacts of Daily Bag Limit Reductions on Angler Effort in Wisconsin Walleye Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:08","indexId":"70024860","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impacts of Daily Bag Limit Reductions on Angler Effort in Wisconsin Walleye Lakes","docAbstract":"Angler effort is an important factor affecting recreational fisheries. However, angler responses are rarely incorporated into recreational fisheries regulations or predictions. Few have attempted to examine how daily bag limit regulations affect total angling pressure and subsequent stock densities. Our paper develops a theoretical basis for predicting angler effort and harvest rate based on stock densities and bag limit regulations. We examined data from a management system that controls the total exploitation of walleyes Sander vitreus (formerly Stizostedion vitreum) in northern Wisconsin lakes and compared these empirical results with the predictions from a theoretical effort and harvest rate response model. The data indicated that higher general angler effort occurs on lakes regulated with a 5-walleye daily limit than on lakes regulated with either a 2- or 3-walleye daily limit. General walleye catch rates were lower on lakes with a 5-walleye limit than on lakes with either a 2- or 3-walleye daily limit. An effort response model predicted a logarithmic relationship between angler effort and adult walleye density and that an index of attractiveness would be greater on lakes with high bag limits. Predictions from the harvest rate model with constant walleye catchability indicated that harvest rates increased nonlinearly with increasing density. When the effort model was fitted to data from northern Wisconsin, we found higher lake attractiveness at 5-walleye-limit lakes. We conclude that different groups of anglers respond differently to bag limit changes and that reliance on daily bag limits may not be sufficient to maintain high walleye densities in some lakes in this region.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/M01-227AM","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Beard, T., Cox, S., and Carpenter, S., 2003, Impacts of Daily Bag Limit Reductions on Angler Effort in Wisconsin Walleye Lakes: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 23, no. 4, p. 1283-1293, https://doi.org/10.1577/M01-227AM.","startPage":"1283","endPage":"1293","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207897,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M01-227AM"},{"id":233179,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a38dce4b0c8380cd616f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beard, T.D. Jr.","contributorId":100160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beard","given":"T.D.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cox, S.P.","contributorId":42759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carpenter, S.R.","contributorId":84534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025216,"text":"70025216 - 2003 - Origin of high-grade gold ore, source of ore fluid components, and genesis of the Meikle and neighboring Carlin-type deposits, Northern Carlin Trend, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:57","indexId":"70025216","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of high-grade gold ore, source of ore fluid components, and genesis of the Meikle and neighboring Carlin-type deposits, Northern Carlin Trend, Nevada","docAbstract":"The Meikle mine exploits one of the world's highest grade Carlin-type gold deposits with reserves of ca. 220 t gold at an average grade of 24.7 g/t. Locally, gold grades exceed 400 g/t. Several geologic events converged at Meikle to create these spectacular gold grades. Prior to mineralization, a Devonian hydrothermal system altered the Bootstrap limestone to Fe-rich dolomite. Subsequently the rocks were brecciated by faulting and Late Jurassic intrusive activity. The resulting permeability focused flow of late Eocene Carlin-type ore fluids and allowed them to react with the Fe-rich dolomite. Fluid inclusion data and mineral assemblages indicate that these fluids were hot (ca. 220??C),of moderate salinity (<6 wt % NaCl equiv), acidic, and H2S rich. Gold-rich pyrite formed by dissolution of dolomite and sulfidation of its contained Fe. Where dissolution and replacement were complete, ore-stage pyrite and other insoluble minerals were all that remained. Locally, these minerals accumulated as internal sediments in dissolution cavities to form ore with gold grades >400 g/t. Petrographic observations, geochemical data, and stable isotope results from the Meikle mine and other deposits at the Goldstrike mine place important constraints on genetic models for Meikle and other Carlin-type gold deposits on the northern Carlin trend. The ore fluids were meteoric water (??D = -135???, ??18O = -5???) that interacted with sedimentary rocks at a water/rock ratio of ca. 1 and temperatures of ca. 220??C. The absence of significant silicification suggests that there was little cooling of the ore fluids during mineralization. These two observations strongly suggest that ore fluids were not derived from deep sources but instead flowed parallel to isotherms. The gold was transported by H2S (??34S = 9???), which was derived from Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. The presence of auriferous sedimentary exhalative mineralization in the local stratigraphic sequence raises the possibility that preexisting concentrations of gold contributed to the Carlin-type deposits. Taken together our observations suggest that meteoric water evolved to become an ore fluid by shallow circulation through previously gold- and sulfur-enriched rocks. Carlin-type gold deposits formed where these fluids encountered permeable, reactive Fe-rich rocks.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Economic Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Emsbo, P., Hofstra, A., Lauha, E., Griffin, G., and Hutchinson, R., 2003, Origin of high-grade gold ore, source of ore fluid components, and genesis of the Meikle and neighboring Carlin-type deposits, Northern Carlin Trend, Nevada: Economic Geology, v. 98, no. 6, p. 1069-1100.","startPage":"1069","endPage":"1100","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236180,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a70dbe4b0c8380cd762c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emsbo, P.","contributorId":59901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emsbo","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hofstra, A. H. 0000-0002-2450-1593","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2450-1593","contributorId":41426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofstra","given":"A. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lauha, E.A.","contributorId":100595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lauha","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Griffin, G.L.","contributorId":26870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hutchinson, R.W.","contributorId":52743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70024857,"text":"70024857 - 2003 - Fracture network of the Ferron Sandstone Member of the Mancos Shale, east-central Utah, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:08","indexId":"70024857","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fracture network of the Ferron Sandstone Member of the Mancos Shale, east-central Utah, USA","docAbstract":"The fracture network at the outcrop of the Ferron Sandstone Member of the Mancos Shale was studied to gain an understanding of the tectonic history of the region and to contribute data to studies of gas and water transmissivity related to the occurrence and production of coal-bed methane. About 1900 fracture readings were made at 40 coal outcrops and 62 sandstone outcrops in the area from Willow Springs Wash in the south to Farnham dome in the north of the study area in east-central Utah.Two sets of regional, vertical to nearly vertical, systematic face cleats were identified in Ferron coals. A northwest-striking set trends at a mean azimuth of 321??, and a northeast-striking set has a mean azimuth of 55??. Cleats were observed in all coal outcrops examined and are closely spaced and commonly coated with thin films of iron oxide.Two sets of regional, systematic joint sets in sandstone were also identified and have mean azimuths of 321?? and 34??. The joints of each set are planar, long, and extend vertically to nearly vertically through multiple beds; the northeast-striking set is more prevalent than the northwest-striking set. In some places, joints of the northeast-striking set occur in closely spaced clusters, or joint zones, flanked by unjointed rock. Both sets are mineralized with iron oxide and calcite, and the northwest-striking set is commonly tightly cemented, which allowed the northeast-striking set to propagate across it. All cleats and joints of these sets are interpreted as opening-mode (mode I) fractures. Abutting relations indicate that the northwest-striking cleats and joints formed first and were later overprinted by the northeast-striking cleats and joints. Burial curves constructed for the Ferron indicate rapid initial burial after deposition. The Ferron reached a depth of 3000 ft (1000 m) within 5.2 million years (m.y.), and this is considered a minimum depth and time for development of cleats and joints. The Sevier orogeny produced southeast-directed compressional stress at this time and is thought to be the likely mechanism for the northwest-striking systematic cleats and joints. The onset of the Laramide orogeny occurred at about 75 Ma, within 13.7 m.y. of burial, and is thought to be the probable mechanism for development of the northeast-striking systematic cleats and joints. Uplift of the Ferron in the late Tertiary contributed to development of butt cleats and secondary cross-joints and probably enhanced previously formed fracture sets. Using a study of the younger Blackhawk Formation as an analogy, the fracture pattern of the Ferron in the subsurface is probably similar to that at the surface, at least as far west as the Paradise fault and Joe's Valley graben. Farther to the west, on the Wasatch Plateau, the orientations of Ferron fractures may diverge from those measured at the outcrop. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00080-6","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Condon, S.M., 2003, Fracture network of the Ferron Sandstone Member of the Mancos Shale, east-central Utah, USA: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 56, no. 1-2, p. 111-139, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00080-6.","startPage":"111","endPage":"139","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207859,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00080-6"},{"id":233107,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a13b2e4b0c8380cd5474a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Condon, S. M.","contributorId":107688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Condon","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70024855,"text":"70024855 - 2003 - Test of a Power Transfer Model for Standardized Electrofishing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:09","indexId":"70024855","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Test of a Power Transfer Model for Standardized Electrofishing","docAbstract":"Standardization of electrofishing in waters with differing conductivities is critical when monitoring temporal and spatial differences in fish assemblages. We tested a model that can help improve the consistency of electrofishing by allowing control over the amount of power that is transferred to the fish. The primary objective was to verify, under controlled laboratory conditions, whether the model adequately described fish immobilization responses elicited with various electrical settings over a range of water conductivities. We found that the model accurately described empirical observations over conductivities ranging from 12 to 1,030 ??S/cm for DC and various pulsed-DC settings. Because the model requires knowledge of a fish's effective conductivity, an attribute that is likely to vary according to species, size, temperature, and other variables, a second objective was to gather available estimates of the effective conductivity of fish to examine the magnitude of variation and to assess whether in practical applications a standard effective conductivity value for fish may be assumed. We found that applying a standard fish effective conductivity of 115 ??S/cm introduced relatively little error into the estimation of the peak power density required to immobilize fish with electrofishing. However, this standard was derived from few estimates of fish effective conductivity and a limited number of species; more estimates are needed to validate our working standard.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/T02-093","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Miranda, L., and Dolan, C., 2003, Test of a Power Transfer Model for Standardized Electrofishing: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 132, no. 6, p. 1179-1185, https://doi.org/10.1577/T02-093.","startPage":"1179","endPage":"1185","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233072,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207834,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/T02-093"}],"volume":"132","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba59fe4b08c986b320b72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miranda, L.E.","contributorId":58406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miranda","given":"L.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dolan, C.R.","contributorId":96870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dolan","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024854,"text":"70024854 - 2003 - Icelandic-type crust","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:09","indexId":"70024854","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Icelandic-type crust","docAbstract":"Numerous seismic studies, in particular using receiver functions and explosion seismology, have provided a detailed picture of the structure and thickness of the crust beneath the Iceland transverse ridge. We review the results and propose a structural model that is consistent with all the observations. The upper crust is typically 7 ?? 1 km thick, heterogeneous and has high velocity gradients. The lower crust is typically 15-30 ?? 5 km thick and begins where the velocity gradient decreases radically. This generally occurs at the V p ??? 6.5 km s-1 level. A low-velocity zone ??? 10 000 km2 in area and up to ??? 15 km thick occupies the lower crust beneath central Iceland, and may represent a submerged, trapped oceanic microplate. The crust-mantle boundary is a transition zone ???5 ?? 3 km thick throughout which V p increases progressively from ???7.2 to ???8.0 km s-1. It may be gradational or a zone of alternating high- and low-velocity layers. There is no seismic evidence for melt or exceptionally high temperatures in or near this zone. Isostasy indicates that the density contrast between the lower crust and the mantle is only ???90 kg m-3 compared with ???300 kg m-3 for normal oceanic crust, indicating compositional anomalies that are as yet not understood. The seismological crust is ???30 km thick beneath the Greenland-Iceland and Iceland-Faeroe ridges, and eastern Iceland, ???20 km beneath western Iceland, and ???40 km thick beneath central Iceland. This pattern is not what is predicted for an eastward-migrating plume. Low attenuation and normal V p/V s ratios in the lower crust beneath central and southwestern Iceland, and normal uppermost mantle velocities in general, suggest that the crust and uppermost mantle are subsolidus and cooler than at equivalent depths beneath the East Pacific Rise. Seismic data from Iceland have historically been interpreted both in terms of thin-hot and thick-cold crust models, both of which have been cited as supporting the plume hypothesis. This suggests that the plume model for Iceland is an a priori assumption rather than a hypothesis subject to testing. The long-extinct Ontong-Java Plateau, northwest India and Parana??, Brazil large igneous provinces, beneath which mantle plumes are not expected are all underlain by mantle low-velocity bodies similar to that beneath Iceland. A plume interpretation for the mantle anomaly beneath Iceland is thus not required.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Journal International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.02056.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Foulger, G., Du, Z., and Julian, B., 2003, Icelandic-type crust: Geophysical Journal International, v. 155, no. 2, p. 567-590, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.02056.x.","startPage":"567","endPage":"590","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478397,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2003.02056.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":207812,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.02056.x"},{"id":233036,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"155","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a37fee4b0c8380cd61349","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foulger, G.R.","contributorId":14439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foulger","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Du, Z.","contributorId":40765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Du","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Julian, B.R.","contributorId":101272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Julian","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025215,"text":"70025215 - 2003 - Tectonic controls of Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc mineralization in orogenic forelands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-11T14:12:14.992932","indexId":"70025215","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonic controls of Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc mineralization in orogenic forelands","docAbstract":"Most of the world's Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) zinc-lead deposits occur in orogenic forelands. We examine tectonic aspects of foreland evolution as part of a broader study of why some forelands are rich in MVT deposits, whereas others are barren. The type of orogenic foreland (collisional versus Andean-type versus inversion-type) is not a first-order control, because each has MVT deposits (e.g., Northern Arkansas, Pine Point, and Cevennes, respectively). In some MVT districts (e.g., Tri-State and Central Tennessee), mineralization took place atop an orogenic forebulge, a low-amplitude (a few hundred meters), long-wavelength (100-200 km) swell formed by vertical loading of the foreland plate. In the foreland of the active Banda Arc collision zone, a discontinuous forebulge reveals some of the physiographic and geologic complexities of the forebulge environment, and the importance of sea level in determining whether or not a forebulge will emerge and thus be subject to erosion. In addition to those on extant forebulges, some MVT deposits occur immediately below unconformities that originated at a forebulge, only to be subsequently carried toward the orogen by the plate-tectonic conveyor (e.g., Daniel's Harbour and East Tennessee). Likewise, some deposits are located along syn-collisional, flexure-induced normal and strike-slip faults in collisional forelands (e.g., Northern Arkansas, Daniel's Harbour, and Tri-State districts). These findings reveal the importance of lithospheric flexure, and suggest a conceptual tectonic model that accounts for an important subset of MVT deposits-those in the forelands of collisional orogens. The MVT deposits occur both in flat-lying and in thrust-faulted strata; in the latter group, mineralization postdated thrusting in some instances (e.g., Picos de Europa) but may have predated thrusting in other cases (e.g., East Tennessee).","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00126-003-0355-2","issn":"","usgsCitation":"Bradley, D.C., and Leach, D.L., 2003, Tectonic controls of Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc mineralization in orogenic forelands: Mineralium Deposita, v. 38, no. 6, p. 652-667, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-003-0355-2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"652","endPage":"667","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236179,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba456e4b08c986b320275","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, D. C.","contributorId":17634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leach, D. L.","contributorId":18758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leach","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025211,"text":"70025211 - 2003 - Tag loss can bias Jolly-Seber capture-recapture estimates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:57","indexId":"70025211","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tag loss can bias Jolly-Seber capture-recapture estimates","docAbstract":"We identified cases where the Jolly-Seber estimator of population size is biased under tag loss and tag-induced mortality by examining the mathematical arguments and performing computer simulations. We found that, except under certain tag-loss models and high sample sizes, the population size estimators (uncorrected for tag loss) are severely biased high when tag loss or tag-induced mortality occurs. Our findings verify that this misconception about effects of tag loss and tag-induced mortality could have serious consequences for field biologists interested in population size. Reiterating common sense, we encourage those engaged in capture-recapture studies to be careful and humane when handling animals during tagging, to use tags with high retention rates, to double-tag animals when possible, and to strive for the highest capture probabilities possible.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00917648","usgsCitation":"McDonald, T.L., Amstrup, S.C., and Manly, B., 2003, Tag loss can bias Jolly-Seber capture-recapture estimates: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 31, no. 3, p. 814-822.","startPage":"814","endPage":"822","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236101,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba3b3e4b08c986b31fe20","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McDonald, T. L.","contributorId":101211,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDonald","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":404250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Manly, B.F.J.","contributorId":43089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manly","given":"B.F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025210,"text":"70025210 - 2003 - Linking Proxy-Based and Datum-Based Shorelines on a High-Energy Coastline: Implications for Shoreline Change Analyses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:57","indexId":"70025210","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Linking Proxy-Based and Datum-Based Shorelines on a High-Energy Coastline: Implications for Shoreline Change Analyses","docAbstract":"A primary purpose of this paper is to quantitatively link variously defined and derived shoreline estimates commonly used for shoreline change analysis. Estimates of shoreline mapping and derivation error, natural shoreline variability, and the relationships between horizontally-derived (proxy-based) shorelines to vertical datums (e.g. MHW) are presented. A series of shoreline repeatability and variability experiments as well as data from a beach monitoring program along the high-energy US Pacific Northwest coast, indicate total uncertainty estimates of the horizontal position of proxy-based shorelines to be approximately ?? 50-150 m for T-sheets and aerial photography and approximately ?? 15 m for datum-based shorelines derived from ground- or air-based topographic surveys. The ability to obtain reliable shoreline change results depends upon both the selected shoreline definition (e.g. horizontal- or feature-based proxy, or datum-based intercept) and the accuracy of the technique used in mapping or interpreting its position. The position of the selected shoreline on the beach profile determines its inherent temporal and spatial variability, an important consideration that has often been overlooked in the scientific literature on shoreline change, Historical shorelines mapped on NOS T-sheets and aerial photos have commonly identified high water line (HWL)-type shorelines, which are shown to be higher on the beach surface than the MHW-datum intercept along coasts subject to wave runup. Analyses of 4.5 years of beach profile data from the southwest Washington coast suggest that both the MHW and HWL-type shorelines have greater natural short-term variability than expected, significantly greater than the variability of shoreline proxies defined farther landward and higher on the beach profile. A model for determining the natural variability of HWL-type shorelines reveals that this short-term variability is the dominant factor in the large total uncertainty values associated with shorelines derived from T-sheets and aerial photographs. The results of these analyses and quantitative comparisons are relevant to determining the significance of historical shoreline changes, as well as to defining the appropriate shoreline proxy or datum and time scale for future shoreline change analysis.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","language":"English","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Ruggiero, P., Kaminsky, G.M., and Gelfenbaum, G., 2003, Linking Proxy-Based and Datum-Based Shorelines on a High-Energy Coastline: Implications for Shoreline Change Analyses, in Journal of Coastal Research, no. SPEC. ISS. 38, p. 57-82.","startPage":"57","endPage":"82","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236064,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"SPEC. ISS. 38","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a47cfe4b0c8380cd679c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruggiero, P.","contributorId":25995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruggiero","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaminsky, G. M.","contributorId":50586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaminsky","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gelfenbaum, G.","contributorId":72429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelfenbaum","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025206,"text":"70025206 - 2003 - Sediment-starved sand ridges on a mixed carbonate/siliciclastic inner shelf off west-central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-09T13:19:58","indexId":"70025206","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment-starved sand ridges on a mixed carbonate/siliciclastic inner shelf off west-central Florida","docAbstract":"High-resolution side-scan mosaics, sediment analyses, and physical process data have revealed that the mixed carbonate/siliciclastic, inner shelf of west-central Florida supports a highly complex field of active sand ridges mantled by a hierarchy of bedforms. The sand ridges, mostly oriented obliquely to the shoreline trend, extend from 2 km to over 25 km offshore. They show many similarities to their well-known counterparts situated along the US Atlantic margin in that both increase in relief with increasing water depth, both are oriented obliquely to the coast, and both respond to modern shelf dynamics. There are significant differences in that the sand ridges on the west-central Florida shelf are smaller in all dimensions, have a relatively high carbonate content, and are separated by exposed rock surfaces. They are also shoreface-detached and are sediment-starved, thus stunting their development. Morphological details are highly distinctive and apparent in side-scan imagery due to the high acoustic contrast. The seafloor is active and not a relict system as indicated by: (1) relatively young AMS 14C dates (< 1600 yr BP) from forams in the shallow subsurface (1.6 meters below seafloor), (2) apparent shifts in sharply distinctive grayscale boundaries seen in time-series side-scan mosaics, (3) maintenance of these sharp acoustic boundaries and development of small bedforms in an area of constant and extensive bioturbation, (4) sediment textural asymmetry indicative of selective transport across bedform topography, (5) morphological asymmetry of sand ridges and 2D dunes, and (6) current-meter data indicating that the critical threshold velocity for sediment transport is frequently exceeded. Although larger sand ridges are found along other portions of the west-central Florida inner shelf, these smaller sand ridges are best developed seaward of a major coastal headland, suggesting some genetic relationship. The headland may focus and accelerate the N-S reversing currents. An elevated rock terrace extending from the headland supports these ridges in a shallower water environment than the surrounding shelf, allowing them to be more easily influenced by currents and surface gravity waves. Tidal currents, storm-generated flows, and seasonally developed flows are shore-parallel and oriented obliquely to the NW-SE trending ridges, indicating that they have developed as described by the Huthnance model. Although inner shelf sand ridges have been extensively examined elsewhere, this study is the first to describe them in a low-energy, sediment-starved, dominantly mixed siliciclastic/carbonate sedimentary environment situated on a former limestone platform. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00182-8","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Harrison, S.E., Locker, S., Hine, A.C., Edwards, J., Naar, D., Twichell, D., and Mallinson, D.J., 2003, Sediment-starved sand ridges on a mixed carbonate/siliciclastic inner shelf off west-central Florida: Marine Geology, v. 200, no. 1-4, p. 171-194, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00182-8.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"194","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235992,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Tampa Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84,\n 26.85\n ],\n [\n -82,\n 26.85\n ],\n [\n -82,\n 28.5\n ],\n [\n -84,\n 28.5\n ],\n [\n -84,\n 26.85\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"200","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8a09e4b08c986b316fc7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harrison, S. E.","contributorId":87976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrison","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Locker, S. D.","contributorId":81532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locker","given":"S. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hine, A. C.","contributorId":21197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hine","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Edwards, J.H.","contributorId":96467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Naar, D. F.","contributorId":80434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naar","given":"D. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Twichell, D.C.","contributorId":84304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twichell","given":"D.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mallinson, D. J.","contributorId":71745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mallinson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70025205,"text":"70025205 - 2003 - Effect of causal and acausal filters on elastic and inelastic response spectra","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:58","indexId":"70025205","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1434,"text":"Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of causal and acausal filters on elastic and inelastic response spectra","docAbstract":"With increasing interest in displacement spectra and long-period motions, it is important to check the sensitivity of both elastic and inelastic response spectra to the filtering that is often necessary to remove long period artifacts, even from many modern digital recordings. Using two records of very different character from the M=7.1, 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquake, we find that the response spectra can be sensitive to the corner periods used in causal filtering, even for oscillator periods much less than the filter corner periods. The effect is most pronounced for inelastic response spectra, where the ratio of response spectra computed from accelerations filtered at 25 and 200 sec can be close to a factor of 2 for oscillator periods less than 5 sec. Published in 2003 by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/eqe.299","issn":"00988847","usgsCitation":"Boore, D., and Akkar, S., 2003, Effect of causal and acausal filters on elastic and inelastic response spectra: Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, v. 32, no. 11, p. 1729-1748, https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.299.","startPage":"1729","endPage":"1748","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235991,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209487,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eqe.299"}],"volume":"32","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-06-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05c7e4b0c8380cd50f5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boore, D.M. 0000-0002-8605-9673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8605-9673","contributorId":64226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boore","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Akkar, Sinan","contributorId":39175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Akkar","given":"Sinan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025195,"text":"70025195 - 2003 - Designing mark-recapture studies to reduce effects of distance weighting on movement distance distributions of stream fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:28","indexId":"70025195","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Designing mark-recapture studies to reduce effects of distance weighting on movement distance distributions of stream fishes","docAbstract":"Mark-recapture studies generate biased, or distance-weighted, movement data because short distances are sampled more frequently than long distances. Using models and field data, we determined how study design affects distance weighting and the movement distributions of stream fishes. We first modeled distance weighting as a function of recapture section length in an unbranching stream. The addition of an unsampled tributary to one of these models substantially increased distance weighting by decreasing the percentage of upstream distances that were sampled. Similarly, the presence of multiple tributaries in the field study resulted in severe bias. However, increasing recapture section length strongly affected distance weighting in both the model and the field study, producing a zone where the number of fish moving could be estimated with little bias. Subsampled data from the field study indicated that longer median (three of three species) and maximum distances (two of three species) can be detected by increasing the length of the recapture section. The effect was extreme for bluehead chub Nocomis leptocephalus, a highly mobile species, which exhibited a longer median distance (133 m versus 60 m), a longer maximum distance (1,144 m versus 708 m), and a distance distribution that differed in shape when the full (4,123-m recapture section) and subsampled (1,978-m recapture section) data sets were compared. Correction factors that adjust the observed number of movements to undersampled distances upwards and those to oversampled distances downwards could not mitigate the distance weighting imposed by the shorter recapture section. Future studies should identify the spatial scale over which movements can be accurately measured before data are collected. Increasing recapture section length a priori is far superior to using post hoc correction factors to reduce the influence of distance weighting on observed distributions. Implementing these strategies will be especially important in stream networks where fish can follow multiple pathways out of the recapture section.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/T03-019","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Albanese, B., Angermeier, P., and Gowan, C., 2003, Designing mark-recapture studies to reduce effects of distance weighting on movement distance distributions of stream fishes: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 132, no. 5, p. 925-939, https://doi.org/10.1577/T03-019.","startPage":"925","endPage":"939","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209404,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/T03-019"},{"id":235808,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"132","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff47e4b0c8380cd4f0ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Albanese, B.","contributorId":47136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albanese","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Angermeier, P. L. 0000-0003-2864-170X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2864-170X","contributorId":6410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angermeier","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gowan, C.","contributorId":51077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gowan","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025194,"text":"70025194 - 2003 - Spatial pattern of risk of common raven predation on desert tortoises","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-03T16:11:48.599577","indexId":"70025194","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial pattern of risk of common raven predation on desert tortoises","docAbstract":"Common Ravens (Corvus corax) in the Mojave Desert of California, USA are subsidized by anthropogenic resources. Large numbers of nonbreeding ravens are attracted to human developments and thus are spatially restricted, whereas breeding ravens are distributed more evenly throughout the area. We investigated whether the spatial distribution of risk of predation by ravens to juveniles of the threatened desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) was determined by the spatial distribution of (1) nonbreeding ravens at human developments (leading to \"spillover\" predation) or (2) breeding individuals throughout developed and undeveloped areas (leading to \" hyperpredation\"). Predation risk, measured using styrofoam models of juvenile desert tortoises, was high near places attracting large numbers of nonbreeding ravens, near successful nests, and far from successful nests when large numbers of nonbreeding ravens were present. Patterns consistent with both \"spillover\" predation and \"hyperpredation\" were thus observed, attributed to the nonbreeding and breeding segments of the population, respectively. Furthermore, because locations of successful nests changed almost annually, consistent low-predation refugia for juvenile desert tortoises were nearly nonexistent. Consequently, anthropogenic resources for ravens could indirectly lead to the suppression, decline, or even extinction of desert tortoise populations.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/02-0448","issn":"00129658","usgsCitation":"Kristan, W., and Boarman, W., 2003, Spatial pattern of risk of common raven predation on desert tortoises: Ecology, v. 84, no. 9, p. 2432-2443, https://doi.org/10.1890/02-0448.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"2432","endPage":"2443","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235807,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Edwards Air Force Base, Mojave Desert","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.22181701660156,\n 34.72186182741279\n ],\n [\n -117.67524719238281,\n 34.72186182741279\n ],\n [\n -117.67524719238281,\n 35.106428057364255\n ],\n [\n -118.22181701660156,\n 35.106428057364255\n ],\n [\n -118.22181701660156,\n 34.72186182741279\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9493e4b08c986b31ab87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kristan, W. B. III","contributorId":106444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kristan","given":"W. B.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boarman, W.I.","contributorId":73523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boarman","given":"W.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025191,"text":"70025191 - 2003 - Slip history and dynamic implications of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-22T19:42:10.236527","indexId":"70025191","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Slip history and dynamic implications of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake","docAbstract":"[1] We investigate the rupture process of the 1999 Chi‐Chi, Taiwan, earthquake using extensive near‐source observations, including three‐component velocity waveforms at 36 strong motion stations and 119 GPS measurements. A three‐plane fault geometry derived from our previous inversion using only static data [Ji et al., 2001] is applied. The slip amplitude, rake angle, rupture initiation time, and risetime function are inverted simultaneously with a recently developed finite fault inverse method that combines a wavelet transform approach with a simulated annealing algorithm [Ji et al., 2002b]. The inversion results are validated by the forward prediction of an independent data set, the teleseismic P and SH ground velocities, with notable agreement. The results show that the total seismic moment release of this earthquake is 2.7 × 1020 N m and that most of the slip occurred in a triangular‐shaped asperity involving two fault segments, which is consistent with our previous static inversion. The rupture front propagates with an average rupture velocity of ∼2.0 km s−1, and the average slip duration (risetime) is 7.2 s. Several interesting observations related to the temporal evolution of the Chi‐Chi earthquake are also investigated, including (1) the strong effect of the sinuous fault plane of the Chelungpu fault on spatial and temporal variations in slip history, (2) the intersection of fault 1 and fault 2 not being a strong impediment to the rupture propagation, and (3) the observation that the peak slip velocity near the surface is, in general, higher than on the deeper portion of the fault plane, as predicted by dynamic modeling.
Paleoseismic studies of two historically aseismic Quaternary faults in Australia confirm that cratonic faults in stable continental regions (SCR) typically have a long-term behavior characterized by episodes of activity separated by quiescent intervals of at least 10,000 and commonly 100,000 years or more. Studies of the approximately 30-km-long Roopena fault in South Australia and the approximately 30-km-long Hyden fault in Western Australia document multiple Quaternary surface-faulting events that are unevenly spaced in time. The episodic clustering of events on cratonic SCR faults may be related to temporal fluctuations of fault-zone fluid pore pressures in a volume of strained crust. The long-term slip rate on cratonic SCR faults is extremely low, so the geomorphic expression of many cratonic SCR faults is subtle, and scarps may be difficult to detect because they are poorly preserved. Both the Roopena and Hyden faults are in areas of limited or no significant seismicity; these and other faults that we have studied indicate that many potentially hazardous SCR faults cannot be recognized solely on the basis of instrumental data or historical earthquakes. Although cratonic SCR faults may appear to be nonhazardous because they have been historically aseismic, those that are favorably oriented for movement in the current stress field can and have produced unexpected damaging earthquakes. Paleoseismic studies of modern and prehistoric SCR faulting events provide the basis for understanding of the long-term behavior of these faults and ultimately contribute to better seismic-hazard assessments.
Methyl-tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), an additive used to oxygenate gasoline, has been detected in lakes in northwestern New Jersey. This occurrence has been attributed to the use of gasoline-powered watercraft. This paper documents and explains both seasonal and daily variations in MTBE concentrations at Cranberry Lake. During a recent boating season (late April to September 1999), concentrations of MTBE typically exceeded 20 μg/L. MTBE concentrations varied daily from 12 to 24 μg/L over a 2-week period that included the Labor Day holiday. Concentrations were highest on weekends when there is more boat traffic, which had an immediate effect on MTBE mass throughout the lake. MTBE concentrations decreased to about 2 μg/L shortly after the end of the summer recreational season. The loss of MTBE can be accounted for by volatilization, with a half-life on the order of 10 days. The volatilization rate was modeled with the daily decrease in MTBE then the modeled rate was validated using the data from the seasonal decline.
We estimated survivorship, recapture probabilities and recovery rates in a threatened population of Flattened Musk Turtles (Sternotherus depressus) through a disease outbreak in Alabama in 1985. We evaluated a set of models for the demographic effects of disease by analyzing recaptures and recoveries simultaneously. Multiple-model inference suggested survival was temporally dynamic, whereas recapture probability was sex- and age-specifc. Biweekly survivorship declined from 98-99% before to 82-88% during the outbreak. Live recapture was twice as likely for male turtles relative to juveniles or females, whereas dead recoveries varied only slightly by sex and age. Our results suggest modest reduction in survival over a relatively short time period may severely affect population status.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles","issn":"00221511","usgsCitation":"Fonnesbeck, C., and Dodd, C., 2003, Estimation of Flattened Musk Turtle (Sternotherus depressus) survival, recapture, and recovery rate during and after a disease outbreak: Journal of Herpetology, v. 37, no. 3, p. 602-607.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"602","endPage":"607","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235725,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":312352,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1566072"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b75e4b0c8380cd52722","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fonnesbeck, C.J.","contributorId":41381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fonnesbeck","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dodd, C.K. Jr.","contributorId":86286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodd","given":"C.K.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}