{"pageNumber":"1120","pageRowStart":"27975","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46734,"records":[{"id":33085,"text":"b2201A - 2001 - Petroleum geology and resources of the middle Caspian Basin, Former Soviet Union","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":24753,"text":"ofr9950B - 1999 - Petroleum geology and resources of the Middle Caspian Basin (South Mangyshlak, Terek-Caspian, and Stavropol-Prikumsk Petroleum Systems)","indexId":"ofr9950B","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Petroleum geology and resources of the Middle Caspian Basin (South Mangyshlak, Terek-Caspian, and Stavropol-Prikumsk Petroleum Systems)"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":33085,"text":"b2201A - 2001 - Petroleum geology and resources of the middle Caspian Basin, Former Soviet Union","indexId":"b2201A","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Petroleum geology and resources of the middle Caspian Basin, Former Soviet Union"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-11T10:58:21.024569","indexId":"b2201A","displayToPublicDate":"2001-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2201","chapter":"A","title":"Petroleum geology and resources of the middle Caspian Basin, Former Soviet Union","docAbstract":"The Middle Caspian basin occupies a large area between\r\nthe Great Caucasus foldbelt and the southern edge of the Precambrian\r\nRussian craton. The basin also includes the central part\r\nof the Caspian Sea and the South Mangyshlak subbasin east of\r\nthe sea. The basin was formed on the Hercynian accreted terrane\r\nduring Late Permian?Triassic through Quaternary time. Structurally,\r\nthe basin consists of the fold-and-thrust zone of the\r\nnorthern Caucasus foothills, the foredeep and foreland slope, the\r\nStavropol-Prikumsk uplift and East Manych trough to the north\r\nof the slope, and the South Mangyshlak subbasin and slope of\r\nthe Karabogaz arch east of the Caspian Sea. All these major\r\nstructures extend offshore.\r\nFour total petroleum systems (TPS) have been identified in\r\nthe basin. The South Mangyshlak TPS contains more than 40\r\ndiscovered fields. The principal reserves are in Lower?Middle\r\nJurassic sandstone reservoirs in structural traps. Source rocks are\r\npoorly known, but geologic data indicate that they are in the Triassic\r\ntaphrogenic sequence. Migration of oil and gas significantly\r\npostdated maturation of source rocks and was related to\r\nfaulting and fracturing during middle Miocene to present time. A\r\nsingle assessment unit covers the entire TPS. Largest undiscovered\r\nresources of this assessment unit are expected in the largely\r\nundrilled offshore portion of the TPS, especially on the western\r\nplunge of the Mangyshlak meganticline. The Terek-Caspian TPS occupies the fold-and-thrust belt,\r\nforedeep, and adjoining foreland slope. About 50 hydrocarbon\r\nfields, primarily oil, have been discovered in the TPS. Almost all\r\nhydrocarbon reserves are in faulted structural traps related to\r\nthrusting of the foldbelt, and most traps are in frontal edges of\r\nthe thrust sheets. The traps are further complicated by plastic\r\ndeformation of Upper Jurassic salt and Maykop series (Oligocene?\r\nlower Miocene) shale. Principal reservoirs are fractured\r\nUpper Cretaceous carbonates and middle Miocene sandstones.\r\nPrincipal source rocks are organic-rich shales in the lower part of\r\nthe Maykop series. Source rocks may also be present in the\r\nEocene, Upper Jurassic, and Middle Jurassic sections, but their\r\ncontribution to discovered reserves is probably small. Three\r\nassessment units are delineated in the TPS. One of them encompasses\r\nthe thrust-and-fold belt of northern Caucasus foothills.\r\nThis assessment unit contains most of the undiscovered oil\r\nresources. The second assessment unit occupies the foredeep and\r\nlargely undeformed foreland slope. Undiscovered resources of\r\nthis unit are relatively small and primarily related to stratigraphic\r\ntraps. The third unit is identified in almost untested subsalt Jurassic\r\nrocks occurring at great depths and is speculative. The unit\r\nmay contain significant amounts of gas under the Upper Jurassic\r\nsalt seal.\r\nThe Stavropol-Prikumsk TPS lies north of the Terek-Caspian\r\nTPS and extends offshore into the central Caspian Sea\r\nwhere geologic data are scarce. More than one hundred oil and\r\ngas fields have been found onshore. Offshore, only one well was\r\nrecently drilled, and this well discovered a large oil and gas field.\r\nAlmost the entire sedimentary section of the TPS is productive;\r\nhowever, the principal oil reserves are in Lower Cretaceous clastic\r\nreservoirs in structural traps of the Prikumsk uplift. Most\r\noriginal gas reserves are in Paleogene reservoirs of the Stavropol\r\narch and these reservoirs are largely depleted. At least three\r\nsource rock formations, in the Lower Triassic, Middle Jurassic,\r\nand Oligocene?lower Miocene (Maykop series), are present in\r\nthe TPS. Geochemical data are inadequate to correlate oils and\r\ngases in most reservoirs with particular source rocks, and widespread\r\nmixing of hydrocarbons apparently took place. Three\r\nassessment units encompassing the onshore area of the TPS, the\r\noffshore continuation of the Prikumsk uplift, and the central Caspian\r\narea, are identified. The","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2201A","usgsCitation":"Ulmishek, G.F., 2001, Petroleum geology and resources of the middle Caspian Basin, Former Soviet Union (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2201, 38 p.; Supersedes Open-File Report 99-0050-B, https://doi.org/10.3133/b2201A.","productDescription":"38 p.; Supersedes Open-File Report 99-0050-B","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":164379,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":462800,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2201/A/b2201-a.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.75 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":3286,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2201/A/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","contact":"

Contact Pubs Warehouse

","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db6877b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ulmishek, Gregory F.","contributorId":48971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ulmishek","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70159450,"text":"70159450 - 2001 - Thematic accuracy of MRLC land cover for the eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-30T10:05:41","indexId":"70159450","displayToPublicDate":"2001-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thematic accuracy of MRLC land cover for the eastern United States","docAbstract":"

One objective of the MultiResolution Land Characteristics (MRLC) consortium is to map general land-cover categories for the conterminous United States using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data. Land-cover mapping and classification accuracy assessment are complete for the eastern United States. The accuracy assessment was based on photo-interpreted reference data obtained from a stratified probability sample of pixels. Agreement was defined as a match between primary or alternate reference land-cover labels assigned to each sample pixel and the mode (most common class) of the map's land-cover labels within a 3×3-pixel neighborhood surrounding the sampled point. At 30-m resolution, overall accuracy was 59.7% at an Anderson Level II thematic detail, and 80.5% at Anderson Level I.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00187-0","usgsCitation":"Yang, L., Stehman, S.V., Smith, J.H., and Wickham, J.D., 2001, Thematic accuracy of MRLC land cover for the eastern United States: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 76, no. 3, p. 418-422, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00187-0.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"418","endPage":"422","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310793,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"563496a6e4b0480763480061","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yang, Limin 0000-0002-2843-6944 lyang@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2843-6944","contributorId":4305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"Limin","email":"lyang@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stehman, Stephen V.","contributorId":77283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stehman","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Jonathan H. jhsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":2900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Jonathan","email":"jhsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wickham, James D.","contributorId":72278,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wickham","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6914,"text":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":24566,"text":"ofr00500 - 2001 - Aeromagnetic surveying Wisconsin 1996; digital data files","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-04T14:33:09.332414","indexId":"ofr00500","displayToPublicDate":"2001-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-500","title":"Aeromagnetic surveying Wisconsin 1996; digital data files","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00500","issn":"0094-9140","isbn":"0607965169","usgsCitation":"Snyder, S.L., 2001, Aeromagnetic surveying Wisconsin 1996; digital data files: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-500, 1 CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00500.","productDescription":"1 CD-ROM","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155062,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":499496,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0500/ofr00500.zip","text":"CD-ROM","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689c2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, Stephen L. ssnyder@usgs.gov","contributorId":4753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Stephen","email":"ssnyder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5068,"text":"Midwest Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":192166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70243310,"text":"70243310 - 2001 - Chemical and isotopic evidence of nitrogen transformation in the Mississippi River, 1997-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-08T15:19:45.282607","indexId":"70243310","displayToPublicDate":"2001-05-25T10:10:08","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical and isotopic evidence of nitrogen transformation in the Mississippi River, 1997-98","docAbstract":"

Nitrate (NO3) and other nutrients discharged by the Mississippi River are suspected of causing a zone of depleted dissolved oxygen (hypoxic zone) in the Gulf of Mexico each summer. The hypoxic zone may have an adverse affect on aquatic life and commercial fisheries. The amount of NO3 delivered by the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico is well documented, but the relative contributions of different sources of NO3, and the magnitude of subsequent in-stream transformations of NO3, are not well understood. Forty-two water samples collected in 1997 and 1998 at eight stations located either on the Mississippi River or its major tributaries were analysed for NO3, total nitrogen (N), atrazine, chloride concentrations and NO3 stable isotopes (δ15N and δ18O). These data are used to assess the magnitude and nature of in-stream N transformation and to determine if the δ15N and δ18O of NO3 provide information about NO3 sources and transformation processes in a large river system (drainage area 2 900 000 km2) that would otherwise be unavailable using concentration and discharge data alone.

Results from 42 samples indicate that the δ15N and δ18O ratios between sites on the Mississippi River and its tributaries are somewhat distinctive, and vary with season and discharge rate. Of particular interest are two nearly Lagrangian sample sets, in which samples from the Mississippi River at St Francisville, LA, are compared with samples collected from the Ohio River at Grand Chain, II, and the Mississippi River at Thebes, IL. In both Lagrangian sets, mass-balance calculations indicate only a small amount of in-stream N loss. The stable isotope data from the samples suggest that in-stream N assimilation and not denitrification accounts for most of the N loss in the lower Mississippi River during the spring and early summer months. 

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.214","usgsCitation":"Battaglin, W.A., Kendall, C., Chang, C.C., Silva, S.R., and Campbell, D.H., 2001, Chemical and isotopic evidence of nitrogen transformation in the Mississippi River, 1997-98: Hydrological Processes, v. 15, no. 7, p. 1285-1300, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.214.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1285","endPage":"1300","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416812,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":416811,"rank":1,"type":{"id":12,"text":"Errata"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5014","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.14527801629774,\n 42.10683635344469\n ],\n [\n -92.62957895335668,\n 42.10683635344469\n ],\n [\n -92.62957895335668,\n 27.13796183023227\n ],\n [\n -89.14527801629774,\n 27.13796183023227\n ],\n [\n -89.14527801629774,\n 42.10683635344469\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-05-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Battaglin, William A. 0000-0001-7287-7096 wbattagl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7287-7096","contributorId":1527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"William","email":"wbattagl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kendall, Carol 0000-0002-0247-3405 ckendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":1462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Carol","email":"ckendall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chang, Cecily C.Y.","contributorId":68032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"Cecily","email":"","middleInitial":"C.Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Silva, Steven R. srsilva@usgs.gov","contributorId":3162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silva","given":"Steven","email":"srsilva@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Campbell, Donald H. dhcampbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Donald","email":"dhcampbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":871975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70164502,"text":"70164502 - 2001 - Occurrence and distribution of pesticides in streams of the Eastern Iowa Basins, 1996-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-19T16:29:13.679736","indexId":"70164502","displayToPublicDate":"2001-05-01T17:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Occurrence and distribution of pesticides in streams of the Eastern Iowa Basins, 1996-98","docAbstract":"

The U.S. Geological Survey began collection of water samples in streams of the Eastern Iowa Basins in 1996 for the analysis of pesticides and pesticide degradates as part of the National Water Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA). This study provides some of the first large scale monitoring data on pesticides and pesticide degradates in Eastern Iowa. Three hundred and forty-four samples were collected from 1996-98 to document the occurrence, distribution, and transport of pesticide compounds. Pesticide analysis included 80 pesticide compounds and 10 pesticide degradates. The Eastern Iowa Basins study encompasses about 50,500 square kilometers (19,500 square miles) and is drained by four major rivers--the Wapsipinicon, Cedar, Iowa, and Skunk. Agriculture accounts for approximately 93 percent of the land use in the study area.

\n

The most commonly detected pesticides were those most heavily used on crops. The triazine (atrazine and cyanazine) and chloroacetanilide (alachlor, acetochlor, and metolachlor) pesticides are some of the most heavily used (by weight) historically and during the period of data collection 1996-98. Atrazine and metolachlor were detected in all samples. Acetochlor, alachlor, and cyanazine were detected in more than 70 percent of all surface-water samples. Few non-agricultural herbicides were detected. One exception, prometon was detected in more than 80 percent of the samples at very low concentrations (less than 0.1 micrograms per liter).

\n

Pesticide degradates were some of the most frequently detected pesticide compounds in the study. Four pesticide degradates--metolachlor ethane sulfonic acid (metolachlor ESA), alachlor ethane sulfonic acid (alachlor ESA), metolachlor oxanilic acid (metolachlor OA), and acetochlor ethane sulfonic acid (acetochlor ESA) were detected in more than 75 percent of the samples.

\n

A few insecticides that may pose potential risk to aquatic invertebrates were detected in streams from May through September, the months when most application normally occurs. Carbofuran was the most commonly detected insecticide (16 percent of all samples). Although detected in less than 20 percent of all samples, carbofuran was detected in 68 percent of the samples in June. When present, carbofuran concentrations were generally less than 0.80 micrograms per liter. Chloropyrifos was detected in about seven percent of the samples. As with other insecticides, chlorpyrifos was detected most frequently in June (30 percent). The highest concentration was 0.06 micrograms per liter. Diazinon, a common urban insecticide found in other NAWQA studies throughout the Nation, was detected in only 2 percent of the samples in the Eastern Iowa Basins study.

\n

Pesticides were found to occur in mixtures with several compounds rather than individually. Four or more parent pesticide compounds were detected in 91 percent of the water samples and seven or more parent compounds were detected in 46 percent of the water samples. Four or more pesticide degradates were detected in 93 percent of the water samples and seven or more pesticide degradates were detected in 46 percent of the water samples.

\n

Commonly applied parent pesticide compounds (acetochlor, alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, and metolachlor) were generally detected at low concentrations with median concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.22 micrograms per liter. The median concentrations for the pesticide degradates were larger than their parent compounds. Median concentrations for the pesticide degradates ranged from 0.07 to 3.7 micrograms per liter. Acetochlor, alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine and metolachlor pesticides compounds were present at least an order of magnitude or higher in the late spring and summer than at other times of the year. The maximum measured concentrations for acetochlor, atrazine, cyanazine and metolachor were approximately 11 to 48 micrograms per liter (the maximum for alachlor was 0.56 micrograms per liter). In contrast, maximum measured concentrations for the total pesticide degradates were lower than their parent compounds and ranged from approximately 0.7 to 12 micrograms per liter. The maximum measured concentration of a single pesticide compound was for atrazine at 48 micrograms per liter.

\n

Seasonal patterns of atrazine, acetochlor, alachlor, cyanazine, and metolachlor generally show peak concentrations following application in May and June and decreasing during remainder of the growing season. In addition, a small secondary peak in atrazine, acetochlor, alachlor, cyanazine, and metolachlor concentrations occurred at all sites in late winter. This secondary peak may be attributed to early \"winter thaw\" that can release pesticide residue from soil, making pesticides available to be transported to surface water by snowmelt and early spring rains.

\n

Pesticide degradates account for a significant portion of the total pesticide load at all sites. Eighty-one percent of the total pesticide load in samples from Iowa River near Rowan, Wolf Creek near Dysart, and the Iowa River at Wapello were as pesticide degradates. The pesticide degradates for the triazine compounds tended to follow the load pattern of the parent pesticide compounds closely throughout the year. In general, the degradate loads calculated for the triazine compounds were smaller than loads calculated for their parent pesticides. The loads for the chloroacetanilide degradate compounds were larger than those for the parent pesticides. The loads for alachlor were found to be small or nonexistent. Alachlor has been heavily used in the past, but since 1995 has been largely replaced by acetochlor or other herbicides. The loads for all degradates were higher than the parent compounds during the winter months. Overland flow may be diminished during the winter months, but shallow sub-soil drainage and ground-water flow may be a source of many pesticide degradates during the late fall and winter.

\n

Occurrence of pesticide compounds varied by landform region. The triazine herbicides, atrazine and cyanazine and their degradates were present in significantly greater concentrations in the Southern Iowa Drift Plain (predominantly loess soils) than either the Des Moines Lobe or the Iowan Surface (predominantly till soils). Less atrazine and cyanazine are applied to till soils because of pH and organic carbon content. Alachlor, metolachlor, and acetochlor have often been used to offset triazine pesticide reductions in area with till soils.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings from Agriculture and the Environment: State and Federal Initiatives conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"State and Federal Initiatives conferenc","conferenceDate":"March 5-7, 2001","conferenceLocation":"Ames, IA","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Schnoebelen, D.J., Kalkhoff, S.J., and Becher, K., 2001, Occurrence and distribution of pesticides in streams of the Eastern Iowa Basins, 1996-98, in Proceedings from Agriculture and the Environment: State and Federal Initiatives conference, Ames, IA, March 5-7, 2001, p. 85-86.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"86","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316706,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":597637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Becher, Kent 0000-0002-3947-0793 kdbecher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3947-0793","contributorId":3863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becher","given":"Kent","email":"kdbecher@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":597638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70164492,"text":"70164492 - 2001 - Water quality in the eastern Iowa basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-20T10:07:00","indexId":"70164492","displayToPublicDate":"2001-05-01T13:45:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5052,"text":"Integrated Crop Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water quality in the eastern Iowa basins","docAbstract":"

This article summarizes major findings about nutrients in surface and groundwater in the eastern Iowa basins (see map) between 1996 and 1998. The data were collected as part of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA). Water quality is discussed in terms of local and regional issues and compared with conditions found in all 36 National NAWQA study areas assessed to date. Findings are explained in the context of selected national U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) benchmarks, such as those for drinking water quality and the protection of aquatic organisms.

\n

The Eastern Iowa Basins Study Unit includes the Wapsipinicon, Cedar, Iowa, and Skunk River basins and covers approximately 19,500 square miles in eastern Iowa and southern Minnesota. More than 90 percent of the land in the study unit is used for agricultural purposes. Forested areas account for only 4 percent of the land area.

","language":"English","publisher":"Iowa State University Extension","publisherLocation":"Ames, IA","usgsCitation":"Kalkhoff, S.J., Barnes, K.K., Becher, K., Savoca, M.E., Schnoebelen, D.J., Sadorf, E.M., Porter, S.D., Sullivan, D.J., and Creswell, J., 2001, Water quality in the eastern Iowa basins: Integrated Crop Management, v. 23, p. 185-186.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"185","endPage":"186","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316672,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":316671,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/2001/10-22-2001/waterqual.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n 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Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":597591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schnoebelen, Douglas J.","contributorId":87514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schnoebelen","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sadorf, Eric M. emsadorf@usgs.gov","contributorId":2245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sadorf","given":"Eric","email":"emsadorf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":597593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Porter, Stephen D.","contributorId":16429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sullivan, Daniel J. 0000-0003-2705-3738 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Surface water runoff is a function of many interrelated factors including climate, soils, landuse, and the physiography of the drainage basin. A practical and effective method to quantify drainage basin characteristics would allow analysis of the interrelations of these factors, leading to an improved understanding of the effects of drainage basin characteristics on surface-water runoff. Historically, the quantification of drainage basin characteristics has been a tedious and time-consuming process. Recent improvements in computer hardware and software technology have enabled the developers of a program called Basinsoft to automate this process. Basinsoft requires minimal preprocessing of data and provides an efficient, automated procedure for quantifying selected morphometric characteristics and the option to area-weight characteristics for a drainage basin. The user of Basinsoft is assumed to have a limited amount of experience in the use of ARC/INFO, a proprietary geographic information system (GIS). (The use of brand names in this chapter is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey [USGS].)

\n

In 1988, the USGS began developing a program called Basinsoft. The initial program quantified 16 selected drainage basin characteristics from three source-data layers that were manually digitized from topographic maps using the versions of ARC/INFO, Fortran programs, and prime system Command Programming Language (CPL) programs available in 1988 (Majure and Soenksen, 1991). By 1991, Basinsoft was enhanced to quantify 27 selected drainage-basin characteristics from three source-data layers automatically generated from digital elevation model (DEM) data using a set of Fortran programs (Majure and Eash, 1991: Jenson and Dominique, 1988). Due to edge-matching problems encountered in 1991 with the preprocessing

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"GIS for Water Resource and Watershed Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":13,"text":"Handbook"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"London","doi":"10.1201/9780203217917.ch4","usgsCitation":"Harvey, C.A., and Eash, D.A., 2001, Basinsoft, a computer program to quantify drainage basin characteristics, chap. of GIS for Water Resource and Watershed Management, p. 39-52, https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203217917.ch4.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"52","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316667,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-12-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b9ca48e4b08d617f63a7f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, Craig A.","contributorId":103325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eash, David A. 0000-0002-2749-8959 daeash@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2749-8959","contributorId":1887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eash","given":"David","email":"daeash@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":597575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":31165,"text":"ofr00323 - 2001 - Chemical analysis and modes of occurrence of selected trace elements in a Powder River basin coal and its corresponding simulated cleaned coal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-31T13:28:48","indexId":"ofr00323","displayToPublicDate":"2001-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-323","title":"Chemical analysis and modes of occurrence of selected trace elements in a Powder River basin coal and its corresponding simulated cleaned coal","docAbstract":"

This report provides semi-quantitative data on modes of occurrence of 19 elements in as-mined Powder River Basin coal and its corresponding simulated cleaned coal. The data are in support of the project \"Prediction of Trace Element Removal from Coal\" --a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) with CQ Inc. The purpose of this CRADA is to apply modes of occurrence information to coal cleaning procedures. Techniques used in this study include sequential selective leaching procedures, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and electron microprobe analysis. Selective leaching results indicate that greater than 40 percent of the elements Co, U, Be, Ca, Fe, Mn, Ba, Zn, Cd, Pb are associated with HCIsoluble carbonates, iron oxides, or monosulfides, greater than 40 percent of the Al, Cr and Mo are associated with HF-soluble silicates, greater than 40 percent of the Ni, Cu, As and Sb are associated with acid-insoluble phases and/or organic matter, and greater than 50 percent of the Hg is associated with HMDs-soluble pyrite. Thirty percent of the Th was leached by HCI and 30 percent of this element was leached by HF. Scanning electron microscopy indicates that quartz, kaolinite, illite and iron oxide, possibly hematite, are the major minerals present. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that quartz, kaolinite and hematite are present, but did not determine illite, indicating that illite in these coals is of low abundance or is poorly crystalline. Electron microprobe data indicate that concentrations of the chalcophile elements As, Se, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Cd in most pyrite grains are at or below the detection limit of about 100-200 ppm in both the as-mined coal and its corresponding simulated cleaned coal product. The results of this project should aid in the development of models for predicting the response of potentially toxic trace elements in commercial coal cleaning procedures.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00323","usgsCitation":"Palmer, C., Mroczkowski, S.J., Kolker, A., Finkelman, R., and Bullock, J.H., 2001, Chemical analysis and modes of occurrence of selected trace elements in a Powder River basin coal and its corresponding simulated cleaned coal: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-323, 53 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00323.","productDescription":"53 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161016,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0323/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59695,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0323/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10.15 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e1e4b07f02db5e4975","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Palmer, Curtis A.","contributorId":46967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmer","given":"Curtis A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mroczkowski, Stanley J. 0000-0001-8026-6025 smroczko@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8026-6025","contributorId":2628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mroczkowski","given":"Stanley","email":"smroczko@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":205198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kolker, Allan 0000-0002-5768-4533 akolker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5768-4533","contributorId":643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolker","given":"Allan","email":"akolker@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":205195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Finkelman, Robert B.","contributorId":38138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Finkelman","given":"Robert B.","affiliations":[{"id":6643,"text":"University of California - Berkeley","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":205196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bullock, John H. Jr.","contributorId":105316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullock","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":38272,"text":"pp1633 - 2001 - Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1999","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70180468,"text":"70180468 - 2001 - Quaternary geology, Cold Bay and False Pass quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula","indexId":"70180468","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"title":"Quaternary geology, Cold Bay and False Pass quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":38272,"text":"pp1633 - 2001 - Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1999","indexId":"pp1633","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1999"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":70180476,"text":"70180476 - 2001 - Reconnaissance geology north of the Hoholitna River, Taylor Mountains D-1 1:63,360-scale quadrangle, southwestern Alaska: A section in Geological studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1999","indexId":"70180476","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"title":"Reconnaissance geology north of the Hoholitna River, Taylor Mountains D-1 1:63,360-scale quadrangle, southwestern Alaska: A section in Geological studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1999"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":38272,"text":"pp1633 - 2001 - Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1999","indexId":"pp1633","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1999"},"id":2},{"subject":{"id":70180477,"text":"70180477 - 2001 - Use of Landsat MSS and TM imagery to improve reconnaissance geologic mapping in the Ruby quadrangle, west-central Alaska: A section in Geological studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1999","indexId":"70180477","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"title":"Use of Landsat MSS and TM imagery to improve reconnaissance geologic mapping in the Ruby quadrangle, west-central Alaska: A section in Geological studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1999"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":38272,"text":"pp1633 - 2001 - Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1999","indexId":"pp1633","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1999"},"id":3}],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-09T19:20:12.272945","indexId":"pp1633","displayToPublicDate":"2001-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1633","title":"Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1999","docAbstract":"

The collection of nine papers that follow continue the series of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) investigative reports in Alaska under the broad umbrella of the geologic sciences. The series presents new and sometimes preliminary findings that are of interest to earth scientists in academia, government, and industry; to land and resource managers; and to the general public. Reports presented in Geologic Studies in Alaska cover a broad spectrum of topics from various parts of the State (fig. 1), serving to emphasize the diversity of USGS efforts to meet the Nation's needs for earth-science information in Alaska.

\n

The papers in this volume are organized under the topics: Hazards, Geologic Framework, Environment and Climate, and Resources. This organization is intended to reflect the scope and objectives of USGS geologic programs currently active in Alaska. The two Hazards studies discuss volcano-related topics in the seismically active southcentral Alaska region. The first paper revisits the eruptive events of Redoubt Volcano that occurred more than a decade ago and the subsequent development of the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO). This treatise documents the historic impact of this eruption and briefly summarizes the state of our knowledge of the other Cook Inlet, Alaska Peninsula, and Aleutian Island volcanoes. Finally, it discusses the recent role that AVO has had in seismic station installation and hazard assessment at volcanically active sites throughout the world. The second paper discusses the eruptive history of Snowy Mountain in the upper Alaska Peninsula. Because subsets of its 25-30 lava flows erupted as packages in short episodes, calculation of the volcano's lifetime average volumetric eruption rate is problematic. A portion of the cone was hydrothermally weakened and collapsed in the late Holocene producing a 22-km2 debris avalanche.

\n

Geologic Framework studies provide background information that is the scientific basis for present and future earth science investigations. The first paper compares and contrasts the Insular-Intermontane suture zone (IISZ) of southeast Alaska with the Adria-Europe suture zone (AESZ) of Switzerland and Hungary. The study develops the hypothesis that the zones have distinct differences as well as similarities and neither is a simple lithotectonic terrane boundary. The second paper discusses the relation among volcanic, glacial, and tectonic activity in the Cold Bay and False Pass 1 :250,000-scale quadrangles on the Alaska Peninsula. During Pleistocene time, continental-shelf glaciations and two massive volcanic centers were the dominant controls over landscape development. The third paper gives detailed geologic information for Paleozoic rocks within the Taylor Mountains D-1 quadrangle portion of the Holitna Lowland of southwestern Alaska. Because of the excellent preservation of megafossils, these Silurian and Ordovician strata lend themselves to detailed statigraphic investigations. Further, low thermal alteration indices of this area have made them a potential target of petroleum exploration. The final report in this section discusses the development of a new spectral enhancement approach for interpreting Multispectral Scanner (MSS) and Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite images. This technique enhances the use of remote sensing data in identifying geologic units in areas that have been poorly investigated. This study used this technique to better define the distribution of a JMtu (mafic, ultramafic, and sedimentary) unit and a PzZrqs (pelitic and quartzitic schist) unit.

\n

Environment and climate studies are the emphasis of two papers. One presents the first radiocarbon-dated postglacial vegetation history of the Kenai Mountains of southcentral Alaska. This reconstruction is the result of the analysis of pollen assemblages and peat from sediments collected in Tern Lake and presents a minimum age for deglaciation of these interior valleys at 9,31 0±200 yr B .P. Current vegetation, however, developed within the past ca. 2,500 years. A second study discusses the cycling of arsenic and cadmium in sub-arctic boreal forest ecosystems typical of interior Alaska and defines the importance of various natural (geogenic) sources. The transport and uptake into vegetation of these elements from soils developed from loess as well as soils developed from the major rock units is presented. The bioaccumulation of cadmium in willow (Salix sp.) and its potential consequence to the health of browsing animals is discussed.

\n

Papers related to resource issues comprise the topic of the final report. This paper presents a brief statistical summary of the geochemistry of rock samples collected in the east-central portion of the Eagle 1 :250,000-scale quadrangle. This study helps define the rock unit source of both resource- and environmental-based chemical elements of interest in the Fortymile mining district.

\n

Two bibliographies at the end of the volume list reports covering Alaska earth science topics in USGS publications during 1999 and reports about Alaska by USGS authors in non-USGS publications during the same period.

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Numerical models for 11 drainage basins were constructed with the Hydrologic Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) with parameter values that were generalized for the physiographic region. Large and recurrent simulation errors were initially identified, but three systematic modifications of the models corrected those errors for 10 out of the 11 basins. The validity of the numerical modeling method for simulating rainfall-runoff relations in the study area, as modified during this investigation, was not rejected, but observed streamflow data were needed to apply the method.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wsp2495","usgsCitation":"Dinicola, R., 2001, Validation of a numerical modeling method for simulating rainfall-runoff relations for headwater basins in western King and Snohomish Counties, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2495, 162 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2495.","productDescription":"162 p.","numberOfPages":"162","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160266,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2495/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59508,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2495/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602d39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dinicola, Richard S. 0000-0003-4222-294X dinicola@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4222-294X","contributorId":352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinicola","given":"Richard S.","email":"dinicola@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30672,"text":"ds67 - 2001 - Geologic studies of deep natural gas resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-18T18:12:31","indexId":"ds67","displayToPublicDate":"2001-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"67","title":"Geologic studies of deep natural gas resources","docAbstract":"In 1995, the USGS estimated a mean resource of 114 trillion cubic feet of undiscovered technically recoverable natural gas in plays deeper than 15,000 feet/4,572 meters in onshore regions of the United States. This volume summarizes major conclusions of ongoing work. Chapters A and B address the areal extent of drilling and distribution of deep basins in the U.S. Chapter C summarizes distribution of deep sedimentary basins and potential for deep gas in the former Soviet Union. Chapters D and E are geochemical papers addressing source-rock issues and deep gas generation. Chapter F develops a probabilistic method for subdividing gas resources into depth slices, and chapter G analyzes the relative uncertainty of estimates of deep gas in plays in the Gulf Coast Region. Chapter H evaluates the mechanism of hydrogenation of deep, high-rank spent kerogen by water, with subsequent generation of methane-rich HC gas.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ds67","usgsCitation":"Kuuskraa, V.A., 2001, Geologic studies of deep natural gas resources: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 67, One CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds67.","productDescription":"One CD-ROM","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3035,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-067/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":163175,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688092","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Dyman, T. 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Increases in atmospheric greenhouse gases are driving significant changes in global climate. To project potential vegetation response to future climate change, this study uses response surfaces to describe the relationship between bioclimatic variables and the distribution of tree and shrub taxa in western North America. The response surfaces illustrate the probability of the occurrence of a taxon at particular points in climate space. Climate space was defined using three bioclimatic variables: mean temperature of the coldest month, growing degree days, and a moisture index. Species distributions were simulated under present climate using observed data (1951–80, 30-year mean) and under future climate (2090–99, 10-year mean) using scenarios generated by three general circulation models—HADCM2, CGCM1, and CSIRO. The scenarios assume a 1% per year compound increase in greenhouse gases and changes in sulfate (SO4) aerosols based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) IS92a scenario. The results indicate that under future climate conditions, potential range changes could be large for many tree and shrub taxa. Shifts in the potential ranges of species are simulated to occur not only northward but in all directions, including southward of the existing ranges of certain species. The simulated potential distributions of some species become increasingly fragmented under the future climate scenarios, while the simulated potential distributions of other species expand. The magnitudes of the simulated range changes imply significant impacts to ecosystems and shifts in patterns of species diversity in western North America.

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Science results overview","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-08T15:43:11.895137","indexId":"70243312","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T10:42:43","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5718,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets","onlineIssn":"2169-9100","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nomad Rover field experiment, Atacama Desert, Chile 1. Science results overview","docAbstract":"

Nomad was deployed for a 45 day traverse in the Atacama Desert, Chile, during the summer of 1997. During this traverse, 1 week was devoted to science experiments. The goal of the science experiments was to test different planetary surface exploration strategies that included (1) a Mars mission simulation, (2) a science on the fly experiment, where the rover was kept moving 75% of the operation time. (The goal of this operation was to determine whether or not successful interpretation of the environment is related to the time spent on a target. The role of mobility in helping the interpretation was also assessed.) (3) a meteorite search using visual and instrumental methods to remotely identify meteorites in extreme environments, and (4) a time-delay experiment with and without using the panospheric camera. The results were as follow: the remote science team positively identified the main characteristics of the test site geological environment. The science on the fly experiment showed that the selection of appropriate targets might be even more critical than the time spent on a study area to reconstruct the history of a site. During the same operation the science team members identified and sampled a rock from a Jurassic outcrop that they proposed to be a fossil. The presence of paleolife indicators in this rock was confirmed later by laboratory analysis. Both visual and instrumental modes demonstrated the feasibility, in at least some conditions, of carrying out a field search for meteorites by using remote-controlled vehicles. Finally, metrics collected from the observation of the science team operations, and the use team members made of mission data, provided critical information on what operation sequences could be automated on board rovers in future planetary surface explorations.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999JE001166","usgsCitation":"Cabrol, N.A., Chong Diaz, G., Stoker, C.R., Gulick, V.C., Landheim, R., Lee, P., Roush, T.L., Zent, A.P., Herrera Lameli, C., Jensen Iglesia, A., Pereira Arrerondo, M., Dohm, J.M., Keaten, R., Wettergreen, D., Sims, M.H., Schwher, K., Bualat, M.G., Thomas, H.J., Zbinden, E., Christian, D., Pedersen, L., Bettis, A., Thomas, G., and Witzke, B., 2001, Nomad Rover field experiment, Atacama Desert, Chile 1. Science results overview: Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, v. 106, no. 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J.","contributorId":304950,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thomas","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Zbinden, E.","contributorId":304951,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zbinden","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Christian, D.","contributorId":304952,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christian","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Pedersen, L.","contributorId":304953,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pedersen","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Bettis, A. III","contributorId":304954,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bettis","given":"A.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Thomas, G.","contributorId":304955,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thomas","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Witzke, B.","contributorId":108310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witzke","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24}]}} ,{"id":31173,"text":"ofr00376 - 2001 - Geologic map and database of the Roseburg 30' x 60' quadrangle, Douglas and Coos Counties, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-27T13:50:44.822765","indexId":"ofr00376","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-376","title":"Geologic map and database of the Roseburg 30' x 60' quadrangle, Douglas and Coos Counties, Oregon","docAbstract":"The Roseburg 30' x 60' Quadrangle covers the southeastern margin of the Oregon Coast Range and its tectonic boundary with Mesozoic terranes of the Klamath Mountains (see figures 1 and 2 in pamphlet, also shown on map sheet). The geologic framework of the Roseburg area was established by the pioneering work of Diller (1898), Wells and Peck, (1961) and Ewart Baldwin (1974) and his students (see figure 3 in pamphlet, also shown on map sheet). Baldwin and his students focussed on the history of the Eocene Tyee basin, where the sediments lap across the tectonic boundary with the Mesozoic terranes and record the accretion of the Coast Range basement to the continent. Others have examined the sedimentary fill of the Tyee basin in detail, recognizing the deep marine turbidite facies of the Tyee Formation (Snavely and others, 1964) and proposing several models for the Eocene evolution of the forearc basin (Heller and Ryberg, 1983; Chan and Dott, 1983; Heller and Dickinson, 1985; Molenaar, 1985; see Ryu and others, 1992 for a comprehensive summary). Along the eastern margin of the quadrangle, both the Tyee basin and the Klamath terranes are overlain by Eocene volcanic rocks of the Western Cascade arc (Walker and MacLeod, 1991).\n\nThe thick Eocene sedimentary sequence of the Tyee basin has significant oil and gas potential (Armentrout and Suek, 1985; Gautier and others, 1993; Ryu and others, 1996). Although 13 deep test wells have been drilled in the Roseburg quadrangle (see figure 2 and table 1 in pamphlet, also shown on map sheet), exploration to date has been hampered by an incomplete understanding of the basin�s tectonic setting and evolution. In response, the Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries (DOGAMI) initiated a five year assessment of the oil and gas potential of the Tyee basin.\n\nThis map is a product of a cooperative effort by the U. S. Geological Survey, Oregon State University, and DOGAMI to systematically map the sedimentary facies and structure of the Tyee basin. New geologic mapping of twenty-eight 7.5' quadrangles is summarized on the map (see figure 3, also shown on map sheet), and the digital database contains geologic information suitable for both 1:100K and 1:24K scale analysis. DOGAMI has published a compilation and synthesis of previous mapping (Niem and Niem, 1990), a basin-wide sequence stratigraphic model and correlations (Ryu and others, 1992), and a report on the oil and gas potential (Ryu and others, 1996). Readers interested in the oil and gas potential of the Roseburg quadrangle should use the map in combination with Ryu and others (1996) to address specific stratigraphic units and structural plays.\n\nStratigraphic terminology for the Tyee basin adopts the type sections, formation names, and framework of Ryu and others (1992, 1996), which were developed concurrently with the mapping and are recognized throughout the basin. For detailed discussion of nomenclature, type sections, lithology, thickness and distribution, age, contact relationships, and depositional environment of stratigraphic units, the reader is referred to Ryu and others (1992). In this report we focus on the spatial, temporal, and structural relationships between units revealed by geologic mapping. Map unit ages (see figure 4 in pamphlet, also shown on map sheeet) are adjusted slightly from Ryu and others (1992, 1996) to fit new coccolith age determinations (D. Bukry, cited in pamphlet), paleomagnetic polarity data (Simpson, 1977 and new data cited in pamphlet), and the time scale of Berggren and others (1995).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr00376","usgsCitation":"Wells, R., Jayko, A.S., Niem, A.R., Black, G., Wiley, T., Baldwin, E., Molenaar, K.M., Wheeler, K., DuRoss, C., and Givler, R., 2001, Geologic map and database of the Roseburg 30' x 60' quadrangle, Douglas and Coos Counties, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-376, Report: 55 p., 3 ReadMe files, 2 Plates: 49.09 x 31.30 inches and 43.89 33.06 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00376.","productDescription":"Report: 55 p., 3 ReadMe files, 2 Plates: 49.09 x 31.30 inches and 43.89 33.06 inches","numberOfPages":"55","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161054,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr00376.png"},{"id":397740,"rank":10,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34069.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":281852,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0376/rbofrps.tar.gz","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":281851,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0376/rbofr.tar.gz","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":281845,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0376/pdf/rb_geol.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":281846,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0376/pdf/rb_sh2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":281847,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0376/pdf/rb_sh1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":281848,"rank":7,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0376/rb_readme.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":281849,"rank":8,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0376/pdf/rb_readme.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":281850,"rank":9,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0376/rb_readme.doc"},{"id":2679,"rank":11,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0376/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"100000","datum":"National Geodetic Datum of 1929","country":"United States","state":"Oregon","county":"Coos County, Douglas County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.0,43.0 ], [ -124.0,43.5 ], [ -123.0,43.5 ], [ -123.0,43.0 ], [ -124.0,43.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a49cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, Ray E. 0000-0002-7796-0160 rwells@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7796-0160","contributorId":2692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"Ray E.","email":"rwells@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":205216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jayko, A. S. 0000-0002-7378-0330","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7378-0330","contributorId":18011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jayko","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Niem, A. R.","contributorId":54984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niem","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Black, G.","contributorId":6494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Black","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wiley, T.","contributorId":55871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiley","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Baldwin, E.","contributorId":30260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldwin","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Molenaar, K. M.","contributorId":75591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Molenaar","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wheeler, K.L.","contributorId":48181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"DuRoss, C. B.","contributorId":86003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DuRoss","given":"C. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Givler, R. W.","contributorId":78782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Givler","given":"R. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":38273,"text":"pp1636 - 2001 - Numerical-simulation and conjunctive-management models of the Hunt-Annaquatucket-Pettaquamscutt stream-aquifer system, Rhode Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-04T20:31:55.742573","indexId":"pp1636","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1636","title":"Numerical-simulation and conjunctive-management models of the Hunt-Annaquatucket-Pettaquamscutt stream-aquifer system, Rhode Island","docAbstract":"

Numerical-simulation and optimization techniques were used to evaluate alternatives for the conjunctive management of ground- and surface-water resources of the Hunt­-Annaquatucket­-Pettaquamscutt stream-aquifer system in central Rhode Island. Ground-water withdrawals from the Hunt-Annaquatucket-Pettaquamscutt aquifer exceeded 8 million gallons per day during months of peak water use during 1993­98, and additional withdrawals have been proposed to meet growing demands from within and outside of the system boundary. The system is defined by the Hunt­-Annaquatucket­-Pettaquamscutt aquifer, which is composed of glacial stratified deposits, and the network of rivers, brooks, and ponds that overlie and are in hydraulic connection with the aquifer. Nearly all of the water withdrawn, however, is derived from depletions of flow in the rivers, brooks, and ponds that overlie the aquifer. Streamflow depletions are of concern to environmental agencies because of the adverse effects that reductions in streamflow can have on aquatic and riparian ecosystems.

 

A conjunctive-management model of the stream-aquifer system was developed to simultaneously address the water-demand and streamflow-depletion issues. The objective of the model was to maximize total ground-water withdrawal from the aquifer during July, August, and September. These three months are generally the time of year when water-supply demands are largest and streamflows are simultaneously lowest. Total withdrawal from the aquifer was limited by a set of constraints specified in the model. These constraints were (1) maximum rates of streamflow depletion in the Hunt, Annaquatucket, and Pettaquamscutt Rivers; (2) minimum monthly water demands of each of three water-supply systems that withdraw water from the aquifer; and (3) minimum and maximum withdrawal rates at each supply well.

 

The conjunctive-management model was formulated mathematically as a linear program. The model was solved by a response-matrix technique that incorporates the results of transient, numerical simulation of the stream-aquifer system into the constraint set of the linear program. The basis of the technique was the assumption that streamflow-depletion rates in each river were a linear function of ground-water-withdrawal rates at each well. This assumption was shown to be valid for the conditions evaluated in this study, primarily because of the very high transmissivity of the aquifer near many of the wells pumped for water supply. A transient, numerical model of the system was developed to simulate an average annual cycle of monthly withdrawal and hydrologic conditions representative of the 56-year period 1941­96. The transient model was used to generate characteristic streamflow-depletion responses in each river to simulated withdrawals at each well; these characteristic responses, or response coefficients, were then incorporated directly into the streamflow-depletion constraints of the linear program.

 

Four sets of applications of the conjunctive-management model were made to determine whether total ground-water withdrawal from the aquifer during July, August, and September could be increased over the current total withdrawal for alternative definitions of the maximum rates of streamflow depletion allowed in the Hunt, Annaquatucket, and Pettaquamscutt Rivers. Current conditions were defined as the average monthly withdrawal rates at each supply well, water demands of each of the three water-supply systems, and estimated streamflow-depletion rates during the 6-year period 1993­98. Total withdrawal from all wells in the system from July through September during 1993­98 was 506.5 million gallons. Estimated streamflow-depletion rates for 1993­98 were calculated by use of the transient model, with the 1993­98 average monthly withdrawal rates specified at each supply well. Streamflow-depletion rates calculated for July, August, and September averaged 25 percent of the model-calculated pre-withdrawal streamflow rates for the Hunt River, 19 percent for the Annaquatucket River, and 7 percent for the Pettaquamscutt River.

 

The first set of applications of the model were made with the current estimated rates of streamflow depletion in the Hunt, Annaquatucket, and Pettaquamscutt Rivers. Results of these applications indicated that total withdrawal from the aquifer during July, August, and September could be increased from about 8 to 18 percent (from 546.0 to 596.3 million gallons) over the current total withdrawal. The increased withdrawal would require modifications to the current annual withdrawal schedule of each supply well and, for the 18-percent increase, a modified network of supply wells that would include two new wells in the Annaquatucket River Basin. A second set of model applications then was made to determine if current estimated rates of streamflow depletion in the Hunt River could be reduced without increasing current estimated rates of streamflow depletion in the Annaquatucket or Pettaquamscutt Rivers. Decreases in the current rates of streamflow depletion in the Hunt River would result in increased streamflow in the river during these three months. Results showed that current rates of streamflow depletion in the Hunt River during July, August, and September could be decreased from 5 to 15 percent, depending on whether the existing or modified well network was used.

 

Subsequent model applications indicated that substantial increases in total ground-water withdrawal from the aquifer are possible, but would require increased rates of streamflow depletion in the Annaquatucket and Pettaquamscutt Rivers. Maximum increases in the July through September withdrawal from the aquifer of about 39 to 50 percent (from 705.1 to 760.3 million gallons) over the current total withdrawal were calculated when streamflow-depletion rates in the Annaquatucket and Pettaquamscutt Rivers were allowed to increase from current estimated rates to a maximum of 25 percent of the model-calculated pre-withdrawal streamflow for each river during July, August, and September. Alternatively, it was shown that current estimated rates of streamflow depletion in the Hunt River during July, August, and September could be reduced by as much as 35 percent for the maximum allowed increases in streamflow depletion in the Annaquatucket and Pettaquamscutt Rivers; maximum increased withdrawal from the aquifer, however, would range from 8 to 18 percent over the current total withdrawal for the 35-percent reduction in streamflow-depletion rates in the Hunt River.

 

Results of the different applications of the model demonstrate the usefulness of coupling numerical-simulation and optimization techniques for regional-scale evaluation of water-resource management alternatives. The results of the evaluation must be viewed, however, within the limitations of the quality of data available for the Hunt­-Annaquatucket­-Pettaquamscutt stream-aquifer system and representation of the system by a simulation model. An additional limitation of the analysis was the use of an average annual cycle of monthly withdrawal and hydrologic conditions. Ground-water withdrawal strategies may need to be modified to meet streamflow-depletion constraints during extreme hydrologic events, such as droughts.

 

Contributing areas and sources of water to the supply wells also were delineated by use of a steady-state model of the stream-aquifer system. The model was developed to simulate long-term-average ground-water flow and ground-water/ surface-water interactions in the system during the 56-year period 1941­96. Sources of water to the wells consisted of precipitation and wastewater recharge to the aquifer, streamflow leakage from natural stream-channel losses, streamflow leakage caused by induced infiltration, and lateral ground-water inflow from till and bedrock upland areas.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1636","usgsCitation":"Barlow, P.M., and Dickerman, D.C., 2001, Numerical-simulation and conjunctive-management models of the Hunt-Annaquatucket-Pettaquamscutt stream-aquifer system, Rhode Island: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1636, Report: vi, 88 p.; 1 Plate: 8.00 x 10.74 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1636.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 88 p.; 1 Plate: 8.00 x 10.74 inches","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":411376,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_37347.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":162711,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3502,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1636/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"Hunt-Annaquatucket-Pettaquamscutt stream-aquifer system","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.53278939505572,\n 41.672256551048775\n ],\n [\n -71.53278939505572,\n 41.46679169393127\n ],\n [\n -71.42248696957856,\n 41.46679169393127\n ],\n [\n -71.42248696957856,\n 41.672256551048775\n ],\n [\n -71.53278939505572,\n 41.672256551048775\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696840","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barlow, Paul M. 0000-0003-4247-6456 pbarlow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-6456","contributorId":1200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"Paul","email":"pbarlow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":219481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dickerman, David C.","contributorId":41047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickerman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21951,"text":"ofr9945 - 2001 - Microfossils from Chesapeake Bay sediments; illustrations and species database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:59","indexId":"ofr9945","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-45","title":"Microfossils from Chesapeake Bay sediments; illustrations and species database","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9945","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Cronin, T.M., Wagner, R.S., and Slattery, M., 2001, Microfossils from Chesapeake Bay sediments; illustrations and species database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-45, 160 p. ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9945.","productDescription":"160 p. ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1294,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pdf/of/of99-45/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":155251,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0045/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51426,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0045/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a57e4b07f02db62e367","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, Thomas M. 0000-0002-2643-0979 tcronin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":2579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"Thomas","email":"tcronin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wagner, Robert S.","contributorId":72020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Slattery, Moira","contributorId":12881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slattery","given":"Moira","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":21651,"text":"ofr99164 - 2001 - Characterization of Northern California petroleum by stable carbon isotopes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-21T15:36:48","indexId":"ofr99164","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-164","title":"Characterization of Northern California petroleum by stable carbon isotopes","docAbstract":"

The purpose of this study is to characterize natural occurrences of petroleum at the surface and in the subsurface within northern California in order to define and map petroleum systems for U.S. Geological Survey energy resource assessments. Furthermore, the chemical characterization and mapping of natural petroleum occurrences could also be used to discriminate natural occurrences from accidental oil spills during the activities of extraction or transportation of petroleum. Samples include petroleum from exploratory well tests, producing fields, natural seeps, and oil-stained rocks, and condensates from gas wells. Most of the sample localities are in northern California but a few samples from central and southern California are included for comparison (table 1). Even though other analyses were performed, only stable carbon isotope (δ13C) data are presented here for brevity and because δ13C values are one of the most discriminating characteristics of California petroleum.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr99164","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Lillis, P.G., Magoon, L.B., Stanley, R.G., McLaughlin, R.J., and Warden, A., 2001, Characterization of Northern California petroleum by stable carbon isotopes: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-164, 19 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99164.","productDescription":"19 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155163,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0164/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":8112,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://greenwood.cr.usgs.gov/energy/OF99-164/OF99-164.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":51202,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0164/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4e1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lillis, Paul G. 0000-0002-7508-1699 plillis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7508-1699","contributorId":1817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lillis","given":"Paul","email":"plillis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Magoon, Leslie B. lmagoon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magoon","given":"Leslie","email":"lmagoon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":185072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stanley, Richard G. 0000-0001-6192-8783 rstanley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6192-8783","contributorId":1832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"Richard","email":"rstanley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McLaughlin, Robert J. 0000-0002-4390-2288 rjmcl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4390-2288","contributorId":1428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"Robert","email":"rjmcl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Warden, Augusta awarden@usgs.gov","contributorId":1774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warden","given":"Augusta","email":"awarden@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":185069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":22105,"text":"ofr00164 - 2001 - Environmental quality and preservation; reefs, corals, and carbonate sands; guides to reef-ecosystem health and environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:52","indexId":"ofr00164","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-164","title":"Environmental quality and preservation; reefs, corals, and carbonate sands; guides to reef-ecosystem health and environment","docAbstract":"Introduction\r\nIn recent years, the health of the\r\nentire coral reef ecosystem that lines\r\nthe outer shelf off the Florida Keys\r\nhas declined markedly. In particular,\r\nloss of those coral species that\r\nare the building blocks of solid reef\r\nframework has significant negative\r\nimplications for economic vitality of\r\nthe region. What are the reasons for\r\nthis decline? Is it due to natural\r\nchange, or are human activities (recreational\r\ndiving, ship groundings,\r\nfarmland runoff, nutrient influx,\r\nair-borne contaminants, groundwater\r\npollutants) a contributing factor\r\nand if so, to what extent? At risk\r\nof loss are biologic resources of the\r\nreefs, including habitats for endangered\r\nspecies in shoreline mangroves,\r\nproductive marine and wetland\r\nnurseries, and economic fisheries.\r\nA healthy reef ecosystem builds\r\na protective offshore barrier to catastrophic\r\nwave action and storm\r\nsurges generated by tropical storms\r\nand hurricanes. In turn, a healthy\r\nreef protects the homes, marinas,\r\nand infrastructure on the Florida\r\nKeys that have been designed to\r\ncapture a lucrative tourism industry.\r\nA healthy reef ecosystem also protects\r\ninland agricultural and livestock\r\nareas of South Florida whose\r\nproduce and meat feed much of the\r\nUnited States and other parts of the\r\nworld.\r\nIn cooperation with the National\r\nOceanic and Atmospheric Administration's\r\n(NOAA) National Marine\r\nSanctuary Program, the U.S. Geological\r\nSurvey (USGS) continues longterm\r\ninvestigations of factors that may\r\naffect Florida's reefs. One of the first\r\nsteps in distinguishing between natural\r\nchange and the effects of human\r\nactivities, however, is to determine\r\nhow coral reefs have responded to\r\npast environmental change, before the\r\nadvent of man. By so doing, accurate\r\nscientific information becomes available\r\nfor Marine Sanctuary management\r\nto understand natural change and\r\nthus to assess and regulate potential\r\nhuman impact better. The USGS studies\r\ndescribed here evaluate the distribution\r\n(location) and historic vitality\r\n(thickness) of Holocene reefs in South\r\nFlorida, relative to type of underlying\r\nbedrock morphology, and their varied\r\nnatural response to rising sea level.\r\nThese studies also assess movement\r\nand accumulation of sands, relative\r\nto direction of prevailing energy, and\r\norigin of the component sand grains.\r\nGeophysical data collected with highresolution\r\nsound-wave instruments\r\nthat provide pictures of the sediment\r\nand bedrock are used to interpret\r\nsediment thickness. Reef thickness is\r\ndetermined by collecting limestone\r\nrock cores by drilling. Drill cores\r\nthrough reefs are used to identify the\r\ncoral species that built them and to\r\ndetermine how reefs reacted to rising\r\nsea level. These data are supplemented\r\nby using isotope-dating techniques to\r\nderive the carbon-14 (C14) age of the\r\ncorals and mangrove peat in the cores.\r\nMangrove peat forms in very shallow\r\nwater and at the shoreline but is found\r\ntoday buried beneath offshore reefs.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr00164","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Lidz, B.H., 2001, Environmental quality and preservation; reefs, corals, and carbonate sands; guides to reef-ecosystem health and environment: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-164, 3 sheets (2 folded) (6 p., [1] leaf of plates) :ill. (some col.), col. map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00164.","productDescription":"3 sheets (2 folded) (6 p., [1] leaf of plates) :ill. (some col.), col. map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154751,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9147,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-164/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db602249","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lidz, Barbara H. blidz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidz","given":"Barbara","email":"blidz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":187091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4811,"text":"fs02801 - 2001 - Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, 1002 area, petroleum assessment, 1998, including economic analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-23T15:08:47","indexId":"fs02801","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"028-01","title":"Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, 1002 area, petroleum assessment, 1998, including economic analysis","docAbstract":"

The Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (1980) established the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). In section 1002 of that act, Congress deferred a decision regarding future management of the 1.5-million-acre coastal plain (\"1002 area\") in recognition of the area’s potentially enormous oil and gas resources and its importance as wildlife habitat. A report on the resources (including petroleum) of the 1002 area was submitted in 1987 to Congress by the Department of the Interior (DOI). Since completion of that report, numerous wells have been drilled and oil fields discovered near ANWR, new geologic and geophysical data have become available, seismic processing and interpretation capabilities have improved, and the economics of North Slope oil development have changed significantly.

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) commonly is asked to provide the Federal Government with timely scientific information in support of decisions regarding land management, environmental quality, and economic and strategic policy. To do so, the USGS must anticipate issues most likely to be the focus of policymakers in the future. Anticipating the need for scientific information and considering the decade-old perspective of the petroleum resource estimates included in the 1987 Report to Congress, the USGS has reexamined the geology of the ANWR 1002 area and has prepared a new petroleum resource assessment.

","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/fs02801","usgsCitation":"Bird, K.J., and Houseknecht, D., 2001, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, 1002 area, petroleum assessment, 1998, including economic analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 028-01, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs02801.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117058,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_028_01.jpg"},{"id":504,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-0028-01/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abee4b07f02db674d07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bird, K. J.","contributorId":57824,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bird","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Houseknecht, D.W. 0000-0002-9633-6910","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9633-6910","contributorId":33695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houseknecht","given":"D.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":4810,"text":"fs02401 - 2001 - The National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska (NPRA) data archive","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:44","indexId":"fs02401","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"024-01","title":"The National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska (NPRA) data archive","docAbstract":"The area currently known as the National Petroleum ReserveAlaska was originally designated in 1923 as Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4 (NPR4). It was one of four U.S. regions thought to contain significant amounts of oil that were to be reserved for national crises. Geographic and geologic knowledge of the NPR4 was only superficial in 1923. Earlier exploration, however, had shown that the region contained the ingredients necessary for oil accumulations to exist: source rocks, reservoir rocks, and geologic structures that could trap petroleum. Oil seeps on the coast and the size of the area (some 37,000 square miles, about the size of Indiana) reinforced the notion that significant quantities of petroleum were present.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs02401","usgsCitation":"Bird, K.J., 2001, The National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska (NPRA) data archive: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 024-01, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs02401.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121595,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_024_01.bmp"},{"id":503,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/factsheet/fs024-01/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67afdf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bird, K. J.","contributorId":57824,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bird","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":67545,"text":"i2740 - 2001 - Geologic map of Colorado National Monument and adjacent areas, Mesa County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-17T19:29:09.263641","indexId":"i2740","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2740","subseriesTitle":"GIS","title":"Geologic map of Colorado National Monument and adjacent areas, Mesa County, Colorado","docAbstract":"New 1:24,000-scale geologic mapping in the Colorado National Monument Quadrangle and adjacent areas, in support of the USGS Western Colorado I-70 Corridor Cooperative Geologic Mapping Project, provides new interpretations of and data for the stratigraphy, structure, geologic hazards in the area from the Colorado River in Grand Valley onto the Uncompahgre Plateau. The plateau drops abruptly along northwest-trending structures toward the northeast 800 m to the Redlands area and the Colorado River in Grand Valley. In addition to common alluvial and colluvial deposits, surficial deposits include Holocene and late Pleistocene charcoal-bearing valley-fill deposits, late to middle Pleistocene river-gravel terrace deposits, Holocene to middle Pleistocene younger, intermediate, and old fan-alluvium deposits, late to middle Pleistocene local gravel deposits, Holocene to late Pleistocene rock-fall deposits, Holocene to middle Pleistocene young and old landslide deposits, Holocene to late Pleistocene sheetwash deposits and eolian deposits, and Holocene Cienga-type deposits. Only the lowest part of the Upper Cretaceous Mancos Shale is exposed in the map area near the Colorado River. The Upper and Lower? Cretaceous Dakota Formation and the Lower Cretaceous Burro Canyon Formation form resistant dipslopes in the Grand Valley and a prominent ridge on the plateau. Less resistant strata of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation consisting of the Brushy Basin, Salt Wash, and Tidwell Members form slopes on the plateau and low areas below the mountain front of the plateau. The Middle Jurassic Wanakah Formation nomenclature replaces the previously used Summerville Formation. Because an upper part of the Middle Jurassic Entrada Formation is not obviously correlated with strata found elsewhere, it is therefore not formally named; however, the lower rounded cliff former Slickrock Member is clearly present. The Lower Jurassic silica-cemented Kayenta Formation forms the cap rock for the Lower Jurassic carbonate-cemented Wingate Sandstone, which forms the impressive cliffs of the monument. The Upper Triassic Chinle Formation was deposited on the eroded and weathered Middle Proterozoic meta-igneous gneiss, pegmatite dikes, and migmatitic gneiss. Structurally the area is deceptively challenging. Nearly flat-lying strata on the plateau are folded by northwest-trending fault-propagation folds into at least two S-shaped folds along the mountain front of the plateau. Strata under Grand Valley dip at about 6 degrees to the northeast. In the absence of local evidence, the uplifted plateau is attributed to Laramide deformation by dated analogous structures elsewhere in the Colorado Plateau. The major exposed fault records high-angle reverse relationships in the basement rocks but dissipates strain as a triangular zone of distributed microfractures and cataclastic flow into overlying Mesozoic strata that absorb the fault strain, leaving only folds. Evidence for younger, probably late Pliocene or early Pleistocene, uplift does exist at the antecedent Unaweep Canyon south and east of the map area. To what degree this younger deformation affected the map area is unknown. Several geologic hazards affect the area. Middle and late Pleistocene landslides involving the smectite-bearing Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation are extensive on the plateau and common in the Redlands below the plateau. Expansive clay in the Brushy Basin and other strata create foundation stability problems for roads and homes. Flash floods create a serious hazard to people on foot in narrow canyons in the monument and to homes close to water courses downstream from narrow restrictions close to the monument boundary.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i2740","usgsCitation":"Scott, R.B., Harding, A.E., Hood, W.C., Cole, R.D., Livaccari, R.F., Johnson, J.B., Shroba, R.R., and Dickerson, R.P., 2001, Geologic map of Colorado National Monument and adjacent areas, Mesa County, Colorado (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2740, Report: iv, 40 p.; 1 Plate: 56.00 x 39.50 inches; Metadata, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2740.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 40 p.; 1 Plate: 56.00 x 39.50 inches; Metadata","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110180,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_38261.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"38261"},{"id":189086,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2740/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":91696,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2740/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":91697,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2740/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":6157,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i-2740/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Mesa County","otherGeospatial":"Colorado National Monument","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.756,\n 38.976\n ],\n [\n -108.756,\n 39.125\n ],\n [\n -108.621,\n 39.125\n ],\n [\n -108.621,\n 38.976\n ],\n [\n -108.756,\n 38.976\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a2a3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, Robert B. rbscott@usgs.gov","contributorId":766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Robert","email":"rbscott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":276629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harding, Anne E.","contributorId":106554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harding","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hood, William C.","contributorId":100946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hood","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cole, Rex D.","contributorId":50979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Rex","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Livaccari, Richard F.","contributorId":65548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Livaccari","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnson, James B.","contributorId":55088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Shroba, Ralph R. 0000-0002-2664-1813 rshroba@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2664-1813","contributorId":1266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shroba","given":"Ralph","email":"rshroba@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":276630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Dickerson, Robert P.","contributorId":6461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickerson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":66252,"text":"i2684 - 2001 - Geologic Map of the Lavinia Planitia Quadrangle (V-55), Venus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-28T14:12:05","indexId":"i2684","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2684","subseriesTitle":"GIS","title":"Geologic Map of the Lavinia Planitia Quadrangle (V-55), Venus","docAbstract":"Introduction\r\n\r\nThe Lavinia Planitia quadrangle (V-55) is in the southern hemisphere of Venus and extends from 25 to 50 south latitude and from 330 to 360 longitude. It covers the central and northern part of Lavinia Planitia and parts of its margins. Lavinia Planitia consists of a centralized, deformed lowland flooded by volcanic deposits and surrounded by Dione Regio to the west (Keddie and Head, 1995), Alpha Regio tessera (Bindschadler and others, 1992a) and Eve Corona (Stofan and others, 1992) to the northeast, itself an extensive rift zone and coronae belt to the east and south (Baer and others, 1994; Magee and Head, 1995), Mylitta Fluctus to the south (Magee Roberts and others, 1992), and Helen Planitia to the southwest (Senske and others, 1991). In contrast to other areas on Venus, the Lavinia Planitia area is one of several large, relatively equidimensional lowlands (basins) and as such is an important region for the analysis of processes of basin formation and volcanic flooding. \r\n\r\nBefore the Magellan mission, Lavinia Planitia was known on the basis of Pioneer-Venus altimetry to be a lowland area (Pettengill and others, 1980);. Arecibo radar images showed that Lavinia Plaitia was surrounded by several corona-like features and rift-like fractures parallel to the basin margin to the east and south (Senske and others, 1991; Campbell and others, 1990). Arecibo data further revealed that the interior contained complex patterns of deformational features in the form of belts and volcanic plains, and several regions along the margins were seen to be the sources of extensive outpourings of digitate lava flows into the interior (Senske and others, 1991; Campbell and others, 1990). Early Magellan results showed that the ridge belts are composed of complex structures of both extensional and contractional origin (Squyres and others, 1992; Solomon and others, 1992) and that the complex lava flows (fluctus) along the margins (Magee Roberts and others, 1992) emanated from a variety of sources ranging from volcanoes to coronae (Magee and Head, 1995; Keddie and Head, 1995). In addition, global analysis of the distribution of volcanic features revealed that Lavinia Planitia is an area deficient in the distribution of distinctive volcanic sources and corona-like features (Head and others, 1992; Crumpler and others, 1993). \r\n\r\nLavinia Planitia gravity and geoid data show that the lowland is characterized by a -30 mGal gravity anomaly and a -10 m geoid anomaly, centered on eastern Lavinia (Bindschadler and others, 1992b; Konopliv and Sjogren, 1994). Indeed, the characteristics and configuration of Lavinia Planitia have been cited as evidence for the region being the site of large-scale mantle down welling (Bindschadler and others, 1992b). Thus, this region is a laboratory for the study of the formation of lowlands, the emplacement of volcanic plains, the formation of associated tectonic features, and their relation to mantle processes. These questions and issues are the basis for our geologic mapping analysis. \r\n\r\nIn our analysis we have focused on the geologic mapping of the Lavinia Planitia quadrangle using traditional methods of geologic unit definition and characterization for the Earth (for example, American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature, 1961) and planets (for example, Wilhelms, 1990) appropriately modified for radar data (Tanaka, 1994). We defined units and mapped key relations using the full resolution Magellan synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data (mosaiced full resolution basic image data records, C1-MIDR's, F-MIDR's, and F-Maps) and transferred these results to the base map compiled at a scale of 1:5 million. In addition to the SAR image data, we incorporated into our analyses digital versions of Magellan altimetry, emissivity, Fresnel reflectivity, and roughness data (root mean square, rms, slope). The background for our unit definition and characterization is described in Tanaka (1994), Basilevsky and Head (1995a, b)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/i2684","isbn":"0607945052","usgsCitation":"Ivanov, M.A., and Head, J.W., 2001, Geologic Map of the Lavinia Planitia Quadrangle (V-55), Venus: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2684, 1 remote-sensing image :col. ;54 x 62 cm., on sheet 101 x 112 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/i2684.","productDescription":"1 remote-sensing image :col. ;54 x 62 cm., on sheet 101 x 112 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438885,"rank":101,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9F4Z1WM","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Geologic Map of the Lavinia Planitia Quadrangle (V-55), Venus"},{"id":187584,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9384,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2684/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"4711886","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a84b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ivanov, Mikhail A.","contributorId":25245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanov","given":"Mikhail","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Head, James W. III","contributorId":102954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Head","given":"James","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":66182,"text":"i2686 - 2001 - Geologic Map of the MTM-85000 Quadrangle, Planum Australe Region of Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-29T15:31:19","indexId":"i2686","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2686","subseriesTitle":"GIS","title":"Geologic Map of the MTM-85000 Quadrangle, Planum Australe Region of Mars","docAbstract":"Introduction\r\n\r\nThe polar deposits on Mars probably record martian climate history over the last 107 to 109 years (for example, Thomas and others, 1992). The area shown on this map includes layered polar deposits and residual polar ice, as well as some exposures of older terrain. Howard and others (1982) noted that an area (at lat 84.8 S., long 356 W.) near a 23-km diameter impact crater (Plaut and others, 1988) appears to have undergone recent deposition, as evidenced by the partial burial of secondary craters. Herkenhoff and Murray (1990a) mapped this area as a mixture of frost and defrosted ground and suggested that the presence of frost throughout the year stabilizes dust deposited in this area. This quadrangle was mapped using high-resolution Mariner 9 (table 1) and Viking Orbiter images in order to study the relations among erosional, cratering, and depositional processes on the polar layered deposits and to search for further evidence of recent deposition. \r\n\r\nPublished geologic maps of the south polar region of Mars are based on images acquired by Mariner 9 (Condit and Soderblom, 1978; Scott and Carr, 1978) and the Viking Orbiters (Tanaka and Scott, 1987). The extent of the layered deposits mapped previously from Mariner 9 data is different from that mapped using Viking Orbiter images, and the present map agrees with the map by Tanaka and Scott (1987): the layered deposits extend to the northern boundary of the map area. However, the oldest unit in this area is mapped as undivided material (unit HNu) rather than the hilly unit in the plateau sequence (unit Nplh; Tanaka and Scott, 1987). \r\n\r\nThe residual polar ice cap, areas of partial frost cover, the layered deposits, and two nonvolatile surface units-the dust mantle and the dark material-were mapped by Herkenhoff and Murray (1990a) at 1:2,000,000 scale using a color mosaic of Viking Orbiter images. This mosaic was used to confirm the identification of the non-volatile Amazonian units for this map and to test hypotheses for their origin and evolution. The colors and albedos of these units, as measured in places both within and outside of this map area, are presented in table 2 and figure 1. The red/violet ratio image was particularly useful in distinguishing the various low-albedo materials, as brightness variations due to topography are essentially removed in such ratio images and color variations are easily seen. Because the resolution of the color mosaics is not sufficient to map these units in detail at 1:500,000 scale, contacts between them were recognized and mapped using higher resolution black and white Viking and Mariner 9 images. \r\n\r\nThe largest impact crater in the layered deposits, 23 km in diameter at lat 84.5 S., long 359 W., now named 'McMurdo,' was recognized by Plaut and others (1988). The northern rim of this crater is missing, perhaps due to erosion of the layered deposits in which it was formed (fig. 2). Secondary craters from this impact are not observed north of the crater but are abundant to the south. Although the crater statistics are poor (only 16 likely impact craters found in Viking Orbiter images of the south polar layered deposits), these observations generally support the conclusions that the south polar layered deposits are Late Amazonian in age and that some areas have been exposed for about 120 million years (Plaut and others, 1988; Herkenhoff and Murray, 1992, 1994; Herkenhoff, 1998). However, the recent cratering flux on Mars is poorly constrained, so inferred ages of surface units are uncertain. \r\n\r\nThe Viking Orbiter 2 images used to construct the base were taken during the southern summer of 1977, with resolutions no better than 130 m/pixel. A digital mosaic of Mariner 9 images also was constructed to aid in mapping. The Mariner 9 images were taken during the southern summer of 1971 and 1972 and have resolutions as high as 85 m/pixel (table 1). However, the usefulness of the Mariner 9 mosaic image is limited by incomplete coverag","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i2686","isbn":"0607945060","usgsCitation":"Herkenhoff, K.E., 2001, Geologic Map of the MTM-85000 Quadrangle, Planum Australe Region of Mars: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2686, 1 map :col. ;66 x 63 cm., on sheet 94 x 98 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/i2686.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;66 x 63 cm., on sheet 94 x 98 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438886,"rank":101,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9NCDIB2","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Geologic Map of the MTM-85000 Quadrangle, Planum Australe Region of Mars"},{"id":188389,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9385,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2686/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"500000","otherGeospatial":"Mars; Planum Australe Region","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a84ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":274119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}