The Recovery Plan for the federally threatened Louisiana black bear (Ursus americanus luteolus) mandates that remnant populations be estimated and monitored. In 1999 we obtained genetic material with barbed-wire hair traps to estimate bear population size and genetic diversity at the 329-km2 Tensas River Tract, Louisiana. We constructed and monitored 122 hair traps, which produced 1,939 hair samples. Of those, we randomly selected 116 subsamples for genetic analysis and used up to 12 microsatellite DNA markers to obtain multilocus genotypes for 58 individuals. We used Program CAPTURE to compute estimates of population size using multiple mark-recapture models. The area of study was almost entirely circumscribed by agricultural land, thus the population was geographically closed. Also, study-area boundaries were biologically discreet, enabling us to accurately estimate population density. Using model Chao Mh to account for possible effects of individual heterogeneity in capture probabilities, we estimated the population size to be 119 (SE=29.4) bears, or 0.36 bears/km2. We were forced to examine a substantial number of loci to differentiate between some individuals because of low genetic variation. Despite the probable introduction of genes from Minnesota bears in the 1960s, the isolated population at Tensas exhibited characteristics consistent with inbreeding and genetic drift. Consequently, the effective population size at Tensas may be as few as 32, which warrants continued monitoring or possibly genetic augmentation.
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R.","contributorId":168707,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boersen","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":7006,"text":"Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":407387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Joseph D. 0000-0002-8547-8112 jclark1@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8547-8112","contributorId":2265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Joseph","email":"jclark1@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":407388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"King, Tim L.","contributorId":10736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Tim L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024894,"text":"70024894 - 2003 - Influence of landscape structure and climate variability on a late holocene plant migration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:09","indexId":"70024894","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1459,"text":"Ecological Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of landscape structure and climate variability on a late holocene plant migration","docAbstract":"We analyzed and radiocarbon-dated 205 fossil woodrat middens from 14 sites in central and northern Wyoming and adjacent Utah and Montana to document spatiotemporal patterns of Holocene invasion by Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma). Holocene migration into central and northern Wyoming and southern Montana from the south proceeded by a series of long-distance dispersal events, which were paced by climate variability and structured by the geographic distribution and connectivity of suitable habitats on the landscape. The migration of Utah juniper into the region involved multiple long-distance dispersal events, ranging from 30 to 135 km. One of the earliest established populations, on East Pryor Mountain in south central Montana, is currently the northernmost population of the species. Establishment by long-distance dispersal of that population and another in the Bighorn Basin occurred during a period of relatively dry climate between 7500 and 5400 years ago. Further expansion of these initial colonizing populations and backfilling to occupy suitable sites to the south was delayed during a wet period from 5400 to 2800 years ago. Development of dry conditions 2800 years ago led to a rapid expansion in which Utah juniper colonized sites throughout its current range. Landscape structure and climate variability play important roles in governing the pattern and pace of natural invasions and deserve close attention in studying and modeling plant invasions, whether exotic or natural.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Monographs","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00129615","usgsCitation":"Lyford, M., Jackson, S., Betancourt, J., and Gray, S., 2003, Influence of landscape structure and climate variability on a late holocene plant migration: Ecological Monographs, v. 73, no. 4, p. 567-583.","startPage":"567","endPage":"583","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233147,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b49e4b0c8380cd623c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lyford, M.E.","contributorId":33883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyford","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackson, S.T.","contributorId":90072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Betancourt, J.L. 0000-0002-7165-0743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":87505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":403038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gray, S.T.","contributorId":19680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024595,"text":"70024595 - 2003 - Supra-subduction zone extensional magmatism in Vermont and adjacent Quebec: Implications for early Paleozoic Appalachian tectonics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:13","indexId":"70024595","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Supra-subduction zone extensional magmatism in Vermont and adjacent Quebec: Implications for early Paleozoic Appalachian tectonics","docAbstract":"Metadiabasic intrusions of the Mount Norris Intrusive Suite occur in fault-bounded lithotectonic packages containing Stowe, Moretown, and Cram Hill Formation lithologies in the northern Vermont Rowe-Hawley belt, a proposed Ordovician arc-trench gap above an east-dipping subduction zone. Rocks of the Mount Norris Intrusive Suite are characteristically massive and weakly foliated, have chilled margins, contain xenoliths, and have sharp contacts that both crosscut and are parallel to early structural fabrics in the host metasedimentary rocks. Although the mineral assemblage of the Mount Norris Intrusive Suite is albite + actinolite + epidote + chlorite + calcite + quartz, intergrowths of albite + actinolite are probably pseudomorphs after plagioclase + clinopyroxene. The metadiabases are subalkaline, tholeiitic, hypabyssal basalts with preserved ophitic texture. A backarc-basin tectonic setting for the intrusive suite is suggested by its LREE (light rare earth element) enrichment, negative Nb-Ta anomalies, and Ta/Yb vs. Th/Yb trends. Although no direct isotopic age data are available, the intrusions are broadly Ordovician because their contacts are clearly folded by the earliest Acadian (Silurian-Devonian) folds. Field evidence and geochemical data suggest compelling along-strike correlations with the Coburn Hill Volcanics of northern Vermont and the Bolton Igneous Group of southern Quebec. Isotopic and stratigraphic age constraints for the Bolton Igneous Group bracket these backarc magmas to the 477-458 Ma interval. A tectonic model that begins with east-dipping subduction and progresses to outboard west-dipping subduction after a syncollisional polarity reversal best explains the intrusion of deformed metamorphosed metasedimentary rocks by backarc magmas.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/B25343.1","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Kim, J., Coish, R., Evans, M., and Dick, G., 2003, Supra-subduction zone extensional magmatism in Vermont and adjacent Quebec: Implications for early Paleozoic Appalachian tectonics: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, no. 12, p. 1552-1569, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25343.1.","startPage":"1552","endPage":"1569","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207713,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/B25343.1"},{"id":232879,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"115","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9f84e4b08c986b31e63b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kim, J.","contributorId":9813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kim","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coish, R.","contributorId":104672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coish","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, M.","contributorId":21730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dick, G.","contributorId":9429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dick","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1016238,"text":"1016238 - 2003 - Restoring forbs for sage grouse habitat: Fire, microsites, and establishment methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-22T18:55:48.11167","indexId":"1016238","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3271,"text":"Restoration Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Restoring forbs for sage grouse habitat: Fire, microsites, and establishment methods","docAbstract":"The decline and range reduction of sage grouse populations are primarily due to permanent loss and degradation of sagebrush–grassland habitat. Several studies have shown that sage grouse productivity may be limited by the availability of certain preferred highly nutritious forb species that have also declined within sagebrush ecosystems of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. The purpose of this study was to determine the suitability of three species of forbs for revegetation projects where improving sage grouse habitat is a goal. Species suitability was determined by evaluating the emergence, survival, and reproduction of Crepis modocensis, C. occidentalis, and Astragalus purshii in response to method of establishment (seeding or transplanting), site preparation treatment (burned or unburned), and microsite (mound or interspace) in an Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis vegetation association in south central Oregon. For seeded plants A. purshii had the lowest emergence (8%) of all three species. Both seeded Crepis species had similar overall emergence (38%). Significantly more Crepis seedlings emerged from shrub mounds in unburned areas (50%) than in any other fire-by-microsite treatment (33 to 36%). Approximately 10% more Crepis seedlings survived in mounds compared with interspaces. Nearly twice as many emerging Crepis seedlings survived in the burned areas as opposed to unburned areas (p < 0.01). This resulted in more plant establishment in burned mounds despite higher emergence in unburned mounds. Astragalus purshii seedlings also survived better in burned areas (p = 0.06) but had no differential response to microsite. Fire enhanced survival of both Crepis and A. purshii transplants (p = 0.08 and p = 0.001). We believe additional research is needed to improve A. purshii emergence before it will become an effective plant for restoring sage grouse habitat. Conversely, we conclude that these Crepis species provide a viable revegetation option for improving sage grouse habitat in south central Oregon.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1526-100X.2003.00159.x","usgsCitation":"Wirth, T., and Pyke, D.A., 2003, Restoring forbs for sage grouse habitat: Fire, microsites, and establishment methods: Restoration Ecology, v. 11, no. 3, p. 370-377, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.2003.00159.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"370","endPage":"377","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":388328,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"south-central Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.9921875,\n 42.032974332441405\n ],\n [\n -118.65234374999999,\n 42.032974332441405\n ],\n [\n -118.65234374999999,\n 43.77109381775651\n ],\n [\n -121.9921875,\n 43.77109381775651\n ],\n [\n -121.9921875,\n 42.032974332441405\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-08-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db6148c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wirth, Troy A.","contributorId":27837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wirth","given":"Troy A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pyke, David A. 0000-0002-4578-8335 david_a_pyke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4578-8335","contributorId":3118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pyke","given":"David","email":"david_a_pyke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026319,"text":"70026319 - 2003 - Flood plain and channel dynamics of the Quinault and Queets Rivers, Washington, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-30T12:52:54","indexId":"70026319","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flood plain and channel dynamics of the Quinault and Queets Rivers, Washington, USA","docAbstract":"Comparison of historic channel migration rates, modern planform conditions, and overall sediment, wood, and flow conditions and interactions for the Quinault River and Queets River in the western Olympic Peninsula, Washington, reveals decadal- to century-scale interactions between gravel-bed channels and forested flood plains in temperate maritime environments. The downstream alluvial portions of these two rivers can be divided into three reaches of different slope, flow, sediment, and wood regimes: (i) the upper Quinault River is aggrading behind Lake Quinault, a natural lake that traps most sediment and wood transported from the Olympic Mountain headwaters. (ii) The lower Quinault River, downstream of Lake Quinault, transports only sediment and wood derived from reworking of flood-plain deposits and contributed from valley margins. (iii) The Queets River has unimpeded movement of sediment and water from the mountainous headwaters to the Pacific Ocean. Measurements of channel planform characteristics and historic migration rates and patterns show that these three reaches have correspondingly distinct channel and flood-plain morphologies and dynamics. The aggrading and sediment-rich upper Quinault River has the widest flood plain, widest active channel, greatest number of low-flow channels and flanking gravel bars, and an average channel migration rate of 12.7±3.3 m/year between 1900 and 1994. The comparatively sediment-poor lower Quinault River has the narrowest flood plain, narrowest active channel, and lowest channel migration rate (4.0±1.2 m/year); and most flow is through a single channel with few adjacent gravel bars. The Queets River has attributes intermediate between the lower and upper Quinault Rivers, including an average channel migration rate of 7.5±2.9 m/year. Flood-plain turnover rates are similar for all three reaches, with channels eroding the flood plain at the rate of about 0.2% of the flood-plain area per year, and with corresponding flood-plain half-lives of 300 to 500 years.
\nObservations from this study and previous studies on the Queets River show that channel and flood-plain dynamics and morphology are affected by interactions between flow, sediment, and standing and entrained wood, some of which likely involve time frames similar to 200–500-year flood-plain half-lives. On the upper Quinault River and Queets River, log jams promote bar growth and consequent channel shifting, short-distance avulsions, and meander cutoffs, resulting in mobile and wide active channels. On the lower Quinault River, large portions of the channel are stable and flow within vegetated flood plains. However, locally, channel-spanning log jams have caused channel avulsions within reaches that have been subsequently mobile for several decades. In all three reaches, log jams appear to be areas of conifer germination and growth that may later further influence channel and flood-plain conditions on long time scales by forming flood-plain areas resistant to channel migration and by providing key members of future log jams. Appreciation of these processes and dynamics and associated temporal and spatial scales is necessary to formulate effective long-term approaches to managing fluvial ecosystems in forested environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00324-0","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"O’Connor, J.E., Jones, M., and Haluska, T., 2003, Flood plain and channel dynamics of the Quinault and Queets Rivers, Washington, USA: Geomorphology, v. 51, no. 1-3, p. 31-59, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00324-0.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"59","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234078,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208367,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00324-0"}],"volume":"51","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1148e4b0c8380cd53f45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Connor, J. E.","contributorId":59489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Connor","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, M. A.","contributorId":37736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"M. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haluska, T.L.","contributorId":75960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haluska","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024869,"text":"70024869 - 2003 - Geology and geochemistry of the Reocín zinc-lead deposit, Basque-Cantabrian Basin, Northern Spain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-27T18:56:17.425921","indexId":"70024869","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and geochemistry of the Reocín zinc-lead deposit, Basque-Cantabrian Basin, Northern Spain","docAbstract":"The Reocín Zn-Pb deposit, 30 km southwest of Santander, Spain, occurs within Lower Cretaceous dolomitized Urgonian limestones on the southern flank of the Santillana syncline. The Reocín deposit is one of the largest known strata-bound, carbonate-hosted, zinc-lead deposits in Europe. The total metal endowment of the deposit, including past production and remaining reserves, is 62 Mt of ore grading 8.7 percent Zn and 1.0 percent Pb. The epigenetic mineralization consists of sphalerite and galena, with lesser marcasite and trace pyrite with dolomite as gangue. Microprobe analyses of different generations of dolomite revealed nonstoichiometric compositions with various amounts of iron (up to 14 mol % of FeCO 3). Replacement of host dolomite, open-space filling of fractures, and cementation of breccias derived from dissolution collapse are the principal types of ore occurrence. Detailed cross-section mapping indicates a stratigraphic and structural control on the deposit. A stratiform morphology is present in the western part of the orebody (Capa Sur), whereas mineralization in the eastern part is highly discordant but strata bound (Barrendera). Stratigraphic studies demonstrate that synsedimentary tectonic activity, related to the rifting of the North Atlantic (Bay of Biscay), was responsible for variation in sedimentation, presence of unconformities (including paleokarsts), local platform emergence and dolomitization along the N60 fault trend. In the Reocín area, two stages of dolomitization are recognized. The first stage is a pervasive dolomitization of the limestone country rocks that was controlled by faulting and locally affected the upper part of the Aptian and the complete Albian sequence. The second dolomitization event occurred after erosion and was controlled by karstic cavities. This later dolomitization was accompanied by ore deposition and, locally, filling of dolomite sands and clastic sediments in karstic cavities. The circulation of hydrothermal fluids responsible for sulfide deposition and the infilling of karst cavities were broadly contemporaneous, indicating a post-Albian age. Vitrinite reflectance data are consistent with previously measured fluid inclusion temperatures and indicate temperatures of ore deposition that were less than 100°C. Carbon and oxygen isotopic data from samples of regional limestone, host-rock dolostone and ore-stage dolomite suggest an early hydrothermal alteration of limestone to dolostone. This initial dolomitization was followed by a second period of dolomite formation produced by the mixing of basinal metal-rich fluids with local modified seawater. Both dolomitization events occurred under similar conditions from fluids exhibiting characteristics of basinal brines. The δ 34S values of sulfides are between -1.8 and +8.5 per mil, which is consistent with thermochemical sulfate reduction involving organic matter as the main source of reduced sulfur. Galena lead isotope compositions are among the most radiogenic values reported for Zn-Pb occurrences in Europe, and they are distinct from values reported for galena from other Basque-Cantabrian deposits. This suggests that a significant part of the lead was scavenged from the local underlying Asturian sediments. The stratigraphic and structural setting, timing of epigenetic mineralization, mineralogy, and isotopic geochemistry of sulfide and gangue minerals of the Reocín deposit are consistent with the features of most of Mississippi Valley-type ore deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.98.7.1371","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Velasco, F., Herrero, J.M., Yusta, I., Alonso, J.A., Seebold, I., and Leach, D., 2003, Geology and geochemistry of the Reocín zinc-lead deposit, Basque-Cantabrian Basin, Northern Spain: Economic Geology, v. 98, no. 7, p. 1371-1396, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.98.7.1371.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"1371","endPage":"1396","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387492,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Spain","otherGeospatial":"northern Spain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -9.3603515625,\n 41.21172151054787\n ],\n [\n 3.427734375,\n 41.21172151054787\n ],\n [\n 3.427734375,\n 43.96119063892024\n ],\n [\n -9.3603515625,\n 43.96119063892024\n ],\n [\n -9.3603515625,\n 41.21172151054787\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"98","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a22e3e4b0c8380cd57411","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Velasco, Francisco","contributorId":58060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Velasco","given":"Francisco","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herrero, Jose Miguel","contributorId":92019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herrero","given":"Jose","email":"","middleInitial":"Miguel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yusta, Inaki","contributorId":8261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yusta","given":"Inaki","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Alonso, Jose Antonio","contributorId":45871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alonso","given":"Jose","email":"","middleInitial":"Antonio","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Seebold, Ignacio","contributorId":43537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seebold","given":"Ignacio","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Leach, David","contributorId":41076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leach","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70025130,"text":"70025130 - 2003 - A mechanism for sustained groundwater pressure changes induced by distant earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:27","indexId":"70025130","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A mechanism for sustained groundwater pressure changes induced by distant earthquakes","docAbstract":"Large sustained well water level changes (>10 cm) in response to distant (more than hundreds of kilometers) earthquakes have proven enigmatic for over 30 years. Here we use high sampling rates at a well near Grants Pass, Oregon, to perform the first simultaneous analysis of both the dynamic response of water level and sustained changes, or steps. We observe a factor of 40 increase in the ratio of water level amplitude to seismic wave ground velocity during a sudden coseismic step. On the basis of this observation we propose a new model for coseismic pore pressure steps in which a temporary barrier deposited by groundwater flow is entrained and removed by the more rapid flow induced by the seismic waves. In hydrothermal areas, this mechanism could lead to 4 ?? 10-2 MPa pressure changes and triggered seismicity.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Brodsky, E.E., Roeloffs, E., Woodcock, D., Gall, I., and Manga, M., 2003, A mechanism for sustained groundwater pressure changes induced by distant earthquakes: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 108, no. 8.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235951,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e44be4b0c8380cd4656e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brodsky, E. E.","contributorId":108285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brodsky","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roeloffs, E.","contributorId":21680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roeloffs","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Woodcock, D.","contributorId":70261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodcock","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gall, I.","contributorId":12753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gall","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Manga, M.","contributorId":39261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manga","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70024969,"text":"70024969 - 2003 - Deformation and the timing of gas generation and migration in the eastern Brooks Range foothills, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-25T15:22:49.377632","indexId":"70024969","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deformation and the timing of gas generation and migration in the eastern Brooks Range foothills, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska","docAbstract":"Along the southeast border of the 1002 Assessment Area in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, an explicit link between gas generation and deformation in the Brooks Range fold and thrust belt is provided through petrographic, fluid inclusion, and stable isotope analyses of fracture cements integrated with zircon fission-track data. Predominantly quartz-cemented fractures, collected from thrusted Triassic and Jurassic rocks, contain crack-seal textures, healed microcracks, and curved crystals and fluid inclusion populations, which suggest that cement growth occurred before, during, and after deformation. Fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures (175–250![\"deg\"](\"https://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/2003/11nov/1823/IMAGES/DEG.JPG\")
C) and temperature trends in fracture samples suggest that cements grew at 7–10 km depth during the transition from burial to uplift and during early uplift. CH4-rich (dry gas) inclusions in the Shublik Formation and Kingak Shale are consistent with inclusion entrapment at high thermal maturity for these source rocks. Pressure modeling of these CH4-rich inclusions suggests that pore fluids were overpressured during fracture cementation.
Zircon fission-track data in the area record postdeposition denudation associated with early Brooks Range deformation at 64 ![\"plusmn\"](\"https://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/2003/11nov/1823/IMAGES/PLUSMN.JPG\")
3 Ma. With a closure temperature of 225–240C, the zircon fission-track data overlap homogenization temperatures of coeval aqueous inclusions and inclusions containing dry gas in Kingak and Shublik fracture cements. This critical time-temperature relationship suggests that fracture cementation occurred during early Brooks Range deformation. Dry gas inclusions suggest that Shublik and Kingak source rocks had exceeded peak oil and gas generation temperatures at the time structural traps formed during early Brooks Range deformation. The timing of hydrocarbon generation with respect to deformation therefore represents an important exploration risk for gas exploration in this part of the Brooks Range fold and thrust belt. The persistence of gas high at thermal maturity levels suggests, however, that significant volumes of gas may have been generated.
Tree mortality is often the result of both long-term and short-term stress. Growth rate, an indicator of long-term stress, is often used to estimate probability of death in unburned stands. In contrast, probability of death in burned stands is modeled as a function of short-term disturbance severity. We sought to narrow this conceptual gap by determining (i) whether growth rate, in addition to crown scorch, is a predictor of mortality in burned stands and (ii) whether a single, simple model could predict tree death in both burned and unburned stands. Observations of 2622 unburned and 688 burned Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. (white fir) in the Sierra Nevada of California, U.S.A., indicated that growth rate was a significant predictor of mortality in the unburned stands, while both crown scorch and radial growth were significant predictors of mortality in the burned stands. Applying the burned stand model to unburned stands resulted in an overestimation of the unburned stand mortality rate. While failing to create a general model of tree death for A. concolor, our findings underscore the idea that similar processes may affect mortality in disturbed and undisturbed stands.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/x03-019","usgsCitation":"van Mantgem, P.J., Stephenson, N.L., Mutch, L.S., Johnson, V.G., Esperanza, A.M., and Parsons, D.J., 2003, Growth rate predicts mortality of Abies concolor in both burned and unburned stands: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, v. 33, no. 6, p. 1029-1038, https://doi.org/10.1139/x03-019.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1029","endPage":"1038","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132009,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db6552d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"van Mantgem, Phillip J. 0000-0002-3068-9422 pvanmantgem@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3068-9422","contributorId":2838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Mantgem","given":"Phillip","email":"pvanmantgem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephenson, Nathan L. 0000-0003-0208-7229 nstephenson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0208-7229","contributorId":2836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"Nathan","email":"nstephenson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mutch, Linda S.","contributorId":174971,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mutch","given":"Linda","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Veronica G.","contributorId":174972,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Veronica","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Esperanza, Annie M.","contributorId":174973,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Esperanza","given":"Annie","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Parsons, David J.","contributorId":39249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":1000841,"text":"1000841 - 2003 - Boll weevil eradication: a model for sea lamprey control?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-12T07:50:23","indexId":"1000841","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Boll weevil eradication: a model for sea lamprey control?","docAbstract":"Invasions of boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) into the United States and sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) into the Great Lakes were similar in many ways. Important species (American cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, and lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush) and the industries they supported were negatively affected. Initial control efforts were unsuccessful until pesticides and application technologies were developed. For boll weevils, controls relying on pesticides evolved into an integrated program that included recommended farming practices and poisoned baits. However, the discovery of a boll weevil sex pheromone in 1964 allowed adoption of an ongoing program of eradication. Despite opposition over concept and cost, insecticides, pheromone traps, poisoned baits, and approved farming practices were used to eradicate boll weevils from Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and Alabama by 1999. Using the working back approach along the path of the original invasion, eradication was nearly completed by 2002 in Mississippi and eradication programs were underway in Arkansas, Tennessee, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and parts of Texas. Insecticide use for cotton production decreased 50 to 90%, and cotton yields and farm income increased an average of 78 kg/ha and $190 U.S./ha in areas where boll weevils were eradicated. For sea lampreys, integrated management uses lampricides, barriers to migration, trapping, and release of sterilized males. Although sea lamprey eradication is not currently feasible, recent research on larval and sex pheromones might provide the tools to make it possible. A successful eradication program for sea lampreys starting in Lake Superior and expanding to the lower Great Lakes would ultimately provide huge ecological and economic benefits by eliminating lampricide applications, removing barriers that block teleost fishes, and facilitating the recovery of lake trout. Should the opportunity arise, the concept of sea lamprey eradication should not be rejected out of hand. The successful boll weevil eradication program shows that sea lamprey eradication might be achievable.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(03)70507-3","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Smith, J.W., and Swink, W.D., 2003, Boll weevil eradication: a model for sea lamprey control?: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 29, p. 445-455, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(03)70507-3.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"445","endPage":"455","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133364,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267261,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(03)70507-3"}],"volume":"29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db60713a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, James W.","contributorId":47749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swink, William D.","contributorId":60586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swink","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1003675,"text":"1003675 - 2003 - Use of selection indices to model the functional response of predators","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:58","indexId":"1003675","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of selection indices to model the functional response of predators","docAbstract":"The functional response of a predator to changing prey density is an important determinant of stability of predatora??prey systems. We show how Manly's selection indices can be used to distinguish between hyperbolic and sigmoidal models of a predator functional response to primary prey density in the presence of alternative prey. Specifically, an inverse relationship between prey density and preference for that prey results in a hyperbolic functional response while a positive relationship can yield either a hyperbolic or sigmoidal functional response, depending on the form and relative magnitudes of the density-dependent preference model, attack rate, and handling time. As an example, we examine wolf (Canis lupus) functional response to moose (Alces alces) density in the presence of caribou (Rangifer tarandus). The use of selection indices to evaluate the form of the functional response has significant advantages over previous attempts to fit Holling's functional response curves to killing-rate data directly, including increased sensitivity, use of relatively easily collected data, and consideration of other explanatory factors (e.g., weather, seasons, productivity).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Joly, D., and Patterson, B., 2003, Use of selection indices to model the functional response of predators: Ecology, v. 84, no. 6, p. 1635-1639.","productDescription":"p. 1635-1639","startPage":"1635","endPage":"1639","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":15310,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084%5B1635:UOSITM%5D2.0.CO%3B2","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4949.000000000000000"},{"id":134552,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db60438c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Joly, D.O.","contributorId":48131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joly","given":"D.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Patterson, B.R.","contributorId":68277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patterson","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1008334,"text":"1008334 - 2003 - Relating species abundance distributions to species-area curves in two Mediterranean-type shrublands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-28T12:30:53","indexId":"1008334","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1399,"text":"Diversity and Distributions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relating species abundance distributions to species-area curves in two Mediterranean-type shrublands","docAbstract":"Based on both theoretical and empirical studies there is evidence that different species abundance distributions underlie different species-area relationships. Here I show that Australian and Californian shrubland communities (at the scale from 1 to 1000 m2) exhibit different species-area relationships and different species abundance patterns. The species-area relationship in Australian heathlands best fits an exponential model and species abundance (based on both density and cover) follows a narrow log normal distribution. In contrast, the species-area relationship in Californian shrublands is best fit with the power model and, although species abundance appears to fit a log normal distribution, the distribution is much broader than in Australian heathlands. I hypothesize that the primary driver of these differences is the abundance of small-stature annual species in California and the lack of annuals in Australian heathlands. Species-area is best fit by an exponential model in Australian heathlands because the bulk of the species are common and thus the species-area curves initially rise rapidly between 1 and 100 m2. Annuals in Californian shrublands generate very broad species abundance distributions with many uncommon or rare species. The power function is a better model in these communities because richness increases slowly from 1 to 100 m2 but more rapidly between 100 and 1000 m2due to the abundance of rare or uncommon species that are more likely to be encountered at coarser spatial scales. The implications of this study are that both the exponential and power function models are legitimate representations of species-area relationships in different plant communities. Also, structural differences in community organization, arising from different species abundance distributions, may lead to different species-area curves, and this may be tied to patterns of life form distribution.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1472-4642.2003.00017.x","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J.E., 2003, Relating species abundance distributions to species-area curves in two Mediterranean-type shrublands: Diversity and Distributions, v. 9, no. 4, p. 253-259, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-4642.2003.00017.x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"253","endPage":"259","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132564,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c353","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79296,"text":"fs20053076 - 2003 - Helping to combat chronic wasting disease","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-26T15:04:00","indexId":"fs20053076","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-3076","title":"Helping to combat chronic wasting disease","docAbstract":"Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a disease of the nervous system that results in distinctive brain lesions. CWD affects elk, white-tailed deer, and mule deer, but has not been documented in livestock or humans. The origins of the disease, as well as the modes of transmission, remain unknown. Infected deer and elk appear robust and healthy in the early stages of CWD; clinical signs might not show for years. Mortality typically occurs within months after the appearance of clinical signs. The route of transmission is unknown; likely routes include direct transmission between infected and noninfected animals and infected animals contaminating local environments.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20053076","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2003, Helping to combat chronic wasting disease: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2005-3076, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20053076.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121054,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3076/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":8791,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3076/fs20053076.pdf","text":"Report","size":"271 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2005-3076"}],"contact":"Director, National Wildlife Health Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6006 Schroeder Road
Madison, WI 53711
Coalbed methane is produced from naturally fractured strata in the lower Pennsylvanian Pottsville Formation in the eastern part of the Black Warrior basin, Alabama. Major fracture systems include orthogonal fractures, which consist of systematic joints in siliciclastic strata and face cleats in coal that strike northeast throughout the basin. Calcite and minor amounts of pyrite commonly fill joints in sandstone and shale and, less commonly, cleats in coal. Joint-fill calcite postdates most pyrite and is a weakly ferroan, coarse-crystalline variety that formed during a period of uplift and erosion late in the burial history. Pyrite forms fine to coarse euhedral crystals that line jointwalls or are complexly intergrown with calcite. Stable-isotope data reveal large variations in the carbon isotope composition of joint- and cleat-fill calcite (-10.3 to +24.3 per mil Peedee belemnite [PDB]) but only a relatively narrow range in the oxygen-isotope composition of this calcite (-16.2 to -4.1 per mil PDB). Negative carbon values can be attributed to (super 13) C-depleted CO (sub 2) derived from the oxidation of organic matter, and moderately to highly positive carbon values can be attributed to bacterial methanogenesis. Assuming crystallization temperatures of 20-50 degrees C, most joint- and cleat-fill calcite precipitated from fluids with delta (super 18) O ratios ranging from about -11 to +2 per mil standard mean ocean water (SMOW). Uplift and unroofing since the Mesozoic led to meteoric recharge of Pottsville strata and development of freshwater plumes that were fed by meteoric recharge along the structurally upturned, southeastern margin of the basin. Influxes of fresh water into the basin via faults and coalbeds facilitated late-stage bacterial methanogenesis, which accounts for the high gas content in coal and the carbonate cementation of joints and cleats. Diagenetic and epigenetic minerals can affect the transmissivity and storage capacity of joints and cleats, and they appear to contribute significantly to interwell heterogeneity in the Pottsville Formation. In highly productive coalbed methane fields, joint- and cleat-fill calcite have strongly positive delta (super 13) C values, whereas calcite fill has lower delta (super 13) C values in fields that are shut in or abandoned. Petrographic analysis and stable-isotope geochemistry of joint- and cleat-fill cements provide insight into coalbed methane reservoir quality and the nature and extent of reservoir compartmentalization, which are important factors governing methane production.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01491423","usgsCitation":"Pitman, J.K., Pashin, J., Hatch, J.R., and Goldhaber, M., 2003, Origin of minerals in joint and cleat systems of the Pottsville Formation, Black Warrior basin, Alabama: Implications for coalbed methane generation and production: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 87, no. 5, p. 713-731.","startPage":"713","endPage":"731","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234702,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a70e6e4b0c8380cd76319","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pitman, Janet K. 0000-0002-0441-779X jpitman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0441-779X","contributorId":767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitman","given":"Janet","email":"jpitman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pashin, J.C.","contributorId":41897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pashin","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hatch, J. R.","contributorId":14775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goldhaber, M. B. 0000-0002-1785-4243","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1785-4243","contributorId":103280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldhaber","given":"M. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025697,"text":"70025697 - 2003 - The economics of protecting tiger populations: Linking household behavior to poaching and prey depletion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:35","indexId":"70025697","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2598,"text":"Land Economics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The economics of protecting tiger populations: Linking household behavior to poaching and prey depletion","docAbstract":"The tiger (Panthera tigris) is classified as endangered and populations continue to decline. This paper presents a formal economic analysis of the two most imminent threats to the survival of wild tigers: poaching tigers and hunting their prey. A model is developed to examine interactions between tigers and farm households living in and around tiger habitats. The analysis extends the existing literature on tiger demography, incorporating predator-prey interactions and exploring the sensitivity of tiger populations to key economic parameters. The analysis aims to contribute to policy debates on how best to protect one of the world's most endangered wild cats.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Land Economics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00237639","usgsCitation":"Damania, R., Stringer, R., Karanth, K.U., and Stith, B., 2003, The economics of protecting tiger populations: Linking household behavior to poaching and prey depletion: Land Economics, v. 79, no. 2, p. 198-216.","startPage":"198","endPage":"216","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235071,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab0ce4b08c986b322b99","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Damania, R.","contributorId":105095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Damania","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stringer, R.","contributorId":72182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stringer","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Karanth, K. U.","contributorId":23645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karanth","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stith, B.","contributorId":25331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stith","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026269,"text":"70026269 - 2003 - Patterns and sources of multidecadal oscillations in drought-sensitive tree-ring records from the central and southern Rocky Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:23","indexId":"70026269","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patterns and sources of multidecadal oscillations in drought-sensitive tree-ring records from the central and southern Rocky Mountains","docAbstract":"Tree-ring records spanning the past seven centuries from the central and southern Rocky Mountains were studied using wavelet analysis to examine multidecadal (>30-70 yr) patterns of drought variation. Fifteen tree-ring series were grouped into five regional composite chronologies based on shared low-frequency behavior. Strong multidecadal phasing of moisture variation was present in all regions during the late 16th century megadrought. Oscillatory modes in the 30-70 yr domain persisted until the mid-19th century in two regions, and wet-dry cycles were apparently synchronous at some sites until the 1950s drought. The 16th/17th century pattern of severe multidecadal drought followed by decades of wet conditions resembles the 1950s drought and post-1976 wet period. The 16th century megadrought, which may have resulted from coupling of a decadal (???20-30 yr) Pacific cool phase with a multidecadal warm phase in the North Atlantic, marked a substantial reorganization of climate in the Rocky Mountain region.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Gray, S., Betancourt, J., Fastie, C., and Jackson, S., 2003, Patterns and sources of multidecadal oscillations in drought-sensitive tree-ring records from the central and southern Rocky Mountains: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 30, no. 6, p. 49-1.","startPage":"49","endPage":"1","numberOfPages":"-47","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234396,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a75bbe4b0c8380cd77cf1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gray, S.J.","contributorId":58437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Betancourt, J.L. 0000-0002-7165-0743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":87505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":408809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fastie, C.L.","contributorId":66034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fastie","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jackson, S.T.","contributorId":90072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025768,"text":"70025768 - 2003 - Kinetic dissolution of carbonates and Mn oxides in acidic water: Measurement of in situ field rates and reactive transport modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-16T10:59:56","indexId":"70025768","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kinetic dissolution of carbonates and Mn oxides in acidic water: Measurement of in situ field rates and reactive transport modeling","docAbstract":"The kinetics of carbonate and Mn oxide dissolution under acidic conditions were examined through the in situ exposure of pure phase samples to acidic ground water in Pinal Creek Basin, Arizona. The average long-term calculated in situ dissolution rates for calcite and dolomite were 1.65??10-7 and 3.64??10-10 mmol/(cm2 s), respectively, which were about 3 orders of magnitude slower than rates derived in laboratory experiments by other investigators. Application of both in situ and lab-derived calcite and dolomite dissolution rates to equilibrium reactive transport simulations of a column experiment did not improve the fit to measured outflow chemistry: at the spatial and temporal scales of the column experiment, the use of an equilibrium model adequately simulated carbonate dissolution in the column. Pyrolusite (MnO2) exposed to acidic ground water for 595 days increased slightly in weight despite thermodynamic conditions that favored dissolution. This result might be related to a recent finding by another investigator that the reductive dissolution of pyrolusite is accompanied by the precipitation of a mixed Mn-Fe oxide species. In PHREEQC reactive transport simulations, the incorporation of Mn kinetics improved the fit between observed and simulated behavior at the column and field scales, although the column-fitted rate for Mn-oxide dissolution was about 4 orders of magnitude greater than the field-fitted rate. Remaining differences between observed and simulated contaminant transport trends at the Pinal Creek site were likely related to factors other than the Mn oxide dissolution rate, such as the concentration of Fe oxide surface sites available for adsorption, the effects of competition among dissolved species for available surface sites, or reactions not included in the model.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0883-2927(03)00010-6","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Brown, J.G., and Glynn, P.D., 2003, Kinetic dissolution of carbonates and Mn oxides in acidic water: Measurement of in situ field rates and reactive transport modeling: Applied Geochemistry, v. 18, no. 8, p. 1225-1239, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(03)00010-6.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1225","endPage":"1239","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235006,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208913,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(03)00010-6"}],"volume":"18","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40a6e4b0c8380cd64f1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, J. G.","contributorId":28263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glynn, P. D.","contributorId":7008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glynn","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026268,"text":"70026268 - 2003 - Are high 3He/4He ratios in oceanic basalts an indicator of deep-mantle plume components?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:24","indexId":"70026268","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Are high 3He/4He ratios in oceanic basalts an indicator of deep-mantle plume components?","docAbstract":"The existence of a primordial, undegassed lower mantle reservoir characterized by high concentration of 3He and high 3He/4He ratios is a cornerstone assumption in modern geochemistry. It has become standard practice to interpret high 3He/4He ratios in oceanic basalts as a signature of deep-rooted plumes. The unfiltered He isotope data set for oceanic spreading centers displays a wide, nearly Gaussian, distribution qualitatively similar to the Os isotope (187Os/188 Os) distribution of mantle-derived Os-rich alloys. We propose that both distributions are produced by shallow mantle processes involving mixing between different proportions of recycled, variably aged radiogenic and unradiogenic domains under varying degrees of partial melting. In the case of the Re-Os isotopic system, radiogenic mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB)-rich and unradiogenic (depleted mantle residue) endmembers are constantly produced during partial melting events. In the case of the (U+Th)-He isotope system, effective capture of He-rich bubbles during growth of phenocryst olivine in crystallizing magma chambers provides one mechanism for 'freezing in' unradiogenic (i.e. high 3He/4He) He isotope ratios, while the higher than chondritic (U+Th)/He elemental ratio in the evolving and partially degassed MORB melt provides the radiogenic (i.e. low 3He/4He) endmember. If this scenario is correct, the use of He isotopic signatures as a fingerprint of plume components in oceanic basalts is not justified. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00038-4","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Meibom, A., Anderson, D., Sleep, N.H., Frei, R., Chamberlain, C., Hren, M., and Wooden, J.L., 2003, Are high 3He/4He ratios in oceanic basalts an indicator of deep-mantle plume components?: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 208, no. 3-4, p. 197-204, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00038-4.","startPage":"197","endPage":"204","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487525,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/177089","text":"External Repository"},{"id":208548,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00038-4"},{"id":234361,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"208","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed5be4b0c8380cd4976d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meibom, A.","contributorId":28414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meibom","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, D.L.","contributorId":68713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sleep, Norman H.","contributorId":59566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sleep","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Frei, R.","contributorId":88537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frei","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chamberlain, C. 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In addition to previously published evidence for triggered earthquakes in the northern Kentucky/southern Ohio region in 1812, we present evidence suggesting that triggered events might have occurred in the Wabash Valley, to the south of the New Madrid Seismic Zone, and near Charleston, South Carolina. We also discuss evidence that earthquakes might have been triggered in northern Kentucky within seconds of the passage of surface waves from the 23 January 1812 New Madrid mainshock. After the 1886 Charleston earthquake, accounts suggest that triggered events occurred near Moodus, Connecticut, and in southern Indiana. Notwithstanding the uncertainty associated with analysis of historical accounts, there is evidence that at least three out of the four known Mw 7 earthquakes in the central and eastern United States seem to have triggered earthquakes at distances beyond the typically assumed aftershock zone of 1-2 mainshock fault lengths. We explore the possibility that remotely triggered earthquakes might be common in low-strain-rate regions. We suggest that in a low-strain-rate environment, permanent, nonelastic deformation might play a more important role in stress accumulation than it does in interplate crust. Using a simple model incorporating elastic and anelastic strain release, we show that, for realistic parameter values, faults in intraplate crust remain close to their failure stress for a longer part of the earthquake cycle than do faults in high-strain-rate regions. Our results further suggest that remotely triggered earthquakes occur preferentially in regions of recent and/or future seismic activity, which suggests that faults are at a critical stress state in only some areas. Remotely triggered earthquakes may thus serve as beacons that identify regions of long-lived stress concentration.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120020055","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Hough, S., Seeber, L., and Armbruster, J., 2003, Intraplate triggered earthquakes: Observations and interpretation: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 93, no. 5, p. 2212-2221, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020055.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"2212","endPage":"2221","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478501,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20140804-144016000","text":"External Repository"},{"id":387416,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Charleston","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.255126953125,\n 32.41706632846282\n ],\n [\n -79.749755859375,\n 32.41706632846282\n ],\n [\n -79.749755859375,\n 32.96258644191747\n ],\n [\n -80.255126953125,\n 32.96258644191747\n ],\n [\n -80.255126953125,\n 32.41706632846282\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"93","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3dc7e4b0c8380cd63831","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hough, S. 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The mapping techniques developed also support geoscientific studies and can be used with all present and planned Mars‐orbiting scanner cameras. Photogrammetric analysis of MOC stereopairs yields DEMs with 3‐pixel (typically 10 m) horizontal resolution, vertical precision consistent with ∼0.22 pixel matching errors (typically a few meters), and slope errors of 1–3°. These DEMs are controlled to the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) global data set and consistent with it at the limits of resolution. Photoclinometry yields DEMs with single‐pixel (typically ∼3 m) horizontal resolution and submeter vertical precision. Where the surface albedo is uniform, the dominant error is 10–20% relative uncertainty in the amplitude of topography and slopes after “calibrating” photoclinometry against a stereo DEM to account for the influence of atmospheric haze. We mapped portions of seven candidate MER sites and the Mars Pathfinder site. Safety of the final four sites (Elysium, Gusev, Isidis, and Meridiani) was assessed by mission engineers by simulating landings on our DEMs of “hazard units” mapped in the sites, with results weighted by the probability of landing on those units; summary slope statistics show that most hazard units are smooth, with only small areas of etched terrain in Gusev crater posing a slope hazard.
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