The Boulder Creek Watershed, Colorado, is 1160 square kilometers in area and ranges in elevation from 1480 to 4120 meters above sea level. Streamflow originates primarily as snowmelt near the Continental Divide, and thus discharge varies seasonally and annually (Chapter 1). Most of the water in Boulder Creek is diverted for domestic, agricultural, and industrial use. Some diverted water is returned to the creek as wastewater effluent and by ditch returns, and additional water enters as groundwater and by transbasin diversions. These diversions and returns lead to complex temporal and spatial variations in discharge. The variations in discharge, along with natural factors such as geology and climate, and anthropogenic factors such as wastewater treatment, agriculture, mining, and urbanization, can affect water chemistry. As with many watersheds in the American West, dependable water quality and sufficient water supply are issues facing local water managers and users.
Detailed water-quality and sediment sampling allows the identification of sources and sinks of chemical constituents and an understanding of the processes at work in a river system. This study, the most comprehensive water-quality analysis performed for Boulder Creek to date, was a cooperative effort of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the city of Boulder. Geographic information systems and modeling programs were used to delineate watershed boundaries, land cover, and geology (Chapter 2). During high-flow (June 2000) and low-flow (October 2000) conditions, researchers evaluated 226 water-quality variables, including basic water-quality indicators (Chapter 3), major ions and trace elements (Chapter 4), wastewater-derived organic compounds (Chapter 5), and pesticides (Chapter 6). Discharge (Chapter 1) and bed-sediment particle size and mineralogy (Chapter 7) were also evaluated. This cooperative study was facilitated by the Boulder Area Sustainability Information Network (BASIN), which provides public access to environmental information about the Boulder Creek Watershed on a website, www.basin.org. In addition to the USGS and city of Boulder data, researchers at the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research at the University of Colorado provided water chemistry data for the headwaters of North Boulder Creek, upstream of the reach of the USGS/city of Boulder sampling sites (Chapter 8).
Snowmelt produces high flows in Boulder Creek in late spring to early summer (Chapter 1). Because precipitation falling in the headwaters is very dilute (specific conductance about 5 microsiemens per centimeter), most chemical constituents are present in lower concentrations during high flows (Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8). However, concentrations of some constituents, such as total suspended solids (Chapter 3) and organic carbon (Chapter 5), increase during the spring snowmelt flush.
The upper basin, which consists of alpine, subalpine, montane, and foothills regions west of the mouth of Boulder Canyon, is underlain by Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks (Chapter 1). Major dissolved inorganic constituents in headwater sites were found to be enriched by factors of 10 to 20 relative to precipitation; this is consistent with minor weathering of the local crystalline bedrock (Chapter 4). Some anthropogenic input is observed in the headwaters; precipitation introduces nitrogen derived from fossil fuel combustion and agricultural activities (Chapter 8).
The lower basin, which consists of the plains region east of the mouth of Boulder Canyon, is underlain by Mesozoic sedimentary rock and Quaternary alluvium, and has substantially more anthropogenic sources. Concentrations of most dissolved inorganic constituents increased in the lower basin. Differentiation between natural and anthropogenic sources of some dissolved constituents is difficult because both sources contribute to the water composition in this region. The increase of most major constituents (bicarbonate, calcium, chloride, magnesium, sodium, and sulfate) is consistent with weathering of the underlying sedimentary bedrock (Chapter 4). It is likely that anthropogenic loading of constituents in this reach occurs during storm events. Fecal coliform concentrations were variable and in some cases exceeded state standards, primarily during low-flow conditions (Chapter 3).
Effluent from Boulder’s 75th Street Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) has a substantial impact on the water chemistry of lower Boulder Creek. The WWTP increases the concentrations of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus (Chapter 3), major ions and trace metals (Chapter 4), and organic carbon (Chapter 5) in Boulder Creek. The effluent contained a spike in gadolinium, a rare earth element that is ingested for magnetic resonance imaging as a contrasting agent and then excreted to the urban wastewater system. The effluent also contained trace organic compounds such as surfactants, pharmaceuticals, hormones (Chapter 5), and pesticides (Chapter 6), which also were detected at downstream Boulder Creek sites. Water chemistry of Boulder Creek downstream of the WWTP is largely controlled by the degree of dilution of the wastewater effluent, which varies depending on the baseflow of Boulder Creek, the volume of wastewater effluent, and depletion by agricultural diversions. Coal Creek, a tributary of Boulder Creek, contains wastewater effluent from four additional WWTPs, and increases the load of many constituents in Boulder Creek. In addition to the impact from wastewater effluent, lower Boulder Creek is affected by agricultural land use. Eleven of 84 analyzed pesticides were detected in Boulder Creek or its inflows, primarily in the eastern section of the watershed (Chapter 6).
This collaborative study provides an in-depth evaluation of the hydrology, water chemistry, and sediment mineralogy of North Boulder Creek, Middle Boulder Creek, Boulder Creek, and major inflows. The detailed sampling and analysis in this report provide a baseline for future reference, as well as information on the effect of land use and geology on water chemistry.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034045","usgsCitation":"Murphy, S.F., Verplanck, P.L., and Barber, L.B., 2003, Comprehensive Water Quality of the Boulder Creek Watershed, Colorado, During High-Flow and Low-Flow Conditions, 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4045, 198 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034045.","productDescription":"xiii, 198 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":366653,"rank":10,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Chapter6.pdf","text":"Report Chapter 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Chapter 6"},{"id":366651,"rank":8,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Chapter4.pdf","text":"Report Chapter 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Chapter 4"},{"id":366649,"rank":6,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Chapter2.pdf","text":"Report Chapter 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Chapter 2"},{"id":366648,"rank":5,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Chapter1.pdf","text":"Report Chapter 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Chapter 1"},{"id":422749,"rank":14,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_62004.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":366647,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_ExecSummary.pdf","text":"Executive Summary","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Executive Summary"},{"id":366655,"rank":12,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Chapter8.pdf","text":"Report Chapter 8","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Chapter 8"},{"id":366654,"rank":11,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Chapter7.pdf","text":"Report Chapter 7","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Chapter 7"},{"id":366656,"rank":13,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Errata.pdf","text":"Errata","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Errata"},{"id":366652,"rank":9,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Chapter5.pdf","text":"Report Chapter 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Chapter 5"},{"id":366650,"rank":7,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Chapter3.pdf","text":"Report Chapter 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Chapter 3"},{"id":179190,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":366644,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025.pdf","text":"Entire Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025"},{"id":366646,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Foreword.pdf","text":"Report Foreword","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Foreword"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Boulder Creek Watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.029052734375,\n 39.806426117299374\n ],\n [\n -104.1888427734375,\n 39.806426117299374\n ],\n [\n -104.1888427734375,\n 40.29419163838167\n ],\n [\n -106.029052734375,\n 40.29419163838167\n ],\n [\n -106.029052734375,\n 39.806426117299374\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Earth System Processes Division, Water Resources Mission Area
U.S. Geological Survey
3215 Marine St., Suite E-127
Boulder, CO 80303
This report is the result of a five-year collaboration between scientists of the U.S. Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Olympic Field Station, and the natural resources staff of Olympic National Park to develop a comprehensive strategy for monitoring natural resources of Olympic National Park. Olympic National Park is the National Park Serviceʼs prototype monitoring park, representing parks in the coniferous forest biome. Under the umbrella of the National Park Serviceʼs prototype parks program, U.S. Geological Survey and Olympic National Park staffs are obligated to:
Olympic National Park is part of the North Coast and Cascades Network, a network of seven Pacific Northwestern park units created recently by the National Park Serviceʼs Inventory and Monitoring Program to extend the monitoring of ʻvital signsʼ of park health to all National Park Service units. It is our intent and hope that the monitoring strategies and conceptual models described here will meet the overall purpose of the prototype parks monitoring program in proving useful not only to Olympic National Park, but also to parks within the North Coast and Cascades Network and elsewhere.
Part I contains the conceptual design and sampling framework for the prototype long-term monitoring program in Olympic National Park. In this section, we explore key elements of monitoring design that help to ensure the spatial, ecological, and temporal integration of monitoring program elements and discuss approaches used to design an ecosystem-based monitoring program. Basic monitoring components include ecosystem drivers, (e.g., climate, atmospheric inputs, human pressures), indicators of ecosystem integrity (e.g., biogeochemical indicators), known threats (e.g., impacts of introduced mountain goats), and focal or ʻkeyʼ species (e.g., rare or listed species, Roosevelt elk). Monitoring system drivers and key indicators of ecosystem integrity provide the long-term baseline needed to judge what constitutes ʻunnaturalʼ variation in park resources and provide the earliest possible warning of unacceptable change. Monitoring effects of known threats and the status of focal species will provide information useful to park managers for dealing with current park issues.
In Part I we describe the process of identifying potential indicators of ecological condition and present conceptual models of park ecosystems. In addition we report results from several workshops held in conjunction with Olympic National Park aimed at identifying potential indicators of change in the parkʼs ecosystem. First, we describe the responses of Olympic National Park staff to the generic question, “What is the most important resource to monitor in Olympic National Park and why?” followed by the responses from resource and land managers from areas adjoining the park. We also catalogue the responses of various expert groups that we asked to help identify the most appropriate system drivers and indicators of change in the Olympic National Park ecosystems. Results of the workshops provided the justification for selecting basic indicators of ecosystem integrity, effects of current threats to park resources, and focal resources of parks to detect both the currently evident and unforeseeable changes in park resources.
We conclude Part I by exploring several generic statistical issues relevant to monitoring natural resources in Olympic National Park. Specifically we discuss trade-offs associated with sampling extensively versus sampling intensively in smaller geographic regions and describe a conceptual framework to guide development of a generic sampling frame for monitoring. We recommend partitioning Olympic National Park into three zones of decreasing accessibility to maximize monitoring efficiency. We present examples of how the generic sampling frame could be used to help ensure spatial integration of individual monitoring projects.
Part II of the report is a record of the potential monitoring questions and indicators identified to date in our workshops. The presentation is organized according to the major system drivers, components, and processes identified in the intermediate-level working model of the Olympic National Park ecosystem. For each component of the park system, we develop the need and justification for monitoring, articulate park management issues, and describe key resources and ecosystem functions. We also present a pictorial conceptual model of each ecological subsystem, identify monitoring questions, and list potential indicators for each monitoring question. We conclude each section by identifying linkages of indicators to other ecological subsystems in our general ecosystem model, spatial and temporal contexts for monitoring (where and how often to monitor), and research and development needs. Part II represents the most current detailed listing of potential indicators—the material for subsequent discussions of monitoring priorities and selection of indicators for protocol development.
Collectively, the sections of this report contain a comprehensive list of the important monitoring questions and potential indicators as well as recommendations for designing an integrated monitoring program. In Part I, Chapter 6 we provide recommendations on how to proceed with the important next steps in the design process: establishing priorities among the many possible monitoring questions and indicators, and beginning to research and design effective long-term monitoring protocols.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","collaboration":"Prepared in Cooperation with Olympic National Park","usgsCitation":"Jenkins, K., Woodward, A., and Schreiner, E., 2003, A Framework for Long-term Ecological Monitoring in Olympic National Park: Prototype for the Coniferous Forest Biome: Information and Technology Report 2003-0006, x, 150 p.","productDescription":"x, 150 p.","numberOfPages":"162","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":174607,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/2003/0006/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":4858,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/2003/0006/itr030006.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"ITR "}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4955e4b0b290850ef105","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jenkins, Kurt","contributorId":30681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkins","given":"Kurt","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":248748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodward, Andrea 0000-0003-0604-9115 awoodward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0604-9115","contributorId":3028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"Andrea","email":"awoodward@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schreiner, Ed","contributorId":97555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreiner","given":"Ed","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":51988,"text":"wri034089 - 2003 - Fate and Transport Modeling of Selected Chlorinated Organic Compounds at Hangar 1000, U.S. Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:35","indexId":"wri034089","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4089","title":"Fate and Transport Modeling of Selected Chlorinated Organic Compounds at Hangar 1000, U.S. Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Florida","docAbstract":"The Jacksonville Naval Air Station occupies 3,800 acres adjacent to the St. Johns River in Jacksonville, Florida. Two underground storage tanks at Hangar 1000 contained solvents from the late 1960s until they were removed in 1994. Ground-water samples at one of the tank sites had levels of trichloroethene (TCE) and total dichloroethene (DCE) of 8,710 micrograms per liter (mg/L) and 4,280 mg/L, respectively. Vinyl chloride (VC) at the site is the result of the biodegradation of DCE. Ground water beneath Hangar 1000 flows toward a storm sewer. TCE and DCE plumes travel with the ground water and presumably have reached the storm sewer, which discharges to the St. Johns River. Simulation of solute transport indicates that the traveltime from the storage tank site to the storm sewer is 16, 14, and 12 years for TCE, DCE, and VC respectively. TCE has the longest traveltime because it has the highest retardation factor at 2.5, DCE takes less time with a retardation factor of 2.0, and VC has the quickest traveltime because it has the lowest retardation factor of 1.7. Based on modeling results, the release of contaminants in the aquifer occurred more than 16 years ago. \r\n\r\nModel-derived dispersivity values at Hangar 1000 were: longitudinal 1.5 feet (ft), transverse 0.27 ft, and vertical 0.27 ft. The model-derived first order decay rates for biodegradation of TCE, DCE, and VC were 0.0002 per day (d-1), 0.0002 d-1, and 0.06 d-1, respectively. These rates are equivalent to half-lives of 13.7 years for TCE and DCE and 17 days for VC. \r\n\r\nSource area reductions in contaminant concentrations of 50 and 100 percent were modeled to simulate remediation. As expected, reducing the source concentration by 50 percent resulted in eventual TCE, DCE, and VC concentrations that were half of the original concentrations. About 16 years were needed for new steady-state TCE concentrations to develop, about 14 years for DCE, and about 12 years for VC. Reducing the source area concentrations by 100 percent in the model eventually resulted in zero concentrations of TCE, DCE, and VC. The modeled period of time for the contaminants to be removed from the aquifer once the source was removed was about 17 years for TCE, 15 years for DCE, and 13 years for VC.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034089","usgsCitation":"Davis, J., 2003, Fate and Transport Modeling of Selected Chlorinated Organic Compounds at Hangar 1000, U.S. Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4089, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034089.","productDescription":"61 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177347,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4565,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://fl.water.usgs.gov/Abstracts/wri03_4089_davis.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f7535","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, J. Hal","contributorId":53832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J. Hal","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":51977,"text":"wri20034000 - 2003 - Simulation of the Ground-Water Flow System in 1992, and Simulated Effects of Projected Ground-Water Withdrawals in 2020 in the New Jersey Coastal Plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:16","indexId":"wri20034000","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4000","title":"Simulation of the Ground-Water Flow System in 1992, and Simulated Effects of Projected Ground-Water Withdrawals in 2020 in the New Jersey Coastal Plain","docAbstract":"In 1992, ground-water withdrawals from the unconfined and confined aquifers in the New Jersey Coastal Plain totaled about 300 million gallons per day, and about 70 percent (200 million galllons per day) of this water was pumped from confined aquifers. The withdrawals have created large cones of depression in several Coastal Plain aquifers near populated areas, particularly in Camden and Ocean Counties. The continued decline of water levels in confined aquifers could cause saltwater intrusion, reduction of stream discharge near the outcrop areas of these aquifers, and depletion of the ground-water supply. Because of this, withdrawals from wells located within these critical areas have been reduced in the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system, the Englishtown aquifer system, and the Wenonah-Mount Laurel aquifer. \r\n\r\nA computer-based model that simulates freshwater and saltwater flow was used to simulate transient ground-water flow conditions and the location of the freshwater-saltwater interface during 1989-92 in the New Jersey Coastal Plain. This simulation was used as the baseline for comparison of water levels and flow budgets. Four hypothetical withdrawal scenarios were simulated in which ground-water withdrawals were either increased or decreased. In scenario 1, withdrawals from wells located within critical area 2 in the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system were reduced by amounts ranging from 0 to 35 percent of withdrawals prior to 1992. Critical area 2 is mainly located in Camden County, and most of Burlington and Gloucester Counties. With the reductions, water levels recovered about 30 feet in the regional cone of depression centered in Camden County in the Upper Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer and by 20 ft in the Lower and Middle Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifers. \r\n\r\nIn scenarios 2 to 4, withdrawals projected for 2020 were input to the model. In scenario 2, withdrawal restrictions within the critical areas were imposed in the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system, the Englishtown aquifer system, and the Wenonah-Mount Laurel aquifer, but withdrawals were increased outside the critical areas to the projected 2020 demand. With withdrawals restrictions in critical areas, water levels recovered about 20 feet at the center of the regional cone of depression in the Upper Potomac-Raritan Magothy aquifer. Water levels recovered by about 20 feet at the center of a regional cone of depression in the Englishtown aquifer system in Ocean County, and by about 20 feet in the Wenonah-Mount Laurel aquifer in the same area. In scenario 3, withdrawals were increased to the projected 2020 demand inside and outside the critical areas. As a result, water levels declined as much as 20 feet at the center of a regional cone of depression in the Englishtown aquifer system in Ocean County, and as much as 10 feet in the Wenonah-Mounty Laurel aquifer near this area. The Englishtown aquifer system and the Wenonah-Mount Laurel aquifer are particularly sensitive to increases and decreases in withdrawals because in certain areas the transmissivities of these aquifers are lower than the transmissivities of other confined aquifers of the New Jersey Coastal Plain, and because these aquifers are hydraulically connected. Simulated water levels declined by as much as 10 ft at the center of the regional cone of depression in Atlantic County. In scenario 4, withdrawal amounts were equal to that in scenario 2, except an additional 13.2 million gallons per day was withdrawn from hypothetical wells located outside the critical areas in the Upper Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer, Englishtown aquifer system, and the Wenonah-Mount Laurel aquifer. The additional withdrawals resulted in increased leakage from overlying aquifers to the Wenonah-Mount Laurel aquifer and subsequently to the Englishtown aquifer system.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri20034000","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Gordon, A.D., 2003, Simulation of the Ground-Water Flow System in 1992, and Simulated Effects of Projected Ground-Water Withdrawals in 2020 in the New Jersey Coastal Plain: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4000, vii, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20034000.","productDescription":"vii, 61 p.","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178876,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11676,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri03-4000/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.58333333333333,38.916666666666664 ], [ -75.58333333333333,41.416666666666664 ], [ -73.83333333333333,41.416666666666664 ], [ -73.83333333333333,38.916666666666664 ], [ -75.58333333333333,38.916666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48f3e4b07f02db55aa1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gordon, Alison D. 0000-0002-9502-8633 agordon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9502-8633","contributorId":890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"Alison","email":"agordon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":244593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53128,"text":"wri034229 - 2003 - Ground-water resources in the lower Milliken--Sarco--Tulucay Creeks area, southeastern Napa County, California, 2000-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:44","indexId":"wri034229","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4229","title":"Ground-water resources in the lower Milliken--Sarco--Tulucay Creeks area, southeastern Napa County, California, 2000-2002","docAbstract":"Ground water obtained from individual private wells is the sole source of water for about 4,800 residents living in the lower Milliken-Sarco-Tulucay Creeks area of southeastern Napa County. Increases in population and in irrigated vineyards during the past few decades have increased water demand. Estimated ground-water pumpage in 2000 was 5,350 acre-feet per year, an increase of about 80 percent since 1975. Water for agricultural irrigation is the dominant use, accounting for about 45 percent of the total. This increase in ground-water extraction has resulted in the general decline of ground-water levels. The purpose of this report is to present selected hydrologic data collected from 1975 to 2002 and to quantify changes in the ground-water system during the past 25 years. \r\n\r\n The study area lies in one of several prominent northwest-trending structural valleys in the North Coast Ranges. The area is underlain by alluvial deposits and volcanic rocks that exceed 1,000 feet in thickness in some places. Alluvial deposits and tuff beds in the volcanic sequence are the principal source of water to wells.\r\n\r\n The ground-water system is recharged by precipitation that infiltrates, in minor amounts, directly on the valley floor but mostly by infiltration in the Howell Mountains. Ground water moves laterally from the Howell Mountains into the study area. Although the area receives abundant winter precipitation in most years, nearly half of the precipitation is lost as surface runoff to the Napa River. Evapotranspiration also is high, accounting for nearly one-half of the total precipitation received. Because of the uncertainties in the estimates of precipitation, runoff, and evapotranspiration, a precise estimate of potential ground-water recharge cannot be made.\r\n\r\n Large changes in ground-water levels occurred between 1975 and 2001. In much of the western part of the area, water levels increased; but in the central and eastern parts, water levels declined by 25 to 125 feet. Ground-water extraction produced three large pumping depressions in the northern and east-central parts of the area. The general decline in ground-water levels is a result of increases in ground-water pumpage and possibly changes in infiltration capacity caused by changes in land use. \r\n\r\nGround-water-level declines during 1960-2002 are evident in the records for 9 of 10 key monitoring wells. In five of these wells, water levels dropped by greater than 20 feet since the 1980s. The largest water-level declines have occurred since the mid 1970s, corresponding with a period of accelerated well construction and ground-water extraction.\r\n\r\n Analysis of samples from 15 wells indicates that the chemical quality of ground water in the study generally is acceptable. However, arsenic concentrations in samples from five wells exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency primary drinking-water standard of 10 micrograms per liter, and iron concentrations in samples from five wells exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the California Department of Health Services secondary drinking-water standard of 300 micrograms per liter. Water from 12 of 15 wells sampled contained concentrations of manganese that exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the California Department of Health Services secondary drinking-water standard of 50 micrograms per liter. Two wells produced water that had boron in excess of the California Department of Health Services action level of 1 milligram per liter.\r\n\r\n Stable isotope, chlorofluorocarbon, and tritium data indicate that ground water in the area is a mixture of waters that recharged the aquifer system at different times. The presence of chlorofluorocarbons and tritium in water from the study area is evidence that modern recharge (post 1950) does take place. Water-temperature logs indicate that ground-water temperatures throughout the study area exceed 30?C at depths in excess of 600 feet. Further, water at ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034229","usgsCitation":"Farrar, C.D., and Metzger, L.F., 2003, Ground-water resources in the lower Milliken--Sarco--Tulucay Creeks area, southeastern Napa County, California, 2000-2002: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4229, 106 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034229.","productDescription":"106 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4707,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034229/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":177858,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696e15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farrar, Christopher D. cdfarrar@usgs.gov","contributorId":1501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrar","given":"Christopher","email":"cdfarrar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":246714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Metzger, Loren F. 0000-0003-2454-2966 lmetzger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2454-2966","contributorId":1378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metzger","given":"Loren","email":"lmetzger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":246713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53136,"text":"wri034279 - 2003 - Use of Water-Quality Indicators and Environmental Tracers to Determine the Fate and Transport of Recycled Water in Angeles County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:44","indexId":"wri034279","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4279","title":"Use of Water-Quality Indicators and Environmental Tracers to Determine the Fate and Transport of Recycled Water in Angeles County, California","docAbstract":"Tertiary-treated municipal wastewater (recycled water) has been used to replenish the Central Basin in Los Angeles County for over 40 years. Therefore, this area provides an excellent location to investigate (1) the fate and transport of wastewater constituents as they travel from the point of recharge to points of withdrawal, and (2) the long-term effects that artificial recharge using recycled water has on the quality of the ground-water basin. The U.S. Geological Survey has been conducting such investigations in this area for about 10 years, beginning in 1992. For this investigation, a variety of inorganic, organic, and isotopic constituents were analyzed in samples from 23 production wells within 500 feet of the San Gabriel and Rio Hondo Coastal Basin Spreading Grounds, and tritium/helium-3, chlorofluorocarbons, dissolved gases, and nitrogen isotopes were analyzed in five multiple-well monitoring sites along a 10-mile flow path extending from just upgradient of the spreading grounds southward through the Central Basin.\r\n\r\n Spearman rank-order correlation coefficients and level of significance calculated for about 40 water-quality indicators and several physical features show significant correlations between numerous inorganic and organic constituents that indicate the presence of wastewater. On the basis of a simple two-member mixing model, chloride, boron, ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nanometers, and excitation-emission fluorescence yielded the most reasonable estimates of wastewater percentages in the production wells. Tritium/helium-3 age determinations indicated that samples of ground water tested range in age from less than 2 to more than 50 years. Chloride and boron concentrations, along with tritium/helium-3 age determinations, indicate more rapid recharge and (or) displacement of pre-existing ground water at the San Gabriel Coastal Basin Spreading Grounds than at the Rio Hondo Coastal Basin Spreading Grounds. Nitrogen-15 enrichment of the ground-water nitrate and dissolved nitrogen indicates that denitrification, an important process for the removal of nitrate at the shallower depths beneath the spreading grounds, continues to occur at distances of several miles from the spreading grounds and over a period of many years. Analysis of dissolved gases shows that areas that contain recycled water have no detectable methane, whereas methane is present in the native ground water older than 50 years. The absence of methane in the younger ground water suggests that artificial recharge using recycled water has the desirable effect of increasing slightly the redox potential of the ground-water basin. Finally, measured chlorofluorocarbon concentrations and tritium/helium-3 age determinations indicate that chlorofluorocarbon concentrations are markedly elevated above atmosphere-water equilibrium in ground water older than about 20 years but still young enough to contain recycled water.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034279","usgsCitation":"Anders, R.A., and Schroeder, R.A., 2003, Use of Water-Quality Indicators and Environmental Tracers to Determine the Fate and Transport of Recycled Water in Angeles County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4279, 104 P., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034279.","productDescription":"104 P.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4715,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034279/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":177146,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db60514f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anders, Robert A.","contributorId":83793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anders","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schroeder, Roy A. raschroe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"Roy","email":"raschroe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":246730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53166,"text":"fs06603 - 2003 - Cartographic services contract...for everything geographic","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":30707,"text":"fs07801 - 2001 - Cartographic Services Contract","indexId":"fs07801","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"title":"Cartographic Services Contract"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":53166,"text":"fs06603 - 2003 - Cartographic services contract...for everything geographic","indexId":"fs06603","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"title":"Cartographic services contract...for everything geographic"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-27T14:10:03","indexId":"fs06603","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"066-03","title":"Cartographic services contract...for everything geographic","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) Cartographic Services Contract (CSC) is used to award work for photogrammetric and mapping services under the umbrella of Architect-Engineer (A&E) contracting. The A&E contract is broad in scope and can accommodate any activity related to standard, nonstandard, graphic, and digital cartographic products. Services provided may include, but are not limited to, photogrammetric mapping and aerotriangulation; orthophotography; thematic mapping (for example, land characterization); analog and digital imagery applications; geographic information systems development; surveying and control acquisition, including ground-based and airborne Global Positioning System; analog and digital image manipulation, analysis, and interpretation; raster and vector map digitizing; data manipulations (for example, transformations, conversions, generalization, integration, and conflation); primary and ancillary data acquisition (for example, aerial photography, satellite imagery, multispectral, multitemporal, and hyperspectral data); image scanning and processing; metadata production, revision, and creation; and production or revision of standard USGS products defined by formal and informal specification and standards, such as those for digital line graphs, digital elevation models, digital orthophoto quadrangles, and digital raster graphics.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs06603","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2003, Cartographic services contract...for everything geographic (Supercedes FS 078-01): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 066-03, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs06603.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4752,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/0066/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":174063,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/0066/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":87125,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/0066/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Supercedes FS 078-01","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f3e4b07f02db5efd01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":51536,"text":"ofr03201 - 2003 - Sequence-Stratigraphic Analysis of the Regional Observation Monitoring Program (ROMP) 29A Test Corehole and Its Relation to Carbonate Porosity and Regional Transmissivity in the Floridan Aquifer System, Highlands County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:13","indexId":"ofr03201","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-201","title":"Sequence-Stratigraphic Analysis of the Regional Observation Monitoring Program (ROMP) 29A Test Corehole and Its Relation to Carbonate Porosity and Regional Transmissivity in the Floridan Aquifer System, Highlands County, Florida","docAbstract":"An analysis was made to describe and interpret the lithology of a part of the Upper Floridan aquifer penetrated by the Regional Observation Monitoring Program (ROMP) 29A test corehole in Highlands County, Florida. This information was integrated into a one-dimensional hydrostratigraphic model that delineates candidate flow zones and confining units in the context of sequence stratigraphy. Results from this test corehole will serve as a starting point to build a robust three-dimensional sequence-stratigraphic framework of the Floridan aquifer system. \r\n\r\nThe ROMP 29A test corehole penetrated the Avon Park Formation, Ocala Limestone, Suwannee Limestone, and Hawthorn Group of middle Eocene to Pliocene age. The part of the Avon Park Formation penetrated in the ROMP 29A test corehole contains two composite depositional sequences. A transgressive systems tract and a highstand systems tract were interpreted for the upper composite sequence; however, only a highstand systems tract was interpreted for the lower composite sequence of the deeper Avon Park stratigraphic section. The composite depositional sequences are composed of at least five high-frequency depositional sequences. These sequences contain high-frequency cycle sets that are an amalgamation of vertically stacked high-frequency cycles. Three types of high-frequency cycles have been identified in the Avon Park Formation: peritidal, shallow subtidal, and deeper subtidal high-frequency cycles. \r\n\r\nThe vertical distribution of carbonate-rock diffuse flow zones within the Avon Park Formation is heterogeneous. Porous vuggy intervals are less than 10 feet, and most are much thinner. The volumetric arrangement of the diffuse flow zones shows that most occur in the highstand systems tract of the lower composite sequence of the Avon Park Formation as compared to the upper composite sequence, which contains both a backstepping transgressive systems tract and a prograding highstand systems tract. Although the porous and permeable layers are not thick, some intervals may exhibit lateral continuity because of their deposition on a broad low-relief ramp. A thick interval of thin vuggy zones and open faults forms thin conduit flow zones mixed with relatively thicker carbonate-rock diffuse flow zones between a depth of 1,070 and 1,244 feet below land surface (bottom of the test corehole). This interval is the most transmissive part of the Avon Park Formation penetrated in the ROMP 29A test corehole and is included in the highstand systems tract of the lower composite sequence. \r\n\r\nThe Ocala Limestone is considered to be a semiconfining unit and contains three depositional sequences penetrated by the ROMP 29A test corehole. Deposited within deeper subtidal depositional cycles, no zones of enhanced porosity and permeability are expected in the Ocala Limestone. A thin erosional remnant of the shallow marine Suwannee Limestone overlies the Ocala Limestone, and permeability seems to be comparatively low because moldic porosity is poorly connected. Rocks that comprise the lower Hawthorn Group, Suwannee Limestone, and Ocala Limestone form a permeable upper zone of the Upper Floridan aquifer, and rocks of the lower Ocala Limestone and Avon Park Formation form a permeable lower zone of the Upper Floridan aquifer. On the basis of a preliminary analysis of transmissivity estimates for wells located north of Lake Okeechobee, spatial relations among groups of relatively high and low transmissivity values within the upper zone are evident. Upper zone transmissivity is generally less than 10,000 feet squared per day in areas located south of a line that extends through Charlotte, Sarasota, DeSoto, Highlands, Polk, Osceola, Okeechobee, and St. Lucie Counties. Transmissivity patterns within the lower zone of the Avon Park Formation cannot be regionally assessed because insufficient data over a wide areal extent have not been compiled.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr03201","usgsCitation":"Ward, W.C., Cunningham, K., Renken, R., Wacker, M., and Carlson, J., 2003, Sequence-Stratigraphic Analysis of the Regional Observation Monitoring Program (ROMP) 29A Test Corehole and Its Relation to Carbonate Porosity and Regional Transmissivity in the Floridan Aquifer System, Highlands County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-201, 34 p., plus appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03201.","productDescription":"34 p., plus appendixes","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4553,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr03-201/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":176526,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b07e4b07f02db69ad80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ward, W. C.","contributorId":8925,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ward","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cunningham, K.J.","contributorId":39852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Renken, R.A.","contributorId":99161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Renken","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wacker, M.A.","contributorId":91168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wacker","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Carlson, J.I.","contributorId":96344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"J.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":51528,"text":"ofr03264 - 2003 - Saturation overland flow estimated from TOPMODEL for the conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:13","indexId":"ofr03264","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-264","title":"Saturation overland flow estimated from TOPMODEL for the conterminous United States","docAbstract":"This 5-kilometer resolution raster (grid) dataset for the conterminous United States represents the average percentage of saturation overland flow in total streamflow estimated by the watershed model TOPMODEL. Saturation overland flow is simulated in TOPMODEL as precipitation that falls on saturated land-surface areas and enters the stream channel.\r\n\r\nTOPMODEL was applied to 5- by 5-kilometer areas across the conterminous United States using national climate, soils, and terrain GIS datasets. The model was run for 1,000 days for each 5- by 5-kilometer area. The average percentage of saturation overland flow in total streamflow was computed for the 1,000-day simulation in each grid cell.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr03264","usgsCitation":"Wolock, D.M., 2003, Saturation overland flow estimated from TOPMODEL for the conterminous United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-264, raster digital data, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03264.","productDescription":"raster digital data","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4548,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?satof48","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":176328,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdba9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolock, David M. 0000-0002-6209-938X dwolock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"David","email":"dwolock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":243853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53186,"text":"wri034130 - 2003 - Simulation of ground-water flow and rainfall runoff with emphasis on the effects of land cover, Whittlesey Creek, Bayfield County, Wisconsin, 1999-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-13T13:44:48","indexId":"wri034130","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4130","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow and rainfall runoff with emphasis on the effects of land cover, Whittlesey Creek, Bayfield County, Wisconsin, 1999-2001","docAbstract":"The effects of land cover on flooding and base-flow characteristics of Whittlesey Creek, Bayfield County, Wis., were examined in a study that involved ground-water-flow and rainfall-runoff modeling. Field data were collected during 1999-2001 for synoptic base flow, streambed head and temperature, precipitation, continuous streamflow and stream stage, and other physical characteristics. Well logs provided data for potentiometric-surface altitudes and stratigraphic descriptions. Geologic, soil, hydrography, altitude, and historical land-cover data were compiled into a geographic information system and used in two ground-water-flow models (GFLOW and MODFLOW) and a rainfall-runoff model (SWAT). A deep ground-water system intersects Whittlesey Creek near the confluence with the North Fork, producing a steady base flow of 17?18 cubic feet per second. Upstream from the confluence, the creek has little or no base flow; flow is from surface runoff and a small amount of perched ground water. Most of the base flow to Whittlesey Creek originates as recharge through the permeable sands in the center of the Bayfield Peninsula to the northwest of the surface-water-contributing basin. Based on simulations, model-wide changes in recharge caused a proportional change in simulated base flow for Whittlesey Creek. Changing the simulated amount of recharge by 25 to 50 percent in only the ground-water-contributing area results in relatively small changes in base flow to Whittlesey Creek (about 2?11 percent). Simulated changes in land cover within the Whittlesey Creek surface-water-contributing basin would have minimal effects on base flow and average annual runoff, but flood peaks (based on daily mean flows on peak-flow days) could be affected. Based on the simulations, changing the basin land cover to a reforested condition results in a reduction in flood peaks of about 12 to 14 percent for up to a 100-yr flood. Changing the basin land cover to 25 percent urban land or returning basin land cover to the intensive row-crop agriculture of the 1920s results in flood peaks increasing by as much as 18 percent. The SWAT model is limited to a daily time step, which is adequate for describing the surface-water/ground-water interaction and percentage changes. It may not, however, be adequate in describing peak flow because the instantaneous peak flow in Whittlesey Creek during a flood can be more than twice the magnitude of the daily mean flow during that same flood. In addition, the storage and infiltration capacities of wetlands in the basin are not fully understood and need further study.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034130","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Bayfield County Land and Water Conservation Department and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Lenz, B.N., Saad, D.A., and Fitzpatrick, F.A., 2003, Simulation of ground-water flow and rainfall runoff with emphasis on the effects of land cover, Whittlesey Creek, Bayfield County, Wisconsin, 1999-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4130, viii, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034130.","productDescription":"viii, 47 p.","numberOfPages":"56","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":173948,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311312,"rank":101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wrir-03-4130/pdf/wrir03-4130.pdf"},{"id":4782,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034130/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Bayfield County","otherGeospatial":"Whittlesey Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.58722686767578,\n 46.74244865234409\n ],\n [\n -88.58722686767578,\n 46.790892872885806\n ],\n [\n -88.48251342773438,\n 46.790892872885806\n ],\n [\n -88.48251342773438,\n 46.74244865234409\n ],\n [\n -88.58722686767578,\n 46.74244865234409\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f2b12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lenz, Bernard N.","contributorId":85170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lenz","given":"Bernard","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":246857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saad, David A. dasaad@usgs.gov","contributorId":121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saad","given":"David","email":"dasaad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fitzpatrick, Faith A. fafitzpa@usgs.gov","contributorId":1182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"Faith","email":"fafitzpa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":246856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53189,"text":"wri20034156 - 2003 - Environmental Setting and the Effects of Natural and Human-Related Factors on Water Quality and Aquatic Biota, Oahu, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:17","indexId":"wri20034156","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4156","title":"Environmental Setting and the Effects of Natural and Human-Related Factors on Water Quality and Aquatic Biota, Oahu, Hawaii","docAbstract":"The island of Oahu is the third largest island of the State of Hawaii, and is formed by the eroded remnants of the Waianae and Koolau shield volcanoes. The landscape of Oahu ranges from a broad coastal plain to steep interior mountains. Rainfall is greatest in the mountainous interior parts of the island, and lowest near the southwestern coastal areas. \r\n\r\nThe structure and form of the two volcanoes in conjunction with processes that have modified the original surfaces of the volcanoes control the hydrologic setting. The rift zones of the volcanoes contain dikes that tend to impede the flow of ground water, leading to high ground-water levels in the dike-impounded ground-water system. In the windward (northeastern) part of the island, dike-impounded ground-water levels may reach the land surface in stream valleys, resulting in ground-water discharge to streams. Where dikes are not present, the volcanic rocks are highly permeable, and a lens of freshwater overlies a brackish-water transition zone separating the freshwater from saltwater. Ground water discharges to coastal springs and streams where the water table in the freshwater-lens system intersects the land surface. \r\n\r\nThe Waianae and Koolau Ranges have been deeply dissected by numerous streams. Streams originate in the mountainous interior areas and terminate at the coast. Some streams flow perennially throughout their entire course, others flow perennially over parts of their course, and the remaining streams flow during only parts of the year throughout their entire course. \r\n\r\nHawaiian streams have relatively few native species compared to continental streams. Widespread diverse orders of insects are absent from the native biota, and there are only five native fish, two native shrimp, and a few native snails. The native fish and crustaceans of Hawaii's freshwater systems are all amphidromous (adult lives are spent in streams, and larval periods as marine or estuarine zooplankton).\r\n\r\nDuring the 20th century, land-use patterns on Oahu reflected increases in population and decreases in large-scale agricultural operations over time. The last two remaining sugarcane plantations on Oahu closed in the mid-1990's, and much of the land that once was used for sugarcane now is urbanized or used for diversified agriculture. Although two large pineapple plantations continue to operate in central Oahu, some of the land previously used for pineapple cultivation has been urbanized. \r\n\r\nNatural and human-related factors control surface- and ground-water quality and the distribution and abundance of aquatic biota on Oahu. Natural factors that may affect water quality include geology, soils, vegetation, rainfall, ocean-water quality, and air quality. Human-related factors associated with urban and agricultural land uses also may affect water quality. Ground-water withdrawals may cause saltwater intrusion. Pesticides and fertilizers that were used in agricultural or urban areas have been detected in surface and ground water on Oahu. In addition, other organic compounds associated with urban uses of chemicals have been detected in surface and ground water on Oahu. \r\n\r\nThe effects of urbanization and agricultural practices on instream and riparian areas in conjunction with a proliferation of nonnative fish and crustaceans have resulted in a paucity of native freshwater macrofauna on Oahu. A variety of pesticides, nutrients, and metals are associated with urban and agricultural land uses, and these constituents can affect the fish and invertebrates that live in the streams.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri20034156","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Oki, D.S., and Brasher, A., 2003, Environmental Setting and the Effects of Natural and Human-Related Factors on Water Quality and Aquatic Biota, Oahu, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4156, vi, 98 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20034156.","productDescription":"vi, 98 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4785,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034156/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":174045,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db60256d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oki, Delwyn S. 0000-0002-6913-8804 dsoki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6913-8804","contributorId":1901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oki","given":"Delwyn","email":"dsoki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brasher, Anne M.D.","contributorId":33686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brasher","given":"Anne M.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":51516,"text":"ofr03334 - 2003 - Historical and projected coastal Louisiana land changes: 1978-2050","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-15T11:15:27","indexId":"ofr03334","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-334","title":"Historical and projected coastal Louisiana land changes: 1978-2050","docAbstract":"An important component of the Louisiana Coastal Area (LCA) Comprehensive Coastwide Ecosystem Restoration Study is the projection of a “future condition” for the Louisiana coast if no further restoration measures were adopted. Such a projection gives an idea of what the future might hold without implementation of the LCA plan and provides a reference against which various ecosystem restoration proposals can be assessed as part of the planning process. One of the most fundamental measures of ecosystem degradation in coastal Louisiana has been the conversion of land (mostly emergent vegetated habitat) to open water. Thus, the projection of the future condition of the ecosystem must be based upon the determination of future patterns of land and water.
To conduct these projections, a multidisciplinary LCA Land Change Study Group was formed that included individuals from agencies and academia with expertise in remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), ecosystem processes, and coastal land loss. Methods were based upon those used in prior studies for Coast 2050 (Louisiana Coastal Wetlands Conservation and Restoration Task Force [LCWCRTF] and the Wetlands Conservation and Restoration Authority 1998, 1999) and modified as described here to incorporate an improved understanding of coastal land loss and land gain processes with more advanced technical capabilities. The basic approach is to use historical data to assess recent trends in land loss and land gain and to project those changes into the future, taking into account spatial variations in the patterns and rates of land loss and land gain. This approach is accomplished by developing a base map, assessing and delineating areas of similar land change (polygons), and projecting changes into the future. This report describes the methodology and compares the current land change projection to previous projections.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr03334","usgsCitation":"Barras, J., Beville, S., Britsch, D., Hartley, S., Hawes, S., Johnston, J., Kemp, P., Kinler, Q., Martucci, A., Porthouse, J., Reed, D., Roy, K., Sapkota, S., and Suhayda, J., 2003, Historical and projected coastal Louisiana land changes: 1978-2050 (Revised January 2004; See also FS 2005-3101): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-334, v, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03334.","productDescription":"v, 39 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178668,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8316,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://archive.usgs.gov/archive/sites/www.nwrc.usgs.gov/special/NewHistoricalland.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Revised January 2004; See also FS 2005-3101","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62ed39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barras, John","contributorId":24437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barras","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beville, Shelly","contributorId":18842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beville","given":"Shelly","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Britsch, Del","contributorId":29884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Britsch","given":"Del","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hartley, Stephen 0000-0003-1380-2769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1380-2769","contributorId":104566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartley","given":"Stephen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hawes, Suzanne","contributorId":51376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hawes","given":"Suzanne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnston, James","contributorId":80748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kemp, Paul","contributorId":92743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemp","given":"Paul","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kinler, Quin","contributorId":53031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinler","given":"Quin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Martucci, Antonio","contributorId":52236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martucci","given":"Antonio","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Porthouse, Jon","contributorId":11692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porthouse","given":"Jon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Reed, Denise","contributorId":6128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Denise","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Roy, Kevin","contributorId":27933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roy","given":"Kevin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Sapkota, Sijan sapkotas@usgs.gov","contributorId":2995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sapkota","given":"Sijan","email":"sapkotas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":243790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Suhayda, Joseph","contributorId":101740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suhayda","given":"Joseph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":51456,"text":"ofr03104 - 2003 - Estimates of deep percolation beneath native vegetation, irrigated fields, and the Amargosa-River Channel, Amargosa Desert, Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-10T06:39:14","indexId":"ofr03104","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-104","title":"Estimates of deep percolation beneath native vegetation, irrigated fields, and the Amargosa-River Channel, Amargosa Desert, Nye County, Nevada","docAbstract":"The presence and approximate rates of deep percolation beneath areas of native vegetation, irrigated fields, and the Amargosa-River channel in the Amargosa Desert of southern Nevada were evaluated using the chloride mass-balance method and inferred downward velocities of chloride and nitrate peaks. Estimates of deep-percolation rates in the Amargosa Desert are needed for the analysis of regional ground-water flow and transport. An understanding of regional flow patterns is important because ground water originating on the Nevada Test Site may pass through the area before discharging from springs at lower elevations in the Amargosa Desert and in Death Valley. Nine boreholes 10 to 16 meters deep were cored nearly continuously using a hollow-stem auger designed for gravelly sediments. Two boreholes were drilled in each of three irrigated fields in the Amargosa-Farms area, two in the Amargosa-River channel, and one in an undisturbed area of native vegetation. Data from previously cored boreholes beneath undisturbed, native vegetation were compared with the new data to further assess deep percolation under current climatic conditions and provide information on spatial variability.
The profiles beneath native vegetation were characterized by large amounts of accumulated chloride just below the root zone with almost no further accumulation at greater depths. This pattern is typical of profiles beneath interfluvial areas in arid alluvial basins of the southwestern United States, where salts have been accumulating since the end of the Pleistocene. The profiles beneath irrigated fields and the Amargosa-River channel contained more than twice the volume of water compared to profiles beneath native vegetation, consistent with active deep percolation beneath these sites. Chloride profiles beneath two older fields (cultivated since the 1960’s) as well as the upstream Amargosa-River site were indicative of long-term, quasi-steady deep percolation. Chloride profiles beneath the newest field (cultivated since 1993), the downstream Amargosa-River site, and the edge of an older field were indicative of recently active deep percolation moving previously accumulated salts from the upper profile to greater depths.
Results clearly indicate that deep percolation and ground-water recharge occur not only beneath areas of irrigation but also beneath ephemeral stream channels, despite the arid climate and infrequency of runoff. Rates of deep percolation beneath irrigated fields ranged from 0.1 to 0.5 m/yr. Estimated rates of deep percolation beneath the Amargosa-River channel ranged from 0.02 to 0.15 m/yr. Only a few decades are needed for excess irrigation water to move through the unsaturated zone and recharge ground water. Assuming vertical, one-dimensional flow, the estimated time for irrigation-return flow to reach the water table beneath the irrigated fields ranged from about 10 to 70 years. In contrast, infiltration from present-day runoff takes centuries to move through the unsaturated zone and reach the water table. The estimated time for water to reach the water table beneath the channel ranged from 140 to 1000 years. These values represent minimum times, as they do not take lateral flow into account. The estimated fraction of irrigation water becoming deep percolation averaged 8 to 16 percent. Similar fractions of infiltration from ephemeral flow events were estimated to become deep percolation beneath the normally dry Amargosa-River channel. In areas where flood-induced channel migration occurs at sub-centennial frequencies, residence times in the unsaturated zone beneath the Amargosa channel could be longer. Estimates of deep percolation presented herein provide a basis for evaluating the importance of recharge from irrigation and channel infiltration in models of ground-water flow from the Nevada Test Site.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/ofr03104","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Nevada Operations Office, U.S. Department of Energy, under Interagency Agreement DE - AI08 - 96NV11967 ","usgsCitation":"Stonestrom, D.A., Prudic, D.E., Laczniak, R.J., Akstin, K.C., Boyd, R., and Henkelman, K.K., 2003, Estimates of deep percolation beneath native vegetation, irrigated fields, and the Amargosa-River Channel, Amargosa Desert, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-104, 88 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03104.","productDescription":"88 p.","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":179304,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4464,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr03-104/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","otherGeospatial":"Amargosa Desert","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-115.9082,39.1615],[-115.5191,38.9578],[-115.4725,38.9325],[-115.4433,38.9162],[-115.3694,38.8769],[-115.363,38.874],[-115.242,38.8093],[-115.0969,38.7309],[-115.0777,38.721],[-115.0604,38.7107],[-115.0291,38.6937],[-114.999,38.6777],[-114.9996,38.592],[-114.9997,38.4315],[-114.9994,38.3894],[-115.0004,38.0507],[-115.1185,38.0508],[-115.1436,38.0508],[-115.326,38.0515],[-115.3453,38.0514],[-115.4003,38.051],[-115.4587,38.0506],[-115.6394,38.0512],[-115.6581,38.051],[-115.8404,38.0504],[-115.8931,38.0507],[-115.8938,37.723],[-115.8969,37.5498],[-115.8975,37.2796],[-115.8982,37.1926],[-115.8942,36.8425],[-115.8941,36.686],[-115.8945,36.6702],[-115.8949,36.598],[-115.8949,36.5962],[-115.8946,36.5858],[-115.8947,36.5005],[-115.8945,36.4806],[-115.8949,36.462],[-115.8944,36.457],[-115.8948,36.3087],[-115.8945,36.2923],[-115.8943,36.1957],[-115.8945,36.1608],[-115.8948,36.1163],[-115.8948,36.0927],[-115.895,36.0015],[-115.9178,36.0192],[-115.9518,36.0457],[-115.9925,36.0773],[-116.049,36.1211],[-116.0624,36.1314],[-116.1039,36.1636],[-116.1287,36.1829],[-116.1702,36.2152],[-116.173,36.2174],[-116.2311,36.2626],[-116.2834,36.3028],[-116.2954,36.3122],[-116.3752,36.373],[-116.5107,36.4764],[-116.5247,36.4871],[-116.5589,36.5131],[-116.574,36.5245],[-116.5946,36.54],[-116.6556,36.5867],[-116.6583,36.5888],[-116.6764,36.6024],[-116.706,36.6248],[-116.7895,36.6877],[-116.8424,36.7276],[-116.8453,36.7298],[-116.8806,36.7568],[-116.8912,36.7648],[-116.9237,36.7891],[-116.9641,36.8193],[-116.9783,36.8299],[-116.981,36.8319],[-117.0046,36.8495],[-117.164,36.9688],[-117.1639,36.9698],[-117.1637,37.0182],[-117.164,37.0894],[-117.1642,37.171],[-117.1641,37.1909],[-117.1641,37.1936],[-117.1665,37.6995],[-117.1664,37.714],[-117.1663,37.7285],[-117.1663,37.7435],[-117.1662,37.7585],[-117.1657,38.0019],[-117.2198,38.0482],[-117.2397,38.0483],[-117.239,38.0641],[-117.2408,38.0705],[-117.2653,38.0932],[-117.6896,38.4731],[-118.0197,38.7599],[-118.197,38.9154],[-118.1972,38.9993],[-117.8559,39.0746],[-117.7748,39.092],[-117.7008,39.1058],[-117.6409,39.1149],[-117.5946,39.1231],[-117.4742,39.1431],[-117.3823,39.1562],[-117.3609,39.1585],[-117.3318,39.1629],[-117.3063,39.1634],[-117.2849,39.1633],[-117.1995,39.1632],[-117.0856,39.1628],[-117.0322,39.1626],[-117.0144,39.1626],[-116.9871,39.1625],[-116.9158,39.1631],[-116.7562,39.1622],[-116.7301,39.1625],[-116.5996,39.1616],[-116.5859,39.162],[-116.4815,39.1616],[-116.3497,39.1618],[-116.2358,39.1616],[-116.0548,39.1624],[-115.9082,39.1615]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Nye\",\"state\":\"NV\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fcb37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stonestrom, David A. 0000-0001-7883-3385 dastones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7883-3385","contributorId":2280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonestrom","given":"David","email":"dastones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":243632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":243633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Laczniak, Randell J.","contributorId":90687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laczniak","given":"Randell","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Akstin, Katherine C.","contributorId":88023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Akstin","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Boyd, Robert A.","contributorId":16491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyd","given":"Robert A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Henkelman, Katherine K.","contributorId":26751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henkelman","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":51441,"text":"ofr03136 - 2003 - Simulating land-use changes and stormwater-detention basins and evaluating their effect on peak streamflows and stream-water quality in Irondequoit Creek basin, New York—A user's manual for HSPF and GenScn","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-04T13:36:20","indexId":"ofr03136","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-136","title":"Simulating land-use changes and stormwater-detention basins and evaluating their effect on peak streamflows and stream-water quality in Irondequoit Creek basin, New York—A user's manual for HSPF and GenScn","docAbstract":"A computer model of hydrologic and water-quality processes of the Irondequoit Creek basin in Monroe and Ontario Counties, N.Y., was developed during 2000-02 to enable water-resources managers to simulate the effects of future development and stormwater-detention basins on peak flows and water quality of Irondequoit Creek and its tributaries. The model was developed with the program Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran (HSPF) such that proposed or hypothetical land-use changes and instream stormwater-detention basins could be simulated, and their effects on peak flows and loads of total suspended solids, total phosphorus, ammonia-plus-organic nitrogen, and nitrate-plus-nitrite nitrogen could be analyzed, through an interactive computer program known as Generation and Analysis of Model Simulation Scenarios for Watersheds (GenScn). This report is a user's manual written to guide the Irondequoit Creek Watershed Collaborative in (1) the creation of land-use and flow-detention scenarios for simulation by the HSPF model, and (2) the use of GenScn to analyze the results of these simulations. These analyses can, in turn, aid the group in making basin-wide water-resources-management decisions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr03136","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Irondequoit Creek Watershed Collaborative","usgsCitation":"Coon, W.F., 2003, Simulating land-use changes and stormwater-detention basins and evaluating their effect on peak streamflows and stream-water quality in Irondequoit Creek basin, New York—A user's manual for HSPF and GenScn: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-136, iv, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03136.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4451,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0136/ofr20030136.pdf","text":"Report","size":"356 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2003-0136"},{"id":179084,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0136/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
This document describes the MOD-PREDICT program, which helps evaluate userdefined sets of observations, prior information, and predictions, using the ground-water model MODFLOW-2000. MOD-PREDICT takes advantage of the existing Observation and Sensitivity Processes (Hill and others, 2000) by initiating runs of MODFLOW-2000 and using the output files produced. The names and formats of the MODFLOW-2000 input files are unchanged, such that full backward compatibility is maintained. A new name file and input files are required for MOD-PREDICT.
The performance of MOD-PREDICT has been tested in a variety of applications. Future applications, however, might reveal errors that were not detected in the test simulations. Users are requested to notify the U.S. Geological Survey of any errors found in this document or the computer program using the email address available at the web address below. Updates might occasionally be made to this document, to the MOD-PREDICT program, and to MODFLOW- 2000. Users can check for updates on the Internet at URL http://water.usgs.gov/software/ground water.html/.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Society","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/ofr03385","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Tonkin, M., Hill, M.C., and Doherty, J., 2003, MODFLOW-2000, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model -- Documentation of MOD-PREDICT for predictions, prediction sensitivity analysis, and evaluation of uncertainty: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-385, Reporrt: viii, 69 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03385.","productDescription":"Reporrt: viii, 69 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"69","numberOfPages":"80","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4936,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/nrp/gwsoftware/modpredict/modpredict.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":174302,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0385/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":87134,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0385/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648cde","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tonkin, M.J.","contributorId":34989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tonkin","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Doherty, John","contributorId":43843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doherty","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":51438,"text":"wri034167 - 2003 - Evaluation of OTT PLUVIO Precipitation Gage versus Belfort Universal Precipitation Gage 5-780 for the National Atmospheric Deposition Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:30","indexId":"wri034167","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4167","title":"Evaluation of OTT PLUVIO Precipitation Gage versus Belfort Universal Precipitation Gage 5-780 for the National Atmospheric Deposition Program","docAbstract":"The National Atmospheric Deposition Program, a cooperative effort supported by Federal, State, and local agencies, and Indian Tribes, was established in 1977 to study atmospheric deposition and its impact on the environment. The program's National Trends Network now includes wet-deposition networks at more than 250 sites across the United States, Canada, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Precipitation amounts are currently measured using a Belfort Universal Precipitation Gage 5-780, which involves technology that is more than 50 years old. \r\n\r\nIn 1999, a three-phase study was begun to evaluate several weighing, all-weather precipitation gages to find a possible replacement for the Belfort Universal Precipitation Gage 5-780. One gage that performed consistently well in phase I and II testing was the OTT PLUVIO Precipitation Gage. Phase III of the study, discussed herein, was to determine the accuracy and comparability of the data sets collected by the OTT PLUVIO Precipitation Gages and the existing Belfort Universal Precipitation Gage 5-780. Seven OTT PLUVIO Precipitation Gages were installed at six National Trends Network sites across the country for a data-collection period of approximately 18 months. The NovaLynx Model 260-2510 Standard Rain and Snow Gage also was used, as a reference, at two of the sites. Paired t-tests analysis showed no significant differences in precipitation measurements between the Belfort Universal Precipitation Gage 5-780 and the OTT PLUVIO Precipitation Gages at three of the six sites. When the false positives were removed from the precipitation-event data sets, the gages at all sites were in agreement and the paired t-tests showed the gage measurements were not significantly different. A false positive is defined as a zero response from the Belfort Universal Precipitation Gage 5-780 concurrent with a recorded response from the OTT PLUVIO Precipitation Gage.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034167","usgsCitation":"Tumbusch, M.L., 2003, Evaluation of OTT PLUVIO Precipitation Gage versus Belfort Universal Precipitation Gage 5-780 for the National Atmospheric Deposition Program: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4167, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034167.","productDescription":"25 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178998,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4448,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034167/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627c68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tumbusch, Mary L.","contributorId":37377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tumbusch","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53265,"text":"ofr03347 - 2003 - MODFLOW-2000, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model -- Three additions to the Hydrogeologic-Unit Flow (HUF) Package: Alternative storage for the uppermost active cells, Flows in hydrogeologic units, and the Hydraulic-conductivity depth-dependence (KDEP) capability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-16T14:58:37","indexId":"ofr03347","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-347","title":"MODFLOW-2000, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model -- Three additions to the Hydrogeologic-Unit Flow (HUF) Package: Alternative storage for the uppermost active cells, Flows in hydrogeologic units, and the Hydraulic-conductivity depth-dependence (KDEP) capability","docAbstract":"The Hydrogeologic-Unit Flow (HUF) Package is an internal flow package for MODFLOW-2000 that allows the vertical geometry of the system hydrogeology to be defined differently than the definition of model layers. Effective hydraulic properties for the model layers are calculated using the hydraulic properties of the hydrogeologic units. The HUF Package can be used instead of the Block-Centered Flow (BCF) or the Layer Property Flow (LPF) Packages. This report documents three additions to the HUF Package.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr03347","usgsCitation":"Anderman, E.R., and Hill, M.C., 2003, MODFLOW-2000, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model -- Three additions to the Hydrogeologic-Unit Flow (HUF) Package: Alternative storage for the uppermost active cells, Flows in hydrogeologic units, and the Hydraulic-conductivity depth-dependence (KDEP) capability: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-347, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03347.","productDescription":"36 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177924,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0347/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":4973,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/nrp/gwsoftware/modflow2000/ofr03-347.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":87135,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0347/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648ce5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderman, Evan R.","contributorId":95505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderman","given":"Evan","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53954,"text":"ofr0326 - 2003 - Tree islands of the Florida Everglades - A disappearing resource","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-18T15:31:13.141547","indexId":"ofr0326","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-26","title":"Tree islands of the Florida Everglades - A disappearing resource","docAbstract":"Until recently, the timing and cause of tree island formation have been poorly understood, with estimates of initial tree-island development as early as thousands of years ago to as recently as the last few decades. To increase our knowledge about the origins of these features, sediment cores were collected on and around tree islands. These cores were dated using radioisotopic techniques, including carbon-14 dating, which provides reliable dates from ~40,000 to ~300 years ago, and lead-210 dating, which provides age models for the last century. These age models were paired with vegetational reconstruction based on pollen analysis from cores to identify the timing of tree-island formation and assess past tree-island response to hydrologic changes in the 20th century.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0326","usgsCitation":"Tree Islands of the Florida Everglades - A Disappearing Resource; 2003; OFR; 2003-26; Geological Survey (U.S.)","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":173857,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0026/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":4867,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0026/ofr03-26.pdf","text":"Report","size":"14.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2003-0026"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.21989956095884,\n 26.52881121594524\n ],\n [\n -81.18597868368488,\n 26.52881121594524\n ],\n [\n -81.18597868368488,\n 25.150575418214927\n ],\n [\n -80.21989956095884,\n 25.150575418214927\n ],\n [\n -80.21989956095884,\n 26.52881121594524\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) is a disease of the nervous system that results in distinctive lesions in the brain. CWD affects elk, white-tailed deer, and mule deer, but has not been documented in livestock or humans. The cause is unknown and no treatment is available. Infected deer and elk can appear robust and healthy in the early stages of CWD; it may take several years before they show clinical signs, after which the disease is fatal. Direct contact between infected and non-infected animals is the most likely route of transmission, but other possibilities are under consideration, including contamination of soil by excreta from infected animals.
USGS is collaborating with federal, state, and private partners to address CWD issues. These joint efforts have addressed immediate needs – developing cooordinated plans, establishing diagnostic capabilities to identify the disease, modeling and analyzing effects of the disease, and Preparing to sample lymph nodes for CWD testing at the Park Falls, Wisconsin, sampling site. Photo courtesy of Harold Rihn, Jr., USGS. providing easily accessible information to cooperators and the public – but much still needs to be done. New initiatives, based on the plans already developed, will seek to refine our information about the disease and identify effective management strategies for CWD control and eradication.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20043008","usgsCitation":"Wright, S., and Slota, P., 2003, Helping to combat chronic wasting disease: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3008, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043008.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4911,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3008/fs20043008.pdf","text":"Report","size":"164 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2004-3008"},{"id":120564,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3008/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, National Wildlife Health Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6006 Schroeder Road
Madison, WI 53711
Recently, the combination of new projection technology, fast, low-cost graphics cards, and Linux-powered personal computers has made it possible to provide a stereoprojection and stereoviewing system that is much more affordable than previous commercial solutions. These Geowall systems are low-cost visualization systems built with commodity off-the-shelf components, run on open-source (and other) operating systems, and using open-source applications software. In short, they are \"Beowulf-class\" visualization systems that provide a cost-effective way for the U. S. Geological Survey to broaden participation in the visualization community and view stereoimagery and three-dimensional models2.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr2003198","usgsCitation":"Steinwand, D.R., Davis, B., and Weeks, N., 2003, Geowall: Investigations into low-cost stereo display technologies: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-198, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2003198.","productDescription":"26 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178049,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67af81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steinwand, Daniel R. steinwand@usgs.gov","contributorId":3224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinwand","given":"Daniel","email":"steinwand@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, Brian","contributorId":57142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Brian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weeks, Nathan","contributorId":75624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weeks","given":"Nathan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53986,"text":"fs20043037 - 2003 - Development of Landscape Models for Conservation of Freshwater Mussels in the Upper Mississippi River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:40","indexId":"fs20043037","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3037","title":"Development of Landscape Models for Conservation of Freshwater Mussels in the Upper Mississippi River Basin","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs20043037","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2003, Development of Landscape Models for Conservation of Freshwater Mussels in the Upper Mississippi River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3037, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043037.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120624,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2004_3037.jpg"},{"id":4810,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.umesc.usgs.gov/reports_publications/fact_sheets/mussel.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db667238","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53433,"text":"wri024258 - 2003 - Simulations of Flooding on Pea River and Whitewater Creek in the Vicinity of the Proposed Elba Bypass at Elba, Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:58","indexId":"wri024258","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4258","title":"Simulations of Flooding on Pea River and Whitewater Creek in the Vicinity of the Proposed Elba Bypass at Elba, Alabama","docAbstract":"A two-dimensional finite-element surface-water model was used to study the effects of proposed modifications to the State Highway 203 corridor (proposed Elba Bypass/relocated U.S. Highway 84) on water-surface elevations and flow distributions during flooding in the Pea River and Whitewater Creek Basins at Elba, Coffee County, Alabama. Flooding was first simulated for the March 17, 1990, flood, using the 1990 flood-plain conditions to calibrate the model to match measured data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers after the flood. After model calibration, the effects of flooding were simulated for four scenarios: (1) floods having the 50- and 100-year recurrence intervals for the existing flood-plain, bridge, highway, and levee conditions; (2) floods having the 50- and 100-year recurrence intervals for the existing flood-plain and levee conditions with the State Highway 203 embankment and bridge removed; (3) floods having the 50- and 100-year recurrence intervals for the existing flood-plain, bridge, and highway conditions with proposed modifications (elevating) to the levee; and (4) floods having the 50- and 100-year recurrence intervals for the proposed conditions reflecting the Elba Bypass and modified levee.\r\nThe simulation of floodflow for the Pea River and Whitewater Creek flood of March 17, 1990, in the study reach compared closely to flood profile data obtained after the flood. The flood of March 17, 1990, had an estimated peak discharge of 58,000 cubic feet per second at the gage (just below the confluence) and was estimated to be between a 50-year and 100-year flood event. The estimated peak discharge for Pea River and Whitewater Creek was 40,000 and 42,000 cubic feet per second, respectively.\r\nSimulation of floodflows for the 50-year flood (51,400 cubic feet per second) at the gage for existing flood-plain, bridge, highway, and levee conditions indicated that about 31 percent of the peak flow was conveyed by the State Highway 203 bridge over Whitewater Creek, approximately 12 percent overtopped the State Highway 203 embankment, and about 57 percent was conveyed by the Pea River flood plain east of State Highway 125. For this simulation, flow from Pea River (2,380 cubic feet per second) overtopped State Highway 125 and crossed over into the Whitewater Creek flood plain north of State Highway 203, creating one common flood plain. The water-surface elevation estimated at the downstream side of the State Highway 203 bridge crossing Whitewater Creek was 202.82 feet. The girders for both the State Highway 203 and U.S. Highway 84 bridges were partially submerged, but U.S. Highway 84 was not overtopped.\r\nFor the 100-year flood (63,500 cubic feet per second) at the gage, the simulation indicated that about 25 percent of the peak flow was conveyed by the State Highway 203 bridge over Whitewater Creek, approximately 24 percent overtopped the State Highway 203 embankment, and about 51 percent was conveyed by the Pea River flood plain east of State Highway 125. The existing levee adjacent to Whitewater Creek was overtopped by a flow of 3,200 cubic feet per second during the 100-year flood. For this simulation, flow from Pea River (6,710 cubic feet per second) overtopped State Highway 125 and crossed over into the Whitewater Creek flood plain north of State Highway 203. The water-surface elevation estimated at the downstream side of the State Highway 203 bridge crossing Whitewater Creek was 205.60 feet. The girders for both the State Highway 203 and U.S. Highway 84 bridges were partially submerged, and the west end of the U.S. Highway 84 bridge was overtopped.\r\nSimulation of floodflows for the 50-year flood at the gage for existing flood-plain and levee conditions, but with the State Highway 203 embankment and bridge removed, yielded a lower water-surface elevation (202.90 feet) upstream of this bridge than that computed for the existing conditions. For the 100-year flood, the simulation indi","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024258","usgsCitation":"Hedgecock, T.S., 2003, Simulations of Flooding on Pea River and Whitewater Creek in the Vicinity of the Proposed Elba Bypass at Elba, Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4258, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024258.","productDescription":"35 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":100364,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4258/report.pdf","size":"11964","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":180807,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4258/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48d3e4b07f02db548e12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hedgecock, T. Scott","contributorId":20783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedgecock","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}