Recently, researchers emphasized that patterns of stable isotope ratios observed at the individual level are a result of an interaction between ecological, physiological, and biochemical processes. Isotopic models for herbivores provide additional complications because those mammals consume foods that have high variability in nitrogen concentrations. In addition, distribution of amino acids in plants may differ greatly from that required by a herbivore. At northern latitudes, where the growing season of vegetation is short, isotope ratios in herbivore tissues are expected to differ between seasons. Summer ratios likely reflect diet composition, whereas winter ratios would reflect diet and nutrient recycling by the animals. We tested this hypothesis using data collected from blood samples of caribou (Rangifer tarandus) and moose (Alces alces) in Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska, USA. Stable isotope ratios of moose and caribou were significantly different from each other in late summer-autumn and winter. Also, late summer-autumn and winter ratios differed significantly between seasons in both species. Nonetheless, we were unable to evaluate whether differences in seasonal isotopic ratios were a result of diet selection or a response to nutrient recycling. We believe that additional studies on plant isotopic ratios as related to ecological factors in conjunction with investigations of diet selection by the herbivores will enhance our understanding of those interactions. Also, controlled studies investigating the relation between diet and physiological responses in herbivores will increase the utility of isotopic analysis in studying foraging ecology of herbivores.
","language":"English","publisher":"Lakehead University","publisherLocation":"Thunder Bay, Ontario","usgsCitation":"Ben-David, M., Shochat, E., and Adams, L., 2001, Utility of stable isotope analysis in studying foraging ecology of herbivores: Examples from moose and caribou: Alces, v. 37, no. 2, p. 421-434.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"421","endPage":"434","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131486,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":340766,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://flash.lakeheadu.ca/~arodgers/Alces/vol37b_2001.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Denali National Park and Preserve","volume":"37","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602de4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ben-David, Merav","contributorId":190901,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ben-David","given":"Merav","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17842,"text":"University of Wyoming, Laramie","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":318661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shochat, Einav","contributorId":94261,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shochat","given":"Einav","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adams, Layne G. 0000-0001-6212-2896 ladams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6212-2896","contributorId":2776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Layne G.","email":"ladams@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023421,"text":"70023421 - 2001 - Hierarchical programming for data storage and visualization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-08T12:32:20","indexId":"70023421","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Hierarchical programming for data storage and visualization","docAbstract":"Graphics software is an essential tool for interpreting, analyzing, and presenting data from multidimensional hydrodynamic models used in estuarine and coastal ocean studies. The post-processing of time-varying three-dimensional model output presents unique requirements for data visualization because of the large volume of data that can be generated and the multitude of time scales that must be examined. Such data can relate to estuarine or coastal ocean environments and come from numerical models or field instruments. One useful software tool for the display, editing, visualization, and printing of graphical data is the Gr application, written by the first author for use in U.S. Geological Survey San Francisco Bay Program. The Gr application has been made available to the public via the Internet since the year 2000. The Gr application is written in the Java (Sun Microsystems, Nov. 29, 2001) programming language and uses the Extensible Markup Language standard for hierarchical data storage. Gr presents a hierarchy of objects to the user that can be edited using a common interface. Java's object-oriented capabilities allow Gr to treat data, graphics, and tools equally and to save them all to a single XML file.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Estuarine and Coastal Modeling: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Estuarine and Coastal Modeling: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference","conferenceDate":"5 November 2001 through 7 November 2001","conferenceLocation":"St. Petersburg, FL","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","isbn":"0784406286","usgsCitation":"Donovan, J.M., and Smith, P.E., 2001, Hierarchical programming for data storage and visualization, in Estuarine and Coastal Modeling: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference, St. Petersburg, FL, 5 November 2001 through 7 November 2001, p. 86-102.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"86","endPage":"102","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232567,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a30a2e4b0c8380cd5d7f2","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Spaulding M.L.Spaulding M.L.","contributorId":128417,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Spaulding M.L.Spaulding M.L.","id":536500,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Donovan, John M. 0000-0002-7957-5397 jmd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7957-5397","contributorId":1255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donovan","given":"John","email":"jmd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":397609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Peter E.","contributorId":50609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70194282,"text":"70194282 - 2001 - A model for nematode locomotion in soil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T13:46:41","indexId":"70194282","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5558,"text":"Nematology","onlineIssn":"1568-5411","printIssn":"1388-5545","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A model for nematode locomotion in soil","docAbstract":"Locomotion of nematodes in soil is important for both practical and theoretical reasons. We constructed a model for rate of locomotion. The first model component is a simple simulation of nematode movement among finite cells by both random and directed behaviours. Optimisation procedures were used to fit the simulation output to data from published experiments on movement along columns of soil or washed sand, and thus to estimate the values of the model's movement coefficients. The coefficients then provided an objective means to compare rates of locomotion among studies done under different experimental conditions. The second component of the model is an equation to predict the movement coefficients as a function of controlling factors that have been addressed experimentally: soil texture, bulk density, water potential, temperature, trophic group of nematode, presence of an attractant or physical gradient and the duration of the experiment. Parameters of the equation were estimated by optimisation to achieve a good fit to the estimated movement coefficients. Bulk density, which has been reported in a minority of published studies, is predicted to have an important effect on rate of locomotion, at least in fine-textured soils. Soil sieving, which appears to be a universal practice in laboratory studies of nematode movement, is predicted to negatively affect locomotion. Slower movement in finer textured soils would be expected to increase isolation among local populations, and thus to promote species richness. Future additions to the model that might improve its utility include representing heterogeneity within populations in rate of movement, development of gradients of chemical attractants, trade-offs between random and directed components of movement, species differences in optimal temperature and water potential, and interactions among factors controlling locomotion.
","language":"English","publisher":"Brill Publishers","doi":"10.1163/156854101753536082","usgsCitation":"Hunt, H.W., Wall, D., DeCrappeo, N., and Brenner, J.S., 2001, A model for nematode locomotion in soil: Nematology, v. 3, no. 7, p. 705-716, https://doi.org/10.1163/156854101753536082.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"705","endPage":"716","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349213,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a612054e4b06e28e9c25b3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunt, H. William","contributorId":35665,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hunt","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wall, Diana H.","contributorId":189136,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wall","given":"Diana H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeCrappeo, Nicole 0000-0002-6928-8853 ndecrappeo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6928-8853","contributorId":1939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeCrappeo","given":"Nicole","email":"ndecrappeo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":723072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brenner, John S.","contributorId":196100,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brenner","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70195473,"text":"70195473 - 2001 - Coal bed sequestration of carbon dioxide","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-16T12:30:26","indexId":"70195473","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Coal bed sequestration of carbon dioxide","docAbstract":"Geologic sequestration of CO2 generated from fossil fuel combustion may be an environmentally attractive method to reduce the amount of greenhouse gas emissions. Of the geologic options, sequestering CO2 in coal beds has several advantages. For example, CO2 injection can enhance methane production from coal beds; coal can trap CO2 for long periods of time; and potential major coal basins that contain ideal beds for sequestration are near many emitting sources of CO2.
One mission of the Energy Resources Program of the U.S. Geological Survey is to maintain assessment information of the Nation’s resources of coal, oil, and gas. The National Coal Resources Assessment Project is currently completing a periodic assessment of 5 major coal-producing regions of the US. These regions include the Powder River and Williston and other Northern Rocky Mountain basins (Fort Union Coal Assessment Team, 1999), Colorado Plateau area (Kirschbaum and others, 2000), Gulf Coast Region, Appalachian Basin, and Illinois Basin. The major objective of this assessment is to estimate available coal resources and quality for the major producing coal beds of the next 25 years and produce digital databases and maps. Although the focus of this work has been on coal beds with the greatest potential for mining, it serves as a basis for future assessments of the coal beds for other uses such as coal bed methane resources, in situ gasification, and sites for sequestration of CO2. Coal bed methane production combined with CO2 injection and storage expands the use of a coal resource and can provide multiple benefits including increased methane recovery, methane drainage of a resource area, and the long-term storage of CO2.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the First National Conference on Carbon Sequestration","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"First National Conference on Carbon Sequestration","conferenceDate":"May 14-17, 2001","conferenceLocation":"Washington, D.C.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory","usgsCitation":"Stanton, R., Flores, R.M., Warwick, P.D., Gluskoter, H.J., and Stricker, G.D., 2001, Coal bed sequestration of carbon dioxide, in Proceedings of the First National Conference on Carbon Sequestration, Washington, D.C., May 14-17, 2001, 12 p.","productDescription":"12 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":351715,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":351714,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/proceedings/01/carbon_seq/3a3.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff0dd5e4b0da30c1bfd03f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanton, Robert rstanton@usgs.gov","contributorId":146385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"Robert","email":"rstanton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":728766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flores, Romeo M. rflores@usgs.gov","contributorId":71984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flores","given":"Romeo","email":"rflores@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":165,"text":"Central Energy Resources Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":728767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":728768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gluskoter, Harold J. halg@usgs.gov","contributorId":21319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gluskoter","given":"Harold","email":"halg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":259,"text":"Energy Resources Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":728769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stricker, Gary D. gstricker@usgs.gov","contributorId":87163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stricker","given":"Gary","email":"gstricker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":165,"text":"Central Energy Resources Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":728770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70023672,"text":"70023672 - 2001 - Landsat 7 thermal-IR image sharpening using an artificial neural network and sensor model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:11","indexId":"70023672","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Landsat 7 thermal-IR image sharpening using an artificial neural network and sensor model","docAbstract":"The enhanced thematic mapper (plus) (ETM+) instrument on Landsat 7 shares the same basic design as the TM sensors on Landsats 4 and 5, with some significant improvements. In common are six multispectral bands with a 30-m ground-projected instantaneous field of view (GIFOV). However, the thermaL-IR (TIR) band now has a 60-m GIFOV, instead of 120-m. Also, a 15-m panchromatic band has been added. The artificial neural network (NN) image sharpening method described here uses data from the higher spatial resolution ETM+ bands to enhance (sharpen) the spatial resolution of the TIR imagery. It is based on an assumed correlation over multiple scales of resolution, between image edge contrast patterns in the TIR band and several other spectral bands. A multilayer, feedforward NN is trained to approximate TIR data at 60m, given degraded (from 30-m to 60-m) spatial resolution input from spectral bands 7, 5, and 2. After training, the NN output for full-resolution input generates an approximation of a TIR image at 30-m resolution. Two methods are used to degrade the spatial resolution of the imagery used for NN training, and the corresponding sharpening results are compared. One degradation method uses a published sensor transfer function (TF) for Landsat 5 to simulate sensor coarser resolution imagery from higher resolution imagery. For comparison, the second degradation method is simply Gaussian low pass filtering and subsampling, wherein the Gaussian filter approximates the full width at half maximum amplitude characteristics of the TF-based spatial filter. Two fixed-size NNs (that is, number of weights and processing elements) were trained separately with the degraded resolution data, and the sharpening results compared. The comparison evaluates the relative influence of the degradation technique employed and whether or not it is desirable to incorporate a sensor TF model. Preliminary results indicate some improvements for the sensor model-based technique. Further evaluation using a higher resolution reference image and strict application of sensor model to data is recommended.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Visual Information Processing X","conferenceDate":"19 April 2001 through 20 April 2001","conferenceLocation":"Orlando,FL","language":"English","doi":"10.1117/12.438256","issn":"0277786X","usgsCitation":"Lemeshewsky, G., and Schowengerdt, R., 2001, Landsat 7 thermal-IR image sharpening using an artificial neural network and sensor model, in Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v. 4388, Orlando,FL, 19 April 2001 through 20 April 2001, p. 181-192, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.438256.","startPage":"181","endPage":"192","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207607,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.438256"},{"id":232703,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4388","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a43cde4b0c8380cd66623","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Park S.K.Rahman Z.Schowengerdt R.A.","contributorId":128439,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Park S.K.Rahman Z.Schowengerdt R.A.","id":536503,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Lemeshewsky, G.P.","contributorId":106927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemeshewsky","given":"G.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schowengerdt, R.A.","contributorId":83707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schowengerdt","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":85669,"text":"85669 - 2001 - Type characters of non-native plant species in Great Lakes national parks (USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-04T12:48:54","indexId":"85669","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Type characters of non-native plant species in Great Lakes national parks (USA)","docAbstract":"Non-native plant species are increasing in frequency and abundance in many natural areas in the United States. In Midwestern National Parks, as much as one third of the flora may be non-native. It was hypothesized that botanical characters of these species could be used to typify them and improve the methods of predicting invasions. Data on 19 characters of 341 non-native species from the four Great Lakes national lakeshores (Apostle Islands, Indiana Dunes, Pictured Rocks, and Sleeping Bear Dunes) and invasive non-native species for the State of Wisconsin were collected and studied. For many of the species, little data could be found, but for 139 of them, data were collected for at least 80% of the characters. The frequencies of classes of the characters were tabulated and ranked to typify the most common non-native species. This led to a description of a 'type species' just for these four National Parks. Three species of Cirsium, including Canada (C. arvense), marsh (C. palustre) and bull thistle (C. vulgare), matched the type species better than other species. C. vulgare occurs in more National Parks than the other thistles.
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Flashy, erosive streamflows common in ephemeral channels create a series of operational and maintenance problems, which makes it impractical to deploy a series of gaging stations along ephemeral channels. Streambed temperature is a robust and inexpensive parameter to monitor remotely, leading to the possibility of analyzing temperature patterns to estimate streamflow frequency and duration along ephemeral channels. A simulation model was utilized to examine various atmospheric and hydrological upper boundary conditions compared with a series of hypothetical temperature‐monitoring depths within the streambed. Simulation results indicate that streamflow events were distinguished from changing atmospheric conditions with greater certainty using temperatures at shallow depths (e.g., 10–20 cm) as opposed to the streambed surface. Three ephemeral streams in the American Southwest were instrumented to monitor streambed temperature for determining the accuracy of using this approach to ascertain the long‐term temporal and spatial extent of streamflow along each stream channel. Streambed temperature data were collected at the surface or at shallow depth along each stream channel, using thermistors encased in waterproof, single‐channel data loggers tethered to anchors in the channel. On the basis of comparisons with site information, such as direct field observations and upstream flow records, diurnal temperature variations successfully detected the presence and duration of streamflow for all sites.
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Data sources include old aerial and ground-based photographs, historic records, charcoal deposits from bogs, fire-scarred trees (Figure 1), tree-ring reconstructions of precipitation, and field sampling of vegetation and soils. The forests and woodlands that cloak the Southwestern uplands provide the most extensive and detailed regional-scale network of fire history data available in the world (Swetnam and Baisan 1996, Swetnam et al. 1999, Allen 2002).","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water, watersheds, and land use In New Mexico: Impacts of population growth on natural resources, Santa Fe region 2001 (New Mexico Decision-Makers Field Guide No. 1)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources","publisherLocation":"Socorro, NM","isbn":"9781883905087","usgsCitation":"Allen, C.D., 2001, Fire and vegetation history of the Jemez Mountains: New Mexico Decision-Makers Field Guide 1, 5 p.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"33","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349958,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350471,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://geoinfo.nmt.edu/publications/guides/decisionmakers/2001/"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Jemez Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.95465087890625,\n 35.62493079773405\n ],\n [\n -106.1883544921875,\n 35.62493079773405\n ],\n [\n -106.1883544921875,\n 36.23208902824811\n ],\n [\n -106.95465087890625,\n 36.23208902824811\n ],\n [\n -106.95465087890625,\n 35.62493079773405\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f44ca","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Johnson, Peggy S.","contributorId":85689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Peggy","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725539,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Allen, Craig D. 0000-0002-8777-5989 craig_allen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-5989","contributorId":2597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"craig_allen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":512549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":87377,"text":"87377 - 2001 - Population trends of the common murre (Uria aalge californica)","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":87377,"text":"87377 - 2001 - Population trends of the common murre (Uria aalge californica)","indexId":"87377","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"chapter":"2","displayTitle":"Population trends of the common murre (Uria aalge californica)","title":"Population trends of the common murre (Uria aalge californica)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53901,"text":"itr20000012 - 2001 - Biology and conservation of the common murre in California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia: Vol. 1, Natural history and population trends","indexId":"itr20000012","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"title":"Biology and conservation of the common murre in California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia: Vol. 1, Natural history and population trends"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53901,"text":"itr20000012 - 2001 - Biology and conservation of the common murre in California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia: Vol. 1, Natural history and population trends","indexId":"itr20000012","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"title":"Biology and conservation of the common murre in California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia: Vol. 1, Natural history and population trends"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-24T21:05:02","indexId":"87377","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"2000-0012","chapter":"2","displayTitle":"Population trends of the common murre (Uria aalge californica)","title":"Population trends of the common murre (Uria aalge californica)","docAbstract":"Population trends for the common murre (Uria aalge californica) were determined from available whole-colony counts of murres in California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia from 1800 to 1995.From 1800 to 1978, historical counts were sporadic and not standardized. From 1979 to 1995, standardized whole-colony counts from aerial photographs were conducted in many years in California, Oregon, and Washington. In contrast, no aerial photographs of murre colonies in British Columbia have been taken and only a few other whole-colony counts have been conducted. Direct comparisons and statistical treatment of whole-colony counts were conducted using 1979-95 data. Complete data for all colonies were available only in 1988-89 when the breeding murre population was estimated to be 1.1 million, about 5-8% of the world population and 13-28% of the Pacific Ocean population. A summary of various natural and anthropogenic factors affecting murre populations in western North America since 1800, and particularly in 1979-95, also is provided.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biology and conservation of the common murre in California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. 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The GPS measurements reveal the temporal history of deformation during dike intrusion, beginning ∼8 hours prior to the onset of the eruption. The dike volume as a function of time, estimated from the GPS data using elastic Green's functions for a homogeneous half-space, shows that only two thirds of the final dike volume accumulated prior to the eruption and the rate of volume change decreased with time. These observations are inconsistent with simple models of dike propagation, which predict accelerating dike volume up to the time of the eruption and little or no change thereafter. Deflationary tilt changes at Kilauea summit mirror the inferred dike volume history, suggesting that the rate of dike propagation is limited by flow of magma into the dike. A simple, lumped parameter model of a coupled dike magma chamber system shows that the tendency for a dike to end in an eruption (rather than intrusion) is favored by high initial dike pressures, compressional stress states, large, compressible magma reservoirs, and highly conductive conduits linking the dike and source reservoirs. Comparison of model predictions to the observed dike volume history, the ratio of erupted to intruded magma, and the deflationary history of the summit magma chamber suggest that most of the magma supplied to the growing dike came from sources near to the eruption through highly conductive conduits. Interpretation is complicated by the presence of multiple source reservoirs, magma vesiculation and cooling, as well as spatial variations in dike-normal stress. Reinflation of the summit magma chamber following the eruption was measured by GPS and accompanied a rise in the level of the Pu'u O'o lava lake. For a spheroidal chamber these data imply a summit magma chamber volume of ∼20 km3, consistent with recent estimates from seismic tomography. Continuous deformation measurements can be used to image the spatiotemporal evolution of propagating dikes and to reveal quantitative information about the volcanic plumbing systems.
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Our earlier research suggests that ovigerous crabs aggregate at the same brooding locations for many years. Within these locations, ovigerous females occur in high densities, with the majority of the aggregation buried within the sediment. These locations often have similar water depths and sediment types and appear to be critical for this life history stage. Our study was designed to examine the bathymetric distribution of Dungeness crabs in bays with and without sea otters at eight locations within the Glacier Bay area by conducting transects with a video-equipped manned submersible. Two of the bays investigated contained large aggregations of ovigerous females. At both sites the substrate was composed primarily of sand. However, only a small percentage of the 33 km of transects were classified as sand. These data suggest that sand substrate may be a limiting resource. Since crab brooding aggregations represent a large portion of the crab population within a small area, and because they are a critical component of Dungeness life history, areas with these characteristics need to be investigated, mapped, and protected from development or exploitation. The areas requiring protection from the impact of anthropogenic wastes, fishing, and logging activities could be quite small, thus limiting conflict with alternative users.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Spatial processes and management of marine populations","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"17th Lowell Wakefield Symposium: Spatial Processes and Management of Marine Populations","conferenceDate":"October 27-30, 1999","conferenceLocation":"Anchorage, AK","language":"English","publisher":"University of Alaska Sea Grant College Program","doi":"10.4027/spmmp.2001","isbn":"1-56612-068-3","usgsCitation":"Scheding, K., Shirley, T.C., O’Clair, C.E., and Taggart, S.J., 2001, Critical habitat for ovigerous Dungeness crabs, in Spatial processes and management of marine populations, Anchorage, AK, October 27-30, 1999, p. 431-445, https://doi.org/10.4027/spmmp.2001.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"431","endPage":"445","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478928,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/38513","text":"External Repository"},{"id":344059,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publicComments":"Part of University of Alaska Sea Grant College Program Report No. AK-SG-01-02","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59706fdfe4b0d1f9f065ab1c","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Kruse, Gordon H.","contributorId":187450,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kruse","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705601,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bez, Nicolas","contributorId":33041,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bez","given":"Nicolas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705602,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Booth, Anthony","contributorId":224,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Booth","given":"Anthony","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705642,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dorn, Martin W.","contributorId":3517,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dorn","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705643,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hills, Susan","contributorId":103995,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hills","given":"Susan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705644,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lipcius, Romuald N.","contributorId":101451,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lipcius","given":"Romuald","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705645,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Pelletier, Dominique","contributorId":131089,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pelletier","given":"Dominique","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705646,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Roy, Claude","contributorId":85923,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roy","given":"Claude","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705647,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Smith, Stephen J.","contributorId":38926,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705648,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Witherell, David B.","contributorId":98169,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Witherell","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705649,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":10}],"authors":[{"text":"Scheding, Karen","contributorId":149652,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scheding","given":"Karen","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12548,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks, School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":705594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shirley, Thomas C.","contributorId":17409,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shirley","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":12548,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks, School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":705595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Clair, Charles E.","contributorId":60571,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Clair","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taggart, S. James","contributorId":30131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taggart","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70186670,"text":"70186670 - 2001 - Effects of recent climate warming on caribou habitat and calf survival","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-06T11:02:41","indexId":"70186670","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Effects of recent climate warming on caribou habitat and calf survival","docAbstract":"Migratory Barren-Ground Caribou Rangifer tarandus granti are the most important subsistence resource for northern indigenous peoples. They are likely to respond to global climatic changes that affect the distribution of their forage resources and the availability of forage through the year. The Porcupine Caribou herd is a large, internationally migratory herd of about 128,000 individuals that occupies the Alaska-Canada borderlands and uses a 300,000 km 2 annual range. The calving ground is a traditionally-used portion of the annual range that comprises 23,000 km2 at approximately 70° north. Caribou migrate several hundred kilometres from winter ranges to the calving ground, arriving in mid- to late-May each year. Calves are born during the first week of June, and cows and calves remain on the calving ground for 4-6 weeks before dispersing to late-summer, fall, and winter ranges.
We measured the relative amount of green vegetation using data from polar orbiting satellites (Figure 1) to assess decade-long temporal trends in large scale habitat conditions on the calving ground and to investigate Caribou response to this habitat change. The vegetation index has shown a tendency toward earlier greening in spring and later plant senescence (dying off) in much of the northern hemisphere the 1980s, concurrent with independent estimates of climate change. High density calving was consistently located where the daily rate of increase in the amount of green plant biomass during lactation was greatest, in the period 1985-1996. This was probably because of the lactating cows' need for highly digestible new plant growth. Nutritional requirements of lactating cows are about double those during the remainder of the year.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Impacts of climate change on wildlife","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Royal Society for the Protection of Birds","publisherLocation":"Cambridge, UK","usgsCitation":"Griffith, B., Douglas, D., Russell, D.E., White, R.G., McCabe, T.R., and Whitten, K.R., 2001, Effects of recent climate warming on caribou habitat and calf survival, chap. of Impacts of climate change on wildlife, p. 17-19.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"19","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339376,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, Yukon Territory","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -146.22802734375,\n 67.98287261799817\n ],\n [\n -136.4501953125,\n 67.98287261799817\n ],\n [\n -136.4501953125,\n 70.80859050466093\n ],\n [\n -146.22802734375,\n 70.80859050466093\n ],\n [\n -146.22802734375,\n 67.98287261799817\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e75403e4b09da6799c0c70","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Green, Rhys E.","contributorId":174406,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Green","given":"Rhys","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690226,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harley, Mike","contributorId":190657,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harley","given":"Mike","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690227,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spalding, Mark","contributorId":190658,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spalding","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690228,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zockler, Christoph","contributorId":173936,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zockler","given":"Christoph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690229,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Griffith, Brad","contributorId":190362,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Griffith","given":"Brad","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":150115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David C.","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Russell, Donald E.","contributorId":190659,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Russell","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"White, Robert G.","contributorId":181759,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":690225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McCabe, Thomas R.","contributorId":91255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Whitten, Kenneth R.","contributorId":190408,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whitten","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70188996,"text":"70188996 - 2001 - Using GIS to analyze animal movements in the marine environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T16:58:11","indexId":"70188996","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Using GIS to analyze animal movements in the marine environment","docAbstract":"Advanced methods for analyzing animal movements have been little used in the aquatic research environment compared to the terrestrial. In addition, despite obvious advantages of integrating geographic information systems (GIS) with spatial studies of animal movement behavior, movement analysis tools have not been integrated into GIS for either aquatic or terrestrial environments. We therefore developed software that integrates one of the most commonly used GIS programs (ArcView®) with a large collection of animal movement analysis tools. This application, the Animal Movement Analyst Extension (AMAE), can be loaded as an extension to ArcView® under multiple operating system platforms (PC, Unix, and Mac OS). It contains more than 50 functions, including parametric and nonparametric home range analyses, random walk models, habitat analyses, point and circular statistics, tests of complete spatial randomness, tests for autocorrelation and sample size, point and line manipulation tools, and animation tools. This paper describes the use of these functions in analyzing animal location data; some limited examples are drawn from a sonic-tracking study of Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) in Glacier Bay, Alaska. The extension is available on the Internet at www.absc.usgs.gov/glba/gistools/index.htm.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Spatial processes and management of marine populations","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"17th Lowell Wakefield Symposium: Spatial Processes and Management of Marine Populations","conferenceDate":"October 27-30, 1999","conferenceLocation":"Anchorage, AK","language":"English","publisher":"University of Alaska Sea Grant College Program","doi":"10.4027/spmmp.2001","isbn":"1-56612-068-3","usgsCitation":"Hooge, P.N., Eichenlaub, W.M., and Solomon, E.K., 2001, Using GIS to analyze animal movements in the marine environment, in Spatial processes and management of marine populations, Anchorage, AK, October 27-30, 1999, p. 37-51, https://doi.org/10.4027/spmmp.2001.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"51","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478850,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/38513","text":"External Repository"},{"id":343089,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publicComments":"University of Alaska Sea Grant College Program Report No. AK-SG-01-02","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5965d953e4b0d1f9f05bb95e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Kruse, Gordon H.","contributorId":187450,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kruse","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702326,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bez, Nicolas","contributorId":33041,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bez","given":"Nicolas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702327,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Booth, Anthony","contributorId":224,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Booth","given":"Anthony","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702328,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dorn, Martin W.","contributorId":3517,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dorn","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702336,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hills, Susan","contributorId":103995,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hills","given":"Susan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702337,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lipcius, Romuald N.","contributorId":101451,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lipcius","given":"Romuald","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702338,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Pelletier, Dominique","contributorId":131089,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pelletier","given":"Dominique","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702339,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Roy, Claude","contributorId":85923,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roy","given":"Claude","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702340,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Smith, Stephen J.","contributorId":38926,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702341,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Witherell, David B.","contributorId":98169,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Witherell","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702342,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":10}],"authors":[{"text":"Hooge, Philip N.","contributorId":52029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooge","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":702323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eichenlaub, William M.","contributorId":138819,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eichenlaub","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":20307,"text":"US National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":702324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Solomon, Elizabeth K.","contributorId":138505,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Solomon","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":702325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70010415,"text":"70010415 - 2001 - Characteristics of water-well yields in part of the Blue Ridge Geologic Province in Loudoun County, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-22T18:58:55.5502","indexId":"70010415","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2832,"text":"Natural Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1573-8981","printIssn":"1520-7439","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characteristics of water-well yields in part of the Blue Ridge Geologic Province in Loudoun County, Virginia","docAbstract":"Loudoun County, Virginia, which is located about 50 km to the west of Washington, DC, was the site of intensive suburban development during the 1980s and 1990s. In the western half of the county, the source of water for domestic use has been from wells drilled into the fractured crystalline bedrock of the Blue Ridge Geologic Province. A comprehensive digital database that contains information on initial yield, location, depth, elevation, and other data for 3651 wells drilled in this 825.5-km2 area was combined with a digital geologic map to form the basis for a study of geologic and temporal controls on water-well yields. Statistical modeling procedures were used to determine that mean yields for the wells were significantly different as a function of structural setting, genetic rock type, and geologic map unit. The Bonferroni procedure then was used to determine which paired comparisons contributed to these significant differences. The data were divided into 15 temporal drilling increments to determine if the time-dependent trends that exist for the Loudoun County data are similar to those discovered in a previous study of water-well yields in the Pinardville 7.5-min quadrangle, New Hampshire. In both regions, trends, which include increasing proportions of very low yield wells and increasing well depths through time, and the counterintuitive result of increasing mean well yields through time, were similar. In addition, a yield-to-depth curve similar tothat discovered in the Pinardville quadrangle was recognized in this study. Thus, the temporal model with a feed-forward-loop mechanism to explain the temporal trends in well characteristics proposed for the New Hampshire study appears to apply to western Loudoun County.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1011559113969","issn":"15207439","usgsCitation":"Sutphin, D.M., Drew, L., Schuenemeyer, J., and Burton, W., 2001, Characteristics of water-well yields in part of the Blue Ridge Geologic Province in Loudoun County, Virginia: Natural Resources Research, v. 10, no. 1, p. 1-20, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011559113969.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219373,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","county":"Loudoun County","otherGeospatial":"Blue Ridge Geologic 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D. M.","contributorId":27424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutphin","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drew, L.J.","contributorId":69157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schuenemeyer, J.H.","contributorId":106094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuenemeyer","given":"J.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burton, W.C.","contributorId":41439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023086,"text":"70023086 - 2001 - Geologic structures related to New Madrid earthquakes near Memphis, Tennessee, based on gravity and magnetic interpretations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:08","indexId":"70023086","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic structures related to New Madrid earthquakes near Memphis, Tennessee, based on gravity and magnetic interpretations","docAbstract":"New inversions of gravity and magnetic data in the region north of memphis. Tennessee, and south of latitude 36?? define boundaries of regional structures and igneous complexes in the upper crust. Microseismicity patterns near interpreted boundaries suggest that igneous complexes influence the locations of microseismicity. A weak seismicity cluster occurs near one intrusion (Covington pluton), at the intersection of the southwest margin of the Missouri batholith and the southeast margin of the Reelfoot rift. A narrow seismicity trend along the Reelfoot rift axis becomes diffuse near a second intrusion (Osceola intrusive complex) and changes direction to an area along the northwest flank of the intrusion. The axial seismicity trend also contains a tight cluster of earthquakes located just outside the Osceola intrusive complex. The mechanical explanation of the two seismicity patterns is uncertain, but the first cluster may be caused by stress concentration due to the high elastic stiffness and strength of the Covington intrusion. The spatially changing seismicity pattern near the Osceola complex may be caused by the preceding factors plus interaction with faulting along the rift axis. The axial seismicity strand itself is one of several connected and interacting active strands that may produce stress concentrations at strand ends and junctions. The microseismicity clusters at the peripheries of the two intrusions lead us to conclude that these stress concentrations or stressed volumes may be locations of future moderate to large earthquakes near Memphis. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Engineering Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00056-4","issn":"00137952","usgsCitation":"Hildenbrand, T., Stuart, W., and Talwani, P., 2001, Geologic structures related to New Madrid earthquakes near Memphis, Tennessee, based on gravity and magnetic interpretations: Engineering Geology, v. 62, no. 1-3, p. 105-121, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00056-4.","startPage":"105","endPage":"121","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208015,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00056-4"},{"id":233369,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a21eee4b0c8380cd56bf6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hildenbrand, T.G.","contributorId":83892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildenbrand","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stuart, W.D.","contributorId":65865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuart","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Talwani, P.","contributorId":101420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talwani","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022971,"text":"70022971 - 2001 - Seismic-reflection imaging of Tertiary faulting and related post-Eocene deformation 20 km North of Memphis, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70022971","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic-reflection imaging of Tertiary faulting and related post-Eocene deformation 20 km North of Memphis, Tennessee","docAbstract":"Other than the Crittenden County fault zone (CCFZ), little is known about the seismic hazard from earthquake faults within 50 km of Memphis, Tennessee, a city that contains a large inventory of older buildings that are vulnerable to moderate and strong earthquake ground shaking. To address this lack of knowledge about faulting near Memphis, we acquired a 4.5 km long Mini-Sosie seismic-reflection profile across the boundary between the loess-covered bluffs and modern Mississippi River flood plain in Meeman-Shelby Forest State Park north of Memphis. We imaged a previously unknown reverse/thrust fault that displaces Paleozoic and Cretaceous rocks and upwarps Tertiary deposits on the floodplain portion of the profile about 25 km north of downtown Memphis. The Paleozoic and Cretaceous rocks are vertically faulted about 70 and 40 m, respectively, in an up-to-the-west sense of displacement. The fault displacement apparently terminates in the basal portion of the Paleocene section and causes only an upwarping of the overlying deposits. The overlying Paleocene and Eocene deposits, which are probably the youngest deposits imaged, are upwarped about 50-60 m with the same sense of displacement as the underlying older units. The sense of displacement, amplitude, and appearance of the fault in the seismic data are very similar to that observed in the seismic reflection images of the CCFZ 15 km west of this profile. Although we have imaged this new fault in only one location, its proximity to Memphis and similarities to the CCFZ, leads us to speculate that it may be a parallel structure to the CCFZ and thus warrants further study. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Engineering Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00052-7","issn":"00137952","usgsCitation":"Williams, R.A., Stephenson, W.J., Odum, J.K., and Worley, D.M., 2001, Seismic-reflection imaging of Tertiary faulting and related post-Eocene deformation 20 km North of Memphis, Tennessee: Engineering Geology, v. 62, no. 1-3, p. 79-90, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00052-7.","startPage":"79","endPage":"90","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208251,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00052-7"},{"id":233869,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b81e4b08c986b3178a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, R. A.","contributorId":82323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephenson, W. J.","contributorId":87982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Odum, J. K.","contributorId":105705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Worley, D. M.","contributorId":98332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Worley","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023087,"text":"70023087 - 2001 - Choosing between atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and electrospray ionization interfaces for the HPLC/MS analysis of pesticides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-30T06:52:10","indexId":"70023087","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Choosing between atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and electrospray ionization interfaces for the HPLC/MS analysis of pesticides","docAbstract":"An evaluation of over 75 pesticides by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) clearly shows that different classes of pesticides are more sensitive using either atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) or electrospray ionization (ESI). For example, neutral and basic pesticides (phenylureas, triazines) are more sensitive using APCI (especially positive ion). While cationic and anionic herbicides (bipyridylium ions, sulfonic acids) are more sensitive using ESI (especially negative ion). These data are expressed graphically in a figure called an ionization-continuum diagram, which shows that protonation in the gas phase (proton affinity) and polarity in solution, expressed as proton addition or subtraction (pKa), is useful in selecting APCI or ESI. Furthermore, sodium adduct formation commonly occurs using positive ion ESI but not using positive ion APCI, which reflects the different mechanisms of ionization and strengthens the usefulness of the ionization-continuum diagram. The data also show that the concept of \"wrong-way around\" ESI (the sensitivity of acidic pesticides in an acidic mobile phase) is a useful modification of simple pKa theory for mobile-phase selection. Finally, this finding is used to enhance the chromatographic separation of oxanilic and sulfonic acid herbicides while maintaining good sensitivity in LC/MS using ESI negative.","language":"English","doi":"10.1021/ac010506f","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"Thurman, E., Ferrer, I., and Barcelo, D., 2001, Choosing between atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and electrospray ionization interfaces for the HPLC/MS analysis of pesticides: Analytical Chemistry, v. 73, no. 22, p. 5441-5449, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac010506f.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"5441","endPage":"5449","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233370,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208016,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac010506f"}],"volume":"73","issue":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-10-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5d7e4b0c8380cd4c45e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ferrer, I.","contributorId":97260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrer","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barcelo, D.","contributorId":24107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barcelo","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022978,"text":"70022978 - 2001 - Lessons learned from long-term ecosystem research and monitoring in alpine and subalpine basins of the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T19:47:45","indexId":"70022978","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1485,"text":"Ekologia (Bratislava)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lessons learned from long-term ecosystem research and monitoring in alpine and subalpine basins of the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA","docAbstract":"Long-term ecosystem research and monitoring was begun in the Loch Vale watershed of Rocky Mountain National Park in 1983, after extensive survey work to identify the best location. Then, as now, our scientific objectives were to understand natural biogeochemical cycles and variability, so that we could differentiate ecosystem changes from human-caused disturbances, such as atmospheric deposition of pollutants and climate change. We have learned many lessons, often through our mistakes, that are worth passing on. Clear scientific objectives, even for long-term monitoring, are essential. Standardized methods, including rigorous quality assurance procedures should be adhered to from the beginning of the program. All data, even those collected routinely for background records, should be scrutinized and summarized at least once a year. Freely share basic information such as weather, hydrologic, chemical, and descriptive records with other researchers who can build upon your efforts. Use many tools when asking complex ecological questions, in order to minimize bias toward specific results. Publish frequently; long-term studies do not imply there are no interim conclusions or interesting findings. Interpret findings frequently to policy makers and citizens; increased understanding of the environment and human-caused changes may improve natural resource management, and build support for ecological research. And finally, be persistent. Long-term ecological research can be frustrating and difficult to maintain, yet is often the best way to observe and understand ecological change on a meaningful time scale.","language":"English","publisher":"Institute of Landscape Ecology of Slovak Academy of Sciences","issn":"1335342X","usgsCitation":"Baron, J., 2001, Lessons learned from long-term ecosystem research and monitoring in alpine and subalpine basins of the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA: Ekologia (Bratislava), v. 20, no. Supplement 2, p. 25-30.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"30","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233397,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountains","volume":"20","issue":"Supplement 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a465ce4b0c8380cd6761d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":395673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022986,"text":"70022986 - 2001 - Predictions of hydrothermal alteration within near-ridge oceanic crust from coordinated geochemical and fluid flow models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T15:38:21","indexId":"70022986","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predictions of hydrothermal alteration within near-ridge oceanic crust from coordinated geochemical and fluid flow models","docAbstract":"Coordinated geochemical and hydrological calculations guide our understanding of the composition, fluid flow patterns, and thermal structure of near-ridge oceanic crust. The case study presented here illustrates geochemical and thermal changes taking place as oceanic crust ages from 0.2 to 1.0 Myr. Using a finite element code, we model fluid flow and heat transport through the upper few hundred meters of an abyssal hill created at an intermediate spreading rate. We use a reaction path model with a customized database to calculate equilibrium fluid compositions and mineral assemblages of basalt and seawater at 500 bars and temperatures ranging from 150 to 400??C. In one scenario, reaction path calculations suggest that volume increases on the order of 10% may occur within portions of the basaltic basement. If this change in volume occurred, it would be sufficient to fill all primary porosity in some locations, effectively sealing off portions of the oceanic crust. Thermal profiles resulting from fluid flow simulations indicate that volume changes along this possible reaction path occur primarily within the first 0.4 Myr of crustal aging. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00215-3","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Wetzel, L., Raffensperger, J.P., and Shock, E., 2001, Predictions of hydrothermal alteration within near-ridge oceanic crust from coordinated geochemical and fluid flow models: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 110, no. 3-4, p. 319-342, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00215-3.","startPage":"319","endPage":"342","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233545,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208103,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00215-3"}],"volume":"110","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81fae4b0c8380cd7b830","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wetzel, L.R.","contributorId":9525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wetzel","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Raffensperger, Jeff P. 0000-0001-9275-6646 jpraffen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9275-6646","contributorId":199119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raffensperger","given":"Jeff","email":"jpraffen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":395703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shock, E.L.","contributorId":54071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shock","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022993,"text":"70022993 - 2001 - Standard Reference Material (SRM 1990) for Single Crystal Diffractometer Alignment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-16T15:42:58","indexId":"70022993","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2445,"text":"Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Standard Reference Material (SRM 1990) for Single Crystal Diffractometer Alignment","docAbstract":"An international project was successfully completed which involved two major undertakings: (1) a round-robin to demonstrate the viability of the selected standard and (2) the certification of the lattice parameters of the SRM 1990, a Standard Reference Material?? for single crystal diffractometer alignment. This SRM is a set of ???3500 units of Cr-doped Al2O3, or ruby spheres [(0 420.011 mole fraction % Cr (expanded uncertainty)]. The round-robin consisted of determination of lattice parameters of a pair of crystals' the ruby sphere as a standard, and a zeolite reference to serve as an unknown. Fifty pairs of crystals were dispatched from Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute to volunteers in x-ray laboratories world-wide. A total of 45 sets of data was received from 32 laboratories. The mean unit cell parameters of the ruby spheres was found to be a=4.7608 A?? ?? 0.0062 A??, and c=12.9979 A?? ?? 0.020 A?? (95 % intervals of the laboratory means). The source of errors of outlier data was identified. The SRM project involved the certification of lattice parameters using four well-aligned single crystal diffractometers at (Bell Laboratories) Lucent Technologies and at NRC of Canada (39 ruby spheres), the quantification of the Cr content using a combined microprobe and SEM/EDS technique, and the evaluation of the mosaicity of the ruby spheres using a double-crystal spectrometry method. A confirmation of the lattice parameters was also conducted using a Guinier-Ha??gg camera. Systematic corrections of thermal expansion and refraction corrections were applied. These rubies_ are rhombohedral, with space group R3c. The certified mean unit cell parameters are a=4.76080 ?? 0.00029 A??, and c=12 99568 A?? ?? 0.00087 A?? (expanded uncertainty). These certified lattice parameters fall well within the results of those obtained from the international round-robin study. The Guinier-Ha??gg transmission measurements on five samples of powdered rubies (a=4.7610 A?? ?? 0.0013 A??, and c=12.9954 A?? ?? 0.0034 A??) agreed well with the values obtained from the single crystal spheres.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"NIST","doi":"10.6028/jres.106.058","issn":"1044677X","usgsCitation":"Wong-Ng, W., Siegrist, T., DeTitta, G., Finger, L., Evans, H.T., Gabe, E., Enright, G., Armstrong, J., Levenson, M., Cook, L., and Hubbard, C., 2001, Standard Reference Material (SRM 1990) for Single Crystal Diffractometer Alignment: Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, v. 106, no. 6, p. 1071-1095, https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.106.058.","startPage":"1071","endPage":"1095","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478909,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.106.058","text":"External Repository"},{"id":269469,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.6028/jres.106.058"},{"id":233618,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b96a7e4b08c986b31b627","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wong-Ng, W.","contributorId":96056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong-Ng","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Siegrist, T.","contributorId":60418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siegrist","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeTitta, G.T.","contributorId":48357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeTitta","given":"G.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Finger, L.W.","contributorId":37119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finger","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Evans, H. T. Jr.","contributorId":41859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gabe, E.J.","contributorId":18924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gabe","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Enright, G.D.","contributorId":6229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Enright","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Armstrong, J.T.","contributorId":56422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Levenson, M.","contributorId":102669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levenson","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Cook, L.P.","contributorId":29171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"L.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Hubbard, C.R.","contributorId":66452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubbard","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70023003,"text":"70023003 - 2001 - Development and application of a spatial hydrology model of Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-21T15:47:25.999921","indexId":"70023003","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development and application of a spatial hydrology model of Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia","docAbstract":"The model described herein was used to assess effects of the Suwannee River sill (a low earthen dam constructed to impound the Suwannee River within the Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge to eliminate wildfires) on the hydrologic environment of Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia. Developed with Arc/Info Macro Language routines in the GRID environment, the model distributes water in the swamp landscape using precipitation, inflow, evapotranspiration, outflow, and standing water. Water movement direction and rate are determined by the neighborhood topographic gradient, determined using survey grade Global Positioning Systems technology. Model data include flow rates from USGS monitored gauges, precipitation volumes and water levels measured within the swamp, and estimated evapotranspiration volumes spatially modified by vegetation type. Model output in semi-monthly time steps includes water depth, water surface elevation above mean sea level, and movement direction and volume. Model simulations indicate the sill impoundment affects 18 percent of the swamp during high water conditions when wildfires are scarce and has minimal spatial effect (increasing hydroperiods in less than 5 percent of the swamp) during low water and drought conditions when fire occurrence is high but precipitation and inflow volumes are limited.","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb05524.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Loftin, C., Kitchens, W., and Ansay, N., 2001, Development and application of a spatial hydrology model of Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 37, no. 4, p. 935-956, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb05524.x.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"935","endPage":"956","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233803,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge, Okefenokee Swamp","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.5017500707548,\n 30.58649607189379\n ],\n [\n -82.21808940965376,\n 30.569253128795935\n ],\n [\n -82.2119609385807,\n 30.544374040043465\n ],\n [\n -82.19445102122876,\n 30.542866011517134\n ],\n [\n -82.15330271545182,\n 30.55869914281803\n ],\n [\n -82.13053982289415,\n 30.63481286655275\n ],\n [\n -82.12528684768841,\n 30.65439681804088\n ],\n [\n -82.13141531876192,\n 30.668705658870294\n ],\n [\n -82.11215440967447,\n 30.738713091367202\n ],\n [\n -82.12878883115904,\n 30.768808185955336\n ],\n [\n -82.12528684768841,\n 30.847763030726554\n ],\n [\n -82.13404180636435,\n 30.97085944656834\n ],\n [\n -82.15417821131916,\n 30.99562852901883\n ],\n [\n -82.16205767412778,\n 31.091641668926073\n ],\n [\n -82.25573573196051,\n 31.174075527409457\n ],\n [\n -82.34328531872012,\n 31.155346850925795\n ],\n [\n -82.35028928566099,\n 31.081144949605758\n ],\n [\n -82.40369453358456,\n 30.99262655845294\n ],\n [\n -82.40982300465764,\n 30.982118917460014\n ],\n [\n -82.45972626911053,\n 30.95509395613702\n ],\n [\n -82.49474610381439,\n 30.93932586335214\n ],\n [\n -82.50962953356344,\n 30.92731033214055\n ],\n [\n -82.5542798228106,\n 30.87397391087923\n ],\n [\n -82.5542798228106,\n 30.816847731946737\n ],\n [\n -82.47023221952118,\n 30.817599612992694\n ],\n [\n -82.46935672365382,\n 30.804816834813593\n ],\n [\n -82.45447329390437,\n 30.804816834813593\n ],\n [\n -82.45184680630193,\n 30.71830045799669\n ],\n [\n -82.49737259141685,\n 30.717547800753692\n ],\n [\n -82.5017500707548,\n 30.58649607189379\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"37","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a001ae4b0c8380cd4f5bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loftin, C.S.","contributorId":92771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loftin","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kitchens, W.M.","contributorId":87647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitchens","given":"W.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ansay, N.","contributorId":42760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ansay","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023023,"text":"70023023 - 2001 - Effect of basin physical characteristics on solute fluxes in nine alpine/subalpine basins, Colorado, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:06","indexId":"70023023","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of basin physical characteristics on solute fluxes in nine alpine/subalpine basins, Colorado, USA","docAbstract":"Alpine/subalpine basins may exhibit substantial variability in solute fluxes despite many apparent similarities in basin characteristics. An evaluation of controls on spatial patterns in solute fluxes may allow development of predictive tools for assessing basin sensitivity to outside perturbations such as climate change or deposition of atmospheric pollutants. Relationships between basin physical characteristics, determined from geographical information system (GIS) tools, and solute fluxes and mineral weathering rates were explored for nine alpine/subalpine basins in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, using correlation analyses for 1993 and 1994 data. Stream-water nitrate fluxes were correlated positively with basin characteristics associated with the talus environment; i.e., the fractional amounts of steep slopes (??? 30??), unvegetated terrain and young debris (primarily Holocene till) in the basins, and were correlated negatively with fractional amounts of subalpine meadow terrain. Correlations with nitrate indicate the importance of the talus environment in promoting nitrate flux and the mitigating effect of areas with established vegetation, such as subalpine meadows. Total mineral weathering rates for the basins ranged from about 300 to 600 mol ha-1 year -1. Oligoclase weathering accounted for 30 to 73% of the total mineral weathering flux, and was positively correlated with the amount of old debris (primarily Pleistocene glacial till) in the basins. Although calcite is found in trace amounts in bedrock, calcite weathering accounted for up to 44% of the total mineral weathering flux. Calcite was strongly correlated with steep slope, unvegetated terrain, and young debris-probably because physical weathering in steep-gradient areas exposes fresh mineral surfaces that contain calcite for chemical weathering. Oligoclase and calcite weathering are the dominant sources of alkalinity in the basins. However, atmospherically deposited acids consume much of the alkalinity generated by weathering of calcite and other minerals in the talus environment. Published in 2001 by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.265","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Sueker, J., Clow, D.W., Ryan, J.N., and Jarrett, R., 2001, Effect of basin physical characteristics on solute fluxes in nine alpine/subalpine basins, Colorado, USA: Hydrological Processes, v. 15, no. 14, p. 2749-2769, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.265.","startPage":"2749","endPage":"2769","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":498976,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.265","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233508,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208089,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.265"}],"volume":"15","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-10-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05c2e4b0c8380cd50f40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sueker, J.K.","contributorId":61977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sueker","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clow, D. W.","contributorId":23531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clow","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ryan, J. N.","contributorId":102649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jarrett, R.D.","contributorId":36551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarrett","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}