The Digital Mapping Techniques '03 (DMT'03) workshop was attended by nearly 90 technical experts from 36 agencies, universities, and private companies, including representatives from 22 state geological surveys (see Appendix A). Although the meeting was slightly smaller than DMT'02 it was, considering the budget deficits in nearly all 50 states, very well attended. This workshop was similar in nature to the previous six meetings, held in Lawrence, Kansas (Soller, 1997), in Champaign, Illinois (Soller, 1998), in Madison, Wisconsin (Soller, 1999), in Lexington, Kentucky (Soller, 2000), in Tuscaloosa, Alabama (Soller, 2001), and in Salt Lake City, Utah (Soller, 2002). This year's meeting was hosted by the Pennsylvania Geological Survey, from June 1-4, 2003, on the Millersville University campus in Millersville, Pennsylvania. As in the previous meetings, the objective was to foster informal discussion and exchange of technical information. This objective was well met, as attendees continued to share and exchange knowledge and information, and to renew friendships and collegial work begun at past DMT workshops.
All the DMT workshops have been coordinated by the Association of American State Geologists (AASG) and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Data Capture Working Group, which was formed in August 1996, to support the AASG and the USGS in their effort to build a National Geologic Map Database (see Soller and Berg, this volume, and <http://ncgmp.usgs.gov/ngmdbproject/ standards/datacapt/>). The Working Group was formed because increased production efficiencies, standardization, and quality of digital map products were needed for the database— and the State and Federal geological surveys—to provide more high-quality digital maps to the public.
At the 2003 meeting, oral and poster presentations and special discussion sessions emphasized 1) methods for creating and publishing map products (here, \"publishing\" includes Web-based release); 2) digital cartographic techniques, 3) analytical GIS techniques; 4) continued development of the National Geologic Map Database; 5) progress toward building and implementing a standard geologic map data model and standard science language, and 6) the need to archive both the published products and the data and observational data that support it.
","conferenceTitle":"Digital Mapping Techniques '03","conferenceDate":"June 1-4, 2003","conferenceLocation":"Millersville, Pennsylvania","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03471","usgsCitation":"2003, Digital mapping techniques '03 - Workshop proceedings: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-471, vii, 262 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03471.","productDescription":"vii, 262 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5433,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-471/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":173827,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-471/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":365143,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-471/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65aaf7","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Soller, David R. 0000-0001-6177-8332 drsoller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6177-8332","contributorId":2700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soller","given":"David","email":"drsoller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":765263,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50432,"text":"ofr01328 - 2003 - User's Manual for the New England Water-Use Data System (NEWUDS)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:19","indexId":"ofr01328","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-328","title":"User's Manual for the New England Water-Use Data System (NEWUDS)","docAbstract":"Water is used in a variety of ways that need to be understood for effective management of water resources. Water-use activities need to be categorized and included in a database management system to understand current water uses and to provide information to water-resource management policy decisionmakers.\r\n\r\nThe New England Water-Use Data System (NEWUDS) is a complex database developed to store water-use information that allows water to be tracked from a point of water-use activity (called a 'Site'), such as withdrawal from a resource (reservoir or aquifer), to a second Site, such as distribution to a user (business or irrigator). NEWUDS conceptual model consists of 10 core entities: system, owner, address, location, site, data source, resource, conveyance, transaction/rate, and alias, with tables available to store user-defined details. Three components--site (with both a From Site and a To Site), a conveyance that connects them, and a transaction/rate associated with the movement of water over a specific time interval form the core of the basic NEWUDS network model. \r\n\r\nThe most important step in correctly translating real-world water-use activities into a storable format in NEWUDS depends on choosing the appropriate sites and linking them correctly in a network to model the flow of water from the initial From Site to the final To Site. Ten water-use networks representing real-world activities are described--three withdrawal networks, three return networks, two user networks, two complex community-system networks. Ten case studies of water use, one for each network, also are included in this manual to illustrate how to compile, store, and retrieve the appropriate data.\r\n\r\nThe sequence of data entry into tables is critical because there are many foreign keys. The recommended core entity sequence is (1) system, (2) owner, (3) address, (4) location, (5) site, (6) data source, (7) resource, (8) conveyance, (9) transaction, and (10) rate; with (11) alias and (12) user-defined detail subject areas populated as needed. After each step in data entry, quality-assurance queries should be run to ensure the data are correctly entered so that it can be retrieved accurately. The point of data storage is retrieval. Several retrieval queries that focus on retrieving only relevant data to specific questions are presented in this manual as examples for the NEWUDS user.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr01328","usgsCitation":"Horn, M.A., 2003, User's Manual for the New England Water-Use Data System (NEWUDS): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-328, 392 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01328.","productDescription":"392 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175626,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4241,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr01-328/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db603fc7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horn, Marilee A. mhorn@usgs.gov","contributorId":2792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horn","given":"Marilee","email":"mhorn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50121,"text":"wri20034070 - 2003 - Organic carbon trends, loads, and yields to the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California, water years 1980 to 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-12T19:34:29.477436","indexId":"wri20034070","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4070","title":"Organic carbon trends, loads, and yields to the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California, water years 1980 to 2000","docAbstract":"Organic carbon, nutrient, and suspended sediment concentration data were analyzed for the Sacramento and San Joaquin River Basins for the period 1980-2000. The data were retrieved from three sources: the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Information System, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Storage and Retrieval System, and the California Interagency Ecological Program's relational database. Twenty sites were selected, all of which had complete records of daily streamflow data. These data met the minimal requirements of the statistical programs used to estimate trends, loads, and yields.\r\n\r\nThe seasonal Kendall program was used to estimate trends in organic carbon, nutrient, and suspended sediment. At all 20 sites, analyses showed that in the 145 analyses for the seven constituents, 95 percent of the analyses had no significant trend. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were significant only for four sites: the American River at Sacramento, the Sacramento River sites near Freeport, Orestimba Creek at River Roads near Crows Landing, and the San Joaquin River near Vernalis. \r\n\r\nLoads were calculated using two programs, ESTIMATOR and LOADEST2. The 1998 water year was selected to describe loads in the Sacramento River Basin. Organic carbon, nutrient, and suspended sediment loads at the Sacramento River sites near Freeport included transported loads from two main upstream sites: the Sacramento River at Verona and the American River at Sacramento. Loads in the Sacramento River Basin were affected by the amount of water diverted to the Yolo Bypass (the amount varies annually, depending on the precipitation and streamflow). Loads at the Sacramento River sites near Freeport were analyzed for two hydrologic seasons: the irrigation season (April to September) and the nonirrigation season (October to March). DOC loads are lower during the irrigation season then they are during the nonirrigation season. During the irrigation season, water with low concentrations of DOC is released from reservoirs and used for irrigation. On the other hand, during the nonirrigation season, streamflow results from surface water runoff and has higher concentrations of organic carbon, nutrients, and suspended sediment. \r\n\r\nThe 1986 and 1987 water years were selected to describe loads in the San Joaquin River Basin. Organic carbon, nutrient, and suspended sediment loads in the San Joaquin River near Vernalis included transported loads from upstream sites, such as the Mud and Salt Sloughs, the Merced River at River Roads Bridge near Newman, the Tuolumne River at Modesto, and the Stanislaus River at Ripon. Loads at the San Joaquin River near Vernalis also were analyzed for the two seasons. The DOC load for the San Joaquin River at Vernalis is slightly higher during the irrigation season. \r\n\r\nYields were calculated in an attempt to rank the subbasins in the Sacramento and San Joaquin River Basins. Five sites delivered streamflow from agricultural and urban sources that had relatively high yields of organic carbon: Sacramento Slough near Knights Landing, Arcade Creek near Del Paso Heights, Salt Slough, Mud Slough, and Colusa Basin Drain at Road 99E near Knights Landing.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri20034070","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Saleh, D.K., Domagalski, J.L., Kratzer, C.R., and Knifong, D.L., 2003, Organic carbon trends, loads, and yields to the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California, water years 1980 to 2000 (Second Edition, Revised May 2007): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4070, Report: x, 77 p.; Data Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20034070.","productDescription":"Report: x, 77 p.; Data Files","temporalStart":"1979-10-01","temporalEnd":"2000-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423449,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_81446.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":4307,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034070/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":176368,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.97827730593778,\n 35.60992788148107\n ],\n [\n -120.2977877900775,\n 35.9729574126645\n ],\n [\n -120.61388130451482,\n 37.0055073780382\n ],\n [\n -120.24747249238575,\n 37.05169005480078\n ],\n [\n -119.78511478940254,\n 37.374318087607946\n ],\n [\n -119.18332294206904,\n 37.261727776027854\n ],\n [\n -120.2650947956004,\n 39.00429289194084\n ],\n [\n -120.9346649841992,\n 40.32781116305664\n ],\n [\n -120.41429135617152,\n 40.9546050397907\n ],\n [\n -120.51328944678755,\n 41.68785173528576\n ],\n [\n -122.86360484223272,\n 41.02825824268021\n ],\n [\n -122.93556417625649,\n 39.76419001440805\n ],\n [\n -122.61225717821586,\n 38.50941324255622\n ],\n [\n -120.97827730593778,\n 35.60992788148107\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Second Edition, Revised May 2007","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db6059c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saleh, Dina K. 0000-0002-1406-9303","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1406-9303","contributorId":24737,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Saleh","given":"Dina","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":16706,"text":"California State University, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":240804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Domagalski, Joseph L. 0000-0002-6032-757X joed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-757X","contributorId":1330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domagalski","given":"Joseph","email":"joed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kratzer, Charles R.","contributorId":30619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kratzer","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Knifong, Donna L. dknifong@usgs.gov","contributorId":1517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knifong","given":"Donna","email":"dknifong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":240803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":52857,"text":"ofr03310 - 2003 - Infiltration-Excess Overland Flow Estimated by TOPMODEL for the Conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-17T15:14:20","indexId":"ofr03310","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-310","title":"Infiltration-Excess Overland Flow Estimated by TOPMODEL for the Conterminous United States","docAbstract":"This 5-kilometer resolution raster (grid) dataset for the conterminous United States represents the average percentage of infiltration-excess overland flow in total streamflow estimated by the watershed model TOPMODEL. Infiltration-excess overland flow is simulated in TOPMODEL as precipitation that exceeds the infiltration capacity of the soil and enters the stream channel.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr03310","usgsCitation":"Wolock, D.M., 2003, Infiltration-Excess Overland Flow Estimated by TOPMODEL for the Conterminous United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-310, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03310.","productDescription":"Dataset","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177993,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4873,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr03310/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":273855,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/ieof48.xml"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -128.046430,23.254317 ], [ -128.046430,51.967053 ], [ -64.080993,51.967053 ], [ -64.080993,23.254317 ], [ -128.046430,23.254317 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b11e4b07f02db6a23fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolock, David M. 0000-0002-6209-938X dwolock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"David","email":"dwolock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":52667,"text":"ofr03233 - 2003 - MODFLOW-2000 ground-water model-user guide to the Subsidence and Aquifer-System Compaction (SUB) Package","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-10T08:53:12","indexId":"ofr03233","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-233","title":"MODFLOW-2000 ground-water model-user guide to the Subsidence and Aquifer-System Compaction (SUB) Package","docAbstract":"This report documents a computer program, the Subsidence and Aquifer-System Compaction (SUB) Package, to simulate aquifer-system compaction and land subsidence using the U.S. Geological Survey modular finite-difference ground-water flow model, MODFLOW-2000. The SUB Package simulates elastic (recoverable) compaction and expansion, and inelastic (permanent) compaction of compressible fine-grained beds (interbeds) within the aquifers. The deformation of the interbeds is caused by head or pore-pressure changes, and thus by changes in effective stress, within the interbeds. If the stress is less than the preconsolidation stress of the sediments, the deformation is elastic; if the stress is greater than the preconsolidation stress, the deformation is inelastic. The propagation of head changes within the interbeds is defined by a transient, one-dimensional (vertical) diffusion equation. This equation accounts for delayed release of water from storage or uptake of water into storage in the interbeds. Properties that control the timing of the storage changes are vertical hydraulic diffusivity and interbed thickness. The SUB Package supersedes the Interbed Storage Package (IBS1) for MODFLOW, which assumes that water is released from or taken into storage with changes in head in the aquifer within a single model time step and, therefore, can be reasonably used to simulate only thin interbeds. The SUB Package relaxes this assumption and can be used to simulate time-dependent drainage and compaction of thick interbeds and confining units. The time-dependent drainage can be turned off, in which case the SUB Package gives results identical to those from IBS1.\r\n\r\nThree sample problems illustrate the usefulness of the SUB Package. One sample problem verifies that the package works correctly. This sample problem simulates the drainage of a thick interbed in response to a step change in head in the adjacent aquifer and closely matches the analytical solution. A second sample problem illustrates the effects of seasonally varying discharge and recharge to an aquifer system with a thick interbed. A third sample problem simulates a multilayered regional ground-water basin. Model input files for the third sample problem are included in the appendix.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr03233","usgsCitation":"Hoffmann, J., Leake, S.A., Galloway, D., and Wilson, A.M., 2003, MODFLOW-2000 ground-water model-user guide to the Subsidence and Aquifer-System Compaction (SUB) Package: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-233, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03233.","productDescription":"44 p.","costCenters":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178457,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5165,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr03-233/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648c83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoffmann, Jorn","contributorId":15693,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hoffmann","given":"Jorn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leake, S. A.","contributorId":52164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leake","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Galloway, D. L. 0000-0003-0904-5355","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0904-5355","contributorId":31383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":245751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wilson, Alicia M.","contributorId":64723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Alicia","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":52861,"text":"wri034188 - 2003 - Estimating the Magnitude and Frequency of Peak Streamflows for Ungaged Sites on Streams in Alaska and Conterminous Basins in Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-12T19:29:36.068717","indexId":"wri034188","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4188","title":"Estimating the Magnitude and Frequency of Peak Streamflows for Ungaged Sites on Streams in Alaska and Conterminous Basins in Canada","docAbstract":"Estimates of the magnitude and frequency of peak streamflow are needed across Alaska for floodplain management, cost-effective design of floodway structures such as bridges and culverts, and other water-resource management issues. Peak-streamflow magnitudes for the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, 200-, and 500-year recurrence-interval flows were computed for 301 streamflow-gaging and partial-record stations in Alaska and 60 stations in conterminous basins of Canada. Flows were analyzed from data through the 1999 water year using a log-Pearson Type III analysis. The State was divided into seven hydrologically distinct streamflow analysis regions for this analysis, in conjunction with a concurrent study of low and high flows. New generalized skew coefficients were developed for each region using station skew coefficients for stations with at least 25 years of systematic peak-streamflow data. \r\n\r\nEquations for estimating peak streamflows at ungaged locations were developed for Alaska and conterminous basins in Canada using a generalized least-squares regression model. A set of predictive equations for estimating the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, 200-, and 500-year peak streamflows was developed for each streamflow analysis region from peak-streamflow magnitudes and physical and climatic basin characteristics. These equations may be used for unregulated streams without flow diversions, dams, periodically releasing glacial impoundments, or other streamflow conditions not correlated to basin characteristics. Basin characteristics should be obtained using methods similar to those used in this report to preserve the statistical integrity of the equations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034188","usgsCitation":"Curran, J.H., Meyer, D.F., and Tasker, G.D., 2003, Estimating the Magnitude and Frequency of Peak Streamflows for Ungaged Sites on Streams in Alaska and Conterminous Basins in Canada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4188, 101 p.; 1 plate; 2 illus.; 4 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034188.","productDescription":"101 p.; 1 plate; 2 illus.; 4 tables","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178057,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4877,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034188/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc7f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curran, Janet H. 0000-0002-3899-6275 jcurran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3899-6275","contributorId":690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curran","given":"Janet","email":"jcurran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, David F. dfmeyer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"David","email":"dfmeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":246147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tasker, Gary D.","contributorId":95035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tasker","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":52662,"text":"wri034061 - 2003 - Analysis of tests of subsurface injection, storage, and recovery of freshwater in Lancaster, Antelope Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-09T10:06:11","indexId":"wri034061","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4061","title":"Analysis of tests of subsurface injection, storage, and recovery of freshwater in Lancaster, Antelope Valley, California","docAbstract":"Ground-water levels in Lancaster, California, declined more than 200 feet during the 20th century, resulting in reduced ground-water supplies and more than 6 feet of land subsidence. Facing continuing population growth, water managers are seeking solutions to these problems. Injection of imported, treated fresh water into the aquifer system when it is most available and least expensive, for later use during high-demand periods, is being evaluated as part of a management solution. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Los Angeles County Department of Public Works and the Antelope Valley-East Kern Water Agency, monitored a pilot injection program, analyzed the hydraulic and subsidence-related effects of injection, and developed a simulation/optimization model to help evaluate the effectiveness of using existing and proposed wells in an injection program for halting the decline of ground-water levels and avoiding future land subsidence while meeting increasing ground-water demand.\r\n\r\nA variety of methods were used to measure aquifer-system response to injection. Water levels were measured continuously in nested (multi-depth) piezometers and monitoring wells and periodically in other wells that were within several miles of the injection site. Microgravity surveys were done to estimate changes in the elevation of the water table in the absence of wells and to estimate specific yield. Aquifer-system deformation was measured directly and continuously using a dual borehole extensometer and indirectly using continuous Global Positioning System (GPS), first-order spirit leveling, and an array of tiltmeters. The injected water and extracted water were sampled periodically and analyzed for constituents, including chloride and trihalomethanes. Measured injection rates of about 750 gallons per minute (gal/min) per well at the injection site during a 5-month period showed that injection at or above the average extraction rates at that site (about 800 gal/min) was hydraulically feasible.\r\n\r\nAnalyses of these data took many forms. Coupled measurements of gravity and water-level change were used to estimate the specific yield near the injection wells, which, in turn, was used to estimate areal water-table changes from distributed measurements of gravity change. Values of the skeletal components of aquifer-system storage, which are key subsidence-related characteristics of the system, were derived from continuous measurements of water levels and aquifer-system deformation. A numerical model of ground-water flow was developed for the area surrounding Lancaster and used to estimate horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivities. A chemical mass balance was done to estimate the recovery of injected water.\r\n\r\nThe ground-water-flow model was used to project changes in ground-water levels for 10 years into the future, assuming no injection, no change in pumping distribution, and forecasted increases in ground-water demand. Simulated ground-water levels decreased throughout the Lancaster area, suggesting that land subsidence would continue as would the depletion of ground-water supplies and an associated loss of well production capacity. A simulation/optimization model was developed to help identify optimal injection and extraction rates for 16 existing and 13 proposed wells to avoid future land subsidence and to minimize loss of well production capacity while meeting increasing ground-water demands. Results of model simulations suggest that these objectives can be met with phased installation of the proposed wells during the 10-year period. Water quality was not considered in the optimization, but chemical-mass-balance results indicate that a sustained injection program likely would have residual effects on the chemistry of ground water.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034061","usgsCitation":"Phillips, S.P., Carlson, C.S., Metzger, L.F., Howle, J.F., Galloway, D.L., Sneed, M., Ikehara, M.E., Hudnut, K.W., and King, N.E., 2003, Analysis of tests of subsurface injection, storage, and recovery of freshwater in Lancaster, Antelope Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4061, 122 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034061.","productDescription":"122 p.","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":179285,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5160,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/pubs/wrir_03-4061.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Califronia","city":"Lancaster","otherGeospatial":"Antelope Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.48892211914062,\n 34.44429120303373\n ],\n [\n -117.6470947265625,\n 34.44429120303373\n ],\n [\n -117.6470947265625,\n 35.03336986422378\n ],\n [\n -118.48892211914062,\n 35.03336986422378\n ],\n [\n -118.48892211914062,\n 34.44429120303373\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db680ac5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phillips, Steven P. 0000-0002-5107-868X sphillip@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5107-868X","contributorId":1506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Steven","email":"sphillip@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":245737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carlson, Carl S. 0000-0001-7142-3519 cscarlso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7142-3519","contributorId":1694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"Carl","email":"cscarlso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":245738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Metzger, Loren F. 0000-0003-2454-2966 lmetzger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2454-2966","contributorId":1378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metzger","given":"Loren","email":"lmetzger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":245736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Howle, James F. 0000-0003-0491-6203 jfhowle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0491-6203","contributorId":2225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howle","given":"James","email":"jfhowle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":245739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Galloway, Devin L. 0000-0003-0904-5355 dlgallow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0904-5355","contributorId":679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"Devin","email":"dlgallow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5058,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5078,"text":"Southwest Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":245735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sneed, Michelle 0000-0002-8180-382X micsneed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8180-382X","contributorId":155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sneed","given":"Michelle","email":"micsneed@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":245733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ikehara, Marti E.","contributorId":53757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ikehara","given":"Marti","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hudnut, Kenneth W. 0000-0002-3168-4797 hudnut@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3168-4797","contributorId":2550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudnut","given":"Kenneth","email":"hudnut@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":245740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"King, Nancy E. nking@usgs.gov","contributorId":586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Nancy","email":"nking@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":245734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":52657,"text":"wri034246 - 2003 - Precipitation-Runoff Simulations of Current and Natural Streamflow Conditions in the Methow River Basin, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:26","indexId":"wri034246","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4246","title":"Precipitation-Runoff Simulations of Current and Natural Streamflow Conditions in the Methow River Basin, Washington","docAbstract":"Management of the water resources of the Methow River Basin is changing in response to the listing of three species of fish under the Endangered Species Act and the Washington State-legislated watershed-planning process. This report describes the construction and calibration of an enhanced precipitation-runoff model for the Methow River Basin and evaluates the model as a predictive tool for assessing the current and natural streamflow conditions.\r\n\r\nThis study builds upon a previous precipitation-runoff model for the Methow River Basin and validates the current model using a new, more extensive streamflow data network. The major enhancement was the simulation of current flow conditions with the addition of irrigation diversions, returns, and application. The Geographic Information System Weasel characterized the physical properties of the basin and the Modular Modeling System, using the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System, simulated the hydrologic flow.\r\n\r\nStreamflow was simulated for water years 1992-2001 to calibrate the model to measured streamflows. A sensitivity analysis was completed using nonlinear regression to determine hydrologic parameters pertinent to the modeling results. Simulated and measured streamflow generally showed close agreement, especially during spring runoff from snowmelt. Low-flow or baseflow periods, most restrictive to fish habitation, were simulated reasonably well yet possessed the most uncertainty. Simulations of annual mean streamflow as a percentage of measured annual mean streamflow for the 10-year calibration period at six of the seven streamflow-gaging stations ranged from -35.2 to +26.2 percent, with 65 percent of the simulated values within 15 percent. One station was intentionally calibrated to over-simulate discharge (simulated discharge greater than measured discharge) in order to compensate for observed channel losses not simulated by the model. Simulation of water years 1960-2001 demonstrated great variability in monthly streamflow statistics. The simulated mean monthly flows for 11 streamflow-gaging stations were an average of 2.5 percent higher for water years 1992-2001 than for the entire simulation period. If water year 2001, an extreme drought year, is omitted, simulated mean monthly flows for the 11 streamflow-gaging stations were an average of 9.0 percent higher than for the entire simulation period. The calibrated model also examined the effects of irrigation-canal seepage on streamflow. Irrigation-canal seepage contributed to streamflow throughout the year, with the greatest effect during the irrigation season.\r\n\r\n\r\nManagement of the water resources of the Methow River Basin is changing in response to the listing of three species of fish under the Endangered Species Act and the Washington State-legislated watershed-planning process. This report describes the construction and calibration of an enhanced precipitation-runoff model for the Methow River Basin and evaluates the model as a predictive tool for assessing the current and natural streamflow conditions.\r\n\r\nThis study builds upon a previous precipitation-runoff model for the Methow River Basin and validates the current model using a new, more extensive streamflow data network. The major enhancement was the simulation of current flow conditions with the addition of irrigation diversions, returns, and application. The Geographic Information System Weasel characterized the physical properties of the basin and the Modular Modeling System, using the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System, simulated the hydrologic flow.\r\n\r\nStreamflow was simulated for water years 1992-2001 to calibrate the model to measured streamflows. A sensitivity analysis was completed using nonlinear regression to determine hydrologic parameters pertinent to the modeling results. Simulated and measured streamflow generally showed close agreement, especially during spring runoff from snowmelt. Low-flow or baseflow periods, most restrictive to fish habitation","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034246","usgsCitation":"Ely, D.M., 2003, Precipitation-Runoff Simulations of Current and Natural Streamflow Conditions in the Methow River Basin, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4246, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034246.","productDescription":"35 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5110,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034246/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":178954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cf5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ely, D. Matthew","contributorId":100052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ely","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Matthew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53053,"text":"ofr03371 - 2003 - Computational technique and performance of Transient Inundation Model for Rivers--2 Dimensional (TRIM2RD) : a depth-averaged two-dimensional flow model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:38","indexId":"ofr03371","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-371","title":"Computational technique and performance of Transient Inundation Model for Rivers--2 Dimensional (TRIM2RD) : a depth-averaged two-dimensional flow model","docAbstract":"A numerical computer model, Transient Inundation Model for Rivers -- 2 Dimensional (TrimR2D), that solves the two-dimensional depth-averaged flow equations is documented and discussed. The model uses a semi-implicit, semi-Lagrangian finite-difference method. It is a variant of the Trim model and has been used successfully in estuarine environments such as San Francisco Bay. The abilities of the model are documented for three scenarios: uniform depth flows, laboratory dam-break flows, and large-scale riverine flows. The model can start computations from a ?dry? bed and converge to accurate solutions. Inflows are expressed as source terms, which limits the use of the model to sufficiently long reaches where the flow reaches equilibrium with the channel. The data sets used by the investigation demonstrate that the model accurately propagates flood waves through long river reaches and simulates dam breaks with abrupt water-surface changes.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr03371","usgsCitation":"Fulford, J.M., 2003, Computational technique and performance of Transient Inundation Model for Rivers--2 Dimensional (TRIM2RD) : a depth-averaged two-dimensional flow model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-371, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03371.","productDescription":"51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177560,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5195,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr03371/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7c26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fulford, Janice M. jfulford@usgs.gov","contributorId":991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fulford","given":"Janice","email":"jfulford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":51998,"text":"wri034065 - 2003 - Geohydrology, geochemistry, and ground-water simulation-optimization of the Central and West Coast Basins, Los Angeles County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-28T13:17:35.226372","indexId":"wri034065","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4065","displayTitle":"Geohydrology, Geochemistry, and Ground-Water Simulation-Optimization of the Central and West Coast Basins, Los Angeles County, California","title":"Geohydrology, geochemistry, and ground-water simulation-optimization of the Central and West Coast Basins, Los Angeles County, California","docAbstract":"Historical ground-water development of the Central and West Coast Basins in Los Angeles County, California through the first half of the 20th century caused large water-level declines and induced seawater intrusion. Because of this, the basins were adjudicated and numerous ground-water management activities were implemented, including increased water spreading, construction of injection barriers, increased delivery of imported water, and increased use of reclaimed water. In order to improve the scientific basis for these water management activities, an extensive data collection program was undertaken, geohydrological and geochemical analyses were conducted, and ground-water flow simulation and optimization models were developed.\r\n In this project, extensive hydraulic, geologic, and chemical data were collected from new multiple-well monitoring sites. On the basis of these data and data compiled and collected from existing wells, the regional geohydrologic framework was characterized. For the purposes of modeling, the three-dimensional aquifer system was divided into four aquifer systems?the Recent, Lakewood, Upper San Pedro, and Lower San Pedro aquifer systems. Most pumpage in the two basins is from the Upper San Pedro aquifer system.\r\n Assessment of the three-dimensional geochemical data provides insight into the sources of recharge and the movement and age of ground water in the study area. Major-ion data indicate the chemical character of water containing less than 500 mg/L dissolved solids generally grades from calcium-bicarbonate/sulfate to sodium bicarbonate. Sodium-chloride water, high in dissolved solids, is present in wells near the coast. Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen provide information on sources of recharge to the basin, including imported water and water originating in the San Fernando Valley, San Gabriel Valley, and the coastal plain and surrounding hills. Tritium and carbon-14 data provide information on relative ground-water ages. Water with abundant tritium (greater than 8 tritium units) is found in and downgradient from the Montebello Forebay and near the seawater barrier projects, indicating recent recharge. Water with less than measurable tritium is present in, and downgradient from, the Los Angeles Forebay and in most wells in the West Coast Basin. Water from several deep wells was analyzed for carbon-14. Uncorrected estimates of age for these samples range from 600 to more than 20,000 years before present. Chemical and isotopic data are combined to evaluate changes in chemical character along flow paths emanating from the Montebello and Los Angeles Forebays.\r\n A four-layer ground-water flow model was developed to simulate steady-state ground-water conditions representative of those in 1971 and transient conditions for the period 1971?2000. Model results indicate increases in ground-water storage in all parts of the study area over the simulated thirty-year period. The model was used to develop a three-dimensional ground-water budget and to assess impacts of two alternative future (2001?25) ground-water development scenarios?one that assumes continued pumping at average current rates and a second that assumes increasing pumping from most wells in the Central Basin. The model simulates stable or slightly increasing water levels for the first scenario and declining water levels (25 to 50 ft in the Central Basin) in the second scenario. Model sensitivity to parameter values and to the assumed Orange County boundary condition was evaluated. Particle tracking was applied to simulate advective transport of water from the spreading ponds, the coastline, and the seawater injection barriers. Particle tracking results indicate that most flow within the Upper San Pedro aquifer system occurs within about 20 percent of the total aquifer system thickness and that virtually all water injected into the seawater barrier projects has flowed inland.\r\n The simulation model was linked with optimizatio","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034065","usgsCitation":"Reichard, E.G., Land, M., Crawford, S.M., Johnson, T.D., Everett, R., Kulshan, T.V., Ponti, D.J., Halford, K.L., Johnson, T.A., Paybins, K.S., and Nishikawa, T., 2003, Geohydrology, geochemistry, and ground-water simulation-optimization of the Central and West Coast Basins, Los Angeles County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4065, 196 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034065.","productDescription":"196 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177686,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4569,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wrir034065/wrir034065.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Los Angeles County","otherGeospatial":"Central and West Coast basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.62933310539583,\n 34.17839081900436\n ],\n [\n -118.62933310539583,\n 33.71343392714655\n ],\n [\n -117.81241774681999,\n 33.71343392714655\n ],\n [\n -117.81241774681999,\n 34.17839081900436\n ],\n [\n -118.62933310539583,\n 34.17839081900436\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a878d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reichard, Eric G. 0000-0002-7310-3866 egreich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7310-3866","contributorId":1207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichard","given":"Eric","email":"egreich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":244643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Land, Michael 0000-0001-5141-0307","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5141-0307","contributorId":56613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crawford, Steven M.","contributorId":80714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Tyler D. 0000-0002-7334-9188 tyjohns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7334-9188","contributorId":1440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Tyler","email":"tyjohns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":244644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Everett, Rhett R. 0000-0001-7983-6270 reverett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7983-6270","contributorId":843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Everett","given":"Rhett R.","email":"reverett@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":244641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kulshan, Trayle V.","contributorId":101937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kulshan","given":"Trayle","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ponti, Daniel J. 0000-0002-2437-5144 dponti@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2437-5144","contributorId":1020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ponti","given":"Daniel","email":"dponti@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":244642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Halford, Keith L. 0000-0002-7322-1846","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7322-1846","contributorId":98997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halford","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Johnson, Theodore A.","contributorId":23015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Theodore","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Paybins, Katherine S. 0000-0002-3967-5043 kpaybins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3967-5043","contributorId":2805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paybins","given":"Katherine","email":"kpaybins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":642,"text":"West Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":244646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Nishikawa, Tracy 0000-0002-7348-3838 tnish@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7348-3838","contributorId":1515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nishikawa","given":"Tracy","email":"tnish@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":244645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":47747,"text":"wri024269 - 2003 - Probability of detecting atrazine/desethyl-atrazine and elevated concentrations of nitrate in ground water in Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-22T21:54:17.216899","indexId":"wri024269","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4269","title":"Probability of detecting atrazine/desethyl-atrazine and elevated concentrations of nitrate in ground water in Colorado","docAbstract":"Draft Federal regulations may require that each State develop a State Pesticide Management Plan for the herbicides atrazine, alachlor, metolachlor, and simazine. Maps were developed that the State of Colorado could use to predict the probability of detecting atrazine and desethyl-atrazine (a breakdown product of atrazine) in ground water in Colorado. These maps can be incorporated into the State Pesticide Management Plan and can help provide a sound hydrogeologic basis for atrazine management in Colorado. Maps showing the probability of detecting elevated nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen (nitrate) concentrations in ground water in Colorado also were developed because nitrate is a contaminant of concern in many areas of Colorado.\r\n\r\nMaps showing the probability of detecting atrazine and(or) desethyl-atrazine (atrazine/DEA) at or greater than concentrations of 0.1 microgram per liter and nitrate concentrations in ground water greater than 5 milligrams per liter were developed as follows: (1) Ground-water quality data were overlaid with anthropogenic and hydrogeologic data using a geographic information system to produce a data set in which each well had corresponding data on atrazine use, fertilizer use, geology, hydrogeomorphic regions, land cover, precipitation, soils, and well construction. These data then were downloaded to a statistical software package for analysis by logistic regression. (2) Relations were observed between ground-water quality and the percentage of land-cover categories within circular regions (buffers) around wells. Several buffer sizes were evaluated; the buffer size that provided the strongest relation was selected for use in the logistic regression models. (3) Relations between concentrations of atrazine/DEA and nitrate in ground water and atrazine use, fertilizer use, geology, hydrogeomorphic regions, land cover, precipitation, soils, and well-construction data were evaluated, and several preliminary multivariate models with various combinations of independent variables were constructed. (4) The multivariate models that best predicted the presence of atrazine/DEA and elevated concentrations of nitrate in ground water were selected. (5) The accuracy of the multivariate models was confirmed by validating the models with an independent set of ground-water quality data. (6) The multivariate models were entered into a geographic information system and the probability maps were constructed.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024269","usgsCitation":"Rupert, M.G., 2003, Probability of detecting atrazine/desethyl-atrazine and elevated concentrations of nitrate in ground water in Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4269, v, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024269.","productDescription":"v, 35 p.","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":169768,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":405437,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54496.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":4077,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024269","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.05029296875,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -102.052001953125,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -102.052001953125,\n 40.98819156349393\n ],\n [\n -109.05029296875,\n 40.98819156349393\n ],\n [\n -109.05029296875,\n 37.00255267215955\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cfe4b07f02db545f85","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rupert, Michael G. mgrupert@usgs.gov","contributorId":1194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rupert","given":"Michael","email":"mgrupert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":236146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47515,"text":"wri024204 - 2003 - Simulation of the shallow aquifer in the vicinity of Silver Lake, Washington County, Wisconsin, using analytic elements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-28T18:58:04.096795","indexId":"wri024204","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4204","title":"Simulation of the shallow aquifer in the vicinity of Silver Lake, Washington County, Wisconsin, using analytic elements","docAbstract":"Shallow ground-water flow in the vicinity of Silver Lake, Washington County, Wisconsin, was investigated to develop an understanding of the hydrology of the shallow aquifer, define a water balance for the lake, delineate ground-water recharge areas for the lake, and to estimate solute flux toward the lake. A single-layer, steady-state, analytic-element model was used to simulate shallow ground-water flow. Regional model parameters include a recharge rate of 4 inches per year, hydraulic conductivity of 50 feet per day and a model base of 800 feet above sea level. A model inhomogeneity was added to represent deviations from these regional values for an area roughly coincident with the Kettle Moraine Area that trends through the study area. Model calibration was accomplished by varying the regional parameter values and those of the inhomogeneity through trial-and-error to determine a best-fit match between simulated and measured values for head and streamflow targets. There was no change to the regional parameter values as a result of calibration, however, the calibrated values for the inhomogeneity are: recharge rate of 12 inches per year, hydraulic conductivity of 20 feet per day, and a model base of 900 feet. These changes represent a four- to five-fold reduction in transmissivity within the inhomogeneity as compared to the regional model.
\nA Silver Lake water budget was defined using both published hydrologic data and simulations using the calibrated model. Model simulations show that 1.08 cubic feet per second of ground water enters Silver Lake on the upgradient (primarily western) side and 0.08 cubic feet per second recharges to ground water on the downgradient (primarily eastern) side. Net precipitation (precipitation minus evaporation) on the lake is 0.04 cubic feet per second. Collectively, these water-budget terms provide a residual value of 1.04 cubic feet per second flow to Silver Creek at the north end of Silver Lake, which is a very good match to the range of measured flow (0.7 to 5.2 cubic feet per second). Ground-water recharge areas for Silver Lake are largely on the western side of the lake. The recharge area for the northern two-thirds of Silver Lake is west toward Big Cedar Lake. Assuming a porosity of 20 percent, model results indicate that the 50-year time-of-travel for recharge to Silver Lake does not extend to Big Cedar Lake. The recharge area for the southern one-third of Silver Lake is west toward Little Cedar Lake. Model results indicate that time of travel for recharge to Silver Lake from Little Cedar Lake is about 15 to 20 years. For travel times greater than 15 or 20 years, the ground-water recharge area for Little Cedar Lake and inflow from Big Cedar Lake also should be considered recharge affecting Silver Lake. Solute flux toward Silver Lake was calculated based on simulated ground-water flux and measured concentrations in the upgradient piezometers and observation wells.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024204","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Silver Lake Protection and Rehabilitation District","usgsCitation":"Dunning, C.P., Thomas, J.C., and Lin, Y., 2003, Simulation of the shallow aquifer in the vicinity of Silver Lake, Washington County, Wisconsin, using analytic elements: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4204, v, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024204.","productDescription":"v, 29 p.","numberOfPages":"35","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":407533,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54501.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":168727,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4204/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":84454,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4204/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Washington County","otherGeospatial":"Silver Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.29299926757812,\n 43.34540466524301\n ],\n [\n -88.29299926757812,\n 43.42699324866588\n ],\n [\n -88.18107604980469,\n 43.42699324866588\n ],\n [\n -88.18107604980469,\n 43.34540466524301\n ],\n [\n -88.29299926757812,\n 43.34540466524301\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a0eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dunning, C. P.","contributorId":35792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunning","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomas, Judith Coffman","contributorId":73261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Judith","email":"","middleInitial":"Coffman","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lin, Yu-Feng","contributorId":108167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lin","given":"Yu-Feng","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":47868,"text":"b2179 - 2003 - Alternative Sources of Energy - An Introduction to Fuel Cells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:44","indexId":"b2179","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2179","title":"Alternative Sources of Energy - An Introduction to Fuel Cells","docAbstract":"Fuel cells are important future sources of electrical power and could contribute to a reduction in the amount of petroleum\r\nimported by the United States. They are electrochemical\r\ndevices similar to a battery and consist of a container, an anode, a cathode, catalysts, an intervening electrolyte, and an attached electrical circuit. In most fuel cell systems, hydrogen\r\nis supplied to the anode and oxygen to the cathode which results in the production of electricity, water, and heat. Fuel cells are comparatively efficient and reliable, have no moving parts, operate without combustion, and are modular and scale-able. Their size and shape are flexible and adaptable. In operation,\r\nthey are nearly silent, are relatively safe, and generally do not pollute the environment.\r\nDuring recent years, scientists and engineers have developed and refined technologies relevant to a variety of fuel cells. Types of fuel cells are commonly identified by the composition of their electrolyte, which could be either phosphoric acid, an alkaline solution, a molten carbonate, a solid metal oxide, or a solid polymer membrane. The electrolyte\r\nin stationary power plants could be phosphoric acid, molten carbonates, or solid metal oxides. For vehicles and smaller devices, the electrolyte could be an alkaline solution or a solid polymer membrane. For most fuel cell systems, the fuel is hydrogen, which can be extracted by several procedures from many hydrogen-bearing substances, including alcohols, natural gas (mainly methane), gasoline, and water.\r\nThere are important and perhaps unresolved technical problems associated with using fuel cells to power vehicles. The catalysts required in several systems are expensive metals of the platinum group. Moreover, fuel cells can freeze and not work in cold weather and can be damaged by impacts. Storage tanks for the fuels, particularly hydrogen, must be safe, inexpensive,\r\nof a reasonable size, and contain a supply sufficient for a trip of several hundred miles. Additional major problems will be the extensive and costly changes in the national infrastructure\r\nto obtain, store, and distribute large amounts of the fuels, and in related manufacturing","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/b2179","usgsCitation":"Merewether, E., 2003, Alternative Sources of Energy - An Introduction to Fuel Cells (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2179, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2179.","productDescription":"14 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170945,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4061,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2179/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adee4b07f02db6873af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merewether, E.A.","contributorId":32517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merewether","given":"E.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44923,"text":"wri024230 - 2003 - Using water-quality profiles to characterize seasonal water quality and loading in the upper Animas River basin, southwestern Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-18T19:46:11","indexId":"wri024230","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4230","title":"Using water-quality profiles to characterize seasonal water quality and loading in the upper Animas River basin, southwestern Colorado","docAbstract":"One of the important types of information needed to characterize water quality in streams affected by historical mining is the seasonal pattern of toxic trace-metal concentrations and loads. Seasonal patterns in water quality are estimated in this report using a technique called water-quality profiling. Water-quality profiling allows land managers and scientists to assess priority areas to be targeted for characterization and(or) remediation by quantifying the timing and magnitude of contaminant occurrence. Streamflow and water-quality data collected at 15 sites in the upper Animas River Basin during water years 1991?99 were used to develop water-quality profiles. Data collected at each sampling site were used to develop ordinary least-squares regression models for streamflow and constituent concentrations. Streamflow was estimated by correlating instantaneous streamflow measured at ungaged sites with continuous streamflow records from streamflow-gaging stations in the subbasin. Water-quality regression models were developed to estimate hardness and dissolved cadmium, copper, and zinc concentrations based on streamflow and seasonal terms. Results from the regression models were used to calculate water-quality profiles for streamflow, constituent concentrations, and loads. Quantification of cadmium, copper, and zinc loads in a stream segment in Mineral Creek (sites M27 to M34) was presented as an example application of water-quality profiling. The application used a method of mass accounting to quantify the portion of metal loading in the segment derived from uncharacterized sources during different seasonal periods. During May, uncharacterized sources contributed nearly 95 percent of the cadmium load, 0 percent of the copper load (or uncharacterized sources also are attenuated), and about 85 percent of the zinc load at M34. During September, uncharacterized sources contributed about 86 percent of the cadmium load, 0 percent of the copper load (or uncharacterized sources also are attenuated), and about 52 percent of the zinc load at M34. Characterized sources accounted for more of the loading gains estimated in the example reach during September, possibly indicating the presence of diffuse inputs during snowmelt runoff. The results indicate that metal sources in the upper Animas River Basin may change substantially with season, regardless of the source.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024230","usgsCitation":"Leib, K.J., Mast, M.A., and Wright, W.G., 2003, Using water-quality profiles to characterize seasonal water quality and loading in the upper Animas River basin, southwestern Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4230, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024230.","productDescription":"43 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3800,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024230/ ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":162168,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Animas River basin","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-107.5857,37.9702],[-107.5786,37.9667],[-107.5721,37.9636],[-107.5632,37.9573],[-107.5584,37.9524],[-107.5549,37.9493],[-107.5502,37.9475],[-107.5361,37.9445],[-107.5319,37.9414],[-107.5324,37.9378],[-107.5347,37.9337],[-107.5352,37.9291],[-107.5351,37.9237],[-107.532,37.9178],[-107.5278,37.9088],[-107.5247,37.9039],[-107.5212,37.9007],[-107.5211,37.8967],[-107.5279,37.8875],[-107.5324,37.8806],[-107.5329,37.8748],[-107.5317,37.8734],[-107.5305,37.8716],[-107.5204,37.8618],[-107.5179,37.8554],[-107.5184,37.8486],[-107.5176,37.84],[-107.5146,37.8342],[-107.5127,37.8288],[-107.5121,37.8265],[-107.5109,37.8256],[-107.5068,37.8243],[-107.491,37.8236],[-107.4828,37.8223],[-107.4757,37.817],[-107.4705,37.8143],[-107.4669,37.8107],[-107.4627,37.8044],[-107.4578,37.7918],[-107.457,37.785],[-107.4581,37.7791],[-107.4666,37.7668],[-107.4677,37.7645],[-107.4695,37.7645],[-107.4777,37.768],[-107.4812,37.7684],[-107.4829,37.7675],[-107.484,37.7648],[-107.4824,37.7407],[-107.4832,37.6374],[-107.6698,37.6372],[-107.6849,37.6375],[-107.6867,37.6375],[-107.9686,37.6377],[-107.9628,37.6401],[-107.96,37.6415],[-107.9583,37.6429],[-107.9572,37.6456],[-107.9572,37.6479],[-107.9579,37.6524],[-107.9604,37.6592],[-107.9629,37.6646],[-107.966,37.6718],[-107.9685,37.6777],[-107.9698,37.6822],[-107.9699,37.6867],[-107.9688,37.6899],[-107.966,37.6936],[-107.9615,37.6977],[-107.9575,37.7005],[-107.9534,37.7024],[-107.9505,37.7029],[-107.9471,37.7029],[-107.9389,37.7017],[-107.936,37.7017],[-107.9331,37.7027],[-107.9274,37.706],[-107.9239,37.7074],[-107.9181,37.7079],[-107.9135,37.7098],[-107.9094,37.7112],[-107.9049,37.7154],[-107.9014,37.7168],[-107.8968,37.7173],[-107.8904,37.717],[-107.8817,37.7162],[-107.8764,37.7163],[-107.8747,37.7172],[-107.873,37.7213],[-107.8726,37.7259],[-107.8733,37.7317],[-107.8717,37.7368],[-107.8684,37.7431],[-107.8644,37.7477],[-107.8627,37.7509],[-107.8622,37.7537],[-107.8629,37.7559],[-107.8641,37.7582],[-107.8659,37.76],[-107.8677,37.7617],[-107.8683,37.7635],[-107.8672,37.7663],[-107.8615,37.7732],[-107.8592,37.7737],[-107.854,37.7742],[-107.8493,37.7734],[-107.8446,37.7721],[-107.8423,37.7721],[-107.84,37.7726],[-107.8354,37.7767],[-107.8275,37.7859],[-107.8224,37.7915],[-107.8213,37.7928],[-107.8225,37.7955],[-107.8268,37.8063],[-107.8263,37.8082],[-107.8258,37.81],[-107.8085,37.8207],[-107.8056,37.8212],[-107.8004,37.8212],[-107.7975,37.8213],[-107.7952,37.8222],[-107.7935,37.8236],[-107.7918,37.8277],[-107.7885,37.8332],[-107.7868,37.8355],[-107.7845,37.8378],[-107.7812,37.8451],[-107.7762,37.8556],[-107.7756,37.857],[-107.7768,37.8592],[-107.7781,37.8615],[-107.7741,37.8656],[-107.7655,37.8739],[-107.7553,37.8845],[-107.7479,37.8923],[-107.7422,37.8982],[-107.7359,37.9038],[-107.7188,37.8977],[-107.7077,37.8955],[-107.7024,37.892],[-107.6977,37.8912],[-107.6942,37.8917],[-107.6897,37.8967],[-107.6879,37.8976],[-107.6862,37.899],[-107.6839,37.9],[-107.681,37.9],[-107.6682,37.9011],[-107.6595,37.9039],[-107.6514,37.9081],[-107.6422,37.9146],[-107.6394,37.9187],[-107.6389,37.9237],[-107.6404,37.9368],[-107.6405,37.9404],[-107.6407,37.9491],[-107.6385,37.9545],[-107.635,37.9586],[-107.6263,37.9588],[-107.6216,37.9588],[-107.6077,37.9636],[-107.5961,37.9669],[-107.588,37.9688],[-107.5857,37.9702]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"San Juan\",\"state\":\"CO\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602ddc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leib, Kenneth J. 0000-0002-0373-0768 kjleib@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0373-0768","contributorId":701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leib","given":"Kenneth","email":"kjleib@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mast, M. Alisa 0000-0001-6253-8162 mamast@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6253-8162","contributorId":827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mast","given":"M.","email":"mamast@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Alisa","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wright, Winfield G.","contributorId":27044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Winfield","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":47838,"text":"fs02903 - 2003 - Effects of hydrology on red mangrove recruits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-15T10:07:51","indexId":"fs02903","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"029-03","title":"Effects of hydrology on red mangrove recruits","docAbstract":"Coastal wetlands along the Gulf of Mexico have been experiencing significant shifts in hydrology and salinity levels over the past century as a result of changes in sea level and freshwater drainage patterns. Local land management in coastal zones has also impacted the hydrologic regimes of salt marshes and mangrove areas. Parks and refuges in south Florida that contain mangrove forests have, in some cases, been ditched or impounded to control mosquito outbreaks and to foster wildlife use. And while mangroves dominate the subtropical coastlines of Florida and thrive in saltwater environments, little is known about how they respond to changes in hydrology under managed or variable tidal conditions. USGS researchers designed a study to evaluate the basic hydrological requirements of mangroves so that their health and survival may be more effectively managed in controlled impoundments and restored wetlands.
Mangroves are commonly found in the intertidal zone (between low and high tides) in a rather broad spectrum of hydrologic settings. Because they thrive at the interface of land and sea, mangroves are subject to changes in freshwater flow (flow rate, nutrients, pollutants) and to marine influences (sea-level rise, salinity). Salinity has long been recognized as a controlling factor that determines the health and distribution of mangrove forests. Field and experimental observations indicate that most mangrove species achieve their highest growth potential under brackish conditions (modest salinity) between 10 and 20 parts per thousand (ppt). Yet, if provided with available propagules, successful regeneration, and limited competition from other plants, then mangroves can survive and thrive in freshwater systems as well.
Because little is known about the growthand survival patterns of mangrove species relative to changing hydrology, USGS scientists conducted greenhouse and field experiments to determine how flooded or drained patterns of hydrology would influence growth of the red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle (fig. 1). Red mangrove propagules (recruits) of select sizes and genotypes (i.e., genetically similar groups) were planted both in greenhouses and in the field. Seedling growth was monitored in both studies on a quarterly basis for over a year; measurements included shoot growth, seedling height, and a final harvest of plant biomass.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs02903","usgsCitation":"Doyle, T.W., 2003, Effects of hydrology on red mangrove recruits: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 029-03, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs02903.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125703,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_029_03.jpg"},{"id":10927,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archive.usgs.gov/archive/sites/www.nwrc.usgs.gov/factshts/029-03/029-03.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":4043,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://archive.usgs.gov/archive/sites/www.nwrc.usgs.gov/factshts/029-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624fde","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doyle, Thomas W. 0000-0001-5754-0671 doylet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5754-0671","contributorId":703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doyle","given":"Thomas","email":"doylet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":236351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47745,"text":"wri024225 - 2003 - Nutrient, trace-element, and ecological history of Musky Bay, Lac Courte Oreilles, Wisconsin, as inferred from sediment cores","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-13T14:17:14","indexId":"wri024225","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4225","title":"Nutrient, trace-element, and ecological history of Musky Bay, Lac Courte Oreilles, Wisconsin, as inferred from sediment cores","docAbstract":"Sediment cores were collected from Musky Bay, Lac Courte Oreilles, and from surrounding areas in 1999 and 2001 to determine whether the water quality of Musky Bay has declined during the last 100 years or more as a result of human activity, specifically cottage development and cranberry farming. Selected cores were analyzed for sedimentation rates, nutrients, minor and trace elements, biogenic silica, diatom assemblages, and pollen over the past several decades. Two cranberry bogs constructed along Musky Bay in 1939 and the early 1950s were substantially expanded between 1950?62 and between 1980?98. Cottage development on Musky Bay has occurred at a steady rate since about 1930, although currently housing density on Musky Bay is one-third to one-half the housing density surrounding three other Lac Courte Oreilles bays. Sedimentation rates were reconstructed for a core from Musky Bay by use of three lead radioisotope models and the cesium-137 profile. The historical average mass and linear sedimentation rates for Musky Bay are 0.023 grams per square centimeter per year and 0.84 centimeters per year, respectively, for the period of about 1936?90. There is also limited evidence that sedimentation rates may have increased after the mid-1990s. Historical changes in input of organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur to Musky Bay could not be directly identified from concentration profiles of these elements because of the potential for postdepositional migration and recycling. Minor- and trace-element profiles from the Musky Bay core possibly reflect historical changes in the input of clastic material over time, as well as potential changes in atmospheric deposition inputs. The input of clastic material to the bay increased slightly after European settlement and possibly in the 1930s through 1950s. Concentrations of copper in the Musky Bay core increased steadily through the early to mid-1900s until about 1980 and appear to reflect inputs from atmospheric deposition. Aluminum- normalized concentrations of calcium, copper, nickel, and zinc increased in the Musky Bay core in the mid-1990s. However, concentrations of these elements in surficial sediment from Musky Bay were similar to concentrations in other Lac Courte Oreilles bays, nearby lakes, and soils and were below probable effects concentrations for aquatic life. Biogenic-silica, diatom-community, and pollen profiles indicate that Musky Bay has become more eutrophic since about 1940 with the onset of cottage development and cranberry farming. The water quality of the bay has especially degraded during the last 25 years with increased growth of aquatic plants and the onset of a floating algal mat during the last decade. Biogenic silica data indicate that diatom production has consistently increased since the 1930s. Diatom assemblage profiles indicate a shift from low-nutrient species to higher-nutrient species during the 1940s and that aquatic plants reached their present density and/or composition during the 1970s. The diatom Fragilaria capucina (indicative of algal mat) greatly increased during the mid-1990s. Pollen data indicate that milfoil, which often becomes more common with elevated nutrients, became more widespread after 1920. The pollen data also indicate that wild rice was present in the eastern end of Musky Bay during the late 1800s and the early 1900s but disappeared after about 1920, probably because of water-level changes more so than eutrophication.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024225","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lac Courte Oreilles Tribe Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade, and Consumer Protection","usgsCitation":"Fitzpatrick, F.A., Garrison, P.J., Fitzgerald, S., and Elder, J.F., 2003, Nutrient, trace-element, and ecological history of Musky Bay, Lac Courte Oreilles, Wisconsin, as inferred from sediment cores: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4225, vi, 141 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024225.","productDescription":"vi, 141 p.","numberOfPages":"148","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4076,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wi.water.usgs.gov/pubs/wrir-02-4225/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":84658,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4225/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124779,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4225/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lac Courte Oreilles, Musky Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.43165588378905,\n 45.99934661801396\n ],\n [\n -91.5157699584961,\n 45.915810457254395\n ],\n [\n -91.52881622314453,\n 45.88976919245778\n ],\n [\n -91.4944839477539,\n 45.81994707894864\n ],\n [\n -91.45362854003906,\n 45.8151615345158\n ],\n [\n -91.37741088867188,\n 45.85606466507107\n ],\n [\n -91.36058807373047,\n 45.859890320433756\n ],\n [\n -91.32041931152344,\n 45.88259972825987\n ],\n [\n -91.29878997802733,\n 45.898371328091486\n ],\n [\n -91.30290985107422,\n 45.92631906688105\n ],\n [\n -91.28746032714844,\n 45.96403812284582\n ],\n [\n -91.29432678222656,\n 45.97859367638589\n ],\n [\n -91.34101867675781,\n 46.008647135033385\n ],\n [\n -91.39183044433594,\n 46.01842291576195\n ],\n [\n -91.43920898437499,\n 46.01508503858\n ],\n [\n -91.43165588378905,\n 45.99934661801396\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696760","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzpatrick, Faith A. fafitzpa@usgs.gov","contributorId":1182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"Faith","email":"fafitzpa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":236140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garrison, Paul J.","contributorId":73193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrison","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fitzgerald, Sharon A. safitzge@usgs.gov","contributorId":4532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzgerald","given":"Sharon A.","email":"safitzge@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":236141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Elder, John F.","contributorId":23919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elder","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":236142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":47787,"text":"wri024184 - 2003 - Channel stability and water quality of the Alagnak River, southwestern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-17T16:54:15.083422","indexId":"wri024184","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4184","displayTitle":"Channel Stability and Water Quality of the Alagnak River, Southwestern Alaska","title":"Channel stability and water quality of the Alagnak River, southwestern Alaska","docAbstract":"The Alagnak River, a National Wild River located in southwestern Alaska, drains an area of 3,600 square kilometers and is used for recreational and subsistence activities, primarily angling, camping, rafting, and hunting by visitors and seasonal residents, and for commercial guiding by several lodges. Increases in visitor use in the 1990s included an increase in the use of high-horsepower motorboats on the river, primarily for angling, and raised concerns regarding human impacts on water quality.\r\n\r\n Downstream from its confluence with the Nonvianuk River at river kilometer (RK) 93, the Alagnak River is formed in glacial drift and outwash with a single, low bedrock outcrop. Analysis of aerial photography from 1951, 1982, and 2001 shows that the river's multiple channels from RK 57 to 93 have been relatively stable. In contrast, long reaches of multiple channels from RK 35 to 57 changed substantially between 1951 and 1982, creating a new complex of channels. Downstream from RK 35, channel changes in the past 50 years consist largely of minor meander migration.\r\n\r\n Analysis of water samples collected during this study at RK 21, 46, and 93 and in the Alagnak and Nonvianuk Rivers at the outlets of the lakes that form their source shows that the Alagnak River is a nutrient-poor, calcium-bicarbonate water with low suspended-sediment concentrations. Water chemistry changes little over time or in a downstream direction. Weak patterns over time include high late May/early June concentrations of some nutrients, carbon, and iron. Weak patterns over distance include downstream increases in iron, manganese, and phosphorous. No pervasive human impacts on Alagnak River water chemistry were detected. Local effects that could be diluted within a kilometer downstream of the source were not detectable by this study.\r\n\r\n Data collected at three continuously recording wake gaging stations at RK 21, 46, and 93 showed that 1999-2000 motorboat use was heaviest in the lower reaches of the river, moderate in the middle reaches, and very light in the upper reaches. Maximum boat use was 137, 40, and 4 wakes per day at RK 21, 46, and 93, respectively. The mean height of the maximum wave generated in each wake was about 0.15 m (meters) at all three gaging stations.\r\n\r\n Bank erosion monitoring at 14 sites between RK 21 and 93 quantified erosion rates ranging from 0 to 1.1 m/yr (meters per year). Erodibility (based on grain-size analysis) increases in a downstream direction, as do measured erosion rates. Alagnak River banks are noncohesive and erode by grain-by-grain removal of sediment in an alternating pattern of water-driven erosion and gravitydriven erosion. Periodic surveys at bank erosion monitoring sites detected the development of a shallow underwater shelf formed by the action of wind waves and boat wakes at several sites. This shelf contains sediment eroded from the bank and redeposited adjacent to the bank; the shelf reformed as water levels changed but maintained the same wave-generated form throughout much of the season.\r\n\r\n Measurements of bank erosion processes, particularly the development of a wave-generated shelf, and visual observations suggest that boat wakes increase bank erosion rates, especially at high, exposed banks. Analysis of aerial photography and other assessments of bank erosion processes indicate that this increase in erosion rates has not altered the mechanisms of channel change, which in the past 50 years have included complex, compound channel changes and meander migration.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024184","usgsCitation":"Curran, J.H., 2003, Channel stability and water quality of the Alagnak River, southwestern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4184, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024184.","productDescription":"64 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170943,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri024184/images/cover1.jpg"},{"id":3999,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri024184/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e6602","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curran, Janet H. 0000-0002-3899-6275 jcurran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3899-6275","contributorId":690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curran","given":"Janet","email":"jcurran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":236237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006785,"text":"70006785 - 2003 - Fuel loads and fuel type mapping","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-10T12:43:42","indexId":"70006785","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T15:05:09","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5391,"text":"Series in Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"seriesNumber":"4","chapter":"5","title":"Fuel loads and fuel type mapping","docAbstract":"Correct description of fuel properties is critical to improve fire danger assessment and fire behaviour modeling, since they guide both fire ignition and fire propagation. This chapter deals with properties of fuel that can be considered static in short periods of time: biomass loads, plant geometry, compactness, etc. Mapping these properties require a detail knowledge of vegetation vertical and horizontal structure. Several systems to classify the great diversity of vegetation characteristics in few fuel types are described, as well as methods for mapping them with special emphasis on those based on remote sensing images.