{"pageNumber":"113","pageRowStart":"2800","pageSize":"25","recordCount":4111,"records":[{"id":5224175,"text":"5224175 - 2002 - Development of oak plantations established for wildlife","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:31","indexId":"5224175","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:56","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of oak plantations established for wildlife","docAbstract":"Extensive areas that are currently in agricultural production within the Mississippi Alluvial Valley are being restored to bottomland hardwood forests. Oaks (Quercus sp.), sown as seeds (acorns) or planted as seedlings, are the predominant trees established on most afforested sites. To compare stand development and natural invasion on sites afforested by planting seedlings or by sowing acorns, we sampled woody vegetation on ten 14- to 18-year-old oak plantations established to provide wildlife habitat. Stem densities of about 900 oaks/ha were comparable between stands established by sowing 4000 acorns/ha and stands established by planting 900 seedlings/ha. Densities of oaks in stands established from seedlings increased 38% from densities detected when these stands were 4- to 8-year-old. Densities of oaks established from field-sown acorns increased >100% during this same 10-year span. Oaks that were planted as seedlings were larger than those established from acorns, but trees resulting from either afforestation method were larger than trees naturally colonizing these sites. Natural invasion of woody species varied greatly among afforested sites, but was greater and more diverse on sites sown with acorns. Afforested stands were dominated by planted species, whereas naturally invading species were rare among dominant canopy trees. When afforestation objectives are primarily to provide wildlife habitat, we recommend, sowing acorns rather than planting seedlings. Additionally, planting fewer seeds or seedlings, diversifying the species planted, and leaving non-planted gaps will increase diversity of woody species and promote a more complex forest structure that enhances the suitability of afforested sites for wildlife.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00523-0","collaboration":"5922_Twedt.pdf","usgsCitation":"Twedt, D., and Wilson, R., 2002, Development of oak plantations established for wildlife: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 162, no. 2-3, p. 287-298, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00523-0.","productDescription":"287-298","startPage":"287","endPage":"298","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202253,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17587,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00523-0","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"162","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbe14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Twedt, D.J. 0000-0003-1223-5045","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1223-5045","contributorId":105009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twedt","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, R.R.","contributorId":12138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5224099,"text":"5224099 - 2002 - Individual covariation in life-history traits: Seeing the trees despite the forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-10T15:39:19.629345","indexId":"5224099","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":740,"text":"American Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Individual covariation in life-history traits: Seeing the trees despite the forest","docAbstract":"

We investigated the influence of age on survival and breeding rates in a long-lived species Rissa tridactyla using models with individual random effects permitting variation and covariation in fitness components among individuals. Differences in survival or breeding probabilities among individuals are substantial, and there was positive covariation between survival and breeding probability; birds that were more likely to survive were also more likely to breed, given that they survived. The pattern of age-related variation in these rates detected at the individual level differed from that observed at the population level. Our results provided confirmation of what has been suggested by other investigators: within-cohort phenotypic selection can mask senescence. Although this phenomenon has been extensively studied in humans and captive animals, conclusive evidence of the discrepancy between population-level and individual-level patterns of age-related variation in life-history traits is extremely rare in wild animal populations. Evolutionary studies of the influence of age on life-history traits should use approaches differentiating population level from the genuine influence of age: only the latter is relevant to theories of life-history evolution. The development of models permitting access to individual variation in fitness is a promising advance for the study of senescence and evolutionary processes.

","language":"English","publisher":"The University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/324126","usgsCitation":"Cam, E., Link, W., Cooch, E., Monnat, J.#., and Danchin, E., 2002, Individual covariation in life-history traits: Seeing the trees despite the forest: American Naturalist, v. 159, no. 1, p. 96-105, https://doi.org/10.1086/324126.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"96","endPage":"105","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202217,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"France","otherGeospatial":"Brittany","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -4.9658203125,\n 47.42065432071318\n ],\n [\n -1.483154296875,\n 47.42065432071318\n ],\n [\n -1.483154296875,\n 49.001843917978526\n ],\n [\n -4.9658203125,\n 49.001843917978526\n ],\n [\n -4.9658203125,\n 47.42065432071318\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"159","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6493c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cam, E.","contributorId":12952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cam","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Link, W.A. 0000-0002-9913-0256","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-0256","contributorId":8815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cooch, E.G.","contributorId":40932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooch","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Monnat, J. #NAME?","contributorId":33019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monnat","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"#NAME?","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Danchin, E.","contributorId":89635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danchin","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5224227,"text":"5224227 - 2002 - Slaty-backed Gull in Sullivan Co., NY","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:03","indexId":"5224227","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:39","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2583,"text":"Kingbird","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Slaty-backed Gull in Sullivan Co., NY","docAbstract":"An adult Slaty-backed Gull (Larus schistisagus) was found and photographed at Neversink Reservoir, Sullivan Co., NY on 20 February 2002. A native of northeastern Eurasia and northern Japan, this species is rare along the Bering coast of Alaska, and there are only a handful of scattered records in the lower 48 state since the first in St Louis along the Mississippi River in late 1983. There is one previous New York State occurrence, in the Niagara River Gorge area of NY/ONT, 24 November-29 December 1992. The Sullivan Co. adult is the closest confirmed Slaty-backed Gull to the Atlantic Coast; recent single individuals along the Susquehanna River in MD, and at Cape Hatteras NC remain in dispute.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Kingbird","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Freer, V., Haas, J., and Buckley, P.A., 2002, Slaty-backed Gull in Sullivan Co., NY: Kingbird, v. 51, p. 114-118.","productDescription":"114-118","startPage":"114","endPage":"118","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197936,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5eec19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Freer, V.","contributorId":68005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freer","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haas, J.","contributorId":62711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haas","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buckley, P. A.","contributorId":69264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buckley","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5224371,"text":"5224371 - 2002 - Seasonal distribution and abundance of fishes and decapod crustaceans in a Cape Cod estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:05","indexId":"5224371","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:39","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2898,"text":"Northeastern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal distribution and abundance of fishes and decapod crustaceans in a Cape Cod estuary","docAbstract":"Sampling in several habitat types (sand/mud, eelgrass, sand, gravel, macroalgae/mud) during all seasons with a variety of gears in Nauset Marsh, Massachusetts during 1985-1987 found a fauna consisting of 35 fish and 10 decapod crustacean species. Although most of the abundant species were found in several habitat types, species richness and habitat use appeared to be highest for vegetated habitats (eelgrass, macroalgae). The fishes and decapods were numerically dominated by cold-water taxa; however, numerous fish species, represented by rare individuals of predominantly southern forms, enriched the fauna. Species composition of Nauset Marsh could be distinguished from estuaries south of Cape Cod and even from the south shore of the cape. Both fishes and decapods were most abundant during the summer, apparently due to the contributions from spring and summer spawning in the estuary and the adjacent Atlantic Ocean. The location of Nauset Marsh and other estuaries on Cape Cod provide a unique opportunity to evaluate the importance of this region as a faunal boundary to estuarine species. ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Northeastern Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"6242_Able.pdf","usgsCitation":"Able, K., Fahay, M., Heck, K., Roman, C.T., Lazzari, M., and Kaiser, S., 2002, Seasonal distribution and abundance of fishes and decapod crustaceans in a Cape Cod estuary: Northeastern Naturalist, v. 9, no. 3, p. 285-302.","productDescription":"285-302","startPage":"285","endPage":"302","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198342,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17077,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1656%2F1092-6194%282002%29009%5B0285%3ASDAAOF%5D2.0.CO%3B2","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"9","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f74a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Able, K.W.","contributorId":66786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Able","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fahay, M.P.","contributorId":14870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fahay","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heck, K.L.","contributorId":98841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heck","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roman, C. T.","contributorId":79579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roman","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lazzari, M.A.","contributorId":103382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lazzari","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kaiser, S.C.","contributorId":90007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaiser","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5224194,"text":"5224194 - 2002 - Evaluation of canoe surveys for anurans along the Rio Grande in Big Bend National Park, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-03T14:57:40.630515","indexId":"5224194","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:29","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2334,"text":"Journal of Herpetology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of canoe surveys for anurans along the Rio Grande in Big Bend National Park, Texas","docAbstract":"

Surveys for amphibians along large rivers pose monitoring and sampling problems. We used canoes at night to spotlight and listen for anurans along four stretches of the Rio Grande in Big Bend National Park, Texas, in 1998 and 1999. We explored temporal and spatial variation in amphibian counts and species richness and assessed relationships between amphibian counts and environmental variables, as well as amphibian-habitat associations along the banks of the Rio Grande. We documented seven anuran species, but Rio Grande leopard frogs (Rana berlandieri) accounted for 96% of the visual counts. Chorus surveys along the river detected similar or fewer numbers of species, but orders of magnitude fewer individuals compared to visual surveys. The number of species varied on average by 37% across monthly and nightly surveys. We found similar average coefficients of variation in counts of Rio Grande leopard frogs on monthly and nightly bases (CVs = 42–44%), suggesting that canoe surveys are a fairly precise technique for counts of this species. Numbers of Rio Grande leopard frogs observed were influenced by river gage levels and air and water temperatures, suggesting that surveys should be conducted under certain environmental conditions to maximize counts and maintain consistency. We found significant differences in species richness and bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) counts among the four river stretches. Four rare anuran species were found along certain stretches but not others, which could represent either sampling error or unmeasured environmental or habitat differences among the river stretches. We found a greater association of Rio Grande leopard frogs with mud banks compared to rock or cliff (canyon) areas and with seepwillow and open areas compared to giant reed and other vegetation types. Canoe surveys appear to be a useful survey technique for anurans along the Rio Grande and may work for other large river systems as well.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles","doi":"10.1670/0022-1511(2002)036[0390:EOCSFA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Jung, R.E., Bonine, K.E., Rosenshield, M.L., de la Reza, A., Raimondo, S., and Droege, S., 2002, Evaluation of canoe surveys for anurans along the Rio Grande in Big Bend National Park, Texas: Journal of Herpetology, v. 36, no. 3, p. 390-397, https://doi.org/10.1670/0022-1511(2002)036[0390:EOCSFA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"390","endPage":"397","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202292,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Big Bend National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -102.84576416015624,\n 29.379781767454972\n ],\n [\n -102.94189453125,\n 29.52567042617583\n ],\n [\n -103.16162109375,\n 29.685666670118724\n ],\n [\n -103.2989501953125,\n 29.702368038541767\n ],\n [\n -103.33465576171875,\n 29.621221113784504\n ],\n [\n -103.326416015625,\n 29.537619205973428\n ],\n [\n -103.20831298828125,\n 29.485034019181064\n ],\n [\n -103.18359375,\n 29.516110386062277\n ],\n [\n -103.17260742187499,\n 29.480252193344267\n ],\n [\n -103.25775146484374,\n 29.44916482692468\n ],\n [\n -103.3868408203125,\n 29.42763722319321\n ],\n [\n -103.51318359375,\n 29.34148119149953\n ],\n [\n -103.56536865234375,\n 29.252855985973763\n ],\n [\n -103.65600585937499,\n 29.22889003019423\n ],\n [\n -103.7548828125,\n 29.248063243796576\n ],\n [\n -103.75213623046875,\n 29.209713225868185\n ],\n [\n -103.65325927734375,\n 29.161755515328824\n ],\n [\n -103.5955810546875,\n 29.159357041355424\n ],\n [\n -103.51043701171875,\n 29.12577252480808\n ],\n [\n -103.37310791015625,\n 29.020149792758527\n ],\n [\n -103.33740234375,\n 29.039361975917828\n ],\n [\n -103.32916259765625,\n 29.022551511168352\n ],\n [\n -103.27423095703124,\n 28.986519871823326\n ],\n [\n -103.15887451171875,\n 28.98171470422955\n ],\n [\n -103.10943603515625,\n 28.98171470422955\n ],\n [\n -103.040771484375,\n 29.10177686626508\n ],\n [\n -102.96936035156249,\n 29.185737173254434\n ],\n [\n -102.864990234375,\n 29.233683670282787\n ],\n [\n -102.89520263671875,\n 29.262440796698915\n ],\n [\n -102.87597656249999,\n 29.351057685705033\n ],\n [\n -102.83752441406249,\n 29.355845595310743\n ],\n [\n -102.84576416015624,\n 29.379781767454972\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db62569c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jung, Robin E.","contributorId":22434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jung","given":"Robin","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bonine, K. E.","contributorId":79207,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bonine","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosenshield, M. L.","contributorId":25675,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rosenshield","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"de la Reza, A.","contributorId":61932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"de la Reza","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Raimondo, S.","contributorId":53069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raimondo","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Droege, Sam sdroege@usgs.gov","contributorId":3464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Droege","given":"Sam","email":"sdroege@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":340857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70159587,"text":"70159587 - 2002 - Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Lesser Prairie-Chicken","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-17T09:01:07","indexId":"70159587","displayToPublicDate":"2010-02-02T05:15:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Lesser Prairie-Chicken","docAbstract":"

Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on grassland birds were summarized from information in more than 4,000 published and unpublished papers. A range map is provided to indicate the breeding distribution of Lesser Prairie-Chicken in the United States and southern Canada. Although birds frequently are observed outside the breeding range indicated, the maps are intended to show areas where managers might concentrate their attention. It may be ineffectual to manage habitat at a site for a species that rarely occurs in an area. The species account begins with a brief capsule statement, which provides the fundamental components or keys to management for the species. A section on breeding range outlines the current breeding distribution of the species in North America. The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species, especially those habitats that occur in the Great Plains. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. A special section on prey habitat is included for those predatory species that have more specific prey requirements. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) is an obligate brood parasite of many grassland birds. The section on cowbird brood parasitism summarizes rates of cowbird parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species’ nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species’ response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes specific recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. If management recommendations differ in different portions of the species’ breeding range, recommendations are given separately by region. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of grassland birds and their responses to habitat management is posted at the Web site mentioned below.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","doi":"10.3133/70159587","usgsCitation":"Jamison, B.E., Dechant, J., Johnson, D.H., Igl, L.D., Goldade, C., and Euliss, B., 2002, Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Lesser Prairie-Chicken, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159587.","productDescription":"31 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311155,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159587.JPG"},{"id":312420,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159587/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -101.84326171875,\n 38.272688535980976\n ],\n [\n -101.09619140625,\n 38.444984668894705\n ],\n [\n -100.546875,\n 37.96152331396616\n ],\n [\n -99.7998046875,\n 37.52715361723378\n ],\n [\n -99.60205078124999,\n 36.54494944148322\n ],\n [\n -99.7119140625,\n 35.65729624809628\n ],\n [\n -100.5029296875,\n 35.17380831799959\n ],\n [\n -101.689453125,\n 35.53222622770337\n ],\n [\n -101.90917968749999,\n 36.50963615733049\n ],\n [\n -103.4912109375,\n 36.914764288955936\n ],\n [\n -103.9306640625,\n 37.38761749978395\n ],\n [\n -102.7880859375,\n 38.18638677411551\n ],\n [\n -101.84326171875,\n 38.272688535980976\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -102.568359375,\n 34.74161249883172\n ],\n [\n -101.865234375,\n 33.26624989076275\n ],\n [\n -101.7333984375,\n 31.89621446335144\n ],\n [\n -102.63427734374999,\n 31.690781806136822\n ],\n [\n -104.2822265625,\n 32.24997445586331\n ],\n [\n -104.43603515624999,\n 33.41310221370827\n ],\n [\n -104.1064453125,\n 34.92197103616377\n ],\n [\n -103.53515625,\n 35.263561862152095\n ],\n [\n -103.07373046875,\n 35.38904996691167\n ],\n [\n -102.568359375,\n 34.74161249883172\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56432345e4b0aafbcd017ff8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jamison, Brent E.","contributorId":149791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jamison","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dechant, Jill A. 0000-0003-3172-0708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3172-0708","contributorId":103984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dechant","given":"Jill A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":579594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641 douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":1387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Igl, Lawrence D. 0000-0003-0530-7266 ligl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0530-7266","contributorId":2381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Igl","given":"Lawrence","email":"ligl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goldade, Christopher M.","contributorId":90668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldade","given":"Christopher M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Euliss, Betty R.","contributorId":58218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"Betty R.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":579598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5211217,"text":"5211217 - 2002 - Forest restoration as ecological succession: should we speed it up or slow it down?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:23","indexId":"5211217","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Forest restoration as ecological succession: should we speed it up or slow it down?","docAbstract":"Recent assessments of afforestation of agricultural lands in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley imply the importance of quickly developing vertical forest structure to benefit 'wildlife.' We examine this assumption and find that animal species of interest as targets of proactive management, as well as targets of control, occur through the full successional sere. Different species of mammals and birds respond positively to the structure available at different times during succession. Thus, managers must decide on the species and communities they wish to favor. Early successional species, particularly those avian communities occurring during winter, have been heretofore considered only in passing. However, because they occur in areas where herbaceous plants dominate vegetation structure, these communities include species otherwise rare or absent from the landscape. Extensive afforestation in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley provides ephemeral habitat for birds that winter in herbaceous areas. Managers may wish to consider maintaining large tracts in herbaceous vegetation similar to that occurring 3-7 years after cessation of farming activities, as habitat for such birds. ","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of a conference on sustainability of wetlands and water resources: how well can riverine wetlands continue to support society into the 21st century? Oxford, Mississippi, May 23-25, 2000","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station","publisherLocation":"Asheville, NC","collaboration":"OCLC: 51805925 PDF on file: 6026 Hamel.pdf","usgsCitation":"Hamel, P., Twedt, D., Nuttle, T., Woodson, C., Broerman, F., and Wahome, J., 2002, Forest restoration as ecological succession: should we speed it up or slow it down?, chap. of Proceedings of a conference on sustainability of wetlands and water resources: how well can riverine wetlands continue to support society into the 21st century? Oxford, Mississippi, May 23-25, 2000, p. 98-108.","productDescription":"v, 191","startPage":"98","endPage":"108","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203210,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49b3e4b07f02db5ca1a4","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Holland, Marjorie M.","contributorId":113057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holland","given":"Marjorie","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507811,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warren, Melvin L. Jr.","contributorId":112298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"Melvin","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507810,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stanturf, John A.","contributorId":112259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanturf","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507809,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Hamel, P.B.","contributorId":88444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamel","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Twedt, D.J. 0000-0003-1223-5045","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1223-5045","contributorId":105009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twedt","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nuttle, T.J.","contributorId":14928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nuttle","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Woodson, C.A.","contributorId":70523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodson","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Broerman, F.","contributorId":13725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broerman","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wahome, J.M.","contributorId":79211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wahome","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5200268,"text":"5200268 - 2002 - Breeding population density and habitat use of Swainson's warblers in a Georgia floodplain forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:20","indexId":"5200268","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-08T16:49:39","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"Breeding population density and habitat use of Swainson's warblers in a Georgia floodplain forest","docAbstract":"I examined density and habitat use of a Swainson's Warbler (Limnothlypis swainsonii) breeding population in Georgia. This songbird species is inadequately monitored, and may be declining due to anthropogenic alteration of floodplain forest breeding habitats. I used distance sampling methods to estimate density, finding 9.4 singing males/ha (CV = 0.298). Individuals were encountered too infrequently to produce a Iow-variance estimate, and distance sampling thus may be impracticable for monitoring this relatively rare species. I developed a set of multivariate habitat models using binary logistic regression techniques, based on measurement of 22 variables in 56 plots occupied by Swainson's Warblers and 110 unoccupied plots. Occupied areas were characterized by high stem density of cane (Arundinaria gigantea) and other shrub layer vegetation, and presence of abundant and accessible leaf litter. I recommend two habitat models, which correctly classified 87-89% of plots in cross-validation runs, for potential use in habitat assessment at other locations.","language":"English","publisher":"M.S. Thesis, University of Georgia","publisherLocation":"Athens, GA","collaboration":"Partially funded by Patuxent ; Joe Meyers Major Professor","usgsCitation":"Wright, E., 2002, Breeding population density and habitat use of Swainson's warblers in a Georgia floodplain forest, ix, 89.","productDescription":"ix, 89","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201267,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb41e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, E.A.","contributorId":33025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50116,"text":"pp1656A - 2002 - Hydrology, vegetation, and soils of riverine and tidal floodplain forests of the lower Suwannee River, Florida, and potential impacts of flow reductions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-05T21:03:44.087185","indexId":"pp1656A","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1656","chapter":"A","title":"Hydrology, vegetation, and soils of riverine and tidal floodplain forests of the lower Suwannee River, Florida, and potential impacts of flow reductions","docAbstract":"

A study relating hydrologic conditions, soils, and vegetation of floodplain forests to river flow was conducted in the lower Suwannee River, Florida, from 1996 to 2000. The study was done by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Suwannee River Water Management District to help determine the minimum flows and levels required for wetlands protection. The study area included forests within the 10-year floodplain of the Suwannee River from its confluence with the Santa Fe River to the tree line (lower limit of forests) near the Gulf of Mexico, and covered 18,600 hectares (ha) of forests, 75 percent of which were wetlands and 25 percent uplands. The floodplain was divided into three reaches, riverine, upper tidal, and lower tidal, based on changes in hydrology, vegetation, and soils with proximity to the coast.

The Suwannee River is the second largest river in Florida in terms of average discharge. Median flow at the confluence of the Suwannee and Santa Fe Rivers is approximately 181 cubic meters per second (m3/s) or 6,480 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) (1933-99). At the upper end of the riverine reach, river stages are unaffected by tides and have a typical annual range of 4.1 meters (m). Tides affect river stages at low and medium flows in the upper tidal reach, and at all flows in the lower tidal reach. Median tidal range at the mouth of the Suwannee River is about 1 m. Salinity of river water in the lower tidal reach increases with decreasing flow and proximity to the Gulf of Mexico. Vertically averaged salinity in the river near the tree line is typically about 5 parts per thousand at medium flow.

Land-surface elevation and topographic relief in the floodplain decrease with proximity to the coast. Elevations range from 4.1 to 7.3 m above sea level at the most upstream riverine transect and from 0.3 to 1.3 m above sea level on lower tidal transects. Surface soils in the riverine reach are predominantly mineral and dry soon after floods recede except in swamps. Surface soils in upper and lower tidal reaches are predominantly organic, saturated mucks. In the downstream part of the lower tidal reach, conductivities of surface soils are high enough (greater than 4 milli-mhos per centimeter) to exclude many tree species that are intolerant of salinity.

Species richness of canopy and subcanopy plants in wetland forests in the lower Suwannee River is high compared to other river floodplains in North America. A total of 77 tree, shrub, and woody vine species were identified in the canopy and subcanopy of floodplain wetland forests (n = 8,376). Fourteen specific forest types were mapped using digitized aerial photographs, defined from vegetative sampling, and described in terms of plant species composition. For discussion purposes, some specific wetland types were combined, resulting in three general wetland forest types for each reach.

Riverine high bottomland hardwoods have higher canopy species richness than all other forest types (40-42 species), with Quercus virginiana the most important canopy tree by basal area. The canopy composition of riverine low bottomland hardwoods is dominated by five species with Quercus laurifolia the most important by basal area. Riverine swamps occur in the lowest and wettest areas with Taxodium distichum the most important canopy species by basal area. Upper tidal bottomland hardwoods are differentiated from riverine forests by the presence of Sabal palmetto in the canopy. Upper tidal mixed forests and swamps are differentiated from riverine forests, in part, by the presence of Fraxinus profunda in the canopy. Nyssa aquatica, the most important canopy species by basal area in upper tidal swamps, is absent from most forests in the lower tidal reach where its distribution is probably restricted by salinity. Hydric hammocks, a wetland type that is rare outside of Florida, are found in the lower tidal reach and are flooded every 1-2 years by either storm surge or river floods. Lower tidal mixed forests and swamps have continuously saturated muck soils and are differentiated from upper tidal forests, in part, by the presence of Magnolia virginiana in the canopy. Lower tidal swamps have the highest density of canopy trees (about 1,200 trees per hectare) of all floodplain forest types, with Nyssa biflora the most important canopy species by basal area.

Water use in the Suwannee River basin in Florida and Georgia is expected to increase over time because of anticipated growth and development in the region and adjacent areas. If increased water consumption reduced river flow, river stage would decrease and salinity would increase, resulting in a variety of impacts on forest composition, wetland biogeochemical processes, and fish and wildlife habitat.

Forest composition in the floodplain is primarily determined by duration of inundation and saturation, depth and frequency of floods, and salinity. Long-term flow reductions would result in shallower flood depths, allowing drier and more tidal species to invade wetland forests of the riverine and upper tidal reaches. If flows were reduced 2.8-56 m3/s (100-2,000 ft3/s), an estimated 52-1,140 ha, respectively, would change to a drier forest type, and 36-788 ha, respectively, would change to a more tidal forest type. The greatest impacts would occur in swamps, where important swamp species such as Taxodium distichum and Nyssa aquatica could have increased competition not only from drier or more tidal species, but also from opportunistic bottomland hardwoods or invasive exotic species. Reduced flows could also result in a conversion of some wetland forests to uplands, increasing vulnerability to human disturbance, and decreasing tree basal area, species richness, and diversity of wildlife habitat.

Salt-intolerant species would move upstream if flow reductions increased salinity in the lower tidal reach. If flows were reduced 2.8-56 m3/s (100-2,000 ft3/s), the area of forests along the tree line that would convert to marshes is estimated to be 72-618 ha, respectively. Loss of forests at the tree line would result in a loss of complex vertical structural diversity and woody micro-habitats that are used by many animals. These changes are already occurring due to sea level rise, but changes would occur more quickly if salinities increased as a result of flow reductions.

The amount of inundated and saturated area in the floodplain forest of the riverine reach would decrease if flows were reduced. The greatest impacts would result from flow reductions that occurred at low flows, when inundated and saturated areas in the floodplain are limited. Drier conditions would result in oxidation of organic matter in swamp soils, which would reduce the soil's water-holding capacity and ability to retain water during droughts. Drier soils would increase vulnerability of the floodplain to fire and could also reduce the ability of riverine forests to remove nitrates and other pollutants from river water. Loss of inundated areas resulting from flow reductions at low flow would eliminate aquatic habitats that are critical to the survival of floodplain fishes and aquatic invertebrates, and are important to many other animals that use the floodplain. If flow reductions occurred during high flows, main channel fishes could decrease in diversity and abundance because they are seasonally dependent on flooded forests for food, shelter, and reproduction. In addition, aquatic organisms in the river and estuary could be adversely affected because they depend on particulate organic detritus and other floodplain exports as food sources.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1656A","usgsCitation":"Light, H.M., Darst, M.R., Lewis, L.J., and Howell, D.A., 2002, Hydrology, vegetation, and soils of riverine and tidal floodplain forests of the lower Suwannee River, Florida, and potential impacts of flow reductions: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1656, xiii, 124 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1656A.","productDescription":"xiii, 124 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120671,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1656_a.jpg"},{"id":411451,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54469.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":4302,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/pp1656A/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"lower Suwannee River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.1667,\n 29.885\n ],\n [\n -83.1667,\n 29.4697\n ],\n [\n -82.8736,\n 29.4697\n ],\n [\n -82.8736,\n 29.885\n ],\n [\n -83.1667,\n 29.885\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae076","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Light, Helen M.","contributorId":18355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Light","given":"Helen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Darst, Melanie R.","contributorId":93042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darst","given":"Melanie","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lewis, Lori J.","contributorId":73655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"Lori","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Howell, David A.","contributorId":55275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howell","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":50118,"text":"pp1670 - 2002 - Trace-element deposition in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela Shelf, under sulfate-reducing conditions: A history of the local hydrography and global climate, 20 ka to the present","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-23T16:49:51.059094","indexId":"pp1670","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1670","title":"Trace-element deposition in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela Shelf, under sulfate-reducing conditions: A history of the local hydrography and global climate, 20 ka to the present","docAbstract":"

A sediment core from the Cariaco Basin on the Venezuelan continental shelf, which recovered sediment that has been dated back to 20 ka (thousand years ago), was examined for its major-element-oxide and trace-element composition. Cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) can be partitioned between a siliciclastic, terrigenous-derived fraction and two seawater-derived fractions. The two marine fractions are (1) a biogenic fraction represented by nutrient trace elements taken up mostly in the photic zone by phytoplankton, and (2) a hydrogenous fraction that has been derived from bottom water via adsorption and precipitation reactions. This suite of trace elements contrasts with a second suite of trace elements—barium (Ba), cobalt (Co), gallium (Ga), lithium (Li), the rare-earth elements, thorium (Th), yttrium (Y), and several of the major-element oxides—that has had solely a terrigenous source. The partitioning scheme, coupled with bulk sediment accumulation rates measured by others, allows us to determine the accumulation rate of trace elements in each of the three sediment fractions and of the fractions themselves.

\n
\n

The current export of organic matter from the photic zone, redox conditions and advection of bottom water, and flux of terrigenous debris into the basin can be used to calculate independently trace-element depositional rates. The calculated rates show excellent agreement with the measured rates of the surface sediment. This agreement supports a model of trace-element accumulation rates in the subsurface sediment that gives a 20-kyr history of upwelling into the photic zone (that is, primary productivity), bottom-water advection and redox, and provenance. Correspondence of extrema in the geochemical signals with global changes in sea level and climate demonstrates the high degree to which the basin hydrography and provenance have responded to the paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic regimes of the last 20 kyr.

\n
\n

The accumulation rate of the marine fraction of Mo increased abruptly at about 14.8 ka (calendar years), from less than 0.5 µg cm-2 yr-1 to greater than 4 µg cm-2 yr-1. Its accumulation rate remained high but variable until 8.6 ka, when it decreased sharply to 1 µg cm-2 yr-1. It continued to decrease to 4.0 ka, to its lowest value for the past 15 kyr, before gradually increasing to the present. Between 14.8 ka and 8.6 ka, its accumulation rate exhibited strong maxima at 14.4, 13.0, and 9.9 ka. The oldest maximum corresponds to melt-water pulse IA into the Gulf of Mexico. A relative minimum, centered at about 11.1 ka, corresponds to melt-water pulse IB; a strong maximum occurs in the immediately overlying sediment. The maximum at 13.0 ka corresponds to onset of the Younger Dryas cold event. This pattern to the accumulation rate of Mo (and V) can be interpreted in terms of its deposition from bottom water of the basin, the hydrogenous fraction, under SO42- -reducing conditions, during times of intense bottom-water advection 14.8 ka to 11.1 ka and significantly less intense bottom-water advection 11 ka to the present.

\n
\n

The accumulation rate of Cd shows a pattern that is only slightly different from that of Mo, although its deposition was determined largely by the rain rate of organic matter into the bottom water, a biogenic fraction whose deposition was driven by upwelling of nutrient-enriched water into the photic zone. Its accumulation exhibits only moderately high rates, on average, during both melt-water pulses. Its highest rate, and that of upwelling, occurred during the Younger Dryas, and again following melt-water pulse IB. The marine fractions of Cu, Ni, and Zn also have a strong biogenic signal. The siliciclastic terrigenous debris, however, represents the dominant source, and host, of Cu, Ni, and Zn. All four trace elements have a consid-erably weaker hydrogenous signal than biogenic signal.

\n
\n

Accumulation rates of the terrigenous fraction, as reflected by accumulation rates of Th and Ga, show strong maxima at 16.2 and 12.7 ka and minima at 14.1 and 11.1 ka. Co, Li, REE, and Y have a similar distribution. The minima occurred during melt-water pulses IA and IB, the maxima during the Younger Dryas and the rise in sea level following the last glacial maximum.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1670","usgsCitation":"Piper, D.Z., and Dean, W.E., 2002, Trace-element deposition in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela Shelf, under sulfate-reducing conditions: A history of the local hydrography and global climate, 20 ka to the present: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1670, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1670.","productDescription":"41 p.","numberOfPages":"41","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":86307,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1670/pdf/pp1670.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":120691,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1670/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":4304,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1670/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Venezuela","otherGeospatial":"Cariaco Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -66.0,10.0 ], [ -66.0,11.0 ], [ -64.0,11.0 ], [ -64.0,10.0 ], [ -66.0,10.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698283","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piper, David Z. dzpiper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piper","given":"David","email":"dzpiper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70242834,"text":"70242834 - 2002 - Kelp forest ecosystems: Biodiversity, stability, resilience and future","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-19T16:50:50.126019","indexId":"70242834","displayToPublicDate":"2003-02-19T11:43:46","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1531,"text":"Environmental Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kelp forest ecosystems: Biodiversity, stability, resilience and future","docAbstract":"

Kelp forests are phyletically diverse, structurally complex and highly productive components of coldwater rocky marine coastlines. This paper reviews the conditions in which kelp forests develop globally and where, why and at what rate they become deforested. The ecology and long archaeological history of kelp forests are examined through case studies from southern California, the Aleutian Islands and the western North Atlantic, well-studied locations that represent the widest possible range in kelp forest biodiversity. Global distribution of kelp forests is physiologically constrained by light at high latitudes and by nutrients, warm temperatures and other macrophytes at low latitudes. Within mid-latitude belts (roughly 40–60° latitude in both hemispheres) well-developed kelp forests are most threatened by herbivory, usually from sea urchins. Overfishing and extirpation of highly valued vertebrate apex predators often triggered herbivore population increases, leading to widespread kelp deforestation. Such deforestations have the most profound and lasting impacts on species-depauperate systems, such as those in Alaska and the western North Atlantic. Globally urchin-induced deforestation has been increasing over the past 2–3 decades. Continued fishing down of coastal food webs has resulted in shifting harvesting targets from apex predators to their invertebrate prey, including kelp-grazing herbivores. The recent global expansion of sea urchin harvesting has led to the widespread extirpation of this herbivore, and kelp forests have returned in some locations but, for the first time, these forests are devoid of vertebrate apex predators. In the western North Atlantic, large predatory crabs have recently filled this void and they have become the new apex predator in this system. Similar shifts from fish- to crab-dominance may have occurred in coastal zones of the United Kingdom and Japan, where large predatory finfish were extirpated long ago. Three North American case studies of kelp forests were examined to determine their long history with humans and project the status of future kelp forests to the year 2025. Fishing impacts on kelp forest systems have been both profound and much longer in duration than previously thought. Archaeological data suggest that coastal peoples exploited kelp forest organisms for thousands of years, occasionally resulting in localized losses of apex predators, outbreaks of sea urchin populations and probably small-scale deforestation. Over the past two centuries, commercial exploitation for export led to the extirpation of sea urchin predators, such as the sea otter in the North Pacific and predatory fishes like the cod in the North Atlantic. The large-scale removal of predators for export markets increased sea urchin abundances and promoted the decline of kelp forests over vast areas. Despite southern California having one of the longest known associations with coastal kelp forests, widespread deforestation is rare. It is possible that functional redundancies among predators and herbivores make this most diverse system most stable. Such biodiverse kelp forests may also resist invasion from non-native species. In the species-depauperate western North Atlantic, introduced algal competitors carpet the benthos and threaten future kelp dominance. There, other non-native herbivores and predators have become established and dominant components of this system. Climate changes have had measurable impacts on kelp forest ecosystems and efforts to control the emission of greenhouse gasses should be a global priority. However, overfishing appears to be the greatest manageable threat to kelp forest ecosystems over the 2025 time horizon. Management should focus on minimizing fishing impacts and restoring populations of functionally important species in these systems.

","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/S0376892902000322","usgsCitation":"Steneck, R.S., Graham, M.H., Bourque, B.J., Corbett, D., Erlandson, J.M., Estes, J.A., and Tegner, M.J., 2002, Kelp forest ecosystems: Biodiversity, stability, resilience and future: Environmental Conservation, v. 29, no. 4, p. 436-459, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892902000322.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"436","endPage":"459","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416014,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-02-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steneck, Robert S.","contributorId":55211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steneck","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graham, Michael H.","contributorId":42785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bourque, Bruce J.","contributorId":12698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bourque","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Corbett, Debbie","contributorId":304251,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Corbett","given":"Debbie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Erlandson, Jon M.","contributorId":68114,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Erlandson","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":7025,"text":"Museum of Natural and Cultural History, University of Oregon","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":869924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Estes, James A. jim_estes@usgs.gov","contributorId":53325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"James","email":"jim_estes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6949,"text":"University of California, Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":869925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Tegner, M. J.","contributorId":102029,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tegner","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70207308,"text":"70207308 - 2002 - Dinosaurs that did not die: Evidence for Paleocene dinosaurs in the Ojo Alamo Sandstone, San Juan Basin, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-02T15:11:20.787357","indexId":"70207308","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-16T15:06:40","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dinosaurs that did not die: Evidence for Paleocene dinosaurs in the Ojo Alamo Sandstone, San Juan Basin, New Mexico","docAbstract":"

Palynologic and paleomagnetic data confirm a Paleocene age for the Ojo Alamo Sandstone (and its contained dinosaurs) throughout the San Juan Basin of New Mexico. The recently reported discovery of 34 skeletal elements from a single hadrosaur in the Ojo Alamo provides unequivocal evidence that these bones were not reworked from underlying Cretaceous strata. Geochemical studies of samples from several single-dinosaur-bone specimens from the Paleocene Ojo Alamo Sandstone and the underlying Late Cretaceous (Campanian) Kirtland Formation show that mineralized bones from these two rock units contain distinctly different abundances of uranium and rare-earth elements and demonstrate that Cretaceous and Paleocene bones were mineralized at different times when mineralizing fluids had distinctly different chemical compositions. These findings indicate that the dinosaur bone from the Paleocene Ojo Alamo is indigenous and not reworked. These data show that a relatively diverse assemblage of dinosaurs survived the end-Cretaceous asteroid-impact extinction event of 65.5 Ma. The San Juan Basin’s Paleocene dinosaur fauna is herein named the Alamoan fauna. Magnetic-polarity chronology shows that these survivors lived for about one million years into the Paleocene and then became extinct around 64.5 Ma. We suggest that a plausible survival mechanism for this Lazarus fauna may have been the large numbers of buried dinosaur eggs, laid just before the asteroid impact occurred. These buried eggs would have provided a safe haven for developing dinosaur embryos for the first one to two years after the impact, thereby making it possible for them to survive the worst of the impact’s early devastation.

","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2356-6.307","usgsCitation":"Fassett, J.E., Zielinski, R.A., and Budahn, J.R., 2002, Dinosaurs that did not die: Evidence for Paleocene dinosaurs in the Ojo Alamo Sandstone, San Juan Basin, New Mexico: GSA Special Papers, v. 356, p. 307-336, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2356-6.307.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"307","endPage":"336","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370318,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"San Juan Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.77014160156249,\n 36.01356058518153\n ],\n [\n -107.07275390625,\n 36.01356058518153\n ],\n [\n -107.07275390625,\n 37.483576550426996\n ],\n [\n -108.77014160156249,\n 37.483576550426996\n ],\n [\n -108.77014160156249,\n 36.01356058518153\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"356","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fassett, James E. jfassett@usgs.gov","contributorId":73590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fassett","given":"James","email":"jfassett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":165,"text":"Central Energy Resources Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":777640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zielinski, Robert A. 0000-0002-4047-5129 rzielinski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":1593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"Robert","email":"rzielinski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Budahn, James R. 0000-0001-9794-8882 jbudahn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":1175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"James","email":"jbudahn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70221502,"text":"70221502 - 2002 - Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-21T11:46:53.525192","indexId":"70221502","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T16:36:32","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5198,"text":"Geological Society of America Special Papers ","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota","docAbstract":"

Field surveys of the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation in southwestern North Dakota since 1986 have produced a total of 10124 specimens from 42 vertebrate microsites and an additional 41 dinosaur skulls or partial skeletons or skulls from separate sites representing 61 taxa of vertebrates dominated by fish, dinosaurs, turtles, and crocodilians. Common elements of this diverse fauna occur to within 2.37 m of the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary. The stratigraphically highest fossil in the study is a partial ceratopsian skeleton 1.77 m below the K-T boundary in the basal Fort Union Formation. All dinosaurs that occur at more than two sites also occur at the highest level that yielded more than 500 specimens (8.40 m below the K-T boundary). The fine-grained uppermost 2 m of the Hell Creek is nearly devoid of all fossils, including taxa known to occur in the overlying formation. The absence of channel deposits in this part of the formation may be the reason for the absence of fossil localities. The presence of marine-tolerant taxa suggests that the study area may have been adjacent to a previously unidentified seaway of latest Cretaceous age. Rarefaction analysis indicates no evidence for a decline in vertebrate diversity through the formation or dinosaurian diversity in the 3 m below the K-T boundary. Our results are not compatible with gradual vertebrate extinction at the end of the Cretaceous.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.145","usgsCitation":"Pearson, D., Schaeffer, T., Johnson, K.R., Nichols, D.J., and Hunter, J.P., 2002, Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota: Geological Society of America Special Papers , v. 361, p. 145-167, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.145.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"145","endPage":"167","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386595,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.810791015625,\n 44.04811573082351\n ],\n [\n -96.580810546875,\n 44.04811573082351\n ],\n [\n -96.580810546875,\n 45.920587344733654\n ],\n [\n -99.810791015625,\n 45.920587344733654\n ],\n [\n -99.810791015625,\n 44.04811573082351\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"361","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pearson, Dean","contributorId":260402,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pearson","given":"Dean","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schaeffer, Terry","contributorId":260405,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schaeffer","given":"Terry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Kirk R.","contributorId":16877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Kirk","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nichols, Douglas J.","contributorId":87184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hunter, John P.","contributorId":260406,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hunter","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70180963,"text":"70180963 - 2002 - A model project for exploring the role of sustainability science in a citizen-centered, collaborative decision-making process","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-10T11:14:48","indexId":"70180963","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1911,"text":"Human Ecology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A model project for exploring the role of sustainability science in a citizen-centered, collaborative decision-making process","docAbstract":"

The role of science in society is evolving as we enter the 21st century. The report, Science — The Endless Frontier (Bush 1990[1945]), outlined a model of national scientific research that served the country for 50 years. The contract between science and society established in that report stipulated that science is essential and that basic research meets national needs (Pielke and Byerly 1998). This stipulation and the abundant — seemingly unlimited and unquestioned — funding for research during the Cold War caused many scientists to come to believe that funding for science was an entitlement independent of societal needs. Implicit in this belief is that science alone can solve society’s problems. We now are learning that many policy issues that involve science involve diverse economic, political, social, and aesthetic values as well, and rarely, if ever, is scientific information alone the basis of public policy (e.g., see Sarewitz 1996a, 1996b; Frodeman 1997). Moreover, resources are increasingly more limited and many in society are questioning the value of public-supported science.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Human Ecology","publisherLocation":"Bar Harbor, ME","usgsCitation":"Karl, H.A., and Turner, C., 2002, A model project for exploring the role of sustainability science in a citizen-centered, collaborative decision-making process: Human Ecology Review, v. 9, no. 1, p. 67-71.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"71","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335112,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335111,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.humanecologyreview.org/91.htm"}],"country":"United States","volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"589edf2ce4b099f50d3dc5b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karl, Herman A.","contributorId":80649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karl","given":"Herman","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turner, Christine cturner@usgs.gov","contributorId":1189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"Christine","email":"cturner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":662973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186925,"text":"70186925 - 2002 - Physical attributes of some clouds amid a forest ecosystem's trees","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-14T13:41:10","indexId":"70186925","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":928,"text":"Atmospheric Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physical attributes of some clouds amid a forest ecosystem's trees","docAbstract":"

Cloud or fog water collected by forest canopies of any elevation could represent significant sources of required moisture and nutrients for forest ecosystems, human consumption, and as an alternative source of water for agriculture and domestic use. The physical characteristics of fogs and other clouds have been well studied, and this information can be useful to water balance or canopy–cloud interaction model verification and to calibration or training of satellite-borne sensors to recognize atmospheric attributes, such as optical thickness, albedo, and cloud properties. These studies have taken place above-canopy or within canopy clearings and rarely amid the canopy. Simultaneous physical and chemical characteristics of clouds amid and above the trees of a mountain forest, located about 3.3 km southwest of Mt. Mitchell, NC, were collected between 13 and 22 June 1993. This paper summarizes the physical characteristics of the cloud portions amid the trees. The characteristic cloud amid the trees (including cloud and precipitation periods) contained 250 droplet/cm3 with a mean diameter of 9.5 μm and liquid water content (LWC) of 0.11 g m−3. The cloud droplets exhibited a bimodal distribution with modes at about 2 and 8 μm and a mean diameter near 5 μm during precipitation-free periods, whereas the concurrent above-canopy cloud droplets had a unimodal distribution with a mode near 6 μm and a mean diameter of 6 μm. The horizontal cloud water flux is nonlinearly related to the rate of collection onto that surface amid the trees, especially for the Atmospheric Sciences Research Center (ASRC) sampling device, whereas it is linear when the forward scattering spectrometer probe (FSSP) are is used. These findings suggest that statements about the effects clouds have on surfaces they encounter, which are based on above-canopy or canopy-clearing data, can be misleading, if not erroneous.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0169-8095(02)00112-6","usgsCitation":"DeFelice, T.P., 2002, Physical attributes of some clouds amid a forest ecosystem's trees: Atmospheric Research, v. 65, no. 1-2, p. 17-34, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8095(02)00112-6.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"34","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339737,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f1e0cbe4b08144348b7e1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeFelice, Thomas P.","contributorId":103831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeFelice","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":40020,"text":"fs08702 - 2002 - Rare earth elements: critical resources for high technology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:56","indexId":"fs08702","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"087-02","title":"Rare earth elements: critical resources for high technology","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs08702","usgsCitation":"Haxel, G.B., Hedrick, J.B., Orris, G.J., Stauffer, P.H., and Hendley, J.W., 2002, Rare earth elements: critical resources for high technology: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 087-02, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs08702.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119447,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_087_02.bmp"},{"id":3530,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/fs087-02/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6493ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haxel, Gordon B. gbhaxel@usgs.gov","contributorId":5666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haxel","given":"Gordon","email":"gbhaxel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hedrick, James B.","contributorId":19993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedrick","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Orris, Greta J. 0000-0002-2340-9955 greta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2340-9955","contributorId":3472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orris","given":"Greta","email":"greta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":222845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hendley, James W. II jhendley@usgs.gov","contributorId":2547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hendley","given":"James","suffix":"II","email":"jhendley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70229421,"text":"70229421 - 2002 - Magnetobiochronologic synthesis of ODP Leg 178 rise sediments from the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean: Sites 1095, 1096, and 11011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-07T17:11:20.072603","indexId":"70229421","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-06T10:43:39","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5640,"text":"Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results","onlineIssn":"1096-7451","printIssn":"0884-5891","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"seriesNumber":"178","chapter":"36","title":"Magnetobiochronologic synthesis of ODP Leg 178 rise sediments from the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean: Sites 1095, 1096, and 11011","docAbstract":"

During Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 178, eight holes were drilled at three sites (1095, 1096, and 1101) on the continental rise along the western Antarctic Peninsula. The rise sediments proved to be good paleomagnetic recorders and provided continuous magnetostratigraphic records at all three sites. Biosiliceous microfossils, particularly diatoms and radiolarians, were present in the upper Miocene through lower Pliocene sections. In the upper Pliocene to Pleistocene sections, biosiliceous microfossils were rare but calcareous nannofossils and foraminifers were present. This paper summarizes the biostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy of Leg 178 continental rise sites and is the first attempt at direct calibration of Antarctic biostratigraphic events to the geomagnetic polarity timescale in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean.

","language":"English","publisher":"Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A&M University","doi":"10.2973/odp.proc.sr.178.236.2002","usgsCitation":"Iwai, M., Acton, G.D., Lazarus, D., Osterman, L.E., and Williams, T., 2002, Magnetobiochronologic synthesis of ODP Leg 178 rise sediments from the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean: Sites 1095, 1096, and 11011: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results 178, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.178.236.2002.","productDescription":"40 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"40","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":396795,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica, Antarctic Peninsula, Southern Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.1318359375,\n -72.07391148820379\n ],\n [\n -51.8994140625,\n -72.07391148820379\n ],\n [\n -51.8994140625,\n -60.28340847828243\n ],\n [\n -90.1318359375,\n -60.28340847828243\n ],\n [\n -90.1318359375,\n -72.07391148820379\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-11-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iwai, Masao","contributorId":288085,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Iwai","given":"Masao","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Acton, Gary D.","contributorId":288086,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Acton","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6747,"text":"Texas A&M University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":837357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lazarus, David","contributorId":71877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lazarus","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Osterman, Lisa E. osterman@usgs.gov","contributorId":3058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterman","given":"Lisa","email":"osterman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":837359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Williams, Trevor","contributorId":70662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Trevor","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":50517,"text":"ofr02344 - 2002 - Results of weekly chemical and isotopic monitoring of selected springs in Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park during June-September, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-27T14:40:52.565165","indexId":"ofr02344","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-344","title":"Results of weekly chemical and isotopic monitoring of selected springs in Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park during June-September, 1995","docAbstract":"Each year at Norris Geyser Basin, generally in August or September, a widespread hydrothermal 'disturbance' occurs that is characterized by simultaneous changes in the discharge characteristics of many springs, particularly in the Back Basin. During the summer season of 1995, water samples from eight widely distributed hot springs and geysers at Norris were collected each week and analyzed to determine whether chemical and isotopic changes also occurred in the thermal waters at the time of the disturbance. In addition, Beryl Spring in Gibbon Canyon, 5.8 km southwest of Norris Geyser Basin, was included in the monitoring program. Waters discharged by four of the monitored hot springs and geysers appear to issue from relatively deep reservoirs where temperatures are at least 270 C and possibly higher than 300 C. At the time of, and for several days after, the onset of the 1995 disturbance, the normally neutral-chloride waters discharged by these four features all picked up an acid-sulfate component and became isotopically heavier. The acid-sulfate component appears to be similar in composition to some waters discharged in 100 Spring Plain that issue from subsurface regions where temperatures are in the range 170-210 C. However, the two monitored springs that discharge acid-chloride-sulfate waters in the 100 Spring Plain region did not show any significant chemical or isotopic response to the annual disturbance. Beryl Spring, and two neutral-chloride hot springs at Norris that appear to draw their water from reservoirs where temperatures are 250 C or less, also did not show any significant chemical or isotopic response to the annual disturbance. After the start of the annual disturbance, chloride concentrations in water sampled from Double Bulger Geyser in the Back Basin increased from about 800 ppm to about 1500 ppm, nearly twice as high as any previously reported chloride concentration in a thermal water at Yellowstone. The isotopic composition of that water precludes an origin of the high chloride by evaporation at atmospheric pressure. One way to account for the unique chemical and isotopic composition of this highly concentrated wateris by recirculation of water that had gone through one cycle of adiabatic cooling during upflow (decompressional boiling) back down into the hydrothermal system, where it is reheated to greater than 220 C. This previously boiled water then undergoes additional cycles of decompressional boiling during subsequent upflow. Another way the unique chemical and isotopic composition of Double Bulger water might evolve is by excess boiling in the formation that results from a decrease in fluid pressure within the channels of upflow. The annual disturbance at Norris Geyser Basin generally appears to be triggered by a cyclic up and down movement of the boilingpoint curve within the hydrothermal system in response to changes in the potentiometric surface of the cold water that is adjacent to, and interconnected with, that hydrothermal system. Annual disturbance phenomena that are easily recognized at Norris Geyser Basin may not be easily recognized elsewhere in Yellowstone National Park because (1) the neutral-chloride waters at Norris ascend directly from higher-temperature and higherpressure reservoirs (270 to >300 C at Norris compared to 180-215C at Upper and Lower Geyser Basins) that are capable of producing massive amounts of high-pressure steam, and (2) the clay that makes hot spring and geyser waters become turbid at Norris, heralding the start of the disturbance, comes from acid altered rocks that are widely distributed at intermediate depths at Norris, and that are rare in other geyser basins.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr02344","usgsCitation":"Fournier, R., Weltman, U., Counce, D., White, L.D., and Janik, C.J., 2002, Results of weekly chemical and isotopic monitoring of selected springs in Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park during June-September, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-344, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02344.","productDescription":"49 p.","numberOfPages":"50","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":175382,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr02344.jpg"},{"id":415129,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52496.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":283828,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0344/pdf/of02-344.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":4329,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0344/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.7117,\n 44.7333\n ],\n [\n -110.7117,\n 44.7203\n ],\n [\n -110.6975,\n 44.7203\n ],\n [\n -110.6975,\n 44.7333\n ],\n [\n -110.7117,\n 44.7333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db60460b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fournier, R.O.","contributorId":73584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fournier","given":"R.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weltman, U.","contributorId":33379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weltman","given":"U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Counce, D.","contributorId":36165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Counce","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"White, L. D.","contributorId":14330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Janik, C. J.","contributorId":10795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janik","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70205925,"text":"70205925 - 2002 - Emplacement and inflation structures of submarine and subaerial pahoehoe lavas from Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-10T11:54:52","indexId":"70205925","displayToPublicDate":"2002-10-10T11:40:35","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Emplacement and inflation structures of submarine and subaerial pahoehoe lavas from Hawaii","docAbstract":"

Features of subaerial pahoehoe tumuli from Kilauea and Mauna Loa Volcanoes in Hawaii and subaqueous flow lobes from Loihi Seamount off Hawaii and north of Oahu Island document the controlling factors of flow-lobe formation. Studied subaerial flow-lobe tumuli consist of uplifted pahoehoe crust, formed from coalesced flow lobes. The south rift zone of Loihi has abundant conical lava mounds and terraces with flat tops. Steep flanks (>4°) of these mounds are covered with elongate pillows, but the flat tops are overlain by lobate sheets and inflated pahoehoe flows. The pahoehoe lobes have an elongate dome-like shape 2 x 0.5 m to 20 x 20 m and up to 5 m in height. Hollow pahoehoe lobes, which are rare among subaerial pahoehoe flows on coastal plains in Hawaii Island, are common on Loihi. Similar hollow lobes and a subaqueous tumulus were found on a 2200-m deep terrace offshore of Oahu Island. In contrast to corrugated pillow lobes, these subaqueous flows have smooth surfaces covered with fine streaks of thin glass flakes. We suggest that subaqueous flow lobes grow like a slowly advancing subaerial pahoehoe flow. The plastic crust stretches, thins, and ruptures at the flow front, where new lava is exposed, and subsequently is quenched by water to form thin flaky glass. The Graetz number, giving a dimensionless temperature distribution within lava, varies flow by flow but remains almost constant for subaqueous flow lobes. This means that the lateral extension of a flow lobe is cooling limited, which results in a linear correlation between the rate of lava supply and the volume of lobes. Flow lobes stop advancing due to heat loss to the environment, as brittle crust thickens and hinders the lobes from deforming freely.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hawaiian Volcanoes: Deep Underwater Perspectives","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/GM128p0085","usgsCitation":"Umino, S., Obata, S., Lipman, P.W., Smith, J., Shibata, T., Naka, J., and Trusdell, F., 2002, Emplacement and inflation structures of submarine and subaerial pahoehoe lavas from Hawaii, chap. of Hawaiian Volcanoes: Deep Underwater Perspectives, v. 128, p. 85-101, https://doi.org/10.1029/GM128p0085.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"101","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":368231,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -158.28826904296872,\n 21.555284406923192\n ],\n [\n -157.7801513671875,\n 21.555284406923192\n ],\n [\n -157.7801513671875,\n 21.922663209325922\n ],\n [\n -158.28826904296872,\n 21.922663209325922\n ],\n [\n -158.28826904296872,\n 21.555284406923192\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.37939453125,\n 18.687878686034182\n ],\n [\n -154.423828125,\n 18.687878686034182\n ],\n [\n -154.423828125,\n 20.437307950568957\n ],\n [\n -156.37939453125,\n 20.437307950568957\n ],\n [\n -156.37939453125,\n 18.687878686034182\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"128","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Umino, Susumu","contributorId":42773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Umino","given":"Susumu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":772928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Obata, Sumie","contributorId":219708,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Obata","given":"Sumie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":772929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lipman, Peter W. 0000-0001-9175-6118 plipman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9175-6118","contributorId":3486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipman","given":"Peter","email":"plipman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":772930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, John R.","contributorId":13321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"John R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":772931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shibata, Tsugio","contributorId":219709,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shibata","given":"Tsugio","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":772932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Naka, Jiro","contributorId":64347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naka","given":"Jiro","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":772933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Trusdell, Frank A. 0000-0002-0681-0528 trusdell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0681-0528","contributorId":754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trusdell","given":"Frank A.","email":"trusdell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":772934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70205909,"text":"70205909 - 2002 - Submarine alkalic through tholeiitic shield-stage development of Kïlauea volcano, Hawai’i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-10T07:08:06","indexId":"70205909","displayToPublicDate":"2002-10-09T14:30:22","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"title":"Submarine alkalic through tholeiitic shield-stage development of Kïlauea volcano, Hawai’i","docAbstract":"

The submarine Hilina region exposes a succession of magma compositions spanning the juvenile \"Lō‘ihi\" through tholeiitic shield stages of Kïlauea volcano. Early products, preserved as glass grains and clasts in volcaniclastic rocks of the 3000 m deep Hilina bench, include nephelinite, basanite, phonotephrite, hawaiite, alkali basalt, transitional basalt, and rare alkali-poor Mauna Loa-like tholeiite. Transitional basalt pillow lavas overlie the volcaniclastic section and record an early phase of subsequent subalkaline magmatism. Rare degassed tholeiitic pillow lava and talus above the volcaniclastic section are products of subaerial shield volcanism. Major and trace element variations of clasts and pillow lavas point to a factor of 2 - 2.5 increase in degree of melting from juvenile alkalic to modern tholeiitic Kïlauea. Progressive changes in element ratios that distinguish Hawaiian shield volcanoes, without commensurate changes in elements fractionated by partial melting, also signal increased contributions from Mauna Loa-type source regions as Kïlauea matured from its juvenile alkalic to its tholeiitic shield stage. Ancestral Kïlauea basanites and nephelinites were not primitive magmas but might have evolved from plume-derived alkali picritic parents by lithospheric- level crystallization differentiation, or solidification and remelting, involving pyroxene and garnet, similar to the subcrustal differentiation origin of hawaiites [Frey et al, 1990]. Low magmatic productivity early in Kïlauea’s history sustained a poorly integrated trans-lithospheric conduit system in which magmas stalled and differentiated, producing evolved hawaiites, nephelinites, and basanites. This contrasts with shield-stage Kïlauea where high magmatic productivity flushes the conduit system and delivers primitive magmas to shallow levels. 

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hawaiian volcanoes: Deep underwater perspectives","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/GM128p0193","issn":"9781118668436 ","isbn":"9780875909875","usgsCitation":"Sisson, T.W., Lipman, P.W., and Naka, J., 2002, Submarine alkalic through tholeiitic shield-stage development of Kïlauea volcano, Hawai’i, v. 128, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/GM128p0193.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"193","endPage":"219","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368180,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kïlauea volcano","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -155.16666666666666,19.25 ], [ -155.16666666666666,19.5 ], [ -154.91666666666666,19.5 ], [ -154.91666666666666,19.25 ], [ -155.16666666666666,19.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"128","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sisson, Thomas W. 0000-0003-3380-6425 tsisson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3380-6425","contributorId":2341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sisson","given":"Thomas","email":"tsisson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":772832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lipman, Peter W. 0000-0001-9175-6118 plipman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9175-6118","contributorId":3486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipman","given":"Peter","email":"plipman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":772833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Naka, J.","contributorId":47540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naka","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":772834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":40004,"text":"ofr02345 - 2002 - Composition of the Rex Chert and associated rocks of the Permian Phosphoria Formation: Soda Springs area, SE Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-27T14:52:15.053934","indexId":"ofr02345","displayToPublicDate":"2002-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-345","title":"Composition of the Rex Chert and associated rocks of the Permian Phosphoria Formation: Soda Springs area, SE Idaho","docAbstract":"

This study, one in a series, reports bulk chemical and mineralogical compositions, as well as petrographic and outcrop descriptions of rocks collected from three measured outcrop sections of the Rex Chert member of the Phosphoria Formation in SE Idaho. The three measured sections were chosen from ten outcrops of Rex Chert that were described in the field. The Rex Chert overlies the Meade Peak Phosphatic Shale Member of the Phosphoria Formation, the source of phosphate ore in the region. Rex Chert removed as overburden comprises part of the material disposed in waste-rock piles during phosphate mining. It has been proposed that the chert be used to cap and isolate waste piles, thereby inhibiting the leaching of potentially toxic elements into the environment. It is also used to surface roads in the mining district. The rock samples studied here constitute a set of individual chert beds that are representative of each stratigraphic section sampled. The informally named cherty shale member that overlies the Rex Chert in measured section 1 was also described and sampled. The upper Meade Peak and the transition zone to the Rex Chert were described and sampled in section 7. The cherts are predominantly spicularite composed of granular and mosaic quartz, and sponge spicules, with various but minor amounts of other fossils and detrital grains. The cherty shale member and transition rocks between the Meade Peak and Rex Chert are siliceous siltstones and argillaceous cherts with ghosts of sponge spicules and somewhat more detrital grains than the chert. The overwhelmingly dominant mineral is quartz, although carbonate beds are rare in each section and are composed predominantly of calcite and dolomite in addition to quartz. Feldspar, mica, clay minerals, calcite, dolomite, and carbonate fluorapatite are minor to trace minerals in the chert.

\n
\n

The mean concentrations of oxides and elements in the Rex Chert and the cherty shale member are dominated by SiO2, which averages 94.6%. Organic-carbon contents are generally very low in the chert, but are up to 1.8 wt. % in cherty shale member samples and up to 3.3% in samples from the transition between the Meade Peak and Rex Chert. Likewise, phosphate (P2O5) is generally low in the chert, but can be up to 3.1% in individual beds. Selenium concentrations in Rex Chert and cherty shale member samples vary from <0.2 to 138 ppm, with a mean concentration of 7.0 ppm. This mean Se content is heavily dependent on two values of 101 and 138 ppm for rocks from the transition zone between the Meade Peak and Rex Chert. Without those two samples, the mean Se concentration would be <1.0 ppm. Other elements of environmental interest, As, Cr, V, Zn, Hg, and Cd, are generally near or below their content in average continental shale. Stratigraphic changes (equivalent to temporal changes in the depositional basin) in chemical composition of rocks are notable either as uniform changes through the sections or as distinct differences in the mean composition of rocks that compose the upper and lower halves of the sections.

\n
\n

Q-mode factors are interpreted to represent the following rock and mineral components: chert-silica component consisting of Si (± Ba); phosphorite-phosphate component composed of P, Ca, As, Y, V, Cr, Sr, and La (± Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Li, Se, Nd, Hg); shale component composed of Al, Na, Zr, K, Ba, Li, and organic C (± Ti, Mg, Se, Ni, Fe, Sr, V, Mn, Zn); carbonate component (dolomite, calcite, silicified carbonates) composed of carbonate C, Mg, Ca, and Si (± Mn); tentatively organic matter-hosted elements (and/or sulfide-sulfate phases) composed of Cu (± organic C, Zn, Mn Si, Ni, Hg, and Li). Selenium shows a dominant association with the shale component, but correlations and Qmode factors also indicate that organic matter (within the shale component) and carbonate fluorapatite may host a portion of the Se. Consideration of larger numbers of factors in Qmode analysis indicates that native Se (a factor containing Se (± Ba)) may also comprise a minor component of the Se compliment.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr02345","collaboration":"Prepared in collaboration with U.S. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Forest Service, Agrium U.S. Inc., Astaris LLC, J.R. Simplot Company, Rhodia Inc., Monsanto Co.","usgsCitation":"Hein, J.R., McIntyre, B., Perkins, R.B., Piper, D.Z., and Evans, J., 2002, Composition of the Rex Chert and associated rocks of the Permian Phosphoria Formation: Soda Springs area, SE Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-345, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02345.","productDescription":"30 p.","numberOfPages":"30","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":283848,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr02345.jpg"},{"id":283847,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0345/pdf/of02-345.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":3518,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0345/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.62,42.55 ], [ -111.62,42.75 ], [ -111.25,42.75 ], [ -111.25,42.55 ], [ -111.62,42.55 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8181","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hein, James R. 0000-0002-5321-899X jhein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":2828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"James","email":"jhein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":222806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McIntyre, Brandie","contributorId":37796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntyre","given":"Brandie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perkins, Robert B.","contributorId":106954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Piper, David Z. dzpiper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piper","given":"David","email":"dzpiper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Evans, James","contributorId":83570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":38168,"text":"fs00702 - 2002 - East Meets West: An Earthquake in India Helps Hazard Assessment in the Central United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-23T14:35:21","indexId":"fs00702","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"007-02","title":"East Meets West: An Earthquake in India Helps Hazard Assessment in the Central United States","docAbstract":"

Although geographically distant, the State of Gujarat in India bears many geological similarities to the Mississippi Valley in the Central United States. The Mississippi Valley contains the New Madrid seismic zone that, during the winter of 1811-1812, produced the three largest historical earthquakes ever in the continental United States and remains the most seismically active region east of the Rocky Mountains. Large damaging earthquakes are rare in ‘intraplate’ settings like New Madrid and Gujarat, far from the boundaries of the world’s great tectonic plates. Long-lasting evidence left by these earthquakes is subtle (fig. 1). Thus, each intraplate earthquake provides unique opportunities to make huge advances in our ability to assess and understand the hazards posed by such events.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs00702","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002, East Meets West: An Earthquake in India Helps Hazard Assessment in the Central United States (Version 1.0 ): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 007-02, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs00702.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3465,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-0007-02/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":119570,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_007_02.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0 ","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db628a57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32944,"text":"ofr02189 - 2002 - Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:09","indexId":"ofr02189","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-189","title":"Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences","docAbstract":"Data on rare earth (including yttrium) mines, deposits, and occurrences were compiled as part of an effort by the USGS and the University of Arizona Center for Mineral Resources to summarize current knowledge on the supply and demand outlook and related topics for this group of elements. Economic competition and environmental concerns are increasingly constraining the mining and processing of rare earths from the Mountain Pass mine in California. For many years, the deposit at Mountain Pass was the world's dominant source of rare earth elements and the United States was essentially self-sufficient. Starting approximately 10 years ago, the U.S. has become increasingly dependent (> 90 percent of separated rare earths) upon imports from China, now the dominant source of rare earths. A knowledge of the known economic and noneconomic sources of rare earths is basic to evaluating the outlook for rare earth supply and associated issues.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr02189","usgsCitation":"Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I., 2002, Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-189, Report: 174 p.; ReadMe; Metadata; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02189.","productDescription":"Report: 174 p.; ReadMe; Metadata; Appendix","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":658,"text":"Western Mineral Resources","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":162988,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11520,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/of02-189/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -166.5,-41.1 ], [ -166.5,71 ], [ 175.86666666666667,71 ], [ 175.86666666666667,-41.1 ], [ -166.5,-41.1 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684cea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Orris, Greta J. 0000-0002-2340-9955 greta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2340-9955","contributorId":3472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orris","given":"Greta","email":"greta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grauch, Richard I. 0000-0002-1763-0813 rgrauch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1763-0813","contributorId":1193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grauch","given":"Richard","email":"rgrauch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":209491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30984,"text":"wri014047 - 2002 - Ecological effects on streams from forest fertilization: Literature review and conceptual framework for future study in the western Cascades","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-14T21:06:29.437021","indexId":"wri014047","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4047","title":"Ecological effects on streams from forest fertilization: Literature review and conceptual framework for future study in the western Cascades","docAbstract":"

Fertilization of forests with urea-nitrogen has been studied numerous times for its effects on water quality. Stream nitrogen concentrations following fertilization are typically elevated during winter, including peaks in the tens-of-thousands of parts per billion range, with summer concentrations often returning to background or near-background levels. Despite these increases, water-quality criteria for nitrogen have rarely been exceeded. However, such criteria are targeted at fish toxicity or human health and are not relevant to concentrations that could cause ecological disturbances.

\n

Studies of the responses of stream biota to fertilization have been rare and have targeted either immediate, toxicity-based responses or used methods insensitive to ongoing ecological processes. This report reviews water-quality studies following forest fertilizations, emphasizing Cascade streams in the Pacific Northwest and documented biological responses in those streams. A conceptual model predicting potential ecological response to fertilization, which includes effects on algal growth and primary production, is presented. In this model, applied fertilizer nitrogen reaching streams is mostly exported during winter. However, some nitrogen retained in soils or stream and riparian areas may become available to aquatic biota during spring and summer. Biological responses may be minimal in small streams nearest to application because of light limitation, but may be elevated downstream where light is sufficient to allow algal growth. Ultimately, algal response could be greatest in downstream reaches, although ambient nutrient concentrations remain low due to uptake and benthic nutrient recycling. Ground-water flow paths and hyporheic processing could be critical in determining the fate of applied nitrogen. A framework is provided for testing this response in the Little River watershed, a tributary to the North Umpqua River, Oregon, at basic and intensive levels of investigation.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri014047","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Anderson, C.W., 2002, Ecological effects on streams from forest fertilization: Literature review and conceptual framework for future study in the western Cascades: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 01–4047, 49 p.","productDescription":"v, 49 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":430243,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49807.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":2977,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4047/wri01-4047.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PDF of report"},{"id":159990,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Western Cascades","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.1,\n 43.3\n ],\n [\n -123.1,\n 43.1\n ],\n [\n -122.666,\n 43.1\n ],\n [\n -122.666,\n 43.3\n ],\n [\n -123.1,\n 43.3\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"

Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2130 SW 5th Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97201
http://or.water.usgs.gov

","tableOfContents":"","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"publishedDate":"2002-03-19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-03-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627c6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Chauncey W. 0000-0002-1016-3781 chauncey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1016-3781","contributorId":139268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Chauncey","email":"chauncey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":204521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70074437,"text":"70074437 - 2002 - Ordonezite from the Theodoso Soto Mine, Sapioris, Durango, Mexico: New data and structure refinement","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-22T15:20:43.030933","indexId":"70074437","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T15:20:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1177,"text":"Canadian Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ordonezite from the Theodoso Soto Mine, Sapioris, Durango, Mexico: New data and structure refinement","docAbstract":"A new occurrence of the rare mineral species ordonezite has been found at the Theodoso Soto tin mine, near Sapioris, Durango, Mexico. The average composition of the samples is (Zn0.98Fe0.02)Σ1.00Sb2.00O6; the core of the crystals is slightly richer in Fe than the rim. The mineral is uniaxial (+), with all n greater than 2.30 (ncalc is 2.38 at 589 nm); Dobs 6.66 g/cm3, Dcalc 6.67 g/cm3. It is isostructural with ferrotapiolite, with a 4.668(2), c 9.269(6) A (from powder-diffraction data), space group P42/mnm, and is twinned on {103}. Its crystal structure, refined to R=4.1, wR=4.3% using 163 observed reflections, is fully cation-ordered.","language":"English","publisher":"Mineralogical Association of Canada","doi":"10.2113/gscanmin.40.4.1207","usgsCitation":"Ercit, T., Foord, E., and Fitzpatrick, J.J., 2002, Ordonezite from the Theodoso Soto Mine, Sapioris, Durango, Mexico: New data and structure refinement: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 40, no. 4, p. 1207-1210, https://doi.org/10.2113/gscanmin.40.4.1207.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1207","endPage":"1210","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281680,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","city":"Durango","otherGeospatial":"Sapioris;Theodoso Soto Mine","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104.715185,23.963354 ], [ -104.715185,24.094567 ], [ -104.575401,24.094567 ], [ -104.575401,23.963354 ], [ -104.715185,23.963354 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"40","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6a0be4b0b29085102fec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ercit, T.S.","contributorId":104397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ercit","given":"T.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foord, E.E.","contributorId":86835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foord","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fitzpatrick, J. J.","contributorId":95078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}