The ground-water resource in the Cave Springs area is used by the Hixson Utility District as a water supply and is one of the more heavily stressed in the Valley and Ridge Physiographic Province. In 1999, ground-water withdrawals by the Hixson Utility District averaged about 6.4 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) from two pumping centers. The Hixson Utility District has historically withdrawn about 5.8 Mgal/d from wells at Cave Springs. In 1995 to meet increasing demand, an additional well field was developed at Walkers Corner, located about 3 miles northeast of Cave Springs. From 1995 through 2000, pumping from the first production well at Walkers Corner averaged about 1.8 Mgal/d. A second production well at Walkers Corner was approved for use in 2000. Hixson Utility District alternates the use of the two production wells at Walkers Corner except when drought conditions occur when they are used simultaneously. The second production well increased the capacity of the well field by an additional 2 Mgal/d.
The aquifer framework in the study area consists of dense Paleozoic carbonate rocks with secondary permeability that are mantled by thick residual clay-rich regolith in most of the area and by coarse-grained alluvium in the valley of North Chickamauga Creek. Cave Springs, one of the largest springs in Tennessee, derives its flow from conduits in a carbonate rock (karst) aquifer. Production wells at Cave Springs draw water from these conduits. Production wells at Walkers Corner primarily draw water from gravel zones in the regolith near the top of rock. Transmissivities estimated from hydraulic tests conducted across the Cave Springs area span a range from 240 to 900,000 feet squared per day (ft2/d) with a median value of 5,200 ft2/d. Recharge to the aquifer occurs from direct infiltration of precipitation and from losing streams. Most recharge occurs during the winter and spring months.
Computer modeling was used to provide a better understanding of the ground-water-flow system and to simulate the effects of additional ground-water withdrawals. A numerical ground-water-flow model of the ground-water system was constructed and calibrated using MODFLOW 2000. Modeling results indicate that losing streams along the base of the Cumberland Plateau escarpment at the western edge of the study area are an important source of recharge to the ground-water system, supplying about 50 percent of the recharge to the study area. Direct infiltration of precipitation accounts for the remaining recharge to the study area. In 1999, ground-water withdrawals of 6.4 Mgal/d [9.9 cubic feet per second (ft3/s)] equaled about 11 percent of the total simulated ground-water recharge. The remaining ground-water recharge discharges to rivers (48 percent, 41.1 ft3/s), springs (19 percent, 16.8 ft3/s), and Chickamauga Lake (22 percent, 19.0 ft3/s). Drawdown at the Walkers Corner well field in 2000 was about 33 feet at the center of a cone of depression that is elongated along strike. If additional pumping at Walkers Corner increases withdrawals by 2 Mgal/d, simulated drawdown at the Walkers Corner well field increases to about 60 feet and simulated ground-water discharges decrease by amounts of 1.0 ft3/s to Chickamauga Lake, 0.8 ft3/s to North Chickamauga Creek, 0.5 ft3/s to Lick Branch-Rogers Spring drainage, 0.5 ft3/s to Poe Branch, and 0.2 ft3/s to Cave Springs.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024091","usgsCitation":"Haugh, C.J., 2002, Hydrogeology and ground-water-flow simulation of the Cave Springs area, Hixson, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4091, v, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024091.","productDescription":"v, 57 p.","costCenters":[{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415726,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52774.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":173221,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3668,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024091/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","city":"Hixson","otherGeospatial":"Cave Springs area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.0750,\n 35.3078\n ],\n [\n -85.2667,\n 35.3078\n ],\n [\n -85.2667,\n 35.1333\n ],\n [\n -85.0750,\n 35.1333\n ],\n [\n -85.0750,\n 35.3078\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60fd14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haugh, Connor J. 0000-0002-5204-8271 cjhaugh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5204-8271","contributorId":3932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haugh","given":"Connor","email":"cjhaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44931,"text":"wri024265 - 2002 - Base (100-year) flood elevations for selected sites in Livingston County, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-06T21:12:34.980162","indexId":"wri024265","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4265","displayTitle":"Base (100-Year) Flood Elevations for Selected Sites in Livingston County, Missouri","title":"Base (100-year) flood elevations for selected sites in Livingston County, Missouri","docAbstract":"The primary criteria for community participation in the National Flood Insurance Program is the adoption and enforcement of floodplain management requirements that minimize the potential for flood damages to existing and proposed development in flood-hazard areas. This report provides base flood elevations (BFE) for a 100-year recurrence-interval flood for use in the management and regulation of 18 flood-hazard areas designated by the Federal Emergency Management Agency as approximate Zone A areas in Livingston County, Missouri.
The one-dimensional surface-water flow models HEC-RAS and Water-Surface PROfile (WSPRO) were used to compute base (100-year) flood elevations for 18 Zone A sites. The HEC-RAS model was used at BFE sites 1 to 6, 9, 10, and 15 to 18. The WSPRO model was used at BFE sites 7, 8, and 11 to 14. The 18 sites are all located in Livingston County, Missouri, at U.S., State, or County road crossings, and the base flood elevation was determined at the upstream side of each crossing. The base (100-year) flood elevations for BFE 1, 2, and 3 on Shoal Creek at Dawn and Shoal Creek Drainage Ditch near Dawn are 701.0, 701.0, and 696.5 feet, respectively. The base (100-year) flood elevations for BFE 4 and 5 on Indian Branch near Sampsel and a tributary to Indian Branch near Sampsel are 711.7 and 755.4 feet, respectively. Site BFE 6 is located on Honey Creek near Farmersville and the base (100-year) flood elevation for this site is 730.8 feet. One site (BFE 7) is located on No Creek near Farmersville. The base (100-year) flood elevation for this site is 731.3 feet. Site BFE 8 is located on Crooked Creek near Chillicothe and the base (100-year) elevation is 716.4 feet. One site (BFE 9) is located on a tributary to Coon Creek at Chillicothe. The base (100-year) flood elevation for this site is 734.9 feet. Two sites (BFE 10 and 11) are located on Blackwell Branch at Chillicothe. The base (100-year) flood elevation for BFE 10 is 738.9 feet and for BFE 11 is 701.7 feet. The base (100-year) flood elevation for BFE 12 on Medicine Creek near Chula is 721.7 feet. Sites BFE 13 and 15 are on Muddy Creek and for BFE 14 is on Little Muddy Creek near Chula. The base (100-year) flood elevations for BFE 13 and 15 are 733.0 and 717.9 feet, respectively and for BFE 14 is 734.6 feet. Downstream from BFE 12 is site BFE 16 on Medicine Creek near Wheeling. The base (100-year) flood elevation for site BFE 16 is 686.1 feet. One site (BFE 17) is located on Campbell Creek near Bedford. The base (100-year) flood elevation at this site is 691.8 feet. Site BFE 18 is located on Towstring Creek near Hale. The base (100-year) flood elevation for site BFE 18 is 667.4 feet.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri024265","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State Emergency Management Agency","usgsCitation":"Southard, R.E., and Richards, J.M., 2002, Base (100-year) flood elevations for selected sites in Livingston County, Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4265, iv, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024265.","productDescription":"iv, 34 p.","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360285,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4265/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":360286,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4265/wrir20024265.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2002–4265"},{"id":415385,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54105.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","county":"Livingston County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-93.3643,39.9678],[-93.3683,39.7039],[-93.3067,39.7038],[-93.2595,39.7037],[-93.2618,39.7023],[-93.2666,39.7018],[-93.2696,39.7009],[-93.2708,39.6986],[-93.2713,39.6954],[-93.2725,39.6918],[-93.276,39.69],[-93.2784,39.6895],[-93.282,39.6881],[-93.2838,39.6845],[-93.2843,39.6831],[-93.2837,39.6809],[-93.2837,39.6777],[-93.2837,39.6745],[-93.2854,39.6709],[-93.2872,39.6686],[-93.2872,39.6677],[-93.2859,39.6623],[-93.2841,39.66],[-93.2793,39.6578],[-93.2757,39.6551],[-93.2757,39.6537],[-93.2816,39.6528],[-93.2882,39.6523],[-93.2912,39.6504],[-93.2917,39.6495],[-93.2881,39.6455],[-93.2809,39.6392],[-93.2713,39.6347],[-93.2658,39.6279],[-93.2658,39.6243],[-93.2687,39.6211],[-93.2783,39.6197],[-93.2842,39.6183],[-93.2848,39.6156],[-93.4221,39.6151],[-93.5344,39.6138],[-93.6466,39.6119],[-93.7619,39.6126],[-93.7628,39.6973],[-93.7631,39.7867],[-93.7647,39.8759],[-93.762,39.9594],[-93.5412,39.9646],[-93.3643,39.9678]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Livingston\",\"state\":\"MO\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1400 Independence Road
Rolla, MO 65401
Isotope data collected in the Calumet Region of northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois, one of the most heavily industrialized regions of the United States, indicated that water in the surficial Calumet aquifer is well mixed. The Calumet aquifer is recharged areally by precipitation and locally may be recharged by surface water. The residence time of ground water in the Calumet aquifer is approximately 5 to 15 years. Ground-water-flow rates through the Calumet aquifer are estimated to be 400 to 2,300 feet per year. The permeable deposits, shallow water table, lack of an overlying confining unit, and proximity to numerous contaminant sources indicate that the Calumet aquifer is vulnerable to contamination.
Isotopic data indicate that ground water in the confining unit underlying the Calumet aquifer is derived from a variety of sources that include Lake Michigan, modern precipitation, and discharge from the basal Silurian-Devonian bedrock aquifer. The source and apparent age of the water are variable and appear to be affected locally by various geologic and hydraulic factors. The vertical ground-water-flow rate through the unweathered part of the confining unit is about 0.20 feet per year and is about 6.3 feet per year through the weathered part. The data indicate the weathered part of the confining unit may be more vulnerable to contamination than the unweathered confining unit.
Ground water in the basal Silurian-Devonian aquifer is derived from Lake Michigan, glacial-age water, and modern precipitation. Post-1952 recharge has occurred in the vicinity of Stony Island, Ill. Ground-water recharge of the Silurian-Devonian aquifer may be occurring near Calumet Harbor. The Silurian-Devonian aquifer is vulnerable to contamination where the confining unit is thin or absent or where the integrity of the confining unit has been compromised.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri024213","usgsCitation":"Kay, R.T., Bayless, E.R., and Solak, R.A., 2002, Use of isotopes to identify sources of ground water, estimate ground-water-flow rates, and assess aquifer vulnerability in the Calumet region of northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4213, v, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024213.","productDescription":"v, 60 p.","numberOfPages":"70","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":407654,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_53971.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":135956,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4213/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":3935,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4213/wri20024213.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2002-4213"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Calumut region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.7333,\n 41.5589\n ],\n [\n -87.0833,\n 41.5589\n ],\n [\n -87.0833,\n 41.7472\n ],\n [\n -87.7333,\n 41.7472\n ],\n [\n -87.7333,\n 41.5589\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Indiana Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
5957 Lakeside Blvd.
Indianapolis, IN 46278
A method for the determination of two common odor-causing compounds in water, geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol, was modified and verified by the U.S. Geological Survey's Organic Geochemistry Research Group in Lawrence, Kansas. The optimized method involves the extraction of odor-causing compounds from filtered water samples using a divinylbenzene-carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane cross-link coated solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber. Detection of the compounds is accomplished using capillary-column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Precision and accuracy were demonstrated using reagent-water, surface-water, and ground-water samples.
The mean accuracies as percentages of the true compound concentrations from water samples spiked at 10 and 35 nanograms per liter ranged from 60 to 123 percent for geosmin and from 90 to 96 percent for 2-methylisoborneol. Method detection limits were 1.9 nanograms per liter for geosmin and 2.0 nanograms per liter for 2-methylisoborneol in 45-milliliter samples. Typically, concentrations of 30 and 10 nanograms per liter of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol, respectively, can be detected by the general public. The calibration range for the method is equivalent to concentrations from 5 to 100 nanograms per liter without dilution. The method is valuable for acquiring information about the production and fate of these odor-causing compounds in water.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02337","usgsCitation":"Zimmerman, L., Ziegler, A., and Thurman, E., 2002, Method of analysis and quality-assurance practices by the U.S. Geological Survey Organic Geochemistry Research Group: Determination of geosmin and methylisoborneol in water using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-337, iv, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02337.","productDescription":"iv, 12 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":176542,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0337/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":431707,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0337/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db627397","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimmerman, L.R.","contributorId":28624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ziegler, A.C.","contributorId":74398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ziegler","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":50573,"text":"ofr02465 - 2002 - A bibliography of terrain modeling (geomorphometry), the quantitative representation of topography: Supplement 4.0","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-23T16:51:47.889016","indexId":"ofr02465","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-465","title":"A bibliography of terrain modeling (geomorphometry), the quantitative representation of topography: Supplement 4.0","docAbstract":"Terrain modeling, the practice of ground-surface quantification, is an amalgam of Earth science, mathematics, engineering, and computer science. The discipline is known variously as geomorphometry (or simply morphometry), terrain analysis, and quantitative geomorphology. It continues to grow through myriad applications to hydrology, geohazards mapping, tectonics, sea-floor and planetary exploration, and other fields. Dating nominally to the co-founders of academic geography, Alexander von Humboldt (1808, 1817) and Carl Ritter (1826, 1828), the field was revolutionized late in the 20th Century by the computer manipulation of spatial arrays of terrain heights, or digital elevation models (DEMs), which can quantify and portray ground-surface form over large areas (Maune, 2001). Morphometric procedures are implemented routinely by commercial geographic information systems (GIS) as well as specialized software (Harvey and Eash, 1996; Köthe and others, 1996; ESRI, 1997; Drzewiecki et al., 1999; Dikau and Saurer, 1999; Djokic and Maidment, 2000; Wilson and Gallant, 2000; Breuer, 2001; Guth, 2001; Eastman, 2002). The new Earth Surface edition of the Journal of Geophysical Research, specializing in surficial processes, is the latest of many publication venues for terrain modeling.
\nThis is the fourth update of a bibliography and introduction to terrain modeling (Pike, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1999) designed to collect the diverse, scattered literature on surface measurement as a resource for the research community. The use of DEMs in science and technology continues to accelerate and diversify (Pike, 2000a). New work appears so frequently that a sampling must suffice to represent the vast literature. This report adds 1636 entries to the 4374 in the four earlier publications1. Forty-eight additional entries correct dead Internet links and other errors found in the prior listings. Chronicling the history of terrain modeling, many entries in this report predate the 1999 supplement. Coverage is representative from about 1800 through early–mid 2002. Papers increasingly are published exclusively or in duplicate on the Internet's World Wide Web; the dates given here for Web addresses (URLs) that lack a print publication indicate a Web site's last update or my last access of it. The bibliography is arranged alphabetically and thus is not readily summarized. This introduction cites about 500 entries, a third of them grouped under 24 morphometric topics, as a guide to the listing's contents. Continuing the practice of previous bibliographies in the series to provide more information on a few applications (see summary of past topics in Pike, 2000a), this report elaborates further on topographic data, putative new parameters, tectonic geomorphology/neo-orometry, biogeography, ice-cap morphometry, results from the Mars Global DEM, landslide-hazard mapping, terrain modeling as physics, Hack's law, and broad-scale computer visualization. The literature of some of these subjects is large, and none of the summaries is intended to more than introduce the topic and comment on some of the current contributions of terrain modeling. Closing the essay is a discussion of pre-1900 papers that trace the evolution of ridge-line and watercourse quantification by descriptive geometry, as well as comments on some new books and an on-line bulletin board.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02465","usgsCitation":"Pike, R.J., 2002, A bibliography of terrain modeling (geomorphometry), the quantitative representation of topography: Supplement 4.0: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-465, 158 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02465.","productDescription":"158 p.","numberOfPages":"158","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":176704,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr02465.jpg"},{"id":283911,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0465/pdf/of02-465.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":283912,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0465/of02-465.txt"},{"id":4381,"rank":4,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0465/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4975e4b0b290850ef30e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pike, Richard J. rpike@usgs.gov","contributorId":5753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pike","given":"Richard","email":"rpike@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":241872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58053,"text":"wri024062 - 2002 - Delineation of the Troy Bedrock Valley and particle-tracking analysis of ground-water flow underlying Belvidere, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-02T11:52:30.956538","indexId":"wri024062","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4062","displayTitle":"Delineation of the Troy Bedrock Valley and Particle-Tracking Analysis of Ground-Water Flow Underlying Belvidere, Illinois","title":"Delineation of the Troy Bedrock Valley and particle-tracking analysis of ground-water flow underlying Belvidere, Illinois","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and Illinois Environmental Protection Agency began a study of the hydrogeology, flow system, and distribution of contaminants in the aquifers underlying Belvidere, Ill., and vicinity in 1992. As part of the study, the ancestral Troy Bedrock Valley, located about 1.5 miles west of Belvidere, was identified as an important part of the ground-water-flow system. In the deepest parts of the valley, the basal Glenwood confining unit may be absent; thick deposits of sand and gravel that infill part of the valley may directly overlie the sandstone St. Peter aquifer, a regionally important source of water for public supply. With few deep wells open to the St. Peter aquifer present in the valley to provide necessary geologic information, tritium and other water-chemistry data were collected from eight wells to possibly delineate areas where the confining unit may be absent; the data also provide baseline water-quality information for an area expecting changes in land use and increases in water withdrawal. Also as part of the study, particle-tracking analysis was done using an available flow model to (1) identify possible discharge locations of ground water and contaminants and (2) delineate areas contributing recharge to the Belvidere municipal wells.
This report presents and interprets water-chemistry data collected during December 2000 and presents results of particle-tracking analysis. Ground water in samples from two of four wells open to the St. Peter aquifer appears to have recharged after 1954, suggesting that the Glenwood confining unit may be absent near the wells. Other hydrogeologic and water-chemistry data, however, were inconclusive or contradictory. Concentrations of iron, manganese, and lead exceeded maximum contaminant levels in five or less samples, but materials associated with the water-distribution systems appear to contribute to the elevated concentrations above natural levels.
Particle-tracking analysis indicates that most ground-water flow beneath possible contaminant-source areas discharges from the glacial drift aquifer to the Kishwaukee River. Most of the source areas are in or near Belvidere and are within 1,500 feet of the river. The analysis also indicates the possibility that in parts of the study area, some ground water does not discharge to the river, but flows beneath the Kishwaukee River in the underlying carbonate Galena-Platteville aquifer. Ground water that discharges to the one municipal well open to the glacial drift aquifer is estimated to travel over 1 mile in less than 25 years. Simulated residence (travel) times of ground water from the base of the glacial drift aquifer to the six municipal wells open, in part, to the Galena-Platteville aquifer, are estimated at less than about 40 years. Because fractures in this aquifer are unaccounted for in the flow model, actual areas contributing recharge are likely larger and travel times faster than those simulated for most of the municipal wells. Tritium data indicate that, in general, travel times from the land surface to the deepest parts of the Galena-Platteville aquifer are less than 46 years. Methyl tertiary-butyl ether data indicate that travel times to the upper part of the aquifer may be less than 16 years. The water-quality-based estimates of travel time generally are consistent with the estimates from particle-tracking analysis.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri024062","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Mills, P., Halford, K.J., and Cobb, R., 2002, Delineation of the Troy Bedrock Valley and particle-tracking analysis of ground-water flow underlying Belvidere, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4062, v, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024062.","productDescription":"v, 46 p.","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":5984,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4062/wrir02_4062.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.43 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 02–4062"},{"id":183897,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4062/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","county":"Boone County","city":"Belvidere","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-88.9385,42.4984],[-88.7737,42.4958],[-88.7719,42.4957],[-88.7059,42.4972],[-88.705,42.4167],[-88.7041,42.329],[-88.7057,42.2418],[-88.7061,42.1564],[-88.8224,42.1557],[-88.94,42.1549],[-88.9406,42.2408],[-88.9405,42.3284],[-88.9392,42.4161],[-88.9385,42.4984]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Boone\",\"state\":\"IL\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
405 North Goodwin
Urbana, IL 61801
Estimates of the assimilation and retention of trace elements from food by fish are useful for linking toxicity with the biogeochemical cycling of these elements through aquatic food webs. Here we use pulse-chase radiotracer techniques to estimate the assimilation and retention of Se and four trace metals, Ag, Am, Zn, and Cd, by 43- and 88-d-old juvenile striped bass, Morone saxatilis, from crustacean food. Brine shrimp nauplii, Artemia franciscana, or adult copepods,Acartia tonsa, were fed radiolabeled diatoms and then fed to juvenile striped bass. Assimilation efficiencies (AEs ± SD) for 43-d-old fish were 18 ± 2%, 6 ± 1%, 23 ± 4%, 33 ± 3%, and 23 ± 2% for Ag, Am, Cd, Se, and Zn, respectively. For 88-d-old fish, the AEs were 28 ± 1%, 42 ± 5%, and 40 ± 5% for Cd, Se, and Zn, respectively. The higher AEs in the older fish may result from longer gut passage times for larger fish. The 44-d-old fish excreted 5 ± 0.8%, 4 ± 2.0%, 7 ± 0.3%, 9 ± 0.4%, and 1.3 ± 0.9% of the Ag, Am, Cd, Se, and Zn, respectively, they ingested from food per day, whereas the 88-d-old fish excreted 3 ± 1.0%, 8 ± 0.5%, and 3 ± 0.5% of the assimilated Cd, Se, and Zn per day, respectively. Predictions of steady state Se concentrations in juvenile striped bass tissues made using a biokinetic model and the measured AE and efflux rates ranged from 1.8 to 3.0 mg Se g-1dry wt for muscle tissue and 6.8 to 11.6 mg Se g-1 dry wt for gut tissue. These predictions agreed well with average values of 2.1 and 13 mg Se g-1 dry wt measured independently in North San Francisco Bay, where elevated Se concentrations are of concern. The model results imply that the planktonic food web, including juvenile striped bass, does not transfer Se as efficiently to top consumers as does the benthic food web.
","publisher":"American Society of Limnology and Oceanography","doi":"10.4319/lo.2002.47.3.0646","usgsCitation":"Baines, S.B., Fisher, N.S., and Stewart, A.R., 2002, Assimilation and retention of selenium and other trace elements from crustacean food by juvenile striped bass (Morone saxatilis): Limnology and Oceanography, v. 47, no. 3, p. 647-655, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2002.47.3.0646.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"647","endPage":"655","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478597,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.549.5090","text":"External Repository"},{"id":306944,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d5a8ade4b0518e3546a4b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baines, Stephen B.","contributorId":146650,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baines","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, Nicholas S.","contributorId":75022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Nicholas","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stewart, A. Robin 0000-0003-2918-546X arstewar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2918-546X","contributorId":1482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"A.","email":"arstewar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Robin","affiliations":[{"id":40553,"text":"WMA - Office of the Chief Operating Officer","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":568628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70206347,"text":"70206347 - 2002 - Detection and mapping of fractures and cavities using borehole radar","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-31T06:52:01","indexId":"70206347","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-31T17:12:10","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Detection and mapping of fractures and cavities using borehole radar","docAbstract":"Borehole radar can be used in a single-hole reflection mode or in a cross-hole tomography mode. In the reflection mode, radar provides an image of discontinuities in the bedrock surrounding a borehole, including bedding planes, lithologic contacts, fractures, and cavities. The measurements are either directional or omni-directional, depending upon the type of equipment and antennas. In the tomography mode, where the transmitter and receiver are in separate boreholes, radar provides an image of the planar section between the boreholes. The radius of investigation depends on the antenna frequency and the electrical conductivity of the bedrock. For a central frequency of 100 megahertz, in the reflection mode the ranges are typically 10 to 40 meters in resistive solid rock and less than 5 meters in conductive, clay-rich, or silty rock.
Single-hole and cross-hole radar also have been used for water-supply investigations in the northeast-ern United States. Borehole radar was used to investigate crystalline bedrock in two rapidly developing com-munities that rely on water resources in the bedrock. The surveys were conducted and interpreted along with data from other borehole geophysical tools. The borehole radar surveys were used to identify the location and orientation of reflectors, locate the primary pathways of flow to the supply wells, and identify aquifer character-istics that may be useful in siting a production well and protecting high-yielding wells in crystalline rocks.
Borehole radar has been used to investigate fractures, cavities, and lithologic changes at several sites in Europe. The radar data has been interpreted in conjuction with the results of modeling of borehole-radar re-sponse. At the Grimsel nuclear waste laboratory in Switzerland, single-hole reflection and tomography methods were used to characterize the rock in inclined boreholes. At numerous geotechnical sites in Belgium, France, and the Netherlands, borehole radar has been used to characterize the rock and identify fractures and cavities.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings: Fractured Rock 2002","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Fractured Rock 2002","conferenceDate":"March 13-15, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Denver, OH","language":"English","publisher":"National Ground Water Association","usgsCitation":"Haeni, F., Halleux, L., Johnson, C.D., and Lane, J., 2002, Detection and mapping of fractures and cavities using borehole radar, in Proceedings: Fractured Rock 2002, Denver, OH, March 13-15, 2002, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368777,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":368776,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/bgas/publications/FracRock02_haeni/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haeni, F.P.","contributorId":87105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeni","given":"F.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halleux, Lucien","contributorId":220131,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Halleux","given":"Lucien","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Carole D. 0000-0001-6941-1578 cjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6941-1578","contributorId":1891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Carole","email":"cjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lane, John W. Jr. 0000-0002-3558-243X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-243X","contributorId":210076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"John W.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70231712,"text":"70231712 - 2002 - Evaluating the performance of a crop water balance model in estimating regional crop production","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-23T16:49:47.854077","indexId":"70231712","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-31T11:44:25","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Evaluating the performance of a crop water balance model in estimating regional crop production","docAbstract":"The comparison between a spatially distributed crop index and reported yield was evaluated. The crop index was generated by a crop water balance model that simulates the reduction of crop yield (as a percentage of the potential) due to water deficit. This model is currently operational as a monitoring and forecasting tool for region-wide food security analyses in drought prone countries in Sub-Saharan Africa.
The most important input parameters of the model are Africa-wide satellite-based rainfall estimate images and spatially distributed potential evapotranspiration images calculated from 6-hourly numerical weather model data. District level crop yield data from Ethiopia were used to evaluate the performance of the model. Historical sorghum yield data from 1996-1999 were used to evaluate the performance of a seasonal water requirement satisfaction index (WRSI) for sorghum. WRSI values and reported district yield data were significantly correlated. The WRSI model was particularly successful in capturing the response of the crop during a relatively dry year. In districts that never experienced water deficit during the study period, it was possible to infer the magnitude of yield variability that was caused by factors other than water supply.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"ISPRS archives – Volume XXXIV part 1, 2002","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"ISPRS Commission: Mid-Term Symposium in conjunction with Pecora 15/Land Satellite Information IV Conference Integrated Remote Sensing at the Global, Regional and Local Scale","conferenceDate":"Nov 10-15, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO","language":"English","publisher":"ISPRS","usgsCitation":"Senay, G.B., and Verdin, J., 2002, Evaluating the performance of a crop water balance model in estimating regional crop production, in ISPRS archives – Volume XXXIV part 1, 2002, Denver, CO, Nov 10-15, 2002, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":400902,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":400901,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.isprs.org/proceedings/xxxiv/part1/"}],"country":"Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Uganda","otherGeospatial":"Sub-Saharan Africa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 27.861328125,\n -0.3515602939922709\n ],\n [\n 33.83789062499999,\n 0.615222552406841\n ],\n [\n 39.0234375,\n 2.0210651187669897\n ],\n [\n 44.033203125,\n 6.664607562172573\n ],\n [\n 47.197265625,\n 9.188870084473406\n ],\n [\n 39.287109375,\n 16.636191878397664\n ],\n [\n 38.583984375,\n 17.308687886770034\n ],\n [\n 21.09375,\n 15.623036831528264\n ],\n [\n 21.884765625,\n 5.965753671065536\n ],\n [\n 27.861328125,\n -0.3515602939922709\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senay, Gabriel B. 0000-0002-8810-8539 senay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-8539","contributorId":3114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senay","given":"Gabriel","email":"senay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":843507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Verdin, James 0000-0003-0238-9657 verdin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0238-9657","contributorId":145830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verdin","given":"James","email":"verdin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":843508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70217738,"text":"70217738 - 2002 - Geologic information for aggregate resource planning","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-29T17:41:23.384446","indexId":"70217738","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-31T11:36:55","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Geologic information for aggregate resource planning","docAbstract":"Construction and maintenance of the infrastructure is dependent on such raw materials as aggregate (crushed stone, sand, and gravel). Despite this dependence, urban expansion often works to the detriment of the production of those essential raw materials. The failure to plan for the protection and extraction of aggregate resources often results in increased consumer cost, environmental damage, and an adversarial relation between the aggregate industry and the community.
As an area grows, the demand for aggregate resources increases, and industries that produce these materials are established. Aggregate is a low-cost commodity, and to keep hauling costs at a minimum, the operations are located as close to the market as possible. As metropolitan areas grow, they encroach upon established aggregate operations. New residents in the vicinity of pits and quarries object to the noise, dust, and truck traffic associated with the aggregate operation. Pressure is applied to the local government to limit operation hours and truck traffic.
In addition to encroaching on established aggregate operations, urban growth commonly covers unmined aggregate resources. Frequently urban growth occurs without any consideration of the resource or an analysis of the impact of its loss. The old idea that aggregate resources can be found anywhere is false. New aggregate operations may have to be located long distances from the markets. The additional expense of the longer transport of resources must be passed on to consumers in the community. In many instances, the new deposit is of inferior quality compared with the original source, yet it is used to avoid the expense of importing high-quality material from a more-distant source.
Some governmental, including city, provincial or state, and national, agencies, have enacted regulations to help maintain access to prime aggregate resources. Although regulations have met with variable success, some policy or regulation to protect aggregate resources is worth consideration.
A basic requirement of any aggregate resource policy or regulation is the knowledge of the geographic distribution, volumes, and quality of aggregate resources. This knowledge commonly is obtained through geologic mapping and characterization of aggregate resources. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Decision Support Systems (DSS) provide excellent tools to help present and evaluate the information in a manner that is understandable by public decisionmakers.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Deposit and geoenvironmental models for resource exploitation and environmental security","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/978-94-010-0303-2_7","usgsCitation":"Langer, W.H., Lindsey, D.A., and Knepper, D.H., 2002, Geologic information for aggregate resource planning, chap. of Deposit and geoenvironmental models for resource exploitation and environmental security, v. 80, p. 135-149, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0303-2_7.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"135","endPage":"149","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":382817,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langer, William H. blanger@usgs.gov","contributorId":1241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langer","given":"William","email":"blanger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":809430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lindsey, David A. 0000-0002-9466-0899 dlindsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9466-0899","contributorId":773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"David","email":"dlindsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knepper, Daniel H. dknepper@usgs.gov","contributorId":1242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knepper","given":"Daniel","email":"dknepper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":809432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70203870,"text":"70203870 - 2002 - Estimating the potential for submergence for two wetlands in the Mississippi River Delta","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-18T11:38:40","indexId":"70203870","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-31T11:31:57","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating the potential for submergence for two wetlands in the Mississippi River Delta","docAbstract":"We used a combined field and modeling approach to estimate the potential for submergence for one rapidly deteriorating (Bayou Chitigue Marsh) and one apparently stable (Old Oyster Bayou Marsh) saltmarsh wetland in coastal Louisiana, given two eustatic sea level rise scenarios: the current rate (0.15 cm year−1); and the central value predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (48 cm by the year 2100). We also used the model to determine what processes were most critical for maintaining and influencing salt marsh elevation including, mineral matter deposition, organic matter production, shallow subsidence (organic matter decomposition + primary sediment compaction), deep subsidence, and sediment pulsing events (e.g., hurricanes). Eight years of field measurements from feldspar marker horizons and surface elevation tables revealed that the rates of vertical accretion at the Bayou Chitigue Marsh were high (2.26 (0.09) cm yr−1 (mean ± SE)) because the marsh exists at the lower end of the tidal range. The rate of shallow subsidence was also high (2.04 (0.1) cm yr−1), resulting in little net elevation gain (0.22 (0.06) cm yr−1). In contrast, vertical accretion at the Old Oyster Bayou Marsh, which is 10 cm higher in elevation, was 0.48 (0.09) cm yr−1. However, there was a net elevation gain of 0.36 (0.08) cm yr−1 because there was no significant shallow subsidence. When these rates of elevation gain were compared to rates of relative sea level rise (deep subsidence plus eustatic sea level rise), both sites showed a net elevation deficit although the Bayou Chitigue site was subsiding at approximately twice the rate of the Old Oyster Bayou site (1.1 cm yr−1 versus 0.49 cm yr−1 respectively). These field data were used to modify, initialize, and calibrate a previously published wetland soil development model that simulates primary production and mineral matter deposition as, feedback functions of elevation. Sensitivity analyses revealed that wetland elevation was most sensitive to changes in the rates of deep subsidence, a model forcing function that is difficult to measure in the field and for which estimates in the literature vary widely. The model also revealed that, given both the current rate of sea level rise and the central value estimate, surface elevation at both sites would fall below mean sea level over the next 100 years. Although these results were in agreement with the field study, they contradicted long term observations that the Old Oyster Bayou site has been in equilibrium with sea level for at least the past 50 years. Further simulations showed that the elevation at the Old Oyster Bayou site could keep pace with current rates of sea level rise if either a lower rate for deep subsidence was used as a forcing function, or if a periodic sediment pulsing function (e.g., from hurricanes) was programmed into the model.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02691346","usgsCitation":"Rybczyk, J., and Cahoon, D.R., 2002, Estimating the potential for submergence for two wetlands in the Mississippi River Delta: Estuaries, v. 25, no. 5, p. 985-998, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02691346.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"985","endPage":"998","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":364777,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Bayou Chitigue, Mississippi river Delta Plain, Old Oyster Bayou","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.40625,\n 28.97450653430241\n ],\n [\n -90.5548095703125,\n 28.97450653430241\n ],\n [\n -90.5548095703125,\n 29.616445727622548\n ],\n [\n -91.40625,\n 29.616445727622548\n ],\n [\n -91.40625,\n 28.97450653430241\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rybczyk, J.M.","contributorId":41796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rybczyk","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":764516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cahoon, Donald R. 0000-0002-2591-5667 dcahoon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2591-5667","contributorId":3791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahoon","given":"Donald","email":"dcahoon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":764517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70191432,"text":"70191432 - 2002 - Across-shelf sediment transport: Interactions between suspended and bed sediment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-11T14:17:39","indexId":"70191432","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2315,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Across-shelf sediment transport: Interactions between suspended and bed sediment","docAbstract":"We use a two-dimensional, time-dependent sediment-transport model to quantify across-shelf transport, deposition, and sorting during wave-driven resuspension events characteristic of those that dominate sediment transport on many continental shelves. Decreases in wave-orbital velocities as water depth increases, and the resulting cross-shelf gradient in bed shear stress favor a net offshore transport of sediment. On wide, flat shelves (slopes ∼0.1%percnt;), these gradients are low, and the depth to which the seabed is reworked depends mainly on bottom shear stress and local sediment availability. On narrow, steep shelves (slopes ∼0.5%percnt;), however, the gradient in bottom stress generates significant cross-shelf suspended sediment flux gradients that create regions of net erosion and deposition. While the magnitude of waves generally determines the water depth to which sediment can be resuspended, erosional and depositional patterns on narrow shelves are sensitive to cross-shelf gradients in wave energy, nonlocal sediment availability, and the direction and magnitude of the cross-shelf current. During energetic waves, cross-shelf divergence of suspended sediment flux can create a coarsened, erosional area on the inner shelf that abuts a region of fine-grained sediment deposition on the mid-to-outer shelf. If currents are strongly shoreward, however, flux divergence leads to erosion over the entire shelf.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2000JC000634","usgsCitation":"Harris, C.K., and Wiberg, P.L., 2002, Across-shelf sediment transport: Interactions between suspended and bed sediment: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 107, no. C1, p. 8-1-8-12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC000634.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"8-1","endPage":"8-12","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478601,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jc000634","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":346509,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"107","issue":"C1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59df1c86e4b05fe04ccd9a55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, Courtney K.","contributorId":19620,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harris","given":"Courtney","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":6708,"text":"Virginia Institute of Marine Science","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":712219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiberg, Patricia L.","contributorId":72716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiberg","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":712220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185160,"text":"70185160 - 2002 - West Florida shelf circulation and temperature budget for the 1999 spring transition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-15T14:19:56","indexId":"70185160","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"West Florida shelf circulation and temperature budget for the 1999 spring transition","docAbstract":"Mid-latitude continental shelves undergo a spring transition as the net surface heat flux changes from cooling to warming. Using in situ data and a numerical circulation model we investigate the circulation and temperature budget on the West Florida Continental Shelf (WFS) for the spring transition of 1999. The model is a regional adaptation of the primitive equation, Princeton Ocean Model forced by NCEP reanalysis wind and heat flux fields and by river inflows. Based on agreements between the modeled and observed fields we use the model to draw inferences on how the surface momentum and heat fluxes affect the seasonal and synoptic scale variability. We account for a strong southeastward current at mid-shelf by the baroclinic response to combined wind and buoyancy forcing, and we show how this local forcing leads to annually occurring cold and low salinity tongues. Through term-by-term analyses of the temperature budget we describe the WFS temperature evolution in spring. Heat flux largely controls the seasonal transition, whereas ocean circulation largely controls the synoptic scale variability. These two processes, however, are closely linked. Bottom topography and coastline geometry are important in generating regions of convergence and divergence. Rivers contribute to the local hydrography and are important ecologically. Along with upwelling, river inflows facilitate frontal aggregation of nutrients and the spring formation of a high concentration chlorophyll plume near the shelf break (the so-called ‘Green River’) coinciding with the cold, low salinity tongues. These features originate by local, shelf-wide forcing; the Loop Current is not an essential ingredient.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00085-1","usgsCitation":"He, R., and Weisberg, R.H., 2002, West Florida shelf circulation and temperature budget for the 1999 spring transition: Continental Shelf Research, v. 22, no. 5, p. 719-748, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00085-1.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"719","endPage":"748","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337648,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.373046875,\n 24.086589258228027\n ],\n [\n -79.3212890625,\n 24.086589258228027\n ],\n [\n -79.3212890625,\n 32.39851580247402\n ],\n [\n -92.373046875,\n 32.39851580247402\n ],\n [\n -92.373046875,\n 24.086589258228027\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca52d3e4b0849ce97c86e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"He, Ruoying","contributorId":68029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"He","given":"Ruoying","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weisberg, Robert H.","contributorId":147992,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weisberg","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70187857,"text":"70187857 - 2002 - Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) perspective: Part C. Trophic linkages among sea otters and bivalve prey in Prince William Sound, Alaska, in the aftermath of the Exxon Valdez oil spill: Implications for community models in sedimentary habitats","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70187857,"text":"70187857 - 2002 - Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) perspective: Part C. Trophic linkages among sea otters and bivalve prey in Prince William Sound, Alaska, in the aftermath of the Exxon Valdez oil spill: Implications for community models in sedimentary habitats","indexId":"70187857","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"chapter":"3C","title":"Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) perspective: Part C. Trophic linkages among sea otters and bivalve prey in Prince William Sound, Alaska, in the aftermath of the Exxon Valdez oil spill: Implications for community models in sedimentary habitats"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70188451,"text":"70188451 - 2002 - Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill","indexId":"70188451","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70188451,"text":"70188451 - 2002 - Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill","indexId":"70188451","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-28T14:53:17","indexId":"70187857","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"chapter":"3C","title":"Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) perspective: Part C. Trophic linkages among sea otters and bivalve prey in Prince William Sound, Alaska, in the aftermath of the Exxon Valdez oil spill: Implications for community models in sedimentary habitats","docAbstract":"We exploited the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska, to evaluate effects of reduced sea otter densities on prey populations in sedimentary habitats. We considered the need for and characteristics of new models for trophic effects of sea otters on coastal marine benthic communities. We viewed evidence for nonlinear or uncertain patterns of prey response to varying sea otter density as particularly significant for new model structure.
We specifically examined responses of densities and size distributions of populations of mussels and clams (several taxonomic and habitat categories), all important sea otter prey in PWS, to reduction in sea otter density caused by the oil spill. We utilized two primary criteria for determining the consistency of prey demographic responses to reduced sea otter densities as predicted by null hypotheses consistent with existing published models. First, prey populations subject to reduced influence by sea otters should be denser and contain proportionately more large individuals than prey populations strongly influenced by sea otter predation. Second, response times of prey demography to reduced otter densities should be similar to response times of prey to increased otter densities, the latter as indicated in existing published models.
Results were disparate with regard to expectation for the six categories of prey evaluated. With few exceptions, density data indicated nonconformance with demographic expectations. In contrast, size data for prey indicated conformance with expectation in about half the categories evaluated. We suggest that lingering effects of the oil spill, nonlinear relationships of sea otters and prey that involve thresholds in otter density, uncertainties in prey recruitment patterns, spatial differences in natural disturbance rate, and differences between areas in effects of competing predators are the main factors possibly accounting for patterns in our data. Recruitment and disturbance effects in particular may include significant stochastic components, especially in a temporal context. We suggest that recovered sea otter populations and their prey do not necessarily exist in long-term stable equilibria, and that development of new models incorporating both trophic thresholds and trophic stochasticity will be important in understanding community-level responses to variable sea otter numbers.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","usgsCitation":"VanBlaricom, G.R., Fukuyama, A.K., O’Clair, C.E., Monson, D., Jewett, S.C., Gage, T.K., Dean, T.A., and Bodkin, J.L., 2002, Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) perspective: Part C. Trophic linkages among sea otters and bivalve prey in Prince William Sound, Alaska, in the aftermath of the Exxon Valdez oil spill: Implications for community models in sedimentary habitats, 38 p.","productDescription":"38 p.","startPage":"3C.1","endPage":"3C.38","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341560,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":342359,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.evostc.state.ak.us/index.cfm?FA=searchresults.projectInfo&Project_ID=630"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -149.150390625,\n 59.72594656451894\n ],\n [\n -146.7279052734375,\n 59.72594656451894\n ],\n [\n -146.7279052734375,\n 60.98376689595989\n ],\n [\n -149.150390625,\n 60.98376689595989\n ],\n [\n -149.150390625,\n 59.72594656451894\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59254a70e4b0b7ff9fb361c6","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Holland-Bartels, Leslie E. lholland-bartels@usgs.gov","contributorId":222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holland-Bartels","given":"Leslie","email":"lholland-bartels@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":697831,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"VanBlaricom, Glenn R. glennvb@usgs.gov","contributorId":3540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanBlaricom","given":"Glenn","email":"glennvb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":697827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fukuyama, Allan K.","contributorId":89472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fukuyama","given":"Allan","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":621,"text":"Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":697828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Clair, Charles E.","contributorId":60571,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Clair","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Monson, Daniel H. 0000-0002-4593-5673 dmonson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-5673","contributorId":140480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monson","given":"Daniel H.","email":"dmonson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":697830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jewett, Stephen C.","contributorId":94397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jewett","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gage, Tamara K.","contributorId":22875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gage","given":"Tamara","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":621,"text":"Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":697833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dean, Thomas A.","contributorId":187562,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dean","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":697835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70187859,"text":"70187859 - 2002 - Harlequin duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) perspective: Harlequin duck population recovery following the Exxon Valdez oil spill: Progress, process, and constraints","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70187859,"text":"70187859 - 2002 - Harlequin duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) perspective: Harlequin duck population recovery following the Exxon Valdez oil spill: Progress, process, and constraints","indexId":"70187859","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"chapter":"4","title":"Harlequin duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) perspective: Harlequin duck population recovery following the Exxon Valdez oil spill: Progress, process, and constraints"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70188451,"text":"70188451 - 2002 - Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill","indexId":"70188451","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70188451,"text":"70188451 - 2002 - Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill","indexId":"70188451","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-28T16:38:54","indexId":"70187859","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"chapter":"4","title":"Harlequin duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) perspective: Harlequin duck population recovery following the Exxon Valdez oil spill: Progress, process, and constraints","docAbstract":"Following the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska, we studied the status of recovery of harlequin duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) populations during 1995-1998. We evaluated potential constraints to full recovery, including (1) exposure to residual oil, (2) food limitation, and (3) intrinsic demographic limitations on population growth rates. In this paper, we synthesize the findings from our work and incorporate information from other harlequin duck research and monitoring programs to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the response of this species to the Exxon Valdez oil spill. We conclude that harlequin duck populations had not fully recovered by 1998. Furthermore, adverse effects continued as many as 9 years after the oil spill, in contrast to the conventional paradigm that oil spill effects on bird populations are short-lived. These conclusions are based on the findings that (1) elevated cytochrome P450 induction on oiled areas indicated continued exposure to oil in 1998, (2) adult female winter survival was lower on oiled than unoiled areas during 1995-1998, (3) fall population surveys by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game indicated numerical declines in oiled areas during 1995-1997, and (4) densities on oiled areas in 1996 and 1997 were lower than expected using models that accounted for effects of habitat attributes. Based on hypothesized links between oil contamination and demography, we suggest that harlequin duck population recovery was constrained primarily by continued oil exposure. Full population recovery also will be delayed by the time necessary for intrinsic population growth to allow return to pre-spill numbers following cessation of residual oil spill effects. Although not all wildlife species were affected by the Exxon Valdez oil spill, and some others may have recovered quickly from any effects, harlequin duck life history characteristics and benthic, nearshore feeding habits make them susceptible to both initial and long-term oil spill effects.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","usgsCitation":"Esler, D., Bowman, T.D., Trust, K.A., Ballachey, B.E., Dean, T.A., Jewett, S.C., and O’Clair, C.E., 2002, Harlequin duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) perspective: Harlequin duck population recovery following the Exxon Valdez oil spill: Progress, process, and constraints, 31 p.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"4.1","endPage":"4.31","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341562,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":342360,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.evostc.state.ak.us/index.cfm?FA=searchresults.projectInfo&Project_ID=630"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -149.150390625,\n 59.72594656451894\n ],\n [\n -146.7279052734375,\n 59.72594656451894\n ],\n [\n -146.7279052734375,\n 60.98376689595989\n ],\n [\n -149.150390625,\n 60.98376689595989\n ],\n [\n -149.150390625,\n 59.72594656451894\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59254a70e4b0b7ff9fb361c3","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Holland-Bartels, Leslie E. lholland-bartels@usgs.gov","contributorId":222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holland-Bartels","given":"Leslie","email":"lholland-bartels@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":697836,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Esler, Daniel 0000-0001-5501-4555 desler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5501-4555","contributorId":5465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esler","given":"Daniel","email":"desler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":12437,"text":"Simon Fraser University, Centre for Wildlife Ecology","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bowman, Timothy D.","contributorId":80779,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowman","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trust, Kimberly A.","contributorId":42503,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Trust","given":"Kimberly","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":695782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ballachey, Brenda E. 0000-0003-1855-9171 bballachey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1855-9171","contributorId":2966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballachey","given":"Brenda","email":"bballachey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dean, Thomas A.","contributorId":187562,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dean","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jewett, Stephen C.","contributorId":94397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jewett","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"O’Clair, Charles E.","contributorId":60571,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Clair","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70046985,"text":"70046985 - 2002 - U.S. Geological Survey spatial data access","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-11T14:20:14","indexId":"70046985","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T14:14:36","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2325,"text":"Journal of Geospatial Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U.S. Geological Survey spatial data access","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has done a progress review on improving access to its spatial data holdings over the Web. The USGS EROS Data Center has created three major Web-based interfaces to deliver spatial data to the general public; they are Earth Explorer, the Seamless Data Distribution System (SDDS), and the USGS Web Mapping Portal. Lessons were learned in developing these systems, and various resources were needed for their implementation. The USGS serves as a fact-finding agency in the U.S. Government that collects, monitors, analyzes, and provides scientific information about natural resource conditions and issues. To carry out its mission, the USGS has created and managed spatial data since its inception. Originally relying on paper maps, the USGS now uses advanced technology to produce digital representations of the Earth’s features. The spatial products of the USGS include both source and \nderivative data. Derivative datasets include Digital Orthophoto Quadrangles (DOQ), Digital Elevation Models, Digital Line Graphs, land-cover Digital Raster Graphics, and the seamless National Elevation Dataset. These products, created with automated processes, use aerial photographs, satellite images, or other cartographic information such as scanned paper maps as source data. With Earth Explorer, users can search multiple inventories through metadata queries and can browse satellite and DOQ imagery. They can place orders and make payment through secure credit card transactions. Some USGS spatial data can be accessed with SDDS. The SDDS uses an ArcIMS map service interface to identify the user’s areas of interest and determine the output format; it allows the user to either download the actual spatial data directly for small areas or place orders for larger areas to be delivered on media. The USGS Web Mapping Portal provides views of national and international datasets through an ArcIMS map service interface. In addition, the map portal posts news about new map services available from the USGS, many simultaneously published on the Environmental Systems Research Institute Geography Network. These three information systems use new software tools and expanded hardware to meet the requirements of the users. The systems are designed to handle the required workload and are relatively easy to enhance and maintain. The software tools give users a high level of functionality and help the system conform to industry standards. The hardware and software architecture is designed to handle the large amounts of spatial data and Internet traffic required by the information systems. Last, customer support was needed to answer questions, monitor e-mail, and report customer problems.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geospatial Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Hong Kong Institution of Engineering Surveyors","usgsCitation":"Faundeen, J., Kanengieter, R.L., and Buswell, M.D., 2002, U.S. Geological Survey spatial data access: Journal of Geospatial Engineering, v. 4, no. 2, p. 145-152.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"145","endPage":"152","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274889,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274888,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.lsgi.polyu.edu.hk/sTAFF/zl.li/vol_4_2/09_faundeen.pdf"}],"country":"United States","volume":"4","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51dfd3e6e4b0d332bf22f3c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faundeen, John 0000-0003-0287-2921 faundeen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0287-2921","contributorId":3097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faundeen","given":"John","email":"faundeen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kanengieter, Ronald L. ron@usgs.gov","contributorId":4537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kanengieter","given":"Ronald","email":"ron@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":480806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buswell, Michael D.","contributorId":63701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buswell","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70258391,"text":"70258391 - 2002 - A flood early warning system for southern Africa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-16T16:01:36.017257","indexId":"70258391","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T10:50:48","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A flood early warning system for southern Africa","docAbstract":"Sizeable areas of the Southern African Region experienced widespread flooding in 2000. Deployment of hydrologic models can help reduce the human and economic losses in the regions by providing improved monitoring and forecast information to guide relief activities. In this study, we describe a hydrologic model developed for wide-area flood risk monitoring for the Southern African region. The model is forced by daily estimates of rainfall and evapotranspiration derived from remotely sensed data and assimilation fields. Model predictive skills were verified with data observed stream flow data from locations within the Limpopo basin. The model performed well in simulating the timing and magnitude of the stream flow during a recent episode of flooding in Mozambique in 2000.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Integrated remote sensing at the global, regional, and local scale","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"ISPRS","usgsCitation":"Artan, G.A., Restrepo, M., Asante, K., and Verdin, J., 2002, A flood early warning system for southern Africa, in Integrated remote sensing at the global, regional, and local scale, 6 p.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":434782,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":434781,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXIV/part1/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Mozambique, South Africa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 29.34290288445743,\n -22.135533223295766\n ],\n [\n 33.01976593609842,\n -25.466081059632074\n ],\n [\n 35.141784383325216,\n -24.541722931066573\n ],\n [\n 32.295674877395356,\n -21.527094949254916\n ],\n [\n 31.312481654135553,\n -22.34841955234407\n ],\n [\n 29.34290288445743,\n -22.135533223295766\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Artan, Guleid A. 0000-0001-8409-6182 gartan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8409-6182","contributorId":2938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Artan","given":"Guleid","email":"gartan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":913174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Restrepo, Miguel","contributorId":344204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Restrepo","given":"Miguel","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":913175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Asante, Kwabena 0000-0001-5408-1852","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5408-1852","contributorId":344205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asante","given":"Kwabena","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":913176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Verdin, James 0000-0003-0238-9657 verdin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0238-9657","contributorId":145830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verdin","given":"James","email":"verdin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":913177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70261392,"text":"70261392 - 2002 - Methods and tools for the development of hydrologically conditioned elevation data and derivatives for national applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-06T16:44:52.847531","indexId":"70261392","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T10:40:53","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Methods and tools for the development of hydrologically conditioned elevation data and derivatives for national applications","docAbstract":"The National Elevation Dataset (NED) contains the best publicly available elevation data merged into a seamless dataset for the entire United States. In some cases these data contain unwanted artifacts, limiting the quality of standard hydrologic derivatives. The Elevation Derivatives for National Applications (EDNA) project is an interagency effort with the goal of developing a more hydrologically correct version of the NED. This improved NED will be used in the systematic derivation of standard hydrologic derivatives. Methods and tools have recently been developed to facilitate the semiautomatic creation of a hydrologically conditioned NED and hydrologically improved derivatives.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrologic modeling for the 21st Century, Second Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Second Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference, 2nd, , 28 July 1 - 1 August, 2002","conferenceDate":"July 28-August 1, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, NV","language":"English","publisher":"United States Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data, the Subcommittee on Hydrology","usgsCitation":"Kost, J.R., Verdin, K.L., Worstell, B.B., and Kelly, G.G., 2002, Methods and tools for the development of hydrologically conditioned elevation data and derivatives for national applications, in Hydrologic modeling for the 21st Century, Second Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference, Las Vegas, NV, July 28-August 1, 2002, 12 p.","productDescription":"12 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":464889,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kost, Jay R. jkost@usgs.gov","contributorId":3931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kost","given":"Jay","email":"jkost@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":920471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Verdin, Kristine L. 0000-0002-6114-4660 kverdin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6114-4660","contributorId":3070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verdin","given":"Kristine","email":"kverdin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":920472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Worstell, Bruce B. 0000-0001-8927-3336 worstell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8927-3336","contributorId":1815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Worstell","given":"Bruce","email":"worstell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":920473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kelly, Glenn G.","contributorId":342745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":920474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70263764,"text":"70263764 - 2002 - Development of a circa 2000 land cover database for the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-21T16:32:22.580936","indexId":"70263764","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T10:31:36","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Development of a circa 2000 land cover database for the United States","docAbstract":"Multi-Resolution Land Characterization 2000 (MRLC 2000) is a second-generation federal consortium to create an updated pool of nation-wide Landsat 7 imagery, and derive a second-generation National Land Cover Database (NLCD 2000). This multi-layer, multisource database will include a suite of 30-meter resolution data that will serve as standardized ingredients for the production of land cover – both nationally and locally. This database will also provide the framework to allow flexibility in developing and applying suites of independent data layers. These nationally standardized independent data layers or components, will be useful not only within the land-cover classification but as data themes for other applications. This database will consist of the following components: (1) normalized tasseled cap (TC) transformations of Landsat 7 imagery for three time periods per scene (early, peak and late), (2) ancillary data layers, including 30m DEM derivatives of slope, aspect and elevation and three STATSCO soil derivatives, (4) image shape and texture information, (5) image derivatives of percent imperviousness and percent tree canopy per-pixel, (6) classified land-cover data derived from the Tassel Capped imagery, ancillary data and derivatives, (7) classification rules and metadata from the land cover classification, allowing future users the potential to modify rules to derive land cover products tailored to their specific local applications. In a pilot study application of the database concept, two mapping zones (Utah and Virginia) were selected for full generation of the above data components. Three derivative layers including, per-pixel imperviousness, per-pixel canopy and land cover were classified from the database. Cross validation accuracies for land cover ranged from 65-82%, and mean absolute error values of 10-15% were reported for percent tree canopy and imperviousness.
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(Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":928183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huang, Chengquan 0000-0003-0055-9798","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0055-9798","contributorId":198972,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huang","given":"Chengquan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7261,"text":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":928184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yang, Limin 0000-0002-2843-6944 lyang@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2843-6944","contributorId":4305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"Limin","email":"lyang@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center 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techniques to forest group and basal area mapping using satellite imagery and forest inventory data","docAbstract":"Accurate, current, and cost-effective fire fuel data are required by management and fire science communities for use in reducing wildland fire hazards over large areas. In this paper we present results of applying decision-tree techniques to mapping vegetation parameters (such as vegetation types and canopy structure classification) required for fire fuel characterization. Specifically, we present preliminary results of mapping forest types and average basal area by different forest types at 30-meter resolution. Input data into the decision tree model included Landsat-7 ETM+ spring, summer and fall greenness, brightness and wetness of the tasseled cap transformation, topographic data layers such as slope and elevation, and forest variables measured on inventory plots in the Mid-Atlantic region. Using decision-tree models, eight forest types were successfully identified in training cases and mapped for the entire mapping area. Forest basal area per unit area (conifer and deciduous) was estimated as well using regression tree models. Cross-validation conducted for both forest types and basal area showed that discrete forest type estimation error was 35% and continuous basal area relative errors were between 58 and 72%. Accuracy was higher in homogeneous forested lands and lower in areas with fragmented forest cover. The study demonstrated that decision tree and regression tree methods are efficient for large-area vegetation mapping if sufficient large-amount of reference data are available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Integrated remote sensing at the global, regional, and local scale","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"ISPRS","usgsCitation":"Xian, G.Z., Zhu, Z., Hoppus, M., and Fleming, M., 2002, Application of decision-tree techniques to forest group and basal area mapping using satellite imagery and forest inventory data, in Integrated remote sensing at the global, regional, and local scale, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":434777,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":434776,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXIV/part1/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Xian, George Z. 0000-0001-5674-2204 xian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5674-2204","contributorId":2263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xian","given":"George","email":"xian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":913154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhu, Zhiliang 0000-0002-6860-6936 zzhu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-6936","contributorId":150078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Zhiliang","email":"zzhu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":505,"text":"Office of the AD Climate and Land-Use Change","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":913155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoppus, Michael","contributorId":344203,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hoppus","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":913156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fleming, Michael","contributorId":11687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":913157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70243097,"text":"70243097 - 2002 - Plumes, or plate tectonic processes?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-28T13:51:11.2626","indexId":"70243097","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T08:48:18","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":916,"text":"Astronomy and Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Plumes, or plate tectonic processes?","docAbstract":"Hotspots – large volcanic provinces – such as Iceland, Hawaii and Yellowstone, are almost universally assumed to come from plumes of hot mantle rising from deep within the Earth. At Iceland, perhaps the best-studied hotspot on Earth, this hypothesis is inconsistent with many first-order observations, such as the lack of high temperatures, a volcanic track or a seismic anomaly in the lower mantle. The great melt production there is explained better by enhanced fertility in the mantle where the mid-Atlantic spreading ridge crosses the Caledonian suture zone. The thick crust built by the excessive melt production encourages complex, unstable, leaky microplate tectonics, which provides positive feedback by enhancing volcanism further. Such a model explains Iceland as a natural consequence of relatively shallow processes related to plate tectonics, and accounts for all the first- and second-order geophysical, geological and geochemical observations at Iceland without special pleading or invoking coincidences.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1046/j.1468-4004.2002.43619.x","usgsCitation":"Foulger, G., 2002, Plumes, or plate tectonic processes?: Astronomy and Geophysics, v. 43, no. 6, p. 6.19-6.23, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-4004.2002.43619.x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"6.19","endPage":"6.23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478603,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-4004.2002.43619.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":416494,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foulger, G.R.","contributorId":14439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foulger","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}