{"pageNumber":"1130","pageRowStart":"28225","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46734,"records":[{"id":70023301,"text":"70023301 - 2001 - Resolution analysis of finite fault source inversion using one- and three-dimensional Green's functions 2. Combining seismic and geodetic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-17T18:36:21.691732","indexId":"70023301","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Resolution analysis of finite fault source inversion using one- and three-dimensional Green's functions 2. Combining seismic and geodetic data","docAbstract":"<p>Using numerical tests for a prescribed heterogeneous earthquake slip distribution, we examine the importance of accurate Green's functions (GF) for finite fault source inversions which rely on coseismic GPS displacements and leveling line uplift alone and in combination with near-source strong ground motions. The static displacements, while sensitive to the three-dimensional (3-D) structure, are less so than seismic waveforms and thus are an important contribution, particularly when used in conjunction with waveform inversions. For numerical tests of an earthquake source and data distribution modeled after the 1994 Northridge earthquake, a joint geodetic and seismic inversion allows for reasonable recovery of the heterogeneous slip distribution on the fault. In contrast, inaccurate 3-D GFs or multiple 1-D GFs allow only partial recovery of the slip distribution given strong motion data alone. Likewise, using just the GPS and leveling line data requires significant smoothing for inversion stability, and hence, only a blurred vision of the prescribed slip is recovered. Although the half-space approximation for computing the surface static deformation field is no longer justifiable based on the high level of accuracy for current GPS data acquisition and the computed differences between 3-D and half-space surface displacements, a layered 1-D approximation to 3-D Earth structure provides adequate representation of the surface displacement field. However, even with the half-space approximation, geodetic data can provide additional slip resolution in the joint seismic and geodetic inversion provided a priori fault location and geometry are correct. Nevertheless, the sensitivity of the static displacements to the Earth structure begs caution for interpretation of surface displacements, particularly those recorded at monuments located in or near basin environments.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JB900435","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Wald, D., and Graves, R., 2001, Resolution analysis of finite fault source inversion using one- and three-dimensional Green's functions 2. Combining seismic and geodetic data: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 106, no. B5, p. 8767-8788, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900435.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"8767","endPage":"8788","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489764,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jb900435","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232518,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"B5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-05-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa9d3e4b0c8380cd85fc3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wald, D.J. 0000-0002-1454-4514","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":43809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graves, R.W. 0000-0001-9758-453X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9758-453X","contributorId":77691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graves","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022802,"text":"70022802 - 2001 - Modelling middle pliocene warm climates of the USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:09","indexId":"70022802","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2997,"text":"Palaeontologia Electronica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modelling middle pliocene warm climates of the USA","docAbstract":"The middle Pliocene warm period represents a unique time slice in which to model and understand climatic processes operating under a warm climatic regime. Palaeoclimatic model simulations, focussed on the United States of America (USA), for the middle Pliocene (ca 3 Ma) were generated using the USGS PRISM2 2?? ?? 2?? data set of boundary conditions and the UK Meteorological Office's HadAMS General Circulation Model (GCM). Model results suggest that conditions in the USA during the middle Pliocene can be characterised as annually warmer (by 2?? to 4??C), less seasonal, wetter (by a maximum of 4 to 8 mm/day) and with an absence of freezing winters over the central and southern Great Plains. A sensitivity experiment suggests that the main forcing mechanisms for surface temperature changes in near coastal areas are the imposed Pliocene sea surface temperatures (SST's). In interior regions, reduced Northern Hemisphere terrestrial ice, combined with less snow cover and a reduction in the elevation of the western cordillera of North America, generate atmospheric circulation changes and positive albedo feedbacks that raise surface temperatures. A complex set of climatic feedback mechanisms cause an enhancement of the hydrological cycle magnifying the moisture bearing westerly wind belt during the winter season (Dec., Jan., Feb.). Predictions produced by the model are in broad agreement with available geological evidence. However, the GCM appears to underestimate precipitation levels in the interior and central regions of the southern USA. Copyright: Palaeontological Association, 22 June 2001.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Palaeontologia Electronica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"10948074","usgsCitation":"Haywood, A., Valdes, P., Sellwood, B., Kaplan, J., and Dowsett, H., 2001, Modelling middle pliocene warm climates of the USA: Palaeontologia Electronica, v. 4, no. 1.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c6de4b0c8380cd6fcaf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haywood, A.M.","contributorId":101050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haywood","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Valdes, P.J.","contributorId":77331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valdes","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sellwood, B.W.","contributorId":78509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sellwood","given":"B.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kaplan, J.O.","contributorId":97288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaplan","given":"J.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dowsett, H.J. 0000-0003-1983-7524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1983-7524","contributorId":87924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowsett","given":"H.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70023342,"text":"70023342 - 2001 - Experimental controls on D/H and 13C/12C ratios of kerogen, bitumen and oil during hydrous pyrolysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:15","indexId":"70023342","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental controls on D/H and 13C/12C ratios of kerogen, bitumen and oil during hydrous pyrolysis","docAbstract":"Large isotopic transfers between water-derived hydrogen and organic hydrogen occurred during hydrous pyrolysis experiments of immature source rocks, in spite of only small changes in organic 13C/12C. Experiments at 330 ??C over 72 h using chips or powder containing kerogen types I and III identify the rock/water ratio as a main factor affecting ????D for water and organic hydrogen. Our data suggest that larger rock permeability and smaller rock grain size increase the H-isotopic transfer between water-derived hydrogen and thermally maturing organic matter. Increasing hydrostatic pressure may have a similar effect, but the evidence remains inconclusive. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Organic Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0146-6380(01)00059-6","issn":"01466380","usgsCitation":"Schimmelmann, A., Boudou, J., Lewan, M.D., and Wintsch, R., 2001, Experimental controls on D/H and 13C/12C ratios of kerogen, bitumen and oil during hydrous pyrolysis: Organic Geochemistry, v. 32, no. 8, p. 1009-1018, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(01)00059-6.","startPage":"1009","endPage":"1018","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478952,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hal-bioemco.ccsd.cnrs.fr/bioemco-00156849","text":"External Repository"},{"id":207489,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(01)00059-6"},{"id":232480,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0dc4e4b0c8380cd531aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schimmelmann, A.","contributorId":28348,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schimmelmann","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boudou, J.-P.","contributorId":38739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boudou","given":"J.-P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lewan, M. D.","contributorId":46540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wintsch, R. P.","contributorId":104921,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wintsch","given":"R. P.","affiliations":[{"id":13366,"text":"Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":397321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023729,"text":"70023729 - 2001 - Subglacial sediments: A regional geological template for iceflow in West Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:13","indexId":"70023729","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subglacial sediments: A regional geological template for iceflow in West Antarctica","docAbstract":"We use aerogeophysical data to estimate the distribution of marine subglacial sediments and fault-bounded sedimentary basins beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS). We find that significant ice flow occurs exclusively in regions covered by subglacial sediments. The onsets and lateral margins of ice streams coincide with the limit of marine sediments. Lateral margins are also consistently linked with fault-bounded basins. We predict that the inland migration of ice streams B and C1 towards the ice divide outside the region covered by marine or rift sediments is unlikely. The subglacial geology has the potential to modulate the dynamic evolution of the ice streams and the WAIS.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2000GL011788","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Studinger, M., Bell, R., Blankenship, D.D., Finn, C., Arko, R., Morse, D.L., and Joughin, I., 2001, Subglacial sediments: A regional geological template for iceflow in West Antarctica: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 28, no. 18, p. 3493-3496, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL011788.","startPage":"3493","endPage":"3496","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478959,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7916/d87s7z9d","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232383,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207435,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000GL011788"}],"volume":"28","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-09-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d13e4b08c986b31d61a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Studinger, M.","contributorId":100581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Studinger","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bell, R.E.","contributorId":70010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blankenship, D. D.","contributorId":29012,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blankenship","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Finn, C. A. 0000-0002-6178-0405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":93917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Arko, R.A.","contributorId":76909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arko","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Morse, D. L.","contributorId":28024,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morse","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Joughin, I.","contributorId":105084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joughin","given":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70023343,"text":"70023343 - 2001 - Timescales for nitrate contamination of spring waters, northern Florida, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-26T19:38:10","indexId":"70023343","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Timescales for nitrate contamination of spring waters, northern Florida, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>Residence times of groundwater, discharging from springs in the middle Suwannee River Basin, were estimated using chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), tritium (</span><sup>3</sup><span>H), and tritium/helium-3 (</span><sup>3</sup><span>H/</span><sup>3</sup><span>He) age-dating methods to assess the chronology of nitrate contamination of spring waters in northern Florida. During base-flow conditions for the Suwannee River in 1997–1999, 17 water samples were collected from 12 first, second, and third magnitude springs discharging groundwater from the Upper Floridan aquifer. Extending age-dating techniques, using transient tracers to spring waters in complex karst systems, required an assessment of several models [piston-flow (PFM), exponential mixing (EMM), and binary-mixing (BMM)] to account for different distributions of groundwater age. Multi-tracer analyses of four springs yielded generally concordant PFM ages of around 20±2 years from CFC-12, CFC-113, </span><sup>3</sup><span>H, and </span><sup>3</sup><span>He, with evidence of partial CFC-11 degradation. The EMM gave a reasonable fit to CFC-113, CFC-12, and </span><sup>3</sup><span>H data, but did not reproduce the observed </span><sup>3</sup><span>He concentrations or </span><sup>3</sup><span>H/</span><sup>3</sup><span>He ratios, nor did a combination PFM–EMM. The BMM could reproduce most of the multi-tracer data set only if both endmembers had </span><sup>3</sup><span>H concentrations not much different from modern values. CFC analyses of 14 additional springs yielded apparent PFM ages from about 10 to 20 years from CFC-113, with evidence of partial CFC-11 degradation and variable CFC-12 contamination. While it is not conclusive, with respect to the age distribution within each spring, the data indicate that the average residence times were in the order of 10–20 years and were roughly proportional to spring magnitude. Applying similar models to recharge and discharge of nitrate based on historical nitrogen loading data yielded contrasting trends for Suwanee County and Lafayette County. In Suwanee County, spring nitrate trends and nitrogen isotope data were consistent with a peak in fertilizer input in the 1970s and a relatively high overall ratio of artificial fertilizer/manure; whereas in Lafayette County, spring nitrate trends and nitrogen isotope data were consistent with a more monotonic increase in fertilizer input and relatively low overall ratio of artificial fertilizer/manure. The combined results of this study indicate that the nitrate concentrations of springs in the Suwannee River basin have responded to increased nitrogen loads from various sources in the watersheds over the last few decades; however, the responses have been subdued and delayed because the average residence time of groundwater discharging from springs are in the order of decades.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(01)00321-7","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Katz, B., Böhlke, J., and Hornsby, H., 2001, Timescales for nitrate contamination of spring waters, northern Florida, USA: Chemical Geology, v. 179, no. 1-4, p. 167-186, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(01)00321-7.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"167","endPage":"186","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232521,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207515,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(01)00321-7"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -87.36328125,\n              30.334953881988564\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.98974609375,\n              30.278044377800153\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.2646484375,\n              30.240086360983426\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.6494140625,\n              29.935895213372444\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.45166015624999,\n              29.592565403314087\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.0341796875,\n              29.592565403314087\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.19921875,\n              29.783449456820605\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.17724609375,\n              29.99300228455108\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.8916015625,\n              29.916852233070173\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.49609375,\n              29.477861195816843\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.03466796874999,\n              28.94086176940557\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.9248046875,\n              29.075375179558346\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.79296874999999,\n              28.671310915880834\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.79345703125,\n              28.825425374477224\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.2548828125,\n              29.6880527498568\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.45263671875,\n              30.732392734006083\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.02392578125,\n              30.86451022625836\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.0458984375,\n              30.637912028341123\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.83642578125,\n              30.789036751261136\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.0341796875,\n              31.052933985705163\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.64892578125,\n              31.034108344903512\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.36328125,\n              30.334953881988564\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"179","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb3e2e4b08c986b32604a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katz, B. G.","contributorId":82702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"B. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hornsby, H.D.","contributorId":91139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornsby","given":"H.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1001704,"text":"1001704 - 2001 - Frequency of egg and nestling destruction by female brown-headed cowbirds at grassland nests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-26T11:19:25","indexId":"1001704","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Frequency of egg and nestling destruction by female brown-headed cowbirds at grassland nests","docAbstract":"<p><span>Researchers have suggested that Brown-headed Cowbirds (</span><i>Molothrus ater</i><span>) destroy nest contents of potential hosts to induce renesting and thus enhance future opportunities for parasitism. Although cowbird destruction of passerine nests has been witnessed and surmised, few data are available on frequency of those events. We used miniature video-cameras at nests of grassland passerines and documented partial or complete destruction of eggs or nestlings by cowbirds at 7 of 132 nests monitored with cameras. At least three of the seven cases appeared to be attempts to totally destroy the nest contents; those cowbirds did not appear to be motivated by food or an intent to parasitize the nest. Three cases probably were associated with parasitism, but two involved egg removal late in incubation and the third was unusually destructive. Cowbirds were responsible for 24% of egg losses and 5% of nestling losses caused by predators. The importance of cowbirds as an agent of egg and nestling loss undoubtedly varies among sites and years, but it should not be overlooked.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1642/0004-8038(2001)118[0765:FOEAND]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Granfors, D.A., Pietz, P., and Joyal, L.A., 2001, Frequency of egg and nestling destruction by female brown-headed cowbirds at grassland nests: The Auk, v. 118, no. 3, p. 765-769, https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2001)118[0765:FOEAND]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"765","endPage":"769","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478982,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/auk/vol118/iss3/20","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133843,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"118","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a864e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Granfors, Diane A.","contributorId":174567,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Granfors","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pietz, Pamela J. ppietz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pietz","given":"Pamela J.","email":"ppietz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":311550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Joyal, Lisa A.","contributorId":174596,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Joyal","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023383,"text":"70023383 - 2001 - Paleoclimatic reconstruction using the correlation in δ<sup>18</sup>O of hackberry carbonate and environmental water, North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-12T09:29:27","indexId":"70023383","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleoclimatic reconstruction using the correlation in δ<sup>18</sup>O of hackberry carbonate and environmental water, North America","docAbstract":"<p><i>Celtis</i><span>&nbsp;sp. (commonly known as &ldquo;hackberry&rdquo;) fruits were collected from 101 North American sites located in 13 states and one Canadian province between the years of 1979&ndash;1994. The biomineralized carbonate endocarp of the hackberry, which is a common botanical fossil found throughout the Quaternary sediments of the Great Plains, was analyzed for its &delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O value and plotted against the &delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O value of site environmental water to demonstrate the potential of the hackberry as a paleoclimate indicator. This correlation was reinforced by intensive studies on extracted tissue-water &delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O value and hackberry endocarp carbonate &delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O value from three trees in Sterling, Colorado. The observed correlation in the large data set between hackberry endocarp carbonate &delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O value and environmental water is [endocarp &delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O=38.56+0.69&times;environmental water &delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O] (</span><i>R</i><span>=0.88;&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><sup>2</sup><span>=0.78;&nbsp;</span><i>p</i><span>&nbsp;value&lt;0.0001). The relation of the hackberry carbonate to temperature in the Great Plains was the following: (average daily-maximum growing season temperature [&deg;C])=6.33+0.67 (&delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O of endocarp carbonate) (</span><i>R</i><span>=0.73;&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><sup>2</sup><span>=0.54;&nbsp;</span><i>p</i><span>value=0.0133). The &delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O value of early Holocene fossil hackberry carbonate in the Pintwater Cave, southern Nevada, suggested precipitation &delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O values more positive than today (&sim;&minus;4&permil; early Holocene vs &sim;&minus;9 to &minus;10&permil; today). This shift, combined with paleobotanical data, suggests an influx of summer monsoonal moisture to this region in the early Holocene. Alternatively, the more positive &delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O values could be viewed as suggestive of warmer temperatures, although the direct use of Great Plains hackberry/temperature relationships to the Great Basin is of debatable value.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/qres.2001.2259","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Jahren, A.H., Amundson, R., Kendall, C., and Wigand, P., 2001, Paleoclimatic reconstruction using the correlation in δ<sup>18</sup>O of hackberry carbonate and environmental water, North America: Quaternary Research, v. 56, no. 2, p. 252-263, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2001.2259.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"252","endPage":"263","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232601,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207553,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2001.2259"}],"volume":"56","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73cce4b0c8380cd77252","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jahren, A. Hope","contributorId":45490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jahren","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Hope","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amundson, Ronald","contributorId":59925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amundson","given":"Ronald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kendall, Carol 0000-0002-0247-3405 ckendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":1462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Carol","email":"ckendall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":397474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wigand, Peter","contributorId":28777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wigand","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022803,"text":"70022803 - 2001 - Watershed scaling effect on base flow nitrate, valley and ridge physiographic province","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-21T14:46:38.469013","indexId":"70022803","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Watershed scaling effect on base flow nitrate, valley and ridge physiographic province","docAbstract":"<p><span>A study of stream base flow and NO</span><sub>3</sub><span>-N concentration was conducted simultaneously in 51 subwatersheds within the 116-square-kilometer watershed of East Mahantango Creek near Klingerstown, Pennsylvania. The study was designed to test whether measurable results of processes and observations within the smaller watersheds were similar to or transferable to a larger scale. Ancillary data on land use were available for the small and large watersheds. Although the source of land-use data was different for the small and large watersheds, comparisons showed that the differences in the two land-use data sources were minimal. A land use-based water-quality model developed for the small-scale 7.3-square-kilometer watershed for a previous study accurately predicted NO</span><sub>3</sub><span>-N concentrations from sampling in the same watershed. The water-quality model was modified and, using the imagery-based land use, was found to accurately predict NO</span><sub>3</sub><span>-N concentrations in the subwatersheds of the large-scale 116-square-kilometer watershed as well. Because the model accurately predicts NO</span><sub>3</sub><span>-N concentrations at small and large scales, it is likely that in second-order streams and higher, discharge of water and NO</span><sub>3</sub><span>-N is dominated by flow from smaller first-order streams, and the contribution of ground-water discharge to higher order streams is minimal at the large scale.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03625.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Lindsey, B., Gburek, W., and Folmar, G., 2001, Watershed scaling effect on base flow nitrate, valley and ridge physiographic province: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 37, no. 5, p. 1103-1117, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03625.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1103","endPage":"1117","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233572,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"East Mahantango Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.79169381723484,\n              40.63814059569114\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.75324166879724,\n              40.645955928024904\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.74328530893388,\n              40.65181682675586\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.71993936166838,\n              40.65051444929932\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.71410287485203,\n              40.65663540231759\n            ],\n            [\n       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B.D.","contributorId":89696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gburek, W.J.","contributorId":76098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gburek","given":"W.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Folmar, G.J.","contributorId":26482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Folmar","given":"G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023420,"text":"70023420 - 2001 - Changes in flow in the upper North Canadian river basin of western Oklahoma, pre-development to 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:10","indexId":"70023420","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Changes in flow in the upper North Canadian river basin of western Oklahoma, pre-development to 2000","docAbstract":"Water levels have declined in the southern part of the High Plains aquifer of the central USA since the mid-1960s in response to extensive irrigation development. The North Canadian River originates in western Oklahoma, and most of the basin is underlain by the High Plains aquifer. Average river flow in the headwaters near Guymon, Oklahoma, has decreased from about 0.9 m3/s before 1970 to near zero at present. Canton Lake, on the North Canadian River near Seiling, about 250 km downstream from Guymon, is a source of water supply for Oklahoma City. Precipitation data and streamflow data for gages upstream from Canton Lake were divided into an \"early\" period ending in 1971 and a \"recent\" period that begins in 1978. The early period represents conditions before ground-water levels had declined appreciably in the High Plains aquifer, and the recent period reflects the current condition, including the effects of storage reservoirs. Tests for trend and comparisons of flows between the early and recent periods show that the total annual volume of flow and the magnitudes of instantaneous annual peak discharges measured at most locations in the North Canadian River basin have decreased. Precipitation records for the area, however, show no corresponding changes. The decreases in average annual flow, expressed as a percentage of the average flows for the early period, ranged from 91 percent near Guymon to 37 percent near Canton Lake. A major contributing factor in the decreased flows appears to be the large declines in water levels in the High Plains aquifer.","largerWorkTitle":"Progress in Water Resources","conferenceTitle":"First International Conference on River Basin Management","conferenceDate":"11 September 2001 through 13 September 2001","conferenceLocation":"Cardiff","language":"English","isbn":"1853128767","usgsCitation":"Wahl, K., 2001, Changes in flow in the upper North Canadian river basin of western Oklahoma, pre-development to 2000, <i>in</i> Progress in Water Resources, Cardiff, 11 September 2001 through 13 September 2001, p. 73-81.","startPage":"73","endPage":"81","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232566,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f414e4b0c8380cd4bb1b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Falconer R.A.Blain W.R.Falconer R.A.Blain W.R.","contributorId":128350,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Falconer R.A.Blain W.R.Falconer R.A.Blain W.R.","id":536499,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Wahl, K.L.","contributorId":19598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wahl","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023421,"text":"70023421 - 2001 - Hierarchical programming for data storage and visualization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-08T12:32:20","indexId":"70023421","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Hierarchical programming for data storage and visualization","docAbstract":"Graphics software is an essential tool for interpreting, analyzing, and presenting data from multidimensional hydrodynamic models used in estuarine and coastal ocean studies. The post-processing of time-varying three-dimensional model output presents unique requirements for data visualization because of the large volume of data that can be generated and the multitude of time scales that must be examined. Such data can relate to estuarine or coastal ocean environments and come from numerical models or field instruments. One useful software tool for the display, editing, visualization, and printing of graphical data is the Gr application, written by the first author for use in U.S. Geological Survey San Francisco Bay Program. The Gr application has been made available to the public via the Internet since the year 2000. The Gr application is written in the Java (Sun Microsystems, Nov. 29, 2001) programming language and uses the Extensible Markup Language standard for hierarchical data storage. Gr presents a hierarchy of objects to the user that can be edited using a common interface. Java's object-oriented capabilities allow Gr to treat data, graphics, and tools equally and to save them all to a single XML file.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Estuarine and Coastal Modeling: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Estuarine and Coastal Modeling: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference","conferenceDate":"5 November 2001 through 7 November 2001","conferenceLocation":"St. Petersburg, FL","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","isbn":"0784406286","usgsCitation":"Donovan, J.M., and Smith, P.E., 2001, Hierarchical programming for data storage and visualization, <i>in</i> Estuarine and Coastal Modeling: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference, St. Petersburg, FL, 5 November 2001 through 7 November 2001, p. 86-102.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"86","endPage":"102","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232567,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a30a2e4b0c8380cd5d7f2","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Spaulding M.L.Spaulding M.L.","contributorId":128417,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Spaulding M.L.Spaulding M.L.","id":536500,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Donovan, John M. 0000-0002-7957-5397 jmd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7957-5397","contributorId":1255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donovan","given":"John","email":"jmd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":397609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Peter E.","contributorId":50609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023426,"text":"70023426 - 2001 - Intertidal growth of larval and juvenile lumpfish in maine: A 20-year assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:10","indexId":"70023426","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2898,"text":"Northeastern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Intertidal growth of larval and juvenile lumpfish in maine: A 20-year assessment","docAbstract":"Larval and juvenile lumpfish, Cyclopterus lumpus L., were collected and measured over a 20-year period, 1979-1999, from tidepools along the coast of Maine. Using this extensive data base reduces the effects of annual variations in hatching times, early growth patterns, and locale for analyzing monthly size using length measurements. This can provide an effective field measurement of intertidal growth. Most fish were encountered during the months of July and August, and even when adjusted for number of sampling trips, 78% of the juveniles were encountered in tidepools during these months. Based on average lengths, size increased by 23% between June and July, 43% between July and August, and 34% between August and September.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Northeastern Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"10926194","usgsCitation":"Moring, J., 2001, Intertidal growth of larval and juvenile lumpfish in maine: A 20-year assessment: Northeastern Naturalist, v. 8, no. 3, p. 347-354.","startPage":"347","endPage":"354","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232647,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3db3e4b0c8380cd6377d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moring, J.R.","contributorId":29587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moring","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022807,"text":"70022807 - 2001 - Soil N and 15N variation with time in a California annual grassland ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T10:46:09","indexId":"70022807","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soil N and 15N variation with time in a California annual grassland ecosystem","docAbstract":"The %N and ??15N values of soils and plants were measured along a chronosequence spanning 3 to 3000 Ky in a California annual grassland. Total soil N decreased with increasing soil age (1.1 to 0.4 kg N m-2) while the mean ?? 15N values of the soil N increased by several ??? from the youngest to oldest sites (+3.5 to +6.2 ???). The ?? 15N values of plants varied along the gradient, reflecting changing soil N pools and differences in the form of N uptake. The decline in total N storage with time is hypothesized to be due to a shift from N to P limitation with increasing soil age. The general increase in ?? 15N values with time is interpreted using a N mass balance model, and appears to reflect a shift toward an increasing proportional losses of inorganic mineral forms of N (vs. organic forms) with increasing soil age. We develop a quantitative index of this trend (mineral vs. organic forms of N loss) using mass balance considerations and parameters. The %N and ?? 15N values along the California age gradient were compared to the published data for a comparably aged chronosequence in Hawaii. Most striking in this comparison is the observation that the California soil and plant ?? 15N values are several ??? greater than those on comparably aged Hawaiian sites. Multiple explanations are plausible, but assuming the sites have a similar range in ?? 15N values of atmospheric inputs, the isotopic differences suggest that N may be, at least seasonally, in greater excess in the strongly seasonal, semi-arid, California grassland. Copyright ?? 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00699-8","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Brenner, D., Amundson, R., Baisden, W.T., Kendall, C., and Harden, J., 2001, Soil N and 15N variation with time in a California annual grassland ecosystem: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 65, no. 22, p. 4171-4186, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00699-8.","startPage":"4171","endPage":"4186","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233642,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208149,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00699-8"}],"volume":"65","issue":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b91e4e4b08c986b319b7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brenner, D.L.","contributorId":68501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brenner","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amundson, Ronald","contributorId":59925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amundson","given":"Ronald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baisden, W. Troy","contributorId":46270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baisden","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Troy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harden, J.","contributorId":43918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70023435,"text":"70023435 - 2001 - Habitat fragmentation effects on birds in grasslands and wetlands: A critique of our knowledge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T11:41:38","indexId":"70023435","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1859,"text":"Great Plains Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat fragmentation effects on birds in grasslands and wetlands: A critique of our knowledge","docAbstract":"Habitat fragmentation exacerbates the problem of habitat loss for grassland and wetland birds. Remaining patches of grasslands and wetlands may be too small, too isolated, and too influenced by edge effects to maintain viable populations of some breeding birds. Knowledge of the effects of fragmentation on bird populations is critically important for decisions about reserve design, grassland and wetland management, and implementation of cropland set-aside programs that benefit wildlife. In my review of research that has been conducted on habitat fragmentation, I found at least five common problems in the methodology used. The results of many studies are compromised by these problems: passive sampling (sampling larger areas in larger patches), confounding effects of habitat heterogeneity, consequences of inappropriate pooling of data from different species, artifacts associated with artificial nest data, and definition of actual habitat patches. As expected, some large-bodied birds with large territorial requirements, such as the northern harrier (Circus cyaneus), appear area sensitive. In addition, some small species of grassland birds favor patches of habitat far in excess of their territory size, including the Savannah (Passerculus sandwichensis), grasshopper (Ammodramus savannarum) and Henslow's (A. henslowii) sparrows, and the bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus). Other species may be area sensitive as well, but the data are ambiguous. Area sensitivity among wetland birds remains unknown since virtually no studies have been based on solid methodologies. We need further research on grassland bird response to habitat that distinguishes supportable conclusions from those that may be artifactual.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Great Plains Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"10525165","usgsCitation":"Johnson, D.H., 2001, Habitat fragmentation effects on birds in grasslands and wetlands: A critique of our knowledge: Great Plains Research, v. 11, no. 2, p. 211-231.","startPage":"211","endPage":"231","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":268123,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsresearch/568/"},{"id":232131,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2f0de4b0c8380cd5ca44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":70327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023495,"text":"70023495 - 2001 - Interoperability and information discovery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-22T19:28:00.873662","indexId":"70023495","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2864,"text":"New Review of Information Networking","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interoperability and information discovery","docAbstract":"<p>In the context of information systems, there is interoperability when the distinctions between separate information systems are not a barrier to accomplishing a task that spans those systems. Interoperability so defined implies that there are commonalities among the systems involved and that one can exploit such commonalities to achieve interoperability. The challenge of a particular interoperability task is to identify relevant commonalities among the systems involved and to devise mechanisms that exploit those commonalities.</p><p>The present paper focuses on the particular interoperability task of information discovery. The Global Information Locator Service (GILS) is described as a policy, standards, and technology framework for addressing interoperable information discovery on a global and long‐term basis. While there are many mechanisms for people to discover and use all manner of data and information resources, GILS initiatives exploit certain key commonalities that seem to be sufficient to realize useful information discovery interoperability at a global, long‐term scale.</p><p>This paper describes ten of the specific commonalities that are key to GILS initiatives. It presents some of the practical implications for organizations in various roles: content provider, system engineer, intermediary, and searcher. The paper also provides examples of interoperable information discovery as deployed using GILS in four types of information communities: bibliographic, geographic, environmental, and government.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/13614570109516966","issn":"13614576","usgsCitation":"Christian, E., 2001, Interoperability and information discovery: New Review of Information Networking, v. 7, p. 5-26, https://doi.org/10.1080/13614570109516966.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232448,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3d4ee4b0c8380cd63478","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christian, E.","contributorId":99318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christian","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023503,"text":"70023503 - 2001 - Modern sedimentation on the shoreface and inner continental shelf at Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-20T17:35:44.990133","indexId":"70023503","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modern sedimentation on the shoreface and inner continental shelf at Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina, U.S.A","docAbstract":"<p>The geologic framework and surficial morphology of the shoreface and inner continental shelf off the Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina, barrier island were mapped using high-resolution sidescan-sonar, bathymetric, and seismic-reflection surveying techniques, a suite of over 200 diver vibracores, and extensive seafloor observations by divers. The inner shelf is a sediment-starved, active surface of marine erosion; modern sediments, where present, form a patchy veneer over Tertiary and Quaternary units. The lithology of the underlying units exerts a primary control on the distribution, texture, and composition of surficial sediments, as well as inner-shelf bathymetry.</p><p>The shoreface is dominated by a linear, cross-shore morphology of rippled scour depressions (RSDs) extending from just seaward of the surf zone onto the inner shelf. On the upper shoreface, the RSDs are incised up to 1 m below surrounding areas of fine sand, and have an asymmetric cross section that is steeper-sided to the north. On the inner shelf, the RSDs have a similar but more subdued cross-sectional profile. The depressions are floored primarily by shell hash and quartz gravel. Vibracore data show a thick (up to 1.5 m) sequence of RSD sediments that unconformably overlies ancient coastal lithosomes. In this sediment-starved inner shelf setting, rippled scour depressions probably form initially on preexisting coarse-sediment substrates such as modern lag deposits of paleofluvial channel lithosomes or ancient tidal inlet thalwegs. Interannual observations of seafloor morphologic change and the longer-term record contained in vibracores suggest that the present seafloor morphology is either relatively stable or represents a recurring, preferential morphologic state to which the seafloor returns after storm-induced perturbations. The apparent stability is interpreted to be the result of interactions at several scales that contribute to a repeating, self-reinforcing pattern of forcing and sedimentary response which ultimately causes the RSDs to be maintained as sediment-starved bedforms responding to both along-shore and across-shore flows.</p><p>Sediment accumulation from over 30 years of extensive beach nourishment at Wrightsville Beach appears to have exceeded the local shoreface accommodation space, resulting in the \"leaking\" of beach and shoreface sediment to the inner shelf. A macroscopically identifiable beach nourishment sediment on the shoreface and inner shelf was used to identify the decadal-scale pattern of sediment dispersal. The nourishment sediment is present in a seaward-thinning wedge that extends from the beach over a kilometer onto the inner shelf to waters depths of 14 m. This wedge is best developed offshore of the shoreline segment that has received the greatest volume of beach nourishment.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"Society for Sedimentary Geology","language":"English","doi":"10.1306/032101710958","issn":"15271404","usgsCitation":"Thieler, R., Pilkey, O., Cleary, W., and Schwab, W.C., 2001, Modern sedimentation on the shoreface and inner continental shelf at Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina, U.S.A: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 71, no. 6, p. 958-970, https://doi.org/10.1306/032101710958.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"958","endPage":"970","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232570,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Wrightsville Beach","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.81562203476128,\n              34.18743466787062\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.81493538925368,\n              34.18388461948598\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.80858391830607,\n              34.18629866864269\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.80463570663616,\n              34.19254647506095\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.79931420395098,\n              34.19921975702705\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.7915894419882,\n              34.2084478936936\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.78077477524015,\n              34.22491405796035\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.76893014023032,\n              34.23910644406463\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.76961678573794,\n              34.24237035450281\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.77236336776905,\n              34.24336369342993\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.78352135727124,\n              34.2288881671807\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.79141778061111,\n              34.2171072260782\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.79450768539637,\n              34.21597162662759\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.79485100814986,\n              34.21157103419219\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.80446404525973,\n              34.19879381863886\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.81562203476128,\n              34.18743466787062\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"71","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5ca0e4b0c8380cd6fe30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thieler, R.E.","contributorId":59988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thieler","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pilkey, O.H. Jr.","contributorId":20931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pilkey","given":"O.H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cleary, W.J.","contributorId":65254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleary","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schwab, W. C.","contributorId":78740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwab","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023532,"text":"70023532 - 2001 - Price current-meter standard rating development by the U.S. geological survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:11","indexId":"70023532","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2338,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Price current-meter standard rating development by the U.S. geological survey","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey has developed new standard rating tables for use with Price type AA and pygmy current meters, which are employed to measure streamflow velocity. Current-meter calibration data, consisting of the rates of rotation of meters at several different constant water velocities, have shown that the original rating tables are no longer representative of the average responsiveness of newly purchased meters or meters in the field. The new rating tables are based on linear regression equations that are weighted to reflect the population mix of current meters in the field and weighted inversely to the variability of the data at each calibration velocity. For calibration velocities of 0.3 m/s and faster, at which most streamflow measurements are made, the new AA-rating predicts the true velocities within 1.5% and the new pygmy-meter rating within 2.0% for more than 95% of the meters. At calibration velocities, the new AA-meter rating is up to 1.4% different from the original rating, and the new pygmy-meter rating is up to 1.6% different.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2001)127:4(250)","issn":"07339429","usgsCitation":"Hubbard, E., Schwarz, G., Thibodeaux, K., and Turcios, L., 2001, Price current-meter standard rating development by the U.S. geological survey: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 127, no. 4, p. 250-257, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2001)127:4(250).","startPage":"250","endPage":"257","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207430,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2001)127:4(250)"},{"id":232371,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"127","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8b89e4b0c8380cd7e293","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hubbard, E. F.","contributorId":66666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubbard","given":"E. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwarz, G. E. 0000-0002-9239-4566","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9239-4566","contributorId":14852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwarz","given":"G. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thibodeaux, K.G.","contributorId":16440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thibodeaux","given":"K.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Turcios, L.M.","contributorId":6477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turcios","given":"L.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022719,"text":"70022719 - 2001 - Automated ground-water monitoring with robowell-Case studies and potential applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70022719","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Automated ground-water monitoring with robowell-Case studies and potential applications","docAbstract":"Robowell is an automated system and method for monitoring ground-water quality. Robowell meets accepted manual-sampling protocols without high labor and laboratory costs. Robowell periodically monitors and records water-quality properties and constituents in ground water by pumping a well or multilevel sampler until one or more purge criteria have been met. A record of frequent water-quality measurements from a monitoring site can indicate changes in ground-water quality and can provide a context for the interpretation of laboratory data from discrete samples. Robowell also can communicate data and system performance through a remote communication link. Remote access to ground-water data enables the user to monitor conditions and optimize manual sampling efforts. Six Robowell prototypes have successfully monitored ground-water quality during all four seasons of the year under different hydrogeologic conditions, well designs, and geochemical environments. The U.S. Geological Survey is seeking partners for research with robust and economical water-quality monitoring instruments designed to measure contaminants of concern in conjunction with the application and commercialization of the Robowell technology. Project publications and information about technology transfer opportunities are available on the Internet at URL http://ma.water.usgs.gov/automon/.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Chemical and Biological Early Warning Monitoring for Water, Food, and Ground","conferenceDate":"1 November 2001 through 2 November 2001","conferenceLocation":"Newton, MA","language":"English","doi":"10.1117/12.456921","issn":"0277786X","usgsCitation":"Granato, G., and Smith, K., 2001, Automated ground-water monitoring with robowell-Case studies and potential applications, <i>in</i> Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v. 4575, Newton, MA, 1 November 2001 through 2 November 2001, p. 32-41, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.456921.","startPage":"32","endPage":"41","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208004,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.456921"},{"id":233345,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4575","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eef4e4b0c8380cd4a074","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Jensen J LBurggraf L W","contributorId":128453,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Jensen J LBurggraf L W","id":536484,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Granato, G.E.","contributorId":61457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Granato","given":"G.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, K.P.","contributorId":54231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023546,"text":"70023546 - 2001 - A comparison of solute-transport solution techniques and their effect on sensitivity analysis and inverse modeling results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-17T15:21:48.913436","indexId":"70023546","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of solute-transport solution techniques and their effect on sensitivity analysis and inverse modeling results","docAbstract":"Five common numerical techniques for solving the advection-dispersion equation (finite difference, predictor corrector, total variation diminishing, method of characteristics, and modified method of characteristics) were tested using simulations of a controlled conservative tracer-test experiment through a heterogeneous, two-dimensional sand tank. The experimental facility was constructed using discrete, randomly distributed, homogeneous blocks of five sand types. This experimental model provides an opportunity to compare the solution techniques: the heterogeneous hydraulic-conductivity distribution of known structure can be accurately represented by a numerical model, and detailed measurements can be compared with simulated concentrations and total flow through the tank. The present work uses this opportunity to investigate how three common types of results - simulated breakthrough curves, sensitivity analysis, and calibrated parameter values - change in this heterogeneous situation given the different methods of simulating solute transport. The breakthrough curves show that simulated peak concentrations, even at very fine grid spacings, varied between the techniques because of different amounts of numerical dispersion. Sensitivity-analysis results revealed: (1) a high correlation between hydraulic conductivity and porosity given the concentration and flow observations used, so that both could not be estimated; and (2) that the breakthrough curve data did not provide enough information to estimate individual values of dispersivity for the five sands. This study demonstrates that the choice of assigned dispersivity and the amount of numerical dispersion present in the solution technique influence estimated hydraulic conductivity values to a surprising degree.","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02312.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Mehl, S., and Hill, M.C., 2001, A comparison of solute-transport solution techniques and their effect on sensitivity analysis and inverse modeling results: Ground Water, v. 39, no. 2, p. 300-307, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02312.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"300","endPage":"307","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232534,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e375e4b0c8380cd46033","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mehl, S.","contributorId":20114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehl","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, M. C.","contributorId":48993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023547,"text":"70023547 - 2001 - Natural attenuation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the leachate plume of a municipal landfill: Using alkylbenzenes as process probes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T10:01:47","indexId":"70023547","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Natural attenuation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the leachate plume of a municipal landfill: Using alkylbenzenes as process probes","docAbstract":"More than 70 individual VOCs were identified in the leachate plume of a closed municipal landfill. Concentrations were low when compared with data published for other landfills, and total VOCs accounted for less than 0.1% of the total dissolved organic carbon. The VOC concentrations in the core of the anoxic leachate plume are variable, but in all cases they were found to be near or below detection limits within 200 m of the landfall. In contrast to the VOCs, the distributions of chloride ion, a conservative tracer, and nonvolatile dissolved organic carbon, indicate little dilution over the same distance. Thus, natural attentuation processes are effectively limiting migration of the VOC plume. The distribution of C2-3-benzenes, paired on the basis of their octanol-water partition coefficients and Henry's law constants, were systematically evaluated to assess the relative importance of volatilization, sorption, and biodegradation as attenuation mechanisms. Based on our data, biodegradation appears to be the process primarily responsible for the observed attenuation of VOCs at this site. We believe that the alkylbenzenes are powerful process probes that can and should be exploited in studies of natural attenuation in contaminated ground water systems.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02300.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Eganhouse, R., Cozzarelli, I.M., Scholl, M.A., and Matthews, L., 2001, Natural attenuation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the leachate plume of a municipal landfill: Using alkylbenzenes as process probes: Groundwater, v. 39, no. 2, p. 192-202, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02300.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"192","endPage":"202","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232572,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a62e1e4b0c8380cd72177","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eganhouse, Robert P. eganhous@usgs.gov","contributorId":2031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eganhouse","given":"Robert P.","email":"eganhous@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":397994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cozzarelli, Isabelle M. 0000-0002-5123-1007 icozzare@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-1007","contributorId":1693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cozzarelli","given":"Isabelle","email":"icozzare@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":397993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scholl, Martha A. 0000-0001-6994-4614 mascholl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6994-4614","contributorId":1920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"Martha","email":"mascholl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":397996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Matthews, L.L.","contributorId":81278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matthews","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023721,"text":"70023721 - 2001 - Groundwater residence times in Shenandoah National Park, Blue Ridge Mountains, Virginia, USA: A multi-tracer approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T09:11:42","indexId":"70023721","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater residence times in Shenandoah National Park, Blue Ridge Mountains, Virginia, USA: A multi-tracer approach","docAbstract":"<p><span>Chemical and isotopic properties of water discharging from springs and wells in Shenandoah National Park (SNP), near the crest of the Blue Ridge Mountains, VA, USA were monitored to obtain information on groundwater residence times. Investigated time scales included seasonal (wet season, April, 1996; dry season, August–September, 1997), monthly (March through September, 1999) and hourly (30-min interval recording of specific conductance and temperature, March, 1999 through February, 2000). Multiple environmental tracers, including tritium/helium-3 (</span><sup>3</sup><span>H/</span><sup>3</sup><span>He), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF</span><sub>6</sub><span>), sulfur-35 (</span><sup>35</sup><span>S), and stable isotopes (</span><i>δ</i><sup>18</sup><span>O and </span><i>δ</i><sup>2</sup><span>H) of water, were used to estimate the residence times of shallow groundwater discharging from 34 springs and 15 wells. The most reliable ages of water from springs appear to be based on SF</span><sub>6</sub><span> and </span><sup>3</sup><span>H/</span><sup>3</sup><span>He, with most ages in the range of 0–3 years. This range is consistent with apparent ages estimated from concentrations of CFCs; however, CFC-based ages have large uncertainties owing to the post-1995 leveling-off of the CFC atmospheric growth curves. Somewhat higher apparent ages are indicated by </span><sup>35</sup><span>S (&gt;1.5 years) and seasonal variation of </span><i>δ</i><sup>18</sup><span>O (mean residence time of 5 years) for spring discharge. The higher ages indicated by the </span><sup>35</sup><span>S and </span><i>δ</i><sup>18</sup><span>O data reflect travel times through the unsaturated zone and, in the case of </span><sup>35</sup><span>S, possible sorption and exchange of S with soils or biomass. In springs sampled in April, 1996, apparent ages derived from the </span><sup>3</sup><span>H/</span><sup>3</sup><span>He data (median age of 0.2 years) are lower than those obtained from SF</span><sub>6</sub><span> (median age of 4.3 years), and in contrast to median ages from </span><sup>3</sup><span>H/</span><sup>3</sup><span>He (0.3 years) and SF</span><sub>6</sub><span> (0.7 years) obtained during the late summer dry season of 1997. Monthly samples from 1999 at four springs in SNP had SF</span><sub>6</sub><span>apparent ages of only 1.2 to 2.5±0.8 years, and were consistent with the 1997 SF</span><sub>6</sub><span> data. Water from springs has low excess air (0–1 cm</span><sup>3</sup><span> kg</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) and N</span><sub>2</sub><span>–Ar temperatures that vary seasonally. Concentrations of He and Ne in excess of solubility equilibrium indicate that the dissolved gases are not fractionated. The seasonal variations in N</span><sub>2</sub><span>–Ar temperatures suggest shallow, seasonal recharge, and the excess He and Ne data suggest waters mostly confined to gas exchange in the shallow, mountain-slope, water-table spring systems. Water from wells in the fractured rock contains up to 8 cm</span><sup>3</sup><span> kg</span><sup>−1</sup><span> of excess air with ages in the range of 0–25 years. Transient responses in specific conductance and temperature were observed in spring discharge within several hours of large precipitation events in September, 1999; both parameters increased initially, then decreased to values below pre-storm base-flow values. The groundwater residence times indicate that flushing rates of mobile atmospheric constituents through groundwater to streams draining the higher elevations in SNP average less than 3 years in base-flow conditions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(01)00317-5","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Plummer, N., Busenberg, E., Böhlke, J., Nelms, D., Michel, R.L., and Schlosser, P., 2001, Groundwater residence times in Shenandoah National Park, Blue Ridge Mountains, Virginia, USA: A multi-tracer approach: Chemical Geology, v. 179, no. 1-4, p. 93-111, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(01)00317-5.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"93","endPage":"111","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232187,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207329,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(01)00317-5"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Shenandoah National Park","volume":"179","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2dc0e4b0c8380cd5bff4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":398556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Busenberg, E.","contributorId":56796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nelms, D.L.","contributorId":32189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelms","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Michel, R. L.","contributorId":86375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michel","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schlosser, P.","contributorId":106656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlosser","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70023768,"text":"70023768 - 2001 - Salt diapirs in the Dead Sea basin and their relationship to Quaternary extensional tectonics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T10:16:30","indexId":"70023768","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2682,"text":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Salt diapirs in the Dead Sea basin and their relationship to Quaternary extensional tectonics","docAbstract":"<p>Regional extension of a brittle overburden and underlying salt causes differential loading that is thought to initiate the rise of reactive diapirs below and through regions of thin overburden. We present a modern example of a large salt diapir in the Dead Sea pull-apart basin, the Lisan diapir, which we believe was formed during the Quaternary due to basin transtension and subsidence. Using newly released seismic data that are correlated to several deep wells, we determine the size of the diapir to be 13 x 10 km. its maximum depth 7.2 km. and its roof 125 m below the surface. From seismic stratigraphy, we infer that the diapir started rising during the early to middle Pleistocene as this section of the basin underwater rapid subsidence and significant extension of the overburden. During the middle to late Pleistocene, the diapir pierced through the extensionally thinned overburden, as indicated by rim synclines, which attest to rapid salt withdrawal from the surrounding regions. Slight positive topography above the diapir and shallow folded horizons indicate that it is still rising intermittently. The smaller Sedom diapir, exposed along the western bounding fault of the basin is presently rising and forms a 200 m-high ridge. Its initiation is explained by localized E-W extension due monoclinal draping over the edge of a rapidly subsiding basin during the early to middle Pleistocene, and its continued rise by lateral squeezing due to continued rotation of the Amazyahu diagonal fault.&nbsp;</p>","largerWorkTitle":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0264-8172(01)00031-9","issn":"02648172","usgsCitation":"Al-Zoubi, A., and ten Brink, U., 2001, Salt diapirs in the Dead Sea basin and their relationship to Quaternary extensional tectonics: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 18, no. 7, p. 779-797, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-8172(01)00031-9.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"779","endPage":"797","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232386,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Dead Sea basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              35.17547607421875,\n              30.826780904779774\n            ],\n            [\n              35.7659912109375,\n              30.826780904779774\n            ],\n            [\n              35.7659912109375,\n              31.949831760406877\n            ],\n            [\n              35.17547607421875,\n              31.949831760406877\n            ],\n            [\n              35.17547607421875,\n              30.826780904779774\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"18","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ab01be4b0c8380cd87936","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Al-Zoubi, A.","contributorId":76910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Al-Zoubi","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":398781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023605,"text":"70023605 - 2001 - The concept of hydrologic landscapes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-20T18:30:52.645765","indexId":"70023605","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The concept of hydrologic landscapes","docAbstract":"Hydrologic landscapes are multiples or variations of fundamental hydrologic landscape units. A fundamental hydrologic landscape unit is defined on the basis of land-surface form, geology, and climate. The basic land-surface form of a fundamental hydrologic landscape unit is an upland separated from a lowland by an intervening steeper slope. Fundamental hydrologic landscape units have a complete hydrologic system consisting of surface runoff, ground-water flow, and interaction with atmospheric water. By describing actual landscapes in terms of land-surface slope, hydraulic properties of soils and geologic framework, and the difference between precipitation and evapotranspiration, the hydrologic system of actual landscapes can be conceptualized in a uniform way. This conceptual framework can then be the foundation for design of studies and data networks, syntheses of information on local to national scales, and comparison of process research across small study units in a variety of settings. The Crow Wing River watershed in central Minnesota is used as an example of evaluating stream discharge in the context of hydrologic landscapes. Lake-research watersheds in Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota, and Nebraska are used as an example of using the hydrologic-landscapes concept to evaluate the effect of ground water on the degree of mineralization and major-ion chemistry of lakes that lie within ground-water flow systems.","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb00973.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Winter, T.C., 2001, The concept of hydrologic landscapes: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 37, no. 2, p. 335-349, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb00973.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"335","endPage":"349","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232260,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-91.217706,43.50055],[-96.453049,43.500415],[-96.452948,45.268925],[-96.835451,45.586129],[-96.587093,45.816445],[-96.639066,45.935318],[-104.045443,45.94531],[-104.048807,48.933636],[-95.153711,48.998903],[-95.153314,49.384358],[-94.878454,49.333193],[-94.640803,48.741171],[-93.818375,48.534442],[-92.984963,48.623731],[-92.634931,48.542873],[-92.698824,48.494892],[-92.341207,48.23248],[-92.066269,48.359602],[-91.542512,48.053268],[-90.88548,48.245784],[-90.703702,48.096009],[-89.489226,48.014528],[-90.735927,47.624343],[-92.058888,46.809938],[-92.025789,46.710839],[-91.781928,46.697604],[-90.880358,46.957661],[-90.78804,46.844886],[-90.920813,46.637432],[-90.327548,46.550262],[-89.929158,46.29975],[-88.141001,45.930608],[-88.13364,45.823128],[-87.831442,45.714938],[-87.887828,45.358122],[-87.647454,45.345232],[-87.72796,45.207956],[-87.59188,45.094689],[-87.983065,44.72073],[-87.970702,44.530292],[-87.021088,45.296541],[-87.73063,43.893862],[-87.910172,43.236634],[-87.800477,42.49192],[-90.614589,42.508053],[-91.078097,42.806526],[-91.177728,43.118733],[-91.062562,43.243165],[-91.217706,43.50055]]],[[[-104.053249,41.001406],[-104.053127,43.000585],[-98.568936,42.998537],[-98.042011,42.767316],[-97.834172,42.868794],[-97.256752,42.853913],[-96.409408,42.487595],[-95.850188,41.184798],[-95.885349,40.721093],[-95.336242,40.019104],[-102.051744,40.003078],[-102.051614,41.002377],[-104.053249,41.001406]]],[[[-86.880572,45.331467],[-86.956192,45.351179],[-86.82177,45.427602],[-86.880572,45.331467]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Minnesota\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","volume":"37","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa53e4b08c986b3227d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winter, T. C.","contributorId":23485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023607,"text":"70023607 - 2001 - A hypothesis about factors that affect maximum stream temperatures across montane landscapes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-20T18:56:31.073778","indexId":"70023607","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A hypothesis about factors that affect maximum stream temperatures across montane landscapes","docAbstract":"<p><span>Temperature is an important variable structuring lotic biotas, but little is known about how montane landscapes function to determine stream temperatures. We developed an&nbsp;</span><i>a priori</i><span>&nbsp;hypothesis that was used to predict how watershed elements would interact to affect stream temperatures. The hypothesis was tested in a series of path analyses using temperature data from 26 sites on second-order to fourth-order streams across a fifth-order Rocky Mountain watershed. Based on the performance of the first hypothesis, two revised versions of the hypothesis were developed and tested that proved to be more accurate than the original hypothesis. The most plausible of the revised hypotheses accounted for 82 percent of the variation in maximum stream temperature, had a predicted data structure that did not deviate from the empirical data structure, and was the most parsimonious. The final working hypothesis suggested that stream temperature maxima were directly controlled by a large negative effect from mean basin elevation (direct effect = -0.57, p &lt; 0.01) and smaller effects from riparian tree abundance (direct effect = -0.28, p = 0.03), and cattle density (direct effect = 0.24, p = 0.05). Watershed slope, valley constraint, and the abundance of grass across a watershed also affected temperature maxima, but these effects were indirect and mediated through cattle density and riparian trees. Three variables included in the&nbsp;</span><i>a priori</i><span>&nbsp;hypothesis - watershed aspect, stream width, and watershed size - had negligible effects on maximum stream temperatures and were omitted from the final working hypothesis.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb00974.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Isaak, D., and Hubert, W., 2001, A hypothesis about factors that affect maximum stream temperatures across montane landscapes: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 37, no. 2, p. 351-366, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb00974.x.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"351","endPage":"366","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232298,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountains, Salt River Watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.04616216808714,\n              43.139890723203564\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.12977536271666,\n              43.115178631422054\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.21891670244534,\n              43.046032664721\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.16225321517591,\n              42.92825485488726\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.25277659117977,\n              42.933586502246754\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.2873274980514,\n              42.91688872736688\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.24241131911826,\n              42.80342663865923\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.18367477743647,\n              42.70245285912256\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.21960772058291,\n              42.568114256462025\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.24379335539305,\n              42.5019200086148\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.21200652107103,\n              42.43361558854676\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.1422136891907,\n              42.279651660366284\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.22582688382019,\n              42.207059013844685\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.2230628112706,\n              42.106656327510365\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.04547114995007,\n              42.000959395705166\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.8913741053025,\n              42.11332062139613\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.83471061803309,\n              42.26415344505111\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.79946869302336,\n              42.460279038075896\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.76284473173988,\n              42.51541115932892\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.81121600136017,\n              42.64261801863492\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.844384871957,\n              42.75586751710034\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.8430028356822,\n              42.93860139371591\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.90864955873833,\n              43.002309708424235\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.93283519354848,\n              43.100775805618156\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.96531304600808,\n              43.13104126026653\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.04616216808714,\n              43.139890723203564\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"37","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e42be4b0c8380cd46472","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Isaak, D.J.","contributorId":77326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Isaak","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hubert, W.A.","contributorId":12822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubert","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":44907,"text":"wri014045 - 2001 - Analysis of ambient conditions and simulation of hydrodynamics, constituent transport, and water-quality characteristics in Lake Maumelle, Arkansas, 1991-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-07T19:21:49.283202","indexId":"wri014045","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4045","title":"Analysis of ambient conditions and simulation of hydrodynamics, constituent transport, and water-quality characteristics in Lake Maumelle, Arkansas, 1991-92","docAbstract":"<p>Lake Maumelle is the major drinking-water source for the Little Rock metropolitan area in central Arkansas. Urban and agricultural development has increased in the Lake Maumelle Basin and information is needed related to constituent transport and water quality response to changes in constituent loading or hydrologic regime. This report characterizes ambient conditions in Lake Maumelle and its major tributary, Maumelle River; describes the calibration and verification of a numerical model of hydrodynamics and water quality; and provides several simulations that describe constituent transport and water quality response to changes in constituent loading and hydrologic regime.</p><p>Ambient hydrologic and water-quality conditions demonstrate the relatively undisturbed nature of Lake Maumelle and the Maumelle River. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were low, one to two orders of magnitude lower than estimates of national background nutrient concentrations. Phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentrations in Lake Maumelle demonstrate its oligotrophic/mesotrophic condition. However, concentrations of chlorophyll a appeared to increase since 1990 within the upper and middle reaches of the reservoir.</p><p>A two-dimensional, laterally averaged hydrodynamic and water-quality model developed and calibrated for Lake Maumelle simulates water level, currents, heat transport and temperature distribution, conservative material transport, and the transport and transformation of 11 chemical constituents. Simulations included the movement and dispersion of spills or releases in the reservoir during stratified and unstratified conditions, release of the fish nursery pond off the southern shore of Lake Maumelle, and algal responses to changes in external loading.</p><p>The model was calibrated using 1991 data and verified using 1992 data. Simulated temperature and dissolved oxygen concentrations related well when compared to measured values. Simulated nutrient and algal biomass also related reasonably well when compared to measured values. A simulated spill of conservative material at the upper end of Lake Maumelle during a major storm event took less than 102 hours to disperse the entire length of the reservoir. Simulation of a nursery pond release into a tributary to Lake Maumelle demonstrated how the released water plunges within the receiving embayment and enters the main stem of the reservoir at mid depths. Simulations of algal response to increases of nitrogen and phosphorus loads demonstrate the phosphorus limiting condition in Lake Maumelle.</p><p>Results from this study will provide water-resource management with information to better understand how changes in hydrology and water quality in the basin affects water quality in the reservoir. With this information, managers will be able to more effectively manage their drinking-water source supply.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri014045","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Little Rock Municipal Water Works","usgsCitation":"Green, W.R., 2001, Analysis of ambient conditions and simulation of hydrodynamics, constituent transport, and water-quality characteristics in Lake Maumelle, Arkansas, 1991-92: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4045, vi, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014045.","productDescription":"vi, 60 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403213,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4045/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":400775,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_42702.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":161916,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4045/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Lake Maumelle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.67860412597655,\n              34.83691357851903\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.47604370117186,\n              34.83691357851903\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.47604370117186,\n              34.920282010051096\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.67860412597655,\n              34.920282010051096\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.67860412597655,\n              34.83691357851903\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db680a53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Green, W. Reed","contributorId":87886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Reed","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023615,"text":"70023615 - 2001 - Three-dimenstional crustal velocity structure beneath the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-22T13:50:37.202349","indexId":"70023615","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Three-dimenstional crustal velocity structure beneath the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia","docAbstract":"<p class=\"chapter-para\">The Strait of Georgia is a topographic depression straddling the boundary between the Insular and Coast belts in southwestern British Columbia. Two shallow earthquakes located within the strait (<i>M</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 4.6 in 1997 and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 5.0 in 1975) and felt throughout the Vancouver area illustrate the seismic potential of this region. As part of the 1998 Seismic Hazards Investigation of Puget Sound (SHIPS) experiment, seismic instruments were placed in and around the Strait of Georgia to record shots from a marine source within the strait. We apply a tomographic inversion procedure to first-arrival traveltime data to derive a minimum-structure 3-D<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i>-wave velocity model for the upper crust to about 13 km depth. We also present a 2-D velocity model for a profile orientated across the Strait of Georgia derived using a minimum-parameter traveltime inversion approach.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">This paper represents the first detailed look at crustal velocity variations within the major Cretaceous to Cenozoic Georgia Basin, which underlies the Strait of Georgia. The 3-D velocity model clearly delineates the structure of the Georgia Basin. Taking the 6 km s<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>isovelocity contour to represent the top of the underlying basement, the basin thickens from between 2 and 4 km in the northwestern half of the strait to between 8 and 9 km at the southeastern end of the study region. Basin velocities in the northeastern half are 4.5–6 km s<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and primarily represent the Upper Cretaceous Nanaimo Group. Velocities to the south are lower (3–6 km s<sup>−1</sup>) because of the additional presence of the overlying Tertiary Huntingdon Formation and more recent sediments, including glacial and modern Fraser River deposits. In contrast to the relatively smoothly varying velocity structure of the basin, velocities of the basement rocks, which comprise primarily Palaeozoic to Jurassic rocks of the Wrangellia Terrane and possibly Jurassic to mid-Cretaceous granitic rocks of the Coast Belt, show significantly more structure, probably an indication of the varying basement rock lithologies. The 2-D velocity model more clearly reveals the velocity layering associated with the recent sediments, Huntingdon Formation and Nanaimo Group of the southern Georgia Basin, as well as the underlying basement. We interpret lateral variation in sub-basin velocities of the 2-D model as a transition from Wrangellian to Coast Belt basement rocks. The effect of the narrow, onshore–offshore recording geometry of the seismic experiment on model resolution was tested to allow a critical assessment of the validity of the 3-D velocity model. Lateral resolution throughout the model to a depth of 3–5 km below the top of the basement is generally 10–20 km.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.0956-540X.2000.01364.x","usgsCitation":"Zelt, B., Ellis, R., Zelt, C., Hyndman, R., Lowe, C., Spence, G., and Fisher, M.A., 2001, Three-dimenstional crustal velocity structure beneath the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia: Geophysical Journal International, v. 144, no. 3, p. 695-712, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0956-540X.2000.01364.x.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"695","endPage":"712","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478944,"rank":3,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0956-540x.2000.01364.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232455,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":410925,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.0956-540X.2000.01364.x","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Canada","state":"British Columbia","otherGeospatial":"Strait of Georgia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -125.211181640625,\n              48.922499263758255\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.18994140624999,\n              48.922499263758255\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.18994140624999,\n              50.12057809796008\n            ],\n            [\n              -125.211181640625,\n              50.12057809796008\n            ],\n            [\n              -125.211181640625,\n              48.922499263758255\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"144","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb350e4b08c986b325cf7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zelt, B.C.","contributorId":63572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zelt","given":"B.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellis, R.M.","contributorId":9034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zelt, C.A.","contributorId":74911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zelt","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hyndman, R.D.","contributorId":45831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hyndman","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lowe, C.","contributorId":96453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowe","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Spence, G.D.","contributorId":85750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spence","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fisher, M. A.","contributorId":69972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
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