{"pageNumber":"1132","pageRowStart":"28275","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46734,"records":[{"id":45056,"text":"wri004170 - 2001 - Characterization of water quality in selected tributaries of the Alamosa River, southwestern Colorado, including comparisons to instream water-quality standards and toxicological reference values, 1995-97","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-22T18:33:22.425813","indexId":"wri004170","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4170","title":"Characterization of water quality in selected tributaries of the Alamosa River, southwestern Colorado, including comparisons to instream water-quality standards and toxicological reference values, 1995-97","docAbstract":"A comprehensive water-quality sampling network was implemented by the U.S. Geological Survey from 1995 through 1997 at 12 tributary sites to the Alamosa River. The network was designed to address data gaps identified in the initial ecological risk assessment of the Summitville Superfund site. Tributaries draining hydrothermally altered areas had higher median values for nearly all measured properties and constituents than tributaries draining unaltered areas. Colorado instream standards for pH, copper, iron, and zinc were in attainment at most tributary sites. Instream standards for pH and chronic aquatic-life standards for iron were not attained in Jasper Creek. Toxicological reference values were most often exceeded at Iron Creek, Alum Creek, Bitter Creek, Wightman Fork, and Burnt Creek. These tributaries all drain hydrothermally altered areas.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri004170","usgsCitation":"Ortiz, R.F., and Ferguson, S.A., 2001, Characterization of water quality in selected tributaries of the Alamosa River, southwestern Colorado, including comparisons to instream water-quality standards and toxicological reference values, 1995-97: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4170, iv, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004170.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p.","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":171745,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":414559,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_37094.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":3911,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri00-4170","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Alamosa River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.367,\n              37.464\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.667,\n              37.464\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.667,\n              37.342\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.367,\n              37.342\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.367,\n              37.464\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4d18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ortiz, Roderick F. rfortiz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ortiz","given":"Roderick","email":"rfortiz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":231011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ferguson, Sheryl A.","contributorId":78698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferguson","given":"Sheryl","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023681,"text":"70023681 - 2001 - A portfolio approach to evaluating natural hazard mitigation policies: An application to lateral-spread ground failure in coastal California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-17T16:20:03.892804","indexId":"70023681","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A portfolio approach to evaluating natural hazard mitigation policies: An application to lateral-spread ground failure in coastal California","docAbstract":"<p>In the past, efforts to prevent catastrophic losses from natural hazards have largely been undertaken by individual property owners based on site—specific evaluations of risks to particular buildings. Public efforts to assess community vulnerability and encourage mitigation have focused on either aggregating site—specific estimates or adopting standards based upon broad assumptions about regional risks. This paper develops an alternative, intermediate—scale approach to regional risk assessment and the evaluation of community mitigation policies. Properties are grouped into types with similar land uses and levels of hazard, and hypothetical community mitigation strategies for protecting these properties are modeled like investment portfolios. The portfolios consist of investments in mitigation against the risk to a community posed by a specific natural hazard. and are defined by a community's mitigation budget and the proportion of the budget invested in locations of each type.</p><p>The usefulness of this approach is demonstrated through an integrated assessment of earthquake—induced lateral—spread ground failure risk in the Watsonville, California area. Data from the magnitude 6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989 are used to model lateral—spread ground failure susceptibility. Earth science and economic data are combined and analyzed in a Geographic Information System (CIS). The portfolio model is then used to evaluate the benefits of mitigating the risk in different locations. Two mitigation policies, one that prioritizes mitigation by land use type and the other by hazard zone, are compared with a status quo policy of doing no further mitigation beyond that which already exists. The portfolio representing the hazard zone rule yields a higher expected return than the land use portfolio does; however, the hazard zone portfolio experiences a higher standard deviation. Therefore, neither portfolio is clearly preferred. The two mitigation policies both reduce expected losses and increase overall expected community wealth compared to the status quo policy.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00206810109465024","issn":"00206814","usgsCitation":"Bernknopf, R., Dinitz, L., Rabinovici, S., and Evans, A., 2001, A portfolio approach to evaluating natural hazard mitigation policies: An application to lateral-spread ground failure in coastal California: International Geology Review, v. 43, no. 5, p. 424-440, https://doi.org/10.1080/00206810109465024.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"424","endPage":"440","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232184,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Watsonville","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.92901611328125,\n              36.74438649742862\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.22177124023436,\n              36.74438649742862\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.22177124023436,\n              36.99816565700228\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.92901611328125,\n              36.99816565700228\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.92901611328125,\n              36.74438649742862\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"43","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4e3e4b0c8380cd469cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bernknopf, R. L.","contributorId":46082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bernknopf","given":"R. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dinitz, L.B.","contributorId":16192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinitz","given":"L.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rabinovici, S.J.M.","contributorId":103832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rabinovici","given":"S.J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Evans, A.M.","contributorId":20117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023382,"text":"70023382 - 2001 - Some simple guides to finding useful information in exploration geochemical data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-22T18:52:33.134261","indexId":"70023382","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2832,"text":"Natural Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1573-8981","printIssn":"1520-7439","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Some simple guides to finding useful information in exploration geochemical data","docAbstract":"<p>Most regional geochemistry data reflect processes that can produce superfluous bits of noise and, perhaps, information about the mineralization process of interest. There are two end-member approaches to finding patterns in geochemical data—unsupervised learning and supervised learning. In unsupervised learning, data are processed and the geochemist is given the task of interpreting and identifying possible sources of any patterns. In supervised learning, data from known subgroups such as rock type, mineralized and nonmineralized, and types of mineralization are used to train the system which then is given unknown samples to classify into these subgroups.</p><p>To locate patterns of interest, it is helpful to transform the data and to remove unwanted masking patterns. With trace elements use of a logarithmic transformation is recommended. In many situations, missing censored data can be estimated using multiple regression of other uncensored variables on the variable with censored values.</p><p>In unsupervised learning, transformed values can be standardized, or normalized, to a Z-score by subtracting the subset's mean and dividing by its standard deviation. Subsets include any source of differences that might be related to processes unrelated to the target sought such as different laboratories, regional alteration, analytical procedures, or rock types. Normalization removes effects of different means and measurement scales as well as facilitates comparison of spatial patterns of elements. These adjustments remove effects of different subgroups and hopefully leave on the map the simple and uncluttered pattern(s) related to the mineralization only.</p><p>Supervised learning methods, such as discriminant analysis and neural networks, offer the promise of consistent and, in certain situations, unbiased estimates of where mineralization might exist. These methods critically rely on being trained with data that encompasses all populations fairly and that can possibly fall into only the identified populations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1011552810482","issn":"15207439","usgsCitation":"Singer, D., and Kouda, R., 2001, Some simple guides to finding useful information in exploration geochemical data: Natural Resources Research, v. 10, no. 2, p. 137-147, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011552810482.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"147","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232564,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b92e8e4b08c986b31a19a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, D.A.","contributorId":69128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kouda, R.","contributorId":30772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kouda","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023771,"text":"70023771 - 2001 - Standard reference water samples for rare earth element determinations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T09:21:29","indexId":"70023771","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Standard reference water samples for rare earth element determinations","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id12\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id13\"><p>Standard reference water samples (SRWS) were collected from two mine sites, one near Ophir, CO, USA and the other near Redding, CA, USA. The samples were filtered, preserved, and analyzed for rare earth element (REE) concentrations (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). These two samples were acid mine waters with elevated concentrations of REEs (0.45–161&nbsp;μg/l). Seventeen international laboratories participated in a ‘round-robin’ chemical analysis program, which made it possible to evaluate the data by robust statistical procedures that are insensitive to outliers. The resulting most probable values are reported. Ten to 15 of the participants also reported values for Ba, Y, and Sc. Field parameters, major ion, and other trace element concentrations, not subject to statistical evaluation, are provided.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0883-2927(00)00030-5","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Verplanck, P., Antweiler, R.C., Nordstrom, D.K., and Taylor, H.E., 2001, Standard reference water samples for rare earth element determinations: Applied Geochemistry, v. 16, no. 2, p. 231-244, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(00)00030-5.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"231","endPage":"244","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232389,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207439,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(00)00030-5"}],"volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b96ace4b08c986b31b648","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verplanck, P. L. 0000-0002-3653-6419","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-6419","contributorId":106565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verplanck","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Antweiler, Ronald C. 0000-0001-5652-6034 antweil@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-6034","contributorId":1481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Antweiler","given":"Ronald","email":"antweil@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":398790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":398791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":398789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1014986,"text":"1014986 - 2001 - Fine-scale population structure Atlantic salmon from Maine's Penobscot River drainage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-06T16:22:46.651897","indexId":"1014986","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1324,"text":"Conservation Genetics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fine-scale population structure Atlantic salmon from Maine's Penobscot River drainage","docAbstract":"<p><span>We report a survey of microsatellite DNA variation in Atlantic salmon from the unimpounded lower reaches of Maine's Penobscot River. Our analysis indicates that Atlantic salmon in the Penobscot River are distinct from other populations that have little or no history of human-mediated repopulation, including two of its tributaries, Cove Brook and Kenduskeag Stream, another Maine river, the Ducktrap, and Canada's Miramichi and Gander rivers. Significant heterogeneity was detected in allele frequency among all three subpopulations sampled in the Penobscot drainage. The high resolution of the 12-locussuite was quantified using maximum likelihood assignment tests, which correctly identified the source of 90.4–96.1% of individuals from within the Penobscot drainage. Current populations are clearly isolated from each other, however we are unable to determine from the present data whether the populations in Cove Brook and Kenduskeag Stream are recently diverged from populations stocked into the Penobscot River over the last century, or are aboriginal in origin. The degree of population structure identified in the Penobscot drainage is noteworthy in light of its lengthy history of systematic restocking, the geographic proximity of the subpopulations, and the extent of the differentiation. Similar population structure on this extremely limited geographic scale could exist among Atlantic salmon runs elsewhere in Maine and throughout the species' range and should be taken into account for future management decisions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1011580217381","usgsCitation":"Spidle, A., Schill, W.B., Lubinski, B., and King, T., 2001, Fine-scale population structure Atlantic salmon from Maine's Penobscot River drainage: Conservation Genetics, v. 2, p. 11-24, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011580217381.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"24","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130046,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","otherGeospatial":"Penobscot River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n 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B.","contributorId":60146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schill","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lubinski, B.A.","contributorId":58598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lubinski","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"King, T.L.","contributorId":93416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023068,"text":"70023068 - 2001 - Pesticides in the hydrologic system - What do we know and what's next?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70023068","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pesticides in the hydrologic system - What do we know and what's next?","docAbstract":"Even though the occurrence and behaviour of pesticides in the environment have been studied for decades, water-quality managers and the public still demand more complete and consistent information, and there are many unanswered questions for environmental scientists. In many respects, the greatest potential for unintended adverse effects of pesticides is through contamination of the hydrologic system, which supports aquatic life and related food chains and is used for recreation, drinking water, and many other purposes. The movement of water is one of the primary mechanisms by which pesticides are transported from targeted application areas to other parts of the environment; thus, there is potential for movement into and through all components of the hydrologic system. Extensive reviews of existing information on pesticides in the hydrologic system, including the atmosphere (Majewski and Capel, 1995), ground water (Barbash and Resek, 1996), surface water (Larson et al., 1997), and fluvial sediments and aquatic biota (Nowell et al., 1999), uncovered volumes of useful information, but also noted critical information gaps. For example: (a) relatively few pesticides have been thoroughly studied, particularly transformation products; (b) most data have been collected for small-scale site and field studies in agricultural areas; (c) urban areas have received little attention for monitoring or research; (d) the geographic and temporal distributions of data collection have been highly uneven; and (e) comparing and synthesizing results from most studies is difficult because of inconsistent approaches to data collection and chemical analysis.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.501","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Gilliom, R.J., 2001, Pesticides in the hydrologic system - What do we know and what's next?: Hydrological Processes, v. 15, no. 16, p. 3197-3201, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.501.","startPage":"3197","endPage":"3201","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233693,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208174,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.501"}],"volume":"15","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-11-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a776fe4b0c8380cd784c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gilliom, R. J.","contributorId":60650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilliom","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1014983,"text":"1014983 - 2001 - Survey protocol for assessment of endangered freshwater mussels the Allegheny River, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-02T19:26:40.736572","indexId":"1014983","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2402,"text":"Journal of North American Benthological Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survey protocol for assessment of endangered freshwater mussels the Allegheny River, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"<p><span>The United States Endangered Species Act (ESA) requires a biological assessment of any activity that is authorized, funded, or carried out by a federal agency and likely to affect a federally listed endangered species or its critical habitat. We developed a standardized survey protocol for biological assessments of the effects of bridge replacements on 2 federally listed endangered freshwater mussels,&nbsp;</span><i>Epioblasma torulosa rangiana</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>Pleurobema clava,</i><span>&nbsp;found in the Allegheny River, Pennsylvania. The protocol combines qualitative sampling to determine species present with quantitative sampling to estimate density. Data on species present satisfy the minimum requirement of a biological assessment, whereas estimates of density are needed to assess the number of individuals that would die as a result of bridge replacement. Some excavation of substrate is necessary for unbiased population estimates because of species and sex-specific differences in detection at the substrate surface. We reduced the amount of excavation and cost of the survey by using a statistical sampling technique called double sampling, which uses counts from excavating a subset of quadrats to calibrate counts from searching the substrate surface of all quadrats. We applied the survey protocol to the Allegheny River at West Hickory where&nbsp;</span><i>E. t. rangiana</i><span>&nbsp;was the 3</span><sup>rd</sup><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>P. clava</i><span>&nbsp;was the 4</span><sup>th</sup><span>&nbsp;most abundant mussel at the site. Only 31% of&nbsp;</span><i>P. clava</i><span>&nbsp;and 52% of&nbsp;</span><i>E. t. rangiana</i><span>&nbsp;(80% of females, 45% of males) were detected at the substrate surface. We estimated that 9173 (95% CI: 6309–13,336)&nbsp;</span><i>E. t. rangiana</i><span>&nbsp;and 7010 (95% CI: 4462–11,013)&nbsp;</span><i>P. clava</i><span>&nbsp;lived within 50 m of the existing bridge and would be affected immediately by bridge construction. (Population estimates did not include mussels too small to be retained on a 6.35-mm-mesh sieve.) Application of the protocol is not limited to biological assessment under the ESA, but is appropriate where site-specific status of freshwater mussel populations is required.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.2307/1468193","usgsCitation":"Smith, D., Villella, R., and Lemarie, D.P., 2001, Survey protocol for assessment of endangered freshwater mussels the Allegheny River, Pennsylvania: Journal of North American Benthological Society, v. 20, no. 1, p. 118-132, https://doi.org/10.2307/1468193.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"118","endPage":"132","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130472,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Forest County","city":"Harmony Township, Hickory Township","otherGeospatial":"Allegheny River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -79.41431544044042,\n              41.56318885766913\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.40135625118123,\n              41.56023492519307\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.39564905856062,\n              41.56434470753317\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.39384678720627,\n              41.569096317528334\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.39685057279664,\n              41.5796898653023\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.4098955845015,\n              41.57869478778517\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.41367177210023,\n              41.57294871774209\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.41431544044042,\n              41.56318885766913\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688796","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, D. R. 0000-0001-6074-9257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":44108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D. R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Villella, R.F.","contributorId":53323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Villella","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lemarie, D. P.","contributorId":23100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemarie","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023984,"text":"70023984 - 2001 - Evaluation of persistent hydrophobic organic compounds in the Columbia River Basin using semipermeable-membrane devices","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:02","indexId":"70023984","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of persistent hydrophobic organic compounds in the Columbia River Basin using semipermeable-membrane devices","docAbstract":"Persistent hydrophobic organic compounds are of concern in the Columbia River because they have been correlated with adverse effects on wildlife. We analysed samples from nine main-stem and six tributary sites throughout the Columbia River Basin (Washington and Oregon) for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, and priority-pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Because these compounds may have important biological consequences at aqueous concentrations well below the detection limits associated with conventional sampling methods, we used semipermeable-membrane devices to sample water and achieved parts-per-quintillion detection limits. All of these compound classes were prevalent within the basin, but concentrations of many analytes were highest in the vicinity of Portland-Vancouver, indicating that the Willamette subbasin-and perhaps the urban area in particular-is an important source of these compounds. Data collected during basin low-flow conditions in 1997 and again during basin high-flow conditions in 1998 indicate that in-stream processes such as dilution by relatively clean inflow, and flow through island hyporheic zones may be important mechanisms for attenuating dissolved concentrations of hydrophobic compounds.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.213","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"McCarthy, K.A., and Gale, R., 2001, Evaluation of persistent hydrophobic organic compounds in the Columbia River Basin using semipermeable-membrane devices: Hydrological Processes, v. 15, no. 7, p. 1271-1283, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.213.","startPage":"1271","endPage":"1283","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207199,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.213"},{"id":231938,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-05-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0caae4b0c8380cd52c47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCarthy, K. A.","contributorId":107309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gale, R.W.","contributorId":81653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gale","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023081,"text":"70023081 - 2001 - Effects of multi-scale environmental characteristics on agricultural stream biota in eastern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-21T15:33:13.720137","indexId":"70023081","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of multi-scale environmental characteristics on agricultural stream biota in eastern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey examined 25 agricultural streams in eastern Wisconsin to determine relations between fish, invertebrate, and algal metrics and multiple spatial scales of land cover, geologic setting, hydrologic, aquatic habitat, and water chemistry data. Spearman correlation and redundancy analyses were used to examine relations among biotic metrics and environmental characteristics. Riparian vegetation, geologic, and hydrologic conditions affected the response of biotic metrics to watershed agricultural land cover but the relations were aquatic assemblage dependent. It was difficult to separate the interrelated effects of geologic setting, watershed and buffer land cover, and base flow. Watershed and buffer land cover, geologic setting, reach riparian vegetation width, and stream size affected the fish IBI, invertebrate diversity, diatom IBI, and number of algal taxa; however, the invertebrate FBI, percentage of EPT, and the diatom pollution index were more influenced by nutrient concentrations and flow variability. Fish IBI scores seemed most sensitive to land cover in the entire stream network buffer, more so than watershed-scale land cover and segment or reach riparian vegetation width. All but one stream with more than approximately 10 percent buffer agriculture had fish IBI scores of fair or poor. In general, the invertebrate and algal metrics used in this study were not as sensitive to land cover effects as fish metrics. Some of the reach-scale characteristics, such as width/depth ratios, velocity, and bank stability, could be related to watershed influences of both land cover and geologic setting. The Wisconsin habitat index was related to watershed geologic setting, watershed and buffer land cover, riparian vegetation width, and base flow, and appeared to be a good indicator of stream quality. Results from this study emphasize the value of using more than one or two biotic metrics to assess water quality and the importance of environmental characteristics at multiple scales.","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03655.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Fitzpatrick, F., Scudder, B.C., Lenz, B.N., and Sullivan, D.J., 2001, Effects of multi-scale environmental characteristics on agricultural stream biota in eastern Wisconsin: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 37, no. 6, p. 1489-1507, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03655.x.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1489","endPage":"1507","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233876,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": 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A. 0000-0002-9748-7075","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9748-7075","contributorId":61446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"F. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scudder, B. C.","contributorId":71588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scudder","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lenz, B. N.","contributorId":106164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lenz","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sullivan, D. J.","contributorId":94693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023143,"text":"70023143 - 2001 - The roughness of natural terrain: A planetary and remote sensing perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-18T08:35:53","indexId":"70023143","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The roughness of natural terrain: A planetary and remote sensing perspective","docAbstract":"<p>We examine the various methods and parameters in common use for quantifying and reporting surface topographic \"roughness.\" It is shown that scale-dependent roughness parameters are almost always required, though not widely used. We suggest a method of standardizing the parameters that are computed and reported so that topographic data gathered by different workers using different field techniques can be directly and easily intercompared. We illustrate the proposed method by analyzing topographic data from 60 different surfaces gathered by five different groups and examine the information for common features. We briefly discuss the implications of our analysis for studies of planetary surface roughness, lander safety, and radar remote sensing modeling and analysis.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2000JE001429","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Shepard, M.K., Campbell, B.A., Bulmer, M.H., Gaddis, L.R., Farr, T.G., and Plaut, J.J., 2001, The roughness of natural terrain: A planetary and remote sensing perspective: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 106, no. E12, p. 32777-32795, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JE001429.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"32777","endPage":"32795","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478912,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000je001429","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233664,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"E12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bafabe4b08c986b324977","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shepard, Michael K.","contributorId":200622,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shepard","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, Bruce A.","contributorId":39813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bulmer, Mark H.","contributorId":213328,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bulmer","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gaddis, Lisa R. 0000-0001-9953-5483 lgaddis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9953-5483","contributorId":2817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaddis","given":"Lisa","email":"lgaddis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":396466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Farr, Tom G.","contributorId":213329,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Farr","given":"Tom","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Plaut, Jeffrey J.","contributorId":63516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plaut","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70023510,"text":"70023510 - 2001 - Kullback-Leibler information in resolving natural resource conflicts when definitive data exist","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:10","indexId":"70023510","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kullback-Leibler information in resolving natural resource conflicts when definitive data exist","docAbstract":"Conflicts often arise in the management of natural resources. Often they result from differing perceptions, varying interpretations of the law, and self-interests among stakeholder groups (for example, the values and perceptions about spotted owls and forest management differ markedly among environmental groups, government regulatory agencies, and timber industries). We extend the conceptual approach to conflict resolution of Anderson et al. (1999) by using information-theoretic methods to provide quantitative evidence for differing stakeholder positions. Importantly, we assume that relevant empirical data exist that are central to the potential resolution of the conflict. We present a hypothetical example involving an experiment to assess potential effects of a chemical on monthly survival probabilities of the hen clam (Spisula solidissima). The conflict centers on 3 stakeholder positions: 1) no effect, 2) an acute effect, and 3) an acute and chronic effect of the chemical treatment. Such data were given to 18 analytical teams to make independent analyses and provide the relative evidence for each of 3 stakeholder positions in the conflict. The empirical evidence strongly supports only one of the 3 positions in the conflict: the application of the chemical causes acute and chronic effects on monthly survival, following treatment. Formal inference from all the stakeholder positions is provided for the 2 key parameters underlying the hen clam controversy. The estimates of these parameters were essentially unbiased (the relative bias for the control and treatment group's survival probability was -0.857% and 1.400%, respectively) and precise (coefficients of variation were 0.576% and 2.761%, respectively). The advantages of making formal inference from all the models, rather than drawing conclusions from only the estimated best model, is illustrated. Finally, we contrast information-theoretic and Bayesian approaches in terms of how positions in the controversy enter the formal analysis.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00917648","usgsCitation":"Anderson, D., Burnham, K., and White, G.C., 2001, Kullback-Leibler information in resolving natural resource conflicts when definitive data exist: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 29, no. 4, p. 1260-1270.","startPage":"1260","endPage":"1270","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232693,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40cde4b0c8380cd65053","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, David R.","contributorId":8413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"David R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burnham, K.P.","contributorId":63760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, Gary C.","contributorId":26256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023048,"text":"70023048 - 2001 - Hydraulic head applications of flow logs in the study of heterogeneous aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-30T07:06:08","indexId":"70023048","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydraulic head applications of flow logs in the study of heterogeneous aquifers","docAbstract":"Permeability profiles derived from high-resolution flow logs in heterogeneous aquifers provide a limited sample of the most permeable beds or fractures determining the hydraulic properties of those aquifers. This paper demonstrates that flow logs can also be used to infer the large-scale properties of aquifers surrounding boreholes. The analysis is based on the interpretation of the hydraulic head values estimated from the flow log analysis. Pairs of quasi-steady flow profiles obtained under ambient conditions and while either pumping or injecting are used to estimate the hydraulic head in each water-producing zone. Although the analysis yields localized estimates of transmissivity for a few water-producing zones, the hydraulic head estimates apply to the farfield aquifers to which these zones are connected. The hydraulic head data are combined with information from other sources to identify the large-scale structure of heterogeneous aquifers. More complicated cross-borehole flow experiments are used to characterize the pattern of connection between large-scale aquifer units inferred from the hydraulic head estimates. The interpretation of hydraulic heads in situ under steady and transient conditions is illustrated by several case studies, including an example with heterogeneous permeable beds in an unconsolidated aquifer, and four examples with heterogeneous distributions of bedding planes and/or fractures in bedrock aquifers.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02356.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., 2001, Hydraulic head applications of flow logs in the study of heterogeneous aquifers: Ground Water, v. 39, no. 5, p. 667-675, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02356.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"667","endPage":"675","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233368,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a32f0e4b0c8380cd5ebbd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70192226,"text":"70192226 - 2001 - Understanding aquatic animal virus survival and trafficking and its role in risk assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-18T10:12:44","indexId":"70192226","displayToPublicDate":"2000-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Understanding aquatic animal virus survival and trafficking and its role in risk assessment","docAbstract":"<p>The stability of infectious agents in different media and under different physical and chemical environments has been extensively studied for some viruses and virtually ignored for others. Gaps in our knowledge are due in part to difficulties in reproducing virus «life cycles» and determination if the agent is in fact inactive. Additionally, isolation of the agent under certain conditions can present significant challenges. Studies on the susceptibility of viruses to different physical or chemical parameters have often been conducted under artificial conditions and quantitative data on the rate of inactivation are lacking for many agents. Using infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) as an example, survival was assessed under different environmental conditions. Three IHNV isolates that exhibited antigenic and genetic differences were diluted either in freshwater collected from a spring, after it passed through a fish farm, or the river that received water from the fish farm. Each treatment was incubated at 15o C in a water bath and samples were removed daily. Virus concentrations were determined by plaque assay on EPC cells. Virus suspended in spring water survived longer than virus incubated in water obtained from a fish farm or the river. Virus suspended in river water exhibited a 99.99% reduction in virus concentrations in less than 24 h. Survival of IHNV was also evaluated at different temperatures. A 1982 isolate appeared to be less temperature sensitive than isolates collected in 1990. A preliminary study was also conducted to determine the genetic similarity of IHNV isolates present downstream in a river system from the state of Idaho. Isolates were analyzed using the RNase protection assay (RPA) and by nucleotide sequencing of RT-PCR products of specific isolates. Genetic typing of IHNV allows monitoring of virus traffic and may provide insight into the epizootiology and mechanisms of virus spread. These results illustrate the complexity in evaluating virus survival and trafficing and using this sort of information in risk assessment. </p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) International Conference on Risk Analysis in Aquatic Animal Health","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Office International des Epizooties (OIE) international conference on risk analysis in aquatic animal health","conferenceDate":"February 8-10, 2000","conferenceLocation":"Paris, France","language":"English","publisher":"Office International des Epizooties","usgsCitation":"LaPatra, S., Troyer, R., Shewmaker, W., Jones, G., and Kurath, G., 2001, Understanding aquatic animal virus survival and trafficking and its role in risk assessment, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) International Conference on Risk Analysis in Aquatic Animal Health, Paris, France, February 8-10, 2000, p. 251-258.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"251","endPage":"258","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":347147,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59eeffade4b0220bbd988fdb","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Rogers, C.J.","contributorId":35419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":714971,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"LaPatra, S.","contributorId":29641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaPatra","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":714899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Troyer, R.","contributorId":178658,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Troyer","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":714900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shewmaker, W.","contributorId":178523,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shewmaker","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":714901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jones, G.","contributorId":39722,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":714902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kurath, Gael 0000-0003-3294-560X gkurath@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3294-560X","contributorId":2629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurath","given":"Gael","email":"gkurath@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":714903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70023159,"text":"70023159 - 2001 - Avian communities in baylands and artificial salt evaporation ponds of the San Francisco Bay estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-26T16:40:12","indexId":"70023159","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Avian communities in baylands and artificial salt evaporation ponds of the San Francisco Bay estuary","docAbstract":"<p>San Francisco Bay wetlands, seasonal and tidal marshes between the historic low and high tide lines, are now highly fragmented because of development during the past 150 years. Artificial salt pond systems in the Bay are hypersaline and typically support simple assemblages of algae and invertebrates. In order to establish the value of salt ponds for migratory waterbirds, we used datasets to conduct a meta-analysis of avian communities in the baylands and salt ponds of San Pablo Bay. Fifty-three species of waterbirds in the salt ponds represented six foraging guilds: surface feeders, shallow probers, deep probers, dabblers, diving benthivores and piscivores. The total number of species and the Shannon-Weiner diversity index was higher in baylands than in salt ponds during all four seasons. However, overall bird density (number/ha) was higher in salt ponds compared with baylands in the winter and spring, primarily because of large concentrations of benthivores. Cessation of salt production in 1993 and subsequent reduction in water depth resulted in a decline of some diving duck populations that used the salt ponds.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1014546524957","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Takekawa, J.Y., Lu, C., and Pratt, R., 2001, Avian communities in baylands and artificial salt evaporation ponds of the San Francisco Bay estuary: Hydrobiologia, v. 466, p. 317-328, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014546524957.","startPage":"317","endPage":"328","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233917,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208279,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014546524957"}],"volume":"466","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ef63e4b0c8380cd4a204","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":396533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lu, C.T.","contributorId":72749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"C.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pratt, R.T.","contributorId":39735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70174307,"text":"70174307 - 2001 - Time series of suspended-solids concentration, salinity, temperature, and total mercury concentration in San Francisco Bay during water year 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T13:18:41","indexId":"70174307","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Time series of suspended-solids concentration, salinity, temperature, and total mercury concentration in San Francisco Bay during water year 1998","docAbstract":"<p>Many physical processes affect how constituents within San Francisco Bay vary. Processes and their associated time scales include turbulence (seconds), semidiurnal and diurnal tides (hours), the spring-neap tidal cycle (days), freshwater flow (weeks), seasonal winds (months), ecological and climatic changes (years), and geologic changes (thousands of years). Continuous time series of data on basic state variables of the bay, such as suspended-solids concentration (SSC), salinity, and water temperature, provide insight on the effect and relative importance of physical processes on the bay. SSC time series and Regional Monitoring Program (RMP) water-quality data can be used to calculate time series of some traceelement concentrations (Schoellhamer, 1997a, 1997b). The purpose of this chapter is to describe qualitatively time series of SSC, salinity, water temperature, and mercury during water year 1998 (October 1997 through September 1998).</p>\n<p>Salinity, temperature, and sediment are important components of the San Francisco Bay estuarine system. Salinity and temperature affect the hydrodynamics (Monismith et al., 1996; Schoellhamer and Burau, 1998), geochemistry (Kuwabara et al., 1989), and ecology (Cloern, 1984; Nichols et al., 1986; Jassby et al., 1995) of the bay. Suspended sediments limit light availability in the bay, which, in turn, limits primary production (Cloern, 1987; Cole and Cloern, 1987), and thus food for higher trophic levels. Sediments deposit in ports and shipping channels, which must be dredged to maintain navigation (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992). Potentially toxic substances, such as metals and pesticides, adsorb to sediment particles (Kuwabara et al., 1989; Domagalski and Kuivila, 1993; Flegal et al., 1996; Schoellhamer, 1997a, 1997b).</p>\n<p>The transport and fate of suspended sediments are important factors in determining the transport and fate of constituents adsorbed on the sediments. For example, the concentration of suspended particulate chromium in the bay appears to be controlled primarily by sediment resuspension (Abu-Saba and Flegal, 1995). Concentrations of dissolved trace elements are greater in South Bay than elsewhere in San Francisco Bay, and bottom sediments are believed to be a significant source (Flegal et al., 1991). The sediments on the bay bottom provide habitat for benthic communities that can ingest these substances and introduce them into the food web (Luoma et al., 1985; Brown and Luoma, 1995, Luoma 1996). Bottom sediments also are a reservoir of nutrients that contribute to the maintenance of estuarine productivity (Hammond et al., 1985).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"San Francisco Estuary Institute","usgsCitation":"Ruhl, C., and Schoellhamer, D., 2001, Time series of suspended-solids concentration, salinity, temperature, and total mercury concentration in San Francisco Bay during water year 1998, 16 p.","productDescription":"16 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324833,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":324832,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.sfei.org/documents/time-series-suspended-solids-concentration-salinity-temperature-and-total-mercury"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.58544921875,\n              37.385435182627226\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.58544921875,\n              38.179910014461136\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.761474609375,\n              38.179910014461136\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.761474609375,\n              37.385435182627226\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.58544921875,\n              37.385435182627226\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"577f7d35e4b0ef4d2f45fad8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruhl, Catherine A. 0000-0002-7989-8815","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7989-8815","contributorId":53414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"Catherine A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":641746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":38106,"text":"ofr98579 - 2001 - Digital geologic map of the Fawnskin 7.5' quadrangle, San Bernardino County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-16T19:21:56.858404","indexId":"ofr98579","displayToPublicDate":"1999-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-579","title":"Digital geologic map of the Fawnskin 7.5' quadrangle, San Bernardino County, California","docAbstract":"Version 1.1 of this Open-File Report contains a digital geologic map and map database of the Fawnskin 7.5' quadrangle, San Bernardino County, California, that includes:\n\n1. ARC/INFO (Environmental Systems Research Institute) version 7.2.1 double-precision coverages of the various elements of the geologic map\n2. A PostScript (.ps) file to plot the geologic map on a topographic base, containing a Correlation of Map Units diagram and a Description of Map Units\n3. Portable Document Format (.pdf) files of:\na. This Readme; includes in Appendix I, data contained in fskn_met.txt\n\nb. The same graphic as plotted in 2 above. (Test plots from this .pdf do not produce 1:24,000-scale maps. Adobe Acrobat page-size settings control map scale.)\n\nThis release includes features not found in most other digital geologic maps, in that all polygons, lines, and points in the coverage are encoded with detailed, comprehensive geologic data contained in six INFO data tables (.rel). (See Matti and others, 1998a, 1998b, and 1998c, for information on how the encoding may be accessed and utilized.) No paper map is included in the Open-File Report, but a PostScript plot file containing an image of the geologic map sheet, topographic base, Correlation of Map Units (CMU), and detailed Description of Map Units (DMU) is. The Correlation of Map Units and Description of Map Units are in the editorial format of USGS Miscellaneous Investigations Series maps (I-maps) but have not been edited to comply with I-map standards. Within the geologic map data package, map units are identified by such standard geologic-map criteria as formation name, age, and lithology. Even though this is an author-prepared report, every attempt has been made to closely adhere to the stratigraphic nomenclature of the U.S. Geological Survey. Descriptions of units can be obtained by viewing or plotting the .pdf file (3b above) or plotting the PostScript file (2 above). If roads in some areas, especially roads that parallel topographic contours, do not show well on plots of the geologic map, we recommend use of the USGS Fawnskin 7.5' topographic quadrangle in conjunction with the geologic map.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr98579","issn":"0566-8174","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with California Division of Mines and Geology and U.S. Forest Service, San Bernardino National Forest","usgsCitation":"Miller, F.K., Matti, J.C., Brown, H., Powell, R.E., Cossette, P., and Morton, G., 2001, Digital geologic map of the Fawnskin 7.5' quadrangle, San Bernardino County, California (Version 1.1): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-579, Readme: 32 p.; 1 Plate: 45.53 x 31.88 inches; Metadata; Database, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98579.","productDescription":"Readme: 32 p.; 1 Plate: 45.53 x 31.88 inches; Metadata; Database","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424441,"rank":11,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23000.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":64360,"rank":10,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0579/pdf/readme.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":284872,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0579/pdf/fskn_map.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":3446,"rank":9,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0579/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":284871,"rank":6,"type":{"id":9,"text":"Database"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0579/fskn.tar.gz","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":284873,"rank":5,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0579/fskn_map.ps.gz","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":284876,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0579/pdf/poly_attrib_code.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":165020,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0579/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":284870,"rank":7,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0579/fskn_met.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":284875,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0579/pdf/fskn_cmu.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":284874,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0579/pdf/fskn_dmu.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Lambert conformal conic projection","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Bernardino County","otherGeospatial":"Fawnskin quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.0,34.25 ], [ -117.0,34.375 ], [ -116.875,34.375 ], [ -116.875,34.25 ], [ -117.0,34.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5503e4b0b290850f612e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, F. 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,{"id":4890,"text":"ds39 - 2001 - Volcanoes of the Wrangell Mountains and Cook Inlet region, Alaska: selected photographs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-15T08:20:31","indexId":"ds39","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"39","title":"Volcanoes of the Wrangell Mountains and Cook Inlet region, Alaska: selected photographs","docAbstract":"Alaska is home to more than 40 active volcanoes, many of which have erupted violently and repeatedly in the last 200 years. This CD-ROM contains 97 digitized color 35-mm images which represent a small fraction of thousands of photographs taken by Alaska Volcano Observatory scientists, other researchers, and private citizens. The photographs were selected to portray Alaska's volcanoes, to document recent eruptive activity, and to illustrate the range of volcanic phenomena observed in Alaska. \r\nThese images are for use by the interested public, multimedia producers, desktop publishers, and the high-end printing industry. The digital images are stored in the 'images' folder and can be read across Macintosh, Windows, DOS, OS/2, SGI, and UNIX platforms with applications that can read JPG (JPEG - Joint Photographic Experts Group format) or PCD (Kodak's PhotoCD (YCC) format) files. Throughout this publication, the image numbers match among the file names, figure captions, thumbnail labels, and other references. Also included on this CD-ROM are Windows and Macintosh viewers and engines for keyword searches (Adobe Acrobat Reader with Search). At the time of this publication, Kodak's policy on the distribution of color-management files is still unresolved, and so none is included on this CD-ROM. However, using the Universal Ektachrome or Universal Kodachrome transforms found in your software will provide excellent color. In addition to PhotoCD (PCD) files, this CD-ROM contains large (14.2'x19.5') and small (4'x6') screen-resolution (72 dots per inch; dpi) images in JPEG format. These undergo downsizing and compression relative to the PhotoCD images. ","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","doi":"10.3133/ds39","issn":"1088-1018","usgsCitation":"Neal, C., McGimsey, R.G., and Diggles, M.F., 2001, Volcanoes of the Wrangell Mountains and Cook Inlet region, Alaska: selected photographs (Version 1.1): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 39, 1 CD, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds39.","productDescription":"1 CD","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":139750,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":624,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-39/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Canada, United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -146.6015625,\n              58.17070248348609\n            ],\n            [\n              -133.59375,\n              58.17070248348609\n            ],\n            [\n              -133.59375,\n              70.37785394109224\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.6015625,\n              70.37785394109224\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.6015625,\n              58.17070248348609\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd76e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neal, Christina A. 0000-0002-7697-7825","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7697-7825","contributorId":82660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"Christina A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGimsey, Robert G. 0000-0001-5379-7779 mcgimsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5379-7779","contributorId":2352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGimsey","given":"Robert","email":"mcgimsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":150051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Diggles, Michael F. 0000-0002-9946-0247 mdiggles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9946-0247","contributorId":810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diggles","given":"Michael","email":"mdiggles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5053,"text":"IPDS Training","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5066,"text":"Office of the Director USGS","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":501,"text":"Office of Science Quality and Integrity","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":150050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":54103,"text":"wdrTX005 - 2001 - Water resources data Texas, water year 2000, volume 5. Guadalupe River basin, Nueces River basin, Rio Grande basin, and intervening coastal basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-07T11:14:31","indexId":"wdrTX005","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"TX-00-5","title":"Water resources data Texas, water year 2000, volume 5. Guadalupe River basin, Nueces River basin, Rio Grande basin, and intervening coastal basins","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for the 2000 water year for Texas are presented in six volumes, and consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams and canals; stage, contents, and water-quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground-water wells. Volume 5 contains records for water discharge at 71 gaging stations; stage only at 4 gaging stations; stage and contents at 4 lakes and reservoirs; water quality at 29 gaging stations; and data for 23 partial-record stations comprised of 3 flood-hydrograph, 10 low-flow, 6 crest-stage, and 4 miscellaneous stations. Also included are lists of discontinued surface-water discharge or stage-only stations and discontinued surface-water-quality stations. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not part of the systematic data-collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating Federal, State, and local agencies in Texas. Records for a few pertinent stations in the bordering States also are included.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrTX005","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Texas and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Gandara, S., Gibbons, W., and Barbie, D., 2001, Water resources data Texas, water year 2000, volume 5. 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]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd307","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gandara, S. C.","contributorId":81116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gandara","given":"S. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gibbons, W.J.","contributorId":29847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibbons","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barbie, D.L.","contributorId":61459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barbie","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":54102,"text":"wdrTX004 - 2001 - Water resources data Texas, water year 2000, volume 4. Colorado River basin, Lavaca River basin, and intervening coastal basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-07T11:15:01","indexId":"wdrTX004","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"TX-00-4","title":"Water resources data Texas, water year 2000, volume 4. Colorado River basin, Lavaca River basin, and intervening coastal basins","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for the 2000 water year for Texas are presented in six volumes, and consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams and canals; stage, contents, and water-quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground-water wells. Volume 4 contains records for water discharge at 58 gaging stations; stage only at 2 gaging stations; stage and contents at 14 lakes and reservoirs; water quality at 30 gaging stations; and data for 13 partial-record stations comprised of 5 flood-hydrograph, 5 low-flow, 1 crest-stage, and 2 miscellaneous stations. Also included are lists of discontinued surface-water discharge or stage-only stations and discontinued surface-water-quality stations. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not part of the systematic data-collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating Federal, State, and local agencies in Texas. Records for a few pertinent stations in the bordering States also are included.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrTX004","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Texas and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Gandara, S., Gibbons, W., and Barbie, D., 2001, Water resources data Texas, water year 2000, volume 4. Colorado River basin, Lavaca River basin, and intervening coastal basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report TX-00-4, HTML Document; Report: xxx, 311 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrTX004.","productDescription":"HTML Document; Report: xxx, 311 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177970,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5541,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wdrtx004/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":334539,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/WDR-TX-00-4/pdf/VOL4-2000.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -103.0517578125,\n              33.779147331286474\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.3486328125,\n              33.394759218577995\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.0302734375,\n              32.91648534731439\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.21728515624999,\n              32.11980111179328\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.20654296875,\n              31.259769987394286\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.50341796875,\n              30.845647420182598\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.2509765625,\n              30.221101852485987\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.70166015624999,\n              29.6880527498568\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.21826171874999,\n              29.132970130878636\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.1083984375,\n              28.729130483430154\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.56982421875,\n              28.20760859532738\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.78955078125,\n              28.033197847676377\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.2509765625,\n              27.877928333679495\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.822265625,\n              27.916766641249065\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.26171875,\n              28.033197847676377\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.72314453125,\n              28.478348692223165\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.42626953125,\n              28.844673680771795\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.0634765625,\n              29.516110386062277\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.5029296875,\n              30.12612436422458\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.62353515625,\n              30.90222470517144\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.10693359375,\n              31.12819929911196\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.67822265625,\n              31.55981453201843\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.11767578124999,\n              32.45415593941475\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.0517578125,\n              33.779147331286474\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd33a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gandara, S. 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,{"id":54112,"text":"wdrTX003 - 2001 - Water resources data Texas, water year 2000, volume 3. San Jacinto River basin, Brazos River basin, San Bernard River basin, and intervening coastal basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-07T17:03:33","indexId":"wdrTX003","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T08:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"TX-00-3","title":"Water resources data Texas, water year 2000, volume 3. San Jacinto River basin, Brazos River basin, San Bernard River basin, and intervening coastal basins","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for the 2000 water year for Texas are presented in six volumes, and consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams and canals; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground-water wells. Volume 3 contains records for water discharge at 84 gaging stations; stage only at 9 gaging stations; stage and contents at 32 lakes and reservoirs; water quality at 25 gaging stations; and data for 43 partial-record stations comprised of 18 flood-hydrograph, 8 low-flow, 14 crest-stage, and 3 miscellaneous stations. Also included are lists of discontinued surface-water discharge or stage-only stations and discontinued surface-water-quality stations. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not part of the systematic data-collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating Federal, State, and local agencies in Texas. Records for a few pertinent stations in the bordering States also are included.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrTX003","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Texas and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Gandara, S., Gibbons, W., and Barbie, D., 2001, Water resources data Texas, water year 2000, volume 3. San Jacinto River basin, Brazos River basin, San Bernard River basin, and intervening coastal basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report TX-00-3, HTML Document; Report: xxx, 522 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrTX003.","productDescription":"HTML Document; Report: xxx, 522 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178191,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":334546,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/WDR-TX-00-3/pdf/VOL3-2000.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.21 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":5551,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wdrtx003/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -103.0517578125,\n              35.003003395276714\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.0517578125,\n              34.06176136129718\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.667236328125,\n              33.797408767572485\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.84326171875,\n              33.4955977448657\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.1181640625,\n              33.073130945006625\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.118408203125,\n              32.602361666817515\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.96484375,\n              31.840232667909365\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.767333984375,\n              30.968189296794247\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.14111328125,\n              30.44867367928756\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.52587890625,\n              29.707139348134145\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.21826171874999,\n              29.219302076779456\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.95458984375,\n              28.545925723233477\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.526123046875,\n              28.70986084394286\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.00976562499999,\n              28.8831596093235\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.757080078125,\n              29.248063243796576\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.85595703125,\n              29.649868677972304\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.03173828125,\n              29.983486718474694\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.614013671875,\n              30.80791068136646\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.35009765625,\n              31.5504526754715\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.086181640625,\n              32.045332838858506\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.06396484375,\n              32.861132322810946\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.2724609375,\n              33.65120829920497\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.72265625,\n              34.243594729697406\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.458740234375,\n              34.615126683462194\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.0517578125,\n              35.003003395276714\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd336","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gandara, S. C.","contributorId":81116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gandara","given":"S. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gibbons, W.J.","contributorId":29847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibbons","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barbie, D.L.","contributorId":61459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barbie","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":50391,"text":"ofr01113 - 2001 - hypoDD-A Program to Compute Double-Difference Hypocenter Locations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-06T13:43:25","indexId":"ofr01113","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-113","title":"hypoDD-A Program to Compute Double-Difference Hypocenter Locations","docAbstract":"<p>HypoDD is a Fortran computer program package for relocating earthquakes with the double-difference algorithm of Waldhauser and Ellsworth (2000). This document provides a brief introduction into how to run and use the programs ph2dt and hypoDD to compute double-difference (DD) hypocenter locations. It gives a short overview of the DD technique, discusses the data preprocessing using ph2dt, and leads through the earthquake relocation process using hypoDD. The appendices include the reference manuals for the two programs and a short description of auxiliary programs and example data. Some minor subroutines are presently in the c language, and future releases will be in c.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Earthquake location algorithms are usually based on some form of Geiger’s method, the linearization of the travel time equation in a first order Taylor series that relates the difference between the observed and predicted travel time to unknown adjustments in the hypocentral coordinates through the partial derivatives of travel time with respect to the unknowns. Earthquakes can be located individually with this algorithm, or jointly when other unknowns link together the solutions to indivdual earthquakes, such as station corrections in the joint hypocenter determination (JHD) method, or the earth model in seismic tomography.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The DD technique (described in detail in Waldhauser and Ellsworth, 2000) takes advantage of the fact that if the hypocentral separation between two earthquakes is small compared to the event-station distance and the scale length of velocity heterogeneity, then the ray paths between the source region and a common station are similar along almost the entire ray path (Fréchet, 1985; Got et al., 1994). In this case, the difference in travel times for two events observed at one station can be attributed to the spatial offset between the events with high accuracy.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>DD equations are built by differencing Geiger’s equation for earthquake location. In this way, the residual between observed and calculated travel-time difference (or double-difference) between two events at a common station are a related to adjustments in the relative position of the hypocenters and origin times through the partial derivatives of the travel times for each event with respect to the unknown. HypoDD calculates travel times in a layered velocity model (where velocity depends only on depth) for the current hypocenters at the station where the phase was recorded. The double-difference residuals for pairs of earthquakes at each station are minimized by weighted least squares using the method of singular value decomposition (SVD) or the conjugate gradients method (LSQR, Paige and Saunders, 1982). Solutions are found by iteratively adjusting the vector difference between nearby hypocentral pairs, with the locations and partial derivatives being updated after each iteration. Details about the algorithm can be found in Waldhauser and Ellsworth (2000).</p>\n<br/>\n<p>When the earthquake location problem is linearized using the double-difference equations, the common mode errors cancel, principally those related to the receiver-side structure. Thus we avoid the need for station corrections or high-accuracy of predicted travel times for the portion of the raypath that lies outside the focal volume. This approach is especially useful in regions with a dense distribution of seismicity, i.e. where distances between neighboring events are only a few hundred meters. The improvement of double-difference locations over ordinary JHD locations is shown in Figure 1 for about 10,000 earthquakes that occurred during the 1997 seismic crisis in the Long Valley caldera, California. While the JHD locations (left panel) show a diffuse picture of the seismicity, double-difference locations (right panel) bring structural details such as the location of active fault planes into sharp focus.</p>","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/ofr01113","usgsCitation":"Waldhauser, F., 2001, hypoDD-A Program to Compute Double-Difference Hypocenter Locations (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-113, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01113.","productDescription":"25 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":175481,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4190,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0113/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":282065,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0113/pdf/hypoDD.pdf"},{"id":282066,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0113/HYPODD_1.0.tar.gz"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc319","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waldhauser, Felix","contributorId":59106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldhauser","given":"Felix","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":45049,"text":"wri014082 - 2001 - Hydrogeology and ground-water quality of the county road a disposal site on the Bad River Indian Reservation, Ashland County, Wisconsin: 1997-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-27T12:21:06","indexId":"wri014082","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4082","title":"Hydrogeology and ground-water quality of the county road a disposal site on the Bad River Indian Reservation, Ashland County, Wisconsin: 1997-98","docAbstract":"<p>The County Road A disposal site, located on the Bad River Indian Reservation, Ashland County, Wisconsin, contains papermill sludge generated by a former mill in the City of Ashland. Since the time of disposal (1968-1970) the site has been the subject of investigations by the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and private consultants. During 1997- 1998, an investigation was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Natural Resources Department of the Bad River Indian Tribe, to evaluate the hydrogeology and groundwater quality of the disposal site, particularly with respect to the hydraulic connection between two ponds at the site and the shallow ground-waterflow system. Additional monitoring wells and well points were installed, and additional hydrogeologic, ground-water quality, and geophysical data were collected. The data from this and previous studies were integrated and interpreted.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri014082","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 5 and The Bad River Band of Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians","usgsCitation":"Dunning, C.P., and Yeskis, D.J., 2001, Hydrogeology and ground-water quality of the county road a disposal site on the Bad River Indian Reservation, Ashland County, Wisconsin: 1997-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4082, v, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014082.","productDescription":"v, 61 p.","numberOfPages":"66","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science 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,{"id":54111,"text":"wdrTX002 - 2001 - Water resources data Texas, water year 2000, volume 2. Trinity River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-07T11:15:35","indexId":"wdrTX002","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T06:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"TX-00-2","title":"Water resources data Texas, water year 2000, volume 2. Trinity River basin","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for the 2000 water year for Texas are presented in six volumes, and consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams and canals; stage, contents, and water-quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground-water wells. Volume 2 contains records for water discharge at 49 gaging stations; stage only at 3 gaging stations; stage and contents at 24 lakes and reservoirs; water quality at 34 gaging stations; and data for 3 partial-record stations comprised of 2 flood-hydrograph and 1 crest-stage stations. Also included are lists of discontinued surface-water discharge or stage-only stations and discontinued surface-water-quality stations. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not part of the systematic data-collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating Federal, State, and local agencies in Texas. 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