{"pageNumber":"1134","pageRowStart":"28325","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40871,"records":[{"id":70156336,"text":"70156336 - 2002 - A portal for the ocean biogeographic information system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-19T16:06:49","indexId":"70156336","displayToPublicDate":"2002-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2930,"text":"Oceanologica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A portal for the ocean biogeographic information system","docAbstract":"

Since its inception in 1999 the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) has developed into an international science program as well as a globally distributed network of biogeographic databases. An OBIS portal at Rutgers University provides the links and functional interoperability among member database systems. Protocols and standards have been established to support effective communication between the portal and these functional units. The portal provides distributed data searching, a taxonomy name service, a GIS with access to relevant environmental data, biological modeling, and education modules for mariners, students, environmental managers, and scientists. The portal will integrate Census of Marine Life field projects, national data archives, and other functional modules, and provides for network-wide analyses and modeling tools.

","language":"English","publisher":"ScienceDirect","doi":"10.1016/S0399-1784(02)01204-5","usgsCitation":"Zhang, Y., and Grassle, J.F., 2002, A portal for the ocean biogeographic information system: Oceanologica Acta, v. 25, no. 5, p. 193-197, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0399-1784(02)01204-5.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"193","endPage":"197","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":306974,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d5a8abe4b0518e3546a4a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhang, Yun","contributorId":146700,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"Yun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grassle, J. F.","contributorId":8621,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grassle","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":568750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156326,"text":"70156326 - 2002 - A census of marine life: Unknowable or just unknown?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-13T07:05:55","indexId":"70156326","displayToPublicDate":"2002-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2930,"text":"Oceanologica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A census of marine life: Unknowable or just unknown?","docAbstract":"

As an introduction to the entire volume, this article outlines the relationships among the five elements of the Census of Marine Life (CoML) that create new knowledge: (1) The Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS), a marine component of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, links marine databases around the world to provide an Internet accessible, dynamic interface for comparing species-level, geo-referenced biodiversity data in relation to ocean habitats. The entire CoML field project data will be managed in and accessible through OBIS. (2) The History of Marine Animal Populations (HMAP) is a unique new synthesis of historical and biological research that will document marine biodiversity, globally, up to 500 years ago, before significant human impact, and store it in formats compatible with modern data in OBIS. (3) The Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research Working Group 118 monitors and recommends advanced marine technologies, ready to be routinely used in CoML field projects. (4) CoML Initial Field Projects develop and calibrate these technologies in selected regions to facilitate and accelerate global biodiversity research. As calibrated technologies and protocols are adopted in many regions, qualitative and quantitative biodiversity discoveries accumulate. (5) The Future of Marine Animal Populations (FMAP) program will insure that the data in OBIS are suitable for modeling and predicting changes in global biodiversity in response to fishing, pollution, and climate change challenges. It will make datasets available for hindcasting and forecasting analyses linked to physical ocean observations and assist in documenting the impacts of conservation efforts on sustainability.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0399-1784(02)01208-2","usgsCitation":"Decker, C.J., and O’Dor, R., 2002, A census of marine life: Unknowable or just unknown?: Oceanologica Acta, v. 25, no. 5, p. 179-186, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0399-1784(02)01208-2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"179","endPage":"186","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478607,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0399-1784(02)01208-2","text":"External Repository"},{"id":306966,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d5a8a9e4b0518e3546a496","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Decker, Cynthia J.","contributorId":146678,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Decker","given":"Cynthia","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Dor, Ron","contributorId":146658,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Dor","given":"Ron","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1008333,"text":"1008333 - 2002 - Native American impacts on fire regimes of the California coastal ranges","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-10T14:13:16.742084","indexId":"1008333","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2193,"text":"Journal of Biogeography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Native American impacts on fire regimes of the California coastal ranges","docAbstract":"

Aim

Native American burning impacts on California shrubland dominated landscapes are evaluated relative to the natural lightning fire potential for affecting landscape patterns.

Location

Focus was on the coastal ranges of central and southern California.

Methods

Potential patterns of Indian burning were evaluated based upon historical documents, ethnographic accounts, archaeological records and consideration of contemporary land management tactics. Patterns of vegetation distribution in this region were evaluated relative to environmental factors and the resilience of the dominant shrub vegetation to different fire frequencies.

Results

Lightning fire frequency in this region is one of the lowest in North America and the density of pre-Columbian populations was one of the highest. Shrublands dominate the landscape throughout most of the region. These woody communities have weak resilience to high fire frequency and are readily displaced by annual grasses and forbs under high fire frequency. Intact shrublands provided limited resources for native Americans and thus there was ample motivation for using fire to degrade this vegetation to an open mosaic of shrubland/grassland, not unlike the agropastoral modification of ecologically related shrublands by Holocene peoples in the Mediterranean Basin. Alien-dominated grasslands currently cover approximately one-quarter of the landscape and less than 1% of these grasslands have a significant native grass presence. Ecological studies in the Californian coastal ranges have failed to uncover any clear soil or climate factors explaining grassland and shrubland distribution patterns.

Main conclusions

Coastal ranges of California were regions of high Indian density and low frequency of lightning fires. The natural vegetation dominants on this landscape are shrubland vegetation that often form dense impenetrable stands with limited resources for Native Americans. Natural fire frequencies are not high enough to maintain these landscapes in habitable mixtures of shrublands and grasslands but such landscape mosaics are readily produced with additional human subsidy of ignitions. It is hypothesized that a substantial fraction of the landscape was type converted from shrubland to grassland and much of the landscape that underwent such type conversion has either been maintained by Euro-American land management practices or resisted recolonization of native shrublands. It appears that these patterns are disturbance dependent and result from anthropogenic alteration of landscapes initiated by Native Americans and sustained and expanded upon by Euro-American settlers.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00676.x","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J.E., 2002, Native American impacts on fire regimes of the California coastal ranges: Journal of Biogeography, v. 29, no. 3, p. 303-320, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00676.x.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"303","endPage":"320","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132563,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db606091","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70170165,"text":"70170165 - 2002 - Development of a stream habitat index for the Northern Lakes and Forest Ecoregions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T11:08:32","indexId":"70170165","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T17:30:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of a stream habitat index for the Northern Lakes and Forest Ecoregions","docAbstract":"

Physical habitat was quantified in 105 randomly selected streams across the Northern Lakes and Forests Ecoregion during 1998 and 1999 to develop a stream habitat index for the region. Physical habitat measures (106) were classified into four groups: substrate, instream cover, riparian zone–land use, and geomorphology–hydrology. Variable reduction procedures yielded seven variables: sinuosity, percent of substrate gravel or larger, percent substrate as detritus or muck, percent of bank with forested cover, amount of bank erosion, number of large logs per 100 m, and mean length of pools. Streams were separated by a gradient value of 3 m/km (low N = 70; high N = 35) and assigned to model and test data sets. For low-gradient streams in the model data set, the seven habitat variables explained 47% of the variation in index of biotic integrity (IBI) scores. To produce the habitat index, the coefficients in the regression were used to weight each of the seven variables. For low-gradient streams in the test data set, the habitat index explained 20% of the variation in IBI scores. A habitat index could not be developed for high-gradient sites, probably due to the low number of sites. Comparison of habitat to IBI scores provides resource managers with a method to evaluate the contribution of habitat quality to the IBI score.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0452:DOASHI>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Goldstein, R.M., Wang, L., Simon, T.P., and Stewart, P.M., 2002, Development of a stream habitat index for the Northern Lakes and Forest Ecoregions: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 22, no. 2, p. 452-464, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0452:DOASHI>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"452","endPage":"464","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319939,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Northern Lakes and Forests Ecoregion","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n 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-84.72656249999999,\n 45.75219336063106\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"572485dfe4b0b13d391593dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goldstein, Robert M.","contributorId":68267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wang, Lizhu","contributorId":44888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Lizhu","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simon, Thomas P.","contributorId":77081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stewart, Paul M.","contributorId":63336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70161982,"text":"70161982 - 2002 - Carbon isotope composition of ambient CO2 and recycling: a matrix simulation model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-11T12:51:32","indexId":"70161982","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbon isotope composition of ambient CO2 and recycling: a matrix simulation model","docAbstract":"

The relationship between isotopic composition and concentration of ambient CO2 in a canopy and its associated convective boundary layer was modeled. The model divides the canopy and convective boundary layer into several layers. Photosynthesis, respiration, and exchange between each layer can be simulated by matrix equations. This simulation can be used to calculate recycling; defined here as the amount of respired CO2 re-fixed by photosynthesis relative to the total amount of respired CO2. At steady state the matrix equations can be solved for the canopy and convective boundary layer CO2 concentration and isotopic profile, which can be used to calculate a theoretical recycling index according to a previously developed equation. There is complete agreement between simulated and theoretical recycling indices for different exchange scenarios. Recycling indices from a simulation of gas exchange between a heterogeneous vegetation canopy and the troposphere also agreed with a more generalized form of the theoretical recycling equation developed here.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0304-3800(02)00055-8","usgsCitation":"da Silveira Lobo Sternberg, L., and DeAngelis, D., 2002, Carbon isotope composition of ambient CO2 and recycling: a matrix simulation model: Ecological Modelling, v. 154, no. 1-2, p. 179-192, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(02)00055-8.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"179","endPage":"192","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314142,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"154","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5694e03fe4b039675d005dfb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"da Silveira Lobo Sternberg, Leonel","contributorId":47932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"da Silveira Lobo Sternberg","given":"Leonel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeAngelis, Donald L. 0000-0002-1570-4057 don_deangelis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":147289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"Donald L.","email":"don_deangelis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":588253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":39885,"text":"ofr02314 - 2002 - Reconnaissance of alluvial fans as potential sources of gravel aggregate, Santa Cruz River valley, Southeast Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-31T11:22:49","indexId":"ofr02314","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-314","title":"Reconnaissance of alluvial fans as potential sources of gravel aggregate, Santa Cruz River valley, Southeast Arizona","docAbstract":"

This investigation was conducted to provide information on the aggregate potential of alluvial fan sediments in the Santa Cruz River valley. Pebble lithology, roundness, and particle size were determined in the field, and structures and textures of alluvial fan sediments were photographed and described. Additional measurements of particle size on digital photographs were made on a computer screen. Digital elevation models were acquired and compiled for viewing the areal extent of selected fans.

Alluvial fan gravel in the Santa Cruz River valley reflects the lithology of its source. Gravel derived from granitic and gneissic terrane of the Tortolita, Santa Catalina, and Rincon Mountains weathers to grus and is generally inferior for use as aggregate. Gravel derived from the Tucson, Sierrita, and Tumacacori Mountains is composed mostly of angular particles of volcanic rock, much of it felsic in composition. This angular volcanic gravel should be suitable for use in asphalt but may require treatment for alkali-silica reaction prior to use in concrete. Gravel derived from the Santa Rita Mountains is of mixed plutonic (mostly granitic rocks), volcanic (mostly felsic rocks), and sedimentary (sandstone and carbonate rock) composition. The sedimentary component tends to make gravel derived from the Santa Rita Mountains slightly more rounded than other fan gravel.

The coarsest (pebble, cobble, and boulder) gravel is found near the heads (proximal part) of alluvial fans. At the foot (distal part) of alluvial fans, most gravel is pebble-sized and interbedded with sand and silt. Some of the coarsest gravel was observed near the head of the Madera Canyon, Montosa Canyon, and Esperanza Wash fans. The large Cienega Creek fan, located immediately south and southeast of Tucson, consists entirely of distal-fan pebble gravel, sand, and silt.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr02314","usgsCitation":"Lindsey, D.A., and Melick, R., 2002, Reconnaissance of alluvial fans as potential sources of gravel aggregate, Santa Cruz River valley, Southeast Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-314, iv, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02314.","productDescription":"iv, 44 p.","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":170205,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341916,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-0314/ofr-02-0314.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":3596,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-0314/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","city":"Tucson","otherGeospatial":"Santa Cruz River valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.3,\n 32.6\n ],\n [\n -110.7,\n 32.6\n ],\n [\n -110.7,\n 31.7\n ],\n [\n -111.3,\n 31.7\n ],\n [\n -111.3,\n 32.6\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db625108","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindsey, David A. 0000-0002-9466-0899 dlindsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9466-0899","contributorId":773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"David","email":"dlindsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Melick, Roger","contributorId":100033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melick","given":"Roger","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":39883,"text":"ofr02283 - 2002 - Color-coded contour map of Mars M 25M RKN","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-11T08:36:55","indexId":"ofr02283","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-283","title":"Color-coded contour map of Mars M 25M RKN","docAbstract":"NOTES ON BASE\n\nThis map is based on data from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) (Smith and others, 2001), an instrument on NASA's Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft (Albee and others, 2001). The image used for the base of this map represents more than 600 million measurements gathered between 1999 and 2001, adjusted for consistency (Neumann and others, 2001, 2002) and converted to planetary radii. These have been converted to elevations above the areoid as determined from a martian gravity field solution GMM2 (Lemoine and others, 2001), truncated to degree and order 50, and oriented according to current standards (see below). The average accuracy of each point is originally ~100 meters in horizontal position, and ~1 meter in radius (Neumann, 2001). However, the total elevation uncertainty is at least +3 m due to the global error in the areoid (+1.8 meters according to Lemoine and others, 2001) and regional uncertainties in its shape (communication from Neumann, 2002). The measurements were converted into a digital elevation model (DEM) (communication from Neumann, 2002; Neumann and others, 2001; Smith and others, 2001) using Generic Mapping Tools software (Wessel and Smith, 1998), with a resolution of 0.015625 degrees per pixel or 64 pixels per degree. In projection, the pixels are 926.17 meters in size at the equator.\n\nPROJECTION\n\nThe Mercator projection is used between latitudes +57°, with a central meridian at 0° and latitude equal to the nominal scale at 0°. The Polar Stereographic projection is used for the polar regions north of the +55° parallel and south of the –55° parallel with a central meridian set for both at 0°. The adopted equatorial radius is 3,396.19 km (Duxbury and others 2002; Seidelmann and others 2002).\n\nCOORDINATE SYSTEM\n\nThe MOLA data were initially referenced to an internally consistent inertial coordinate system, derived from tracking of the MGS spacecraft. By adopting appropriate values for the orientation of Mars as defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) and the International Association of Geodesy (IAG) (Seidelmann and others, 2002), these inertial coordinates were converted into the planet-fixed coordinates (longitude and latitude) used on this map. These values include the orientation of the north pole of Mars (including the effects of precession), the rotation rate of Mars, and a value for W0 of 176.630°, where W0 is the angle along the equator to the east, between the 0° meridian and the equator's intersection with the celestial equator at the standard epoch J2000.0 (Seidelmann and others, 2002). This value of W0 was chosen (Duxbury and others, 2002) in order to place the 0° meridian through the center of the small (~500 m) crater Airy-0, located in the crater Airy (de Vaucouleurs and others, 1973; Seidelmann and others, 2002). Longitude increases to the east, and latitude is planetocentric as allowed by IAU/IAG standards (Seidelmann and others, 2002) and in accordance with current NASA and USGS standards (Duxbury and others, 2002). A secondary grid (printed in red) has been added to the map as a reference to the west longitude/planetographic latitude system that is also allowed by IAU/IAG standards (Seidelmann and others, 2002) and has also been used for Mars. The figure adopted to compute this secondary grid is an oblate spheroid with an equatorial radius of 3,396.19 km and a polar radius of 3,376.2 km (Duxbury and others, 2002; Seidelmann and others, 2002).\n\nMAPPING TECHNIQUES\n\nTo create the topographic base image, the original DEM produced by the MOLA team in Simple Cylindrical projection with a resolution of 64 pixels per degree was projected into the Mercator and Polar Stereographic pieces. A shaded relief was generated from each DEM with a sun angle of 30° from horizontal and a sun azimuth of 270°, as measured clockwise from north, and a vertical exaggeration of 100%. Illumination is from the west, which follows a long-standing USGS tradition for planetary maps. This allows for continuity in the shading between maps and quadrangles, and most closely resembles lighting conditions found on imagery. The DEM values were then mapped to a smooth global color look-up table. Note that the chosen color scheme simply represents elevation changes and is not intended to imply anything about surface characteristics (e.g., past or current presence of water or ice). These two files were then merged and scaled to 1:25 million for the Mercator portion and 1:15,196,708 for the two Polar Stereographic portions, with a resolution of 300 dots per inch. The projections have a common scale of 1:13,923,113 at +56° latitude. Contours were created from the DEM at a 1-kilometer interval. Contours for features with a diameter of 3 km or less (features too small for this map scale) were removed. The contours were then simplified by removing points along the contours spaced less than 1 km apart.\n\nNOMENCLATURE\n\nNames on this sheet are approved by the IAU and have been applied for features clearly visible at the scale of this map. For a complete list of the IAU-approved nomenclature for Mars, see the Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature at http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/. Font color was chosen for readability. Names followed by an asterisk are provisionally approved.\n\nM 25M RKN: Abbreviation for Mars, 1:25,000,000 series, shaded relief (R), with color (K) and nomenclature (N) (Greeley and Batson, 1990).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr02283","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002, Color-coded contour map of Mars M 25M RKN: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-283, Map: 36.00 inches x 33.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02283.","productDescription":"Map: 36.00 inches x 33.00 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":170203,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr02283.jpg"},{"id":3594,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0283/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":283775,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0283/pdf/of02-283.pdf"}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Mercator","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae84e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39888,"text":"ofr02323 - 2002 - Emergency assessment of potential debris-flow peak discharges, Missionary Ridge fire, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-07T16:22:02","indexId":"ofr02323","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-323","title":"Emergency assessment of potential debris-flow peak discharges, Missionary Ridge fire, Colorado","docAbstract":"These maps present the results of assessments of peak discharges that can potentially be generated by debris flows issuing from the basins burned by the Missionary Ridge fire of June 9 through July 14, 2002, near Durango, Colorado. The maps are based on a regression model for debris-flow peak discharge normalized by average storm intensity as a function of basin gradient and burned extent, and limited field checking. A range of potential peak discharges that could be produced from each of the burned basins between 1 ft3/s (0.03 m3/s) and 6,446 ft3/s (183 m3/s) is calculated for the 5-year, 1-hour storm of 0.80 inches (20 mm). Potential peak discharges between 1 ft3/s (0.03 m3/s) and >8,000 ft3/s (227 m3/s) are calculated for the 25-year, 1-hour storm of 1.3 inches (33 mm) and for the 100-year, 1-hour storm of 1.8 inches (46 mm). These maps are intended for use by emergency personnel to aid in the preliminary design of mitigation measures, and for the planning of evacuation timing and routes.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02323","usgsCitation":"Cannon, S.H., Rea, A.H., Gleason, J.A., and Garcia, S.P., 2002, Emergency assessment of potential debris-flow peak discharges, Missionary Ridge fire, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-323, 1 over-size sheet., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02323.","productDescription":"1 over-size sheet.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169465,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3599,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/ofr-03-332/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db6058aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cannon, Susan H. cannon@usgs.gov","contributorId":1019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"Susan","email":"cannon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rea, Alan H. ahrea@usgs.gov","contributorId":1813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"Alan","email":"ahrea@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gleason, J. Andrew","contributorId":47011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gleason","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Andrew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Garcia, Stephen P.","contributorId":26349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":39884,"text":"ofr02310 - 2002 - Statistical tables and charts showing geochemical variation in the Mesoproterozoic Big Creek, Apple Creek, and Gunsight formations, Lemhi group, Salmon River Mountains and Lemhi Range, central Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-07T16:05:16","indexId":"ofr02310","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-310","title":"Statistical tables and charts showing geochemical variation in the Mesoproterozoic Big Creek, Apple Creek, and Gunsight formations, Lemhi group, Salmon River Mountains and Lemhi Range, central Idaho","docAbstract":"The principal purpose of this report is to provide a reference archive for results of a statistical analysis of geochemical data for metasedimentary rocks of Mesoproterozoic age of the Salmon River Mountains and Lemhi Range, central Idaho. Descriptions of geochemical data sets, statistical methods, rationale for interpretations, and references to the literature are provided. Three methods of analysis are used: R-mode factor analysis of major oxide and trace element data for identifying petrochemical processes, analysis of variance for effects of rock type and stratigraphic position on chemical composition, and major-oxide ratio plots for comparison with the chemical composition of common clastic sedimentary rocks.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02310","usgsCitation":"Lindsey, D.A., Tysdal, R.G., and Taggart, J.E., 2002, Statistical tables and charts showing geochemical variation in the Mesoproterozoic Big Creek, Apple Creek, and Gunsight formations, Lemhi group, Salmon River Mountains and Lemhi Range, central Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-310, 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02310.","productDescription":"68 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170204,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3595,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-0310/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4893e4b07f02db520e42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindsey, David A. 0000-0002-9466-0899 dlindsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9466-0899","contributorId":773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"David","email":"dlindsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tysdal, Russell G.","contributorId":1700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tysdal","given":"Russell","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":222507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taggart, Joseph E. Jr.","contributorId":66317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taggart","given":"Joseph","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":32804,"text":"pp1663 - 2002 - Subsurface and petroleum geology of the southwestern Santa Clara Valley (\"Silicon Valley\"), California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-27T15:59:41.712326","indexId":"pp1663","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1663","title":"Subsurface and petroleum geology of the southwestern Santa Clara Valley (\"Silicon Valley\"), California","docAbstract":"

Gravity anomalies, historical records of exploratory oil wells and oil seeps, new organic-geochemical results, and new stratigraphic and structural data indicate the presence of a concealed, oil-bearing sedimentary basin beneath a highly urbanized part of the Santa Clara Valley, Calif. A conspicuous isostatic-gravity low that extends about 35 km from Palo Alto southeastward to near Los Gatos reflects an asymmetric, northwest-trending sedimentary basin comprising low-density strata, principally of Miocene age, that rest on higher-density rocks of Mesozoic and Paleogene(?) age. Both gravity and well data show that the low-density rocks thin gradually to the northeast over a distance of about 10 km. The thickest (approx 4 km thick) accumulation of low-density material occurs along the basin's steep southwestern margin, which may be controlled by buried, northeast-dipping normal faults that were active during the Miocene. Movement along these hypothetical normal faults may been contemporaneous (approx 17–14 Ma) with sedimentation and local dacitic and basaltic volcanism, possibly in response to crustal extension related to passage of the northwestward-migrating Mendocino triple junction. During the Pliocene and Quaternary, the normal faults and Miocene strata were overridden by Mesozoic rocks, including the Franciscan Complex, along northeastward-vergent reverse and thrust faults of the Berrocal, Shannon, and Monte Vista Fault zones. Movement along these fault zones was accompanied by folding and tilting of strata as young as Quaternary and by uplift of the modern Santa Cruz Mountains; the fault zones remain seismically active. We attribute the Pliocene and Quaternary reverse and thrust faulting, folding, and uplift to compression caused by local San Andreas Fault tectonics and regional transpression along the Pacific-North American Plate boundary.

\n
\n

Near the southwestern margin of the Santa Clara Valley, as many as 20 exploratory oil wells were drilled between 1891 and 1929 to total depths as great as 840 m. At least one pump unit is still standing. Although no lithologic or paleontologic samples are available from the wells, driller's logs indicate the presence of thick intervals of brown shale and sandstone resembling nearby outcrops of the Miocene Monterey Formation. Small amounts of oil and gas were observed in several wells, but commercial production was never established. Oil from the Peck well in Los Gatos is highly biodegraded, contains biomarkers commonly found in oils derived from the Monterey Formation, and has a stable-C-isotopic (d13C) composition of –23.32 permil, indicating derivation from a Miocene Monterey Formation source rock. Preliminary calculations suggest that about 1 billion barrels of oil may have been generated from source rocks within the Monterey Formation in the deepest part of the subsurface sedimentary basin between Los Gatos and Cupertino. Most of this oil was probably lost to biodegradation, oxidation, and leakage to the surface, but some oil may have accumulated in as-yet-undiscovered structural and stratigraphic traps along the complex structural boundary between the Santa Clara Valley and the Santa Cruz Mountains. Although some of these undiscovered accumulations of oil may be of commercial size, future petroleum exploration is unlikely because most of the area is currently devoted to residential, recreational, commercial, and industrial uses.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1663","usgsCitation":"Stanley, R.G., Jachens, R.C., Lillis, P.G., McLaughlin, R.J., Kvenvolden, K.A., Hostettler, F.D., McDougall, K.A., and Magoon, L.B., 2002, Subsurface and petroleum geology of the southwestern Santa Clara Valley (\"Silicon Valley\"), California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1663, iv, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1663.","productDescription":"iv, 55 p.","numberOfPages":"59","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":60785,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1663/pdf/pp1663.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123121,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1663/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":3368,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1663/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Santa Clara Valley, Silicon Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.0,37.0 ], [ -123.0,38.5 ], [ -121.5,38.5 ], [ -121.5,37.0 ], [ -123.0,37.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699b24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanley, Richard G. 0000-0001-6192-8783 rstanley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6192-8783","contributorId":1832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"Richard","email":"rstanley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jachens, Robert C. jachens@usgs.gov","contributorId":1180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jachens","given":"Robert","email":"jachens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lillis, Paul G. 0000-0002-7508-1699 plillis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7508-1699","contributorId":1817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lillis","given":"Paul","email":"plillis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McLaughlin, Robert J. 0000-0002-4390-2288 rjmcl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4390-2288","contributorId":1428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"Robert","email":"rjmcl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hostettler, Frances D. fdhostet@usgs.gov","contributorId":3383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"Frances","email":"fdhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":209218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"McDougall, Kristin A.","contributorId":69146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDougall","given":"Kristin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Magoon, Leslie B. lmagoon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magoon","given":"Leslie","email":"lmagoon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":209217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":39882,"text":"ofr02282 - 2002 - Topographic map of Mars M 25M RKN","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-10T16:02:23","indexId":"ofr02282","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-282","title":"Topographic map of Mars M 25M RKN","docAbstract":"NOTES ON BASE\n\nThis map is based on data from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) (Smith and others, 2001), an instrument on NASA's Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft (Albee and others, 2001). The image used for the base of this map represents more than 600 million measurements gathered between 1999 and 2001, adjusted for consistency (Neumann and others, 2001, 2002) and converted to planetary radii. These have been converted to elevations above the areoid as determined from a martian gravity field solution GMM2 (Lemoine and others, 2001), truncated to degree and order 50, and oriented according to current standards (see below). The average accuracy of each point is originally ~100 meters in horizontal position, and ~1 meter in radius (Neumann, 2001). However, the total elevation uncertainty is at least +3 m due to the global error in the areoid (+1.8 meters according to Lemoine and others, 2001) and regional uncertainties in its shape (communication from Neumann, 2002). The measurements were converted into a digital elevation model (DEM) (communication from Neumann, 2002; Neumann and others, 2001; Smith and others, 2001) using Generic Mapping Tools software (Wessel and Smith, 1998), with a resolution of 0.015625 degrees per pixel or 64 pixels per degree. In projection, the pixels are 926.17 meters in size at the equator.\n\nPROJECTION\n\nThe Mercator projection is used between latitudes +57°, with a central meridian at 0° and latitude equal to the nominal scale at 0°. The Polar Stereographic projection is used for the polar regions north of the +55° parallel and south of the –55° parallel with a central meridian set for both at 0°. The adopted equatorial radius is 3,396.19 km (Duxbury and others 2002; Seidelmann and others 2002).\n\nCOORDINATE SYSTEM\n\nThe MOLA data were initially referenced to an internally consistent inertial coordinate system, derived from tracking of the MGS spacecraft. By adopting appropriate values for the orientation of Mars as defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) and the International Association of Geodesy (IAG) (Seidelmann and others, 2002), these inertial coordinates were converted into the planet-fixed coordinates (longitude and latitude) used on this map. These values include the orientation of the north pole of Mars (including the effects of precession), the rotation rate of Mars, and a value for W0 of 176.630°, where W0 is the angle along the equator to the east, between the 0° meridian and the equator's intersection with the celestial equator at the standard epoch J2000.0 (Seidelmann and others, 2002). This value of W0 was chosen (Duxbury and others, 2002) in order to place the 0° meridian through the center of the small (~500 m) crater Airy-0, located in the crater Airy (de Vaucouleurs and others, 1973; Seidelmann and others, 2002). Longitude increases to the east, and latitude is planetocentric as allowed by IAU/IAG standards (Seidelmann and others, 2002) and in accordance with current NASA and USGS standards (Duxbury and others, 2002). A secondary grid (printed in red) has been added to the map as a reference to the west longitude/planetographic latitude system that is also allowed by IAU/IAG standards (Seidelmann and others, 2002) and has also been used for Mars. The figure adopted to compute this secondary grid is an oblate spheroid with an equatorial radius of 3,396.19 km and a polar radius of 3,376.2 km (Duxbury and others, 2002; Seidelmann and others, 2002).\n\nMAPPING TECHNIQUES\n\nTo create the topographic base image, the original DEM produced by the MOLA team in Simple Cylindrical projection with a resolution of 64 pixels per degree was projected into the Mercator and Polar Stereographic pieces. A shaded relief was generated from each DEM with a sun angle of 30° from horizontal and a sun azimuth of 270°, as measured clockwise from north, and a vertical exaggeration of 100%. Illumination is from the west, which follows a long-standing USGS tradition for planetary maps. This allows for continuity in the shading between maps and quadrangles, and most closely resembles lighting conditions found on imagery. The DEM values were then mapped to a smooth global color look-up table. Note that the chosen color scheme simply represents elevation changes and is not intended to imply anything about surface characteristics (e.g., past or current presence of water or ice). These two files were then merged and scaled to 1:25 million for the Mercator portion and 1:15,196,708 for the two Polar Stereographic portions, with a resolution of 300 dots per inch. The projections have a common scale of 1:13,923,113 at +56° latitude.\n\nNOMENCLATURE\n\nNames on this sheet are approved by the IAU and have been applied for features clearly visible at the scale of this map. For a complete list of the IAU-approved nomenclature for Mars, see the Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature at http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/. Font color was chosen for readability. Names followed by an asterisk are provisionally approved.\n\n*M 25M RKN: Abbreviation for Mars, 1:25,000,000 series, shaded relief (R), with color (K) and nomenclature (N) (Greeley and Batson, 1990)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr02282","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002, Topographic map of Mars M 25M RKN: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-282, Map: 36.00 inches x 34.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02282.","productDescription":"Map: 36.00 inches x 34.00 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":169765,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr02282.jpg"},{"id":3593,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0282/pdf/of02-282.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":283768,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0282/"}],"scale":"250000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699881","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39930,"text":"ofr02278 - 2002 - June 2002 floods in the Red River of the North basin in northeastern North Dakota and northwestern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-04T21:16:55.323764","indexId":"ofr02278","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-278","title":"June 2002 floods in the Red River of the North basin in northeastern North Dakota and northwestern Minnesota","docAbstract":"

The Red River of the North is a complex river system in the north-central plains of the United States.  The river continues to affect the people and property within its basin.  During June of 2002, major flooding occurred for the third time in 5 years in the Red River of the North Basin, especially on tributaries in northwestern Minnesota.  The worst damage occurred in Roseau, Minn., where about 95 percent of the town was inundated.  Extensive damage to roads, bridges, and crops occurred throughout the flooded area in northwestern Minnesota and northeastern North Dakota.  Roseau County, Minn., was designated a major disaster area on June 14, 2002, by President Bush and later twelve more counties were added to the disaster declaration.  Unlike the 1997 floods, which were the result of record-high, region-wide snowpacks and a late spring blizzard, the June 2002 floods were the result of heavy rainfall that swept across the region on June 9-10 and again on June 22-24, 2002. 

\n

Flooding in the Red River of the North Basin commonly is caused by spring snowmelt, and the severity of the flooding is affected by (1) substantial precipitation in the fall that produces high levels of soil moisture; (2) above-normal snowfall in the winter; (3) moist, frozen ground that prohibits infiltration of moisture; (4) a late spring thaw; (5) above-normal precipitation during spring thaw; and (6) ice jams (temporary dams of ice) on rivers and streams.  Flooding during June 2002, however, was not caused by most factors usually associated with major flooding in the Red River Basin.  In fact, precipitation had been below normal since late last summer and as of June 1, 2002, the flooded area was in a moderate drought based on the Palmer Drought Severity Index. 

\n

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), one of the principal Federal agencies responsible for the collection and interpretation of water-resources data, works with other Federal, State, and local agencies to ensure that accurate and timely data are available for making decisions regarding the public's welfare (a listing of cooperators in the Red River Basin is given at the end of this report).  This report presents preliminary meteorologic data provided by the National Weather Service, Grand Forks Office and water-resources 2002 flood data that were obtained from selected streamflow-gaging stations located in the Red River of the North Basin (fig. 1).

\n

Historical peak stages and peak discharges and the June 2002 peak stages, peak discharges, and recurrence intervals are shown in table 1.  The streamflow-gaging stations are listed in downstream order by station number, and station locations are shown in figure 1.  The June 2002 peak stages and peak discharges given in this preliminary report may be revised as site surveys are completed and additional field data are reviewed in the upcoming months.  The peak discharges are used to determine the probability, often expressed in recurrence intervals, that a given discharge will be exceeded in the future.  For example, a flood that has a 1-percent chance of exceedance in any given year would, on the long-term average, be expected to occur only about once a century; therefore, the flood would be termed a \"100-year flood.\"  However, the chance of such a flood occurring in any given year is 1 percent.  Thus, a 100-year flood can occur in successive years at the same location.  In some instances, recurrence interval estimates can be based on periods of regulated flow or made with historic adjustments when historic data are available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr02278","usgsCitation":"Wiche, G.J., Guttormson, K., Robinson, S., Mitton, G., and Bramer, B., 2002, June 2002 floods in the Red River of the North basin in northeastern North Dakota and northwestern Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-278, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02278.","productDescription":"8 p.","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3630,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr02278/ofr02278.pdf","text":"Report","size":"342 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Gregg J. gjwiche@usgs.gov","contributorId":1675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiche","given":"Gregg","email":"gjwiche@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guttormson, K.G.","contributorId":78359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guttormson","given":"K.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robinson, S.M.","contributorId":79162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mitton, G.B.","contributorId":104517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitton","given":"G.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bramer, B.J.","contributorId":42093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bramer","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":44281,"text":"ofr02208 - 2002 - Ecological evaluation of the abundance and effects of elk herbivory in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, 1994-1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-12T21:28:27","indexId":"ofr02208","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-208","title":"Ecological evaluation of the abundance and effects of elk herbivory in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, 1994-1999","docAbstract":"

Several National Park Service units in the Intermountain region possess a number of closely related management needs relative to the abundance of wild ungulates and their herbivory effects on plants and ecosystem processes. In 1993, the then National Biological Service (NBS) - now U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Discipline (USGS, BRD)­ initiated a series of research studies in four park units in the Intermountain West., into the abundance and effects of ungulates on park ecosystems. Each of these parks received a number of similar research study elements including: (a) a number of new ungulate grazing exclosures (n = 12-21 exclosures per park); (b) aerial survey sightability models to estimate population sizes of ungulates; (e) measures of biomass production and consumption rates near the exclosures and across the landscape; (d) studies of the effects of the grazing on plant abundance, species diversity, and ecosystem effects; and (e) computer model simulations (SAVANNA) of the effects on the ecosystem and plant resources of different ungulate management scenarios. One park unit, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, received funding from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS, BRD) and parallel funding from NPS for an intensive research study of the effects of elk on the park ecosystems.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02208","usgsCitation":"2002, Ecological evaluation of the abundance and effects of elk herbivory in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, 1994-1999: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-208, xxv, 268 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02208.","productDescription":"xxv, 268 p.","numberOfPages":"289","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1994-01-01","temporalEnd":"1999-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":173186,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr02208.PNG"},{"id":320293,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0208/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountain National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.913714,40.158067 ], [ -105.913714,40.553787 ], [ -105.493583,40.553787 ], [ -105.493583,40.158067 ], [ -105.913714,40.158067 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627d1b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Singer, Francis J.","contributorId":67026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Francis","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630084,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zeigenfuss, Linda 0000-0002-6700-8563 linda_zeigenfuss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6700-8563","contributorId":2079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zeigenfuss","given":"Linda","email":"linda_zeigenfuss@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":630085,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":39924,"text":"ofr02268 - 2002 - Porphyry copper deposits of the world: Database, maps, and preliminary analysis","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":39924,"text":"ofr02268 - 2002 - Porphyry copper deposits of the world: Database, maps, and preliminary analysis","indexId":"ofr02268","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Porphyry copper deposits of the world: Database, maps, and preliminary analysis"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70877,"text":"ofr20051060 - 2005 - Porphyry copper deposits of the world: database, map, and grade and tonnage models","indexId":"ofr20051060","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"title":"Porphyry copper deposits of the world: database, map, and grade and tonnage models"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70877,"text":"ofr20051060 - 2005 - Porphyry copper deposits of the world: database, map, and grade and tonnage models","indexId":"ofr20051060","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"title":"Porphyry copper deposits of the world: database, map, and grade and tonnage models"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-27T16:00:21.716856","indexId":"ofr02268","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-268","title":"Porphyry copper deposits of the world: Database, maps, and preliminary analysis","docAbstract":"Mineral deposit models are important in exploration planning and quantitative resource assessments for two reasons: (1) grades and tonnages among deposit types are significantly different, and (2) many types occur in different geologic settings that can be identified from geologic maps. Mineral deposit models are the keystone in combining the diverse geoscience information on geology, mineral occurrences, geophysics, and geochemistry used in resource assessments and mineral exploration. Far too few thoroughly explored mineral deposits are available in most local areas for reliable identification of the important geoscience variables or for robust estimation of undiscovered deposits—thus we need mineral-deposit models. Globally based deposit models, such as those presented here, allow recognition of important features because the global models demonstrate how common different features are. Well-designed and -constructed deposit models allow geologists to know from observed geologic environments the possible mineral deposit types that might exist, and allow economists to determine the possible economic viability of these resources in the region. Thus, mineral deposit models play the central role in transforming geoscience information to a form useful to policy makers. The foundation of mineral deposit models is information about known deposits—the purpose of this publication is to make this kind of information available in digital form for a group of porphyry copper deposits.\n\nThis publication contains a computer file of information on porphyry copper deposits around the world. It also presents new grade and tonnage models for three subtypes of porphyry copper deposits, maps showing locations and general ages of these deposits, and a preliminary analysis with a number of figures summarizing many of the properties of these porphyry-style deposits. These summaries can be considered a new, quantified, form of most parts of descriptive models such as those in Cox and Singer (1986). The value of this information and analyses depends critically on the consistent manner of data gathering. For this reason, we first discuss the rules used in this compilation. Next the fields of the data file are considered. Finally, we discuss some of the things that can be done with the data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr02268","usgsCitation":"Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C., 2002, Porphyry copper deposits of the world: Database, maps, and preliminary analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-268, Report: 61 p.; 6 Plates 48.00 inches x 36.00 inches or smaller; Data Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02268.","productDescription":"Report: 61 p.; 6 Plates 48.00 inches x 36.00 inches or smaller; Data Files","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":172385,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr02268.jpg"},{"id":283636,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0268/pdf/map2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":283635,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0268/pdf/map1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":283633,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0268/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":283634,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0268/pdf/of02-268.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":283641,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0268/pdf/map6.pdf","text":"Plate 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":283640,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0268/pdf/map5.pdf","text":"Plate 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":283638,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0268/pdf/map4.pdf","text":"Plate 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":283637,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0268/pdf/map3.pdf","text":"Plate 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db683cc2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, Donald A. dsinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":5601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Donald","email":"dsinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":222604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berger, Vladimir I.","contributorId":15246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"Vladimir","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moring, Barry C. 0000-0001-6797-9258 moring@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6797-9258","contributorId":2794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moring","given":"Barry","email":"moring@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":39917,"text":"ofr02156 - 2002 - Data set of world phosphate mines, deposits, and occurrences: Part A. Geologic data. Part B. Location and mineral economic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-27T15:44:09.770735","indexId":"ofr02156","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-156","title":"Data set of world phosphate mines, deposits, and occurrences: Part A. Geologic data. Part B. Location and mineral economic data","docAbstract":"An inventory of more than 1,600 world phosphate mines, deposits, and occurrences was compiled from smaller data sets collected as part of multiple research efforts by Carlotta Chernoff, University of Arizona, and Greta Orris, U.S. Geological Survey. These data have been utilized during studies of black shale depositional environments and to construct phosphate deposit models. The compiled data have been edited for consistency and additional location information has been added where possible. The database of compiled phosphate information is being released in two sections; the geologic data in one section and the location and mineral economic data in the second. This report, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02–156–A, contains the geologic data and is best used with the complimentary data contained in Open-File Report 02–156–B. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02–156–B contains commodity data, location and analytical data, a variety of mineral economic data, reference information, and pointers to related records in the U.S. Geological Survey National mineral databases—MASMILS and MRDS.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02156","usgsCitation":"Chernoff, C.B., and Orris, G., 2002, Data set of world phosphate mines, deposits, and occurrences: Part A. Geologic data. Part B. Location and mineral economic data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-156, Report Part A: 352 p.; Report Part B: 328 p.; Readme; Metadata; 2 Data Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02156.","productDescription":"Report Part A: 352 p.; Report Part B: 328 p.; Readme; Metadata; 2 Data Tables","numberOfPages":"680","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":173618,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr02156.jpg"},{"id":282562,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0156/pdf/OF02-156B.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":3621,"rank":9,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0156/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":282563,"rank":6,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0156/README.doc"},{"id":282564,"rank":5,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0156/phos.met"},{"id":282565,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0156/OF02-156A.xls"},{"id":282566,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0156/OF02-156B.xls"},{"id":282561,"rank":7,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0156/pdf/OF02-156A.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":406799,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52047.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679c7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chernoff, Carlotta B.","contributorId":30541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chernoff","given":"Carlotta","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Orris, G. J.","contributorId":80252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orris","given":"G. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185668,"text":"70185668 - 2002 - The dependence of estuarine turbidity on tidal intrusion length, tidal range and residence time","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-28T09:13:19","indexId":"70185668","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The dependence of estuarine turbidity on tidal intrusion length, tidal range and residence time","docAbstract":"

It is shown that there is a marked tendency for long, strongly tidal estuaries to have greater suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentrations within their high-turbidity regions than shorter estuaries with comparable tidal ranges at their mouths, or weakly tidal estuaries. Using consistently derived data from 44 estuaries in Europe and the Americas, contours of the logarithm of maximum estuarine SPM concentration are shown to be reasonably smooth when plotted against the logarithm of mean spring tidal range (at the estuary mouth) and the logarithm of estuarine tidal length. Predictions from the plot are compared with published observations made in the Delaware, Scheldt, Rio de la Plata, Gironde, Bay of Fundy, Changjiang (Yangtze), Amazon, Patos Lagoon and the Hawkesbury Estuary and it is shown that, qualitatively, there are no serious discrepancies. Short, weakly tidal estuaries are predicted to have very low ‘intrinsic’ SPM concentrations. High SPM concentrations in these estuaries would most likely be the result of either locally generated wave resuspension, high freshwater sediment loads due to freshets, or intruding seawater carrying suspended sediments derived from wave activity in the coastal zone. Application of a generic tidal model demonstrates that longer estuaries possess faster tidal currents for a given tidal range at their mouth and, in the presence of a supply of erodable fine sediment, therefore (by implication) produce greater concentrations of SPM that can be accumulated within a turbidity maximum. The same is true if the tidal range is increased for estuaries of a given length. These features are illustrated by comparing surveys of SPM data from two large estuaries possessing greatly different tidal ranges (the microtidal, medium turbidity Potomac and the macrotidal, highly turbid Humber-Ouse) and a third, much smaller but strongly tidal estuary (the low-turbidity Tweed). It is demonstrated that longer estuaries tend to have longer flushing times for solutes than shorter systems and that larger tides tend to reduce flushing times, although the tidal influence is secondary. Short, rapidly flushed estuaries quickly lose their erodable fine sediment to the coastal zone during freshets and during the ebbing currents of spring tides. Turbidity is therefore small during low runoff, low wave activity conditions. Very long, very slowly flushed estuaries are unlikely to lose a significant fraction of their resuspended sediments during freshets or individual ebb tides and are therefore able to accumulate large and increasing amounts of fine sediment in the long-term. Turbidity within them is therefore high during the fast currents of large spring tides.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0278-4343(02)00041-9","usgsCitation":"Uncles, R., Stephens, J., and Smith, R.E., 2002, The dependence of estuarine turbidity on tidal intrusion length, tidal range and residence time: Continental Shelf Research, v. 22, no. 11-13, p. 1835-1856, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(02)00041-9.","productDescription":"22 p. ","startPage":"1835","endPage":"1856","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338375,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"11-13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58da2538e4b0543bf7fda843","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Uncles, R.J.","contributorId":33468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uncles","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephens, J.A.","contributorId":66026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, R. E.","contributorId":76366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70201650,"text":"70201650 - 2002 - USGS high resolution topo-mapping of Mars with Mars Orbiter Camera Narrow-Angle images","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T10:53:27","indexId":"70201650","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-19T14:35:53","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"USGS high resolution topo-mapping of Mars with Mars Orbiter Camera Narrow-Angle images","docAbstract":"

We describe our initial experiences producing controlled digital elevation models (DEMs) of Mars with horizontal resolutions of ≤10 m and vertical precisions of ≤2 m. Such models are of intense interest at all phases of Mars exploration and scientific investigation, from the selection of safe landing sites to the quantitative analysis of the morphologic record of surface processes. Topomapping with a resolution adequate to address many of these issues has only become possible with the success of the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) mission. The Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) on MGS mapped the planet globally with absolute accuracies <10 m vertically and ~100 m horizontally but relatively sparse sampling (300 m along track, with gaps of >1 km between tracks common at low latitudes). We rely on the MOLA data as the best available source of control and process images from the narrow-angle Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC-NA) with stereo and photoclinometric (shape-from-shading) techniques to produce DEMs with significantly better horizontal resolution. The techniques described here enable mapping not only with MOC but also with the high-resolution cameras (Mars Express HRSC, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter HiRISE) that will orbit Mars in the next several years.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geospatial Theory, Processing and Applications: ISPRS Commission IV Proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Geospatial Theory, Processing and Applications: ISPRS Commission IV","conferenceDate":"July 9-12, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Ottawa, Canada","language":"English","publisher":"International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Kirk, R.L., Soderblom, L.A., Howington-Kraus, E., and Archinal, B.A., 2002, USGS high resolution topo-mapping of Mars with Mars Orbiter Camera Narrow-Angle images, in Geospatial Theory, Processing and Applications: ISPRS Commission IV Proceedings, Ottawa, Canada, July 9-12, 2002, 10 p.; DVD-ROM.","productDescription":"10 p.; DVD-ROM","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360571,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":360570,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXIV/part4/"}],"otherGeospatial":"Comet Borrelly","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c1b66e8e4b0708288c71d45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirk, Randolph L. 0000-0003-0842-9226 rkirk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9226","contributorId":2765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"Randolph","email":"rkirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":754708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Soderblom, Laurence A. 0000-0002-0917-853X lsoderblom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":2721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"Laurence","email":"lsoderblom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":754709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Howington-Kraus, Elpitha 0000-0001-5787-6554 ahowington@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5787-6554","contributorId":2815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howington-Kraus","given":"Elpitha","email":"ahowington@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":754710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Archinal, Brent A. 0000-0002-6654-0742 barchinal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6654-0742","contributorId":2816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Archinal","given":"Brent","email":"barchinal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":754711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70201649,"text":"70201649 - 2002 - USGS and DLR topographic mapping of Comet Borrelly","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T14:20:05","indexId":"70201649","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-19T14:17:34","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"USGS and DLR topographic mapping of Comet Borrelly","docAbstract":"

In the fall of 2001, NASA's Deep Space 1 (DS1) probe imaged Comet Borrelly during a flyby encounter. Three of the Borrelly images have geometry suitable to photogrammetrically map the nucleus, which form two stereopairs with an expected precision (EP) of ~410 m and ~670 m each. DS1 team members at the USGS and DLR have independently produced digital elevation models (DEMs) of Borrelly. Automatic stereo-matching algorithms were used by both USGS and DLR, but the USGS DEM was additionally manually edited in stereo. We accomplished a quantitative statistical comparison of the DEMs and found they have a standard deviation of 120 m, which is small compared to the EP above. There are systematic differences, we estimate the stereomatching error to only 0.20 pixel RMS, which is similar to the level of subpixel matching accuracy obtained in a wide variety of other mapping situations. The resulting DEMs enable a variety of applications such as perspective views, photometric modeling and studies of the energy balance of the nucleus. We hope to use the USGS DEM as a starting point to extrapolate the shape of the hidden side of the nucleus. This would not only let us determine the volume and moments of inertia of the nucleus, but would lead to a calculation of the insolation onto the nucleus averaged over an entire orbit, and thence to a model of the evolution of nuclear shape.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geospatial Theory, Processing and Applications: ISPRS Commission IV Proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Geospatial Theory, Processing and Applications: ISPRS Commission IV","conferenceDate":"July 9-12, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Ottawa, Canada","language":"English","publisher":"International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Howington-Kraus, E., Kirk, R.L., Soderblom, L.A., Giese, B., and Oberst, J., 2002, USGS and DLR topographic mapping of Comet Borrelly, in Geospatial Theory, Processing and Applications: ISPRS Commission IV Proceedings, Ottawa, Canada, July 9-12, 2002, 5 p.; DVD-ROM.","productDescription":"5 p.; DVD-ROM","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360569,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":360568,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXIV/part4/"}],"otherGeospatial":"Comet Borrelly","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c1b66e8e4b0708288c71d48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howington-Kraus, Elpitha 0000-0001-5787-6554 ahowington@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5787-6554","contributorId":2815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howington-Kraus","given":"Elpitha","email":"ahowington@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":754703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirk, Randolph L. 0000-0003-0842-9226 rkirk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9226","contributorId":2765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"Randolph","email":"rkirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":754704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Soderblom, Laurence A. 0000-0002-0917-853X lsoderblom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":2721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"Laurence","email":"lsoderblom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":754705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Giese, Bernd","contributorId":211337,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Giese","given":"Bernd","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":754706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Oberst, Jurgen","contributorId":147983,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oberst","given":"Jurgen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":754707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70006434,"text":"70006434 - 2002 - Reducing predation by common ravens on desert tortoises in the Mojave and Colorado Deserts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-30T11:25:18","indexId":"70006434","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-18T11:13:30","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Reducing predation by common ravens on desert tortoises in the Mojave and Colorado Deserts","docAbstract":"

Conflicts between humans and natural populations often result from habitat fragmentation and\ndegradation that accompanies human activities. Common raven populations in the Mojave\nDesert have benefited by human-provided resources; they've expanded precipitously in recent\nyears. Because ravens prey on juveniles of the threatened desert tortoise, they have become the\nfocus of management concerns to help recover dwindling tortoise populations. I have outlined\nherein a series of management recommendations designed to reduce raven predation on desert\ntortoises thereby facilitating juvenile tortoise recruitment into the population of reproductive\nadults. The recommendations are based on the best available scientific information and are\nintended to provide a basis for a long-term reduction in raven impacts.

\n
\n

The recommendations fall into four basic categories. (1) Modify anthropogenic sources of food, water, and nesting substrates to reduce their use by ravens. This includes modifying landfill operations, septage containment practices, livestock management, and other commercial and private practices that help facilitate raven survival and dispersal by providing food and water. Most of these measures are long-term actions deigned to reduce the carrying capacity of the desert for ravens. This action is critical and must be done over very large areas. (2)Lethal removal of ravens by shooting or euthanizing following live trapping. Specific ravens known to prey on tortoises would be targeted as well as all ravens found foraging within specific high-priority desert tortoise management zones (e.g., Desert Tortoise Natural Areas, DTNA). These actions would primarily be deployed on a short-term emergency basis to give specific tortoise populations a necessary boost until other measures become fully implemented and achieve their goals. (3) Conduct research on raven ecology, raven behavior, and methods to reduce raven predation on tortoises. Results of these studies would be used to design future phases of the raven management program. (4) All actions should be approached within an adaptive management framework. As such monitor, actions should be designed as experiments so that monitoring of actions will yield reliable and scientifically sound results. Coordinating and oversight teams should be convened to facilitate cooperation and coordination among agencies and to ensure that the actions are being implemented effectively.

\n
\n

Recommendations made herein were developed to help recover tortoise populations by reducing raven predation on juvenile tortoises. If the recommendations made are implemented in concert with actions reducing other causes of mortality, ill health, and lowered reproductive output, they should aid in the long-term recovery of desert tortoise populations. Many important aspects of raven population dynamics, raven predation on tortoises, and how to manage raven populations and behavior are as yet unknown. Because of this, any raven management program must be implemented within an adaptive management framework. Doing so would allow for sufficient flexibility to modify the program as new information is gained.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center","publisherLocation":"Sacramento, CA","usgsCitation":"Boarman, W.I., 2002, Reducing predation by common ravens on desert tortoises in the Mojave and Colorado Deserts, iii, 33 p.","productDescription":"iii, 33 p.","numberOfPages":"39","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289197,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b286f9e4b07b8813a554fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boarman, William I.","contributorId":51683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boarman","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70188622,"text":"70188622 - 2002 - Effects of chronic dietary exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on survival, growth, reproduction and biochemical responses of female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-19T11:00:51","indexId":"70188622","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":874,"text":"Aquatic Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Effects of chronic dietary exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on survival, growth, reproduction and biochemical responses of female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","title":"Effects of chronic dietary exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on survival, growth, reproduction and biochemical responses of female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","docAbstract":"

Adult female rainbow trout were exposed to dietary 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) at concentrations of 1.8, 18 and 90 ng TCDD/kg (ww) food for up to 300 day. At the end of the exposure fish were spawned and the reproductive outcomes were assessed. TCDD was accumulated into tissues and eggs in a dose-dependent manner with steady state being achieved after 50–100 day of exposure. Biochemical and hematological parameters were monitored at 50, 100, 150, and 200 day after the beginning of exposure. The survival of adult female trout was reduced in a dose-dependent manner by exposure to TCDD in the diet. Fish fed 1.8 ng TCDD/kg, moist weight of diet, showed significantly reduced survival compared with those fed the control diet. TCDD also affected survival of fry from females fed 1.8 ng TCDD/kg. Observed adverse effects in adult fish were as sensitive as early life-stage endpoints. Liver EROD activity was only moderately increased in all exposure groups after 250+ day of exposure. Low rates of edema and deformities were observed in fry from all treatment groups including controls. This study has demonstrated adverse effects of TCDD to both adults and fry at concentrations comparable to current environmental concentrations. This suggests that direct adult toxicity as well as reproductive endpoints need to be incorporated in the current risk assessment paradigm for these compounds.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00235-1","usgsCitation":"Giesy, J.P., Jones, P.D., Kannan, K., Newsted, J.L., Tillitt, D.E., and Williams, L.L., 2002, Effects of chronic dietary exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on survival, growth, reproduction and biochemical responses of female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Aquatic Toxicology, v. 59, no. 1-2, p. 35-53, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00235-1.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"53","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342632,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5948e2a8e4b062508e354c7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Giesy, John P.","contributorId":57426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giesy","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Paul D.","contributorId":175332,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kannan, Kurunthachalam","contributorId":42861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kannan","given":"Kurunthachalam","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Newsted, John L.","contributorId":175333,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Newsted","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tillitt, Donald E. 0000-0002-8278-3955 dtillitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-3955","contributorId":1875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"Donald","email":"dtillitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":698640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Williams, Lisa L.","contributorId":172543,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70180718,"text":"70180718 - 2002 - Assessing the quality of the nation's water resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-31T15:38:03","indexId":"70180718","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3720,"text":"Water Resources Impact","printIssn":"1522-3175","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing the quality of the nation's water resources","docAbstract":"

This issue of IMPACT highlights findings from the first decade of studies (1991 to 2001) by the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The articles also discuss the Program’s approaches and models designed to help understand and estimate the fate and transport of contaminants in different geographic areas and environmental settings and over different time frames. NAWQA was established by Congress in 1991 with a goal of developing long-term, consistent, and comparable science-based information on nationwide water-quality conditions. This information is used to support sound management and policy decisions by decision makers at all levels – local, state, and national – who, every day, face complex regulations and management issues related to water resources.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Herndon, VA ","issn":"1522-3175 ","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, P.A., 2002, Assessing the quality of the nation's water resources: Water Resources Impact, v. 4, no. 4.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":334515,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5891b0aae4b072a7ac1298ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, Pixie A. pahamilt@usgs.gov","contributorId":1068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Pixie","email":"pahamilt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":662143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32985,"text":"wri024095 - 2002 - Historic and unregulated monthly streamflow for selected sites in the Red River of the North Basin in North Dakota, Minnesota, and South Dakota, 1931-99","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-18T22:02:08.297506","indexId":"wri024095","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4095","title":"Historic and unregulated monthly streamflow for selected sites in the Red River of the North Basin in North Dakota, Minnesota, and South Dakota, 1931-99","docAbstract":"

Operation of the Garrison Diversion Unit in North Dakota may have various effects on the quantity and quality of streamflow in the Sheyenne River and the Red River of the North. To model the effects that the Garrison Diversion Unit could have on water quality, gaged and estimated historic streamflow data and estimated unregulated streamflow data were compiled to develop a complete monthly streamflow record for January 1931 through September 1999 (the data-development period) for 35 sites in the Red River of the North Basin in North Dakota, Minnesota, and South Dakota.

During the entire data-development period, gaged streamflow data were available for only 4 of the 35 sites, incomplete data of various length were available for 10 sites, and no data were available for 21 sites. Drainage- area ratio and Maintenance of Variance Extension Type 1 methods were used to estimate the historic streamflow for months when no data were available.

Unregulated streamflow for the 35 sites was estimated by eliminating the hydrologic effects of Orwell Reservoir, Lake Traverse, Mud Lake, Lake Ashtabula, and surface-water withdrawals. Modeled flows at the Red River of the North at Wahpeton by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers were used to eliminate the effects of Orwell Reservoir, Lake Traverse, and Mud Lake, and water-balance procedures were used to eliminate the effects of Lake Ashtabula.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024095","usgsCitation":"Emerson, D.G., and Dressler, V.M., 2002, Historic and unregulated monthly streamflow for selected sites in the Red River of the North Basin in North Dakota, Minnesota, and South Dakota, 1931-99: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4095, iv, 271 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024095.","productDescription":"iv, 271 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":163636,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":396207,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_51981.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Red River of the North Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -100.333,\n 45.5667\n ],\n [\n -94.2417,\n 45.5667\n ],\n [\n -94.2417,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -100.333,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -100.333,\n 45.5667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62ee6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emerson, Douglas G.","contributorId":40579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emerson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dressler, Valerie M. dressler@usgs.gov","contributorId":5791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dressler","given":"Valerie","email":"dressler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":209615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":32984,"text":"wri024090 - 2002 - Rainfall-runoff characteristics and effects of increased urban density on streamflow and infiltration in the eastern part of the San Jacinto River basin, Riverside County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:19","indexId":"wri024090","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4090","title":"Rainfall-runoff characteristics and effects of increased urban density on streamflow and infiltration in the eastern part of the San Jacinto River basin, Riverside County, California","docAbstract":"To better understand the rainfall-runoff characteristics of the eastern part of the San Jacinto River Basin and to estimate the effects of increased urbanization on streamflow, channel infiltration, and land-surface infiltration, a long-term (1950?98) time series of monthly flows in and out of the channels and land surfaces were simulated using the Hydrologic Simulation Program- FORTRAN (HSPF) rainfall-runoff model. Channel and land-surface infiltration includes rainfall or runoff that infiltrates past the zone of evapotranspiration and may become ground-water recharge. The study area encompasses about 256 square miles of the San Jacinto River drainage basin in Riverside County, California. Daily streamflow (for periods with available data between 1950 and 1998), and daily rainfall and evaporation (1950?98) data; monthly reservoir storage data (1961?98); and estimated mean annual reservoir inflow data (for 1974 conditions) were used to calibrate the rainfall-runoff model. Measured and simulated mean annual streamflows for the San Jacinto River near San Jacinto streamflow-gaging station (North-South Fork subbasin) for 1950?91 and 1997?98 were 14,000 and 14,200 acre-feet, respectively, a difference of 1.4 percent. The standard error of the mean for measured and simulated annual streamflow in the North-South Fork subbasin was 3,520 and 3,160 acre-feet, respectively. Measured and simulated mean annual streamflows for the Bautista Creek streamflow-gaging station (Bautista Creek subbasin) for 1950?98 were 980 acre-feet and 991 acre-feet, respectively, a difference of 1.1 percent. The standard error of the mean for measured and simulated annual streamflow in the Bautista Creek subbasin was 299 and 217 acre-feet, respectively. Measured and simulated annual streamflows for the San Jacinto River above State Street near San Jacinto streamflow-gaging station (Poppet subbasin) for 1998 were 23,400 and 23,500 acre-feet, respectively, a difference of 0.4 percent. The simulated mean annual streamflow for the State Street gaging station at the outlet of the study basin and the simulated mean annual basin infiltration (combined infiltration from all the channels and land surfaces) were 8,720 and 41,600 acre-feet, respectively, for water years 1950-98. Simulated annual streamflow at the State Street gaging station ranged from 16.8 acre-feet in water year 1961 to 70,400 acre-feet in water year 1993, and simulated basin infiltration ranged from 2,770 acre-feet in water year 1961 to 149,000 acre-feet in water year 1983.The effects of increased urbanization on the hydrology of the study basin were evaluated by increasing the size of the effective impervious and non-effective impervious urban areas simulated in the calibrated rainfall-runoff model by 50 and 100 percent, respectively. The rainfall-runoff model simulated a long-term time series of monthly flows in and out of the channels and land surfaces using daily rainfall and potential evaporation data for water years 1950?98. Increasing the effective impervious and non-effective impervious urban areas by 100 percent resulted in a 5-percent increase in simulated mean annual streamflow at the State Street gaging station, and a 2.2-percent increase in simulated basin infiltration. Results of a frequency analysis of the simulated annual streamflow at the State Street gaging station showed that when effective impervious and non-effective impervious areas were increased 100 percent, simulated annual streamflow increased about 100 percent for low-flow conditions and was unchanged for high-flow conditions. The simulated increase in streamflow at the State Street gaging station potentially could infiltrate along the stream channel further downstream, outside of the model area.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024090","usgsCitation":"Guay, J.R., 2002, Rainfall-runoff characteristics and effects of increased urban density on streamflow and infiltration in the eastern part of the San Jacinto River basin, Riverside County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4090, 125 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024090.","productDescription":"125 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3152,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024090","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":163557,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64974f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guay, Joel R.","contributorId":22403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guay","given":"Joel","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":33007,"text":"ofr02205 - 2002 - Merged digital aeromagnetic data for the middle Rio Grande and southern Espanola basins, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-07T15:38:54","indexId":"ofr02205","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-205","title":"Merged digital aeromagnetic data for the middle Rio Grande and southern Espanola basins, New Mexico","docAbstract":"

The U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) recently conducted a multi-disciplinary study of the Middle Rio Grande basin (Bartolino and Cole, 2002; Fig. 1). The main purpose of this study was to gain a better multi-dimensional understanding of the basin's hydrogeologic framework and use this new understanding to construct an improved regional ground-water flow model. The Middle Rio Grande basin fill serves as the primary water resource for Albuquerque and surrounding communities (Thorn and others, 1993). It is composed of poorly consolidated, Tertiary to Quaternary sediments, collectively called the Santa Fe Group. These sediments were deposited during the Tertiary to Quaternary development of the Rio Grande rift (Fig. 1, inset). The strata vary in thickness from 1,000 to more than 4,000 m and range from mudstone to conglomerate (Kelley, 1977; May and Russell, 1994).

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/ofr02205","usgsCitation":"Sweeney, R.E., Grauch, V.J., and Phillips, J.D., 2002, Merged digital aeromagnetic data for the middle Rio Grande and southern Espanola basins, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-205, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02205.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163261,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3178,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-0205/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"1","country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624eb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sweeney, Ronald E.","contributorId":89564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweeney","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grauch, V. J. S. 0000-0002-0761-3489","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0761-3489","contributorId":34125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grauch","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Phillips, Jeffrey D. 0000-0002-6459-2821 jeff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6459-2821","contributorId":1572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jeff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":209674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":33075,"text":"pp1635 - 2002 - The Effect of Selected Cleaning Techniques on Berkshire Lee Marble: A Scientific Study at Philadelphia City Hall ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:16","indexId":"pp1635","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1635","title":"The Effect of Selected Cleaning Techniques on Berkshire Lee Marble: A Scientific Study at Philadelphia City Hall ","docAbstract":"This report describes a scientific investigation of the effects of eight different cleaning techniques on the Berkshire Lee marble component of the facade of the East Center Pavilion at Philadelphia City Hall; the study was commissioned by the city of Philadelphia. The eight cleaning techniques evaluated in this study were power wash (proprietary gel detergent followed by water rinse under pressure), misting (treatment with potable, nebulized water for 24-36 hours), gommage (proprietary Thomann-Hanry low-pressure, air-driven, small-particle, dry abrasion), combination (gommage followed by misting), Armax (sodium bicarbonate delivered under pressure in a water wash), JOS (dolomite powder delivered in a low-pressure, rotary-vortex water wash), laser (thermal ablation), and dry ice (powdered-dry-ice abrasion delivered under pressure).\r\n\r\nIn our study approximately 160 cores were removed from the building for laboratory analysis. We developed a computer program to analyze scanning-electron-micrograph images for the microscale surface roughness and other morphologic parameters of the stone surface, including the near-surface fracture density of the stone. An analysis of more than 1,100 samples cut from the cores provided a statistical basis for crafting the essential elements of a reduced-form, mixed-kinetics conceptual model that represents the deterioration of calcareous stone in terms of self-organized soiling and erosion patterns. This model, in turn, provided a basis for identifying the variables that are affected by the cleaning techniques and for evaluating the extent to which such variables influence the stability of the stone. The model recognizes three classes of variables that may influence the soiling load on the stone, including such exogenous environmental variables as airborne moisture, pollutant concentrations, and local aerodynamics, and such endogenous stone variables as surface chemistry and microstructure (fracturing, roughness, and so on).\r\n\r\nThis study showed that morphologic variables on the mesoscale to macroscale are not generally affected by the choice of a cleaning technique. The long-term soiling pattern on the building is independent of the cleaning technique applied. This study also showed that soluble salts do not play a significant role in the deterioration of Berkshire Lee marble. Although salts were evident in cracks and fissures of the heavily soiled stone, such salts did not penetrate the surface to a depth of more than a few hundred micrometers. The criteria used to differentiate the cleaning techniques were ultimately based on the ability of each technique to remove soiling without altering the texture of the stone surface. This study identified both the gommage and JOS techniques as appropriate for cleaning ashlar surfaces and the combination technique as appropriate for cleaning highly carved surfaces at the entablatures, cornices, and column capitals.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/pp1635","isbn":"0607962437","usgsCitation":"Mossotti, V.G., Eldeeb, A.R., Fries, T.L., Coombs, M.J., Naude, V.N., Soderberg, L., and Wheeler, G.S., 2002, The Effect of Selected Cleaning Techniques on Berkshire Lee Marble: A Scientific Study at Philadelphia City Hall : U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1635, Report: vii, 159 p.; Figures; Images; Programs; Tables; ReadMe; Available online and on CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1635.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 159 p.; Figures; Images; Programs; Tables; ReadMe; Available online and on CD-ROM","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":658,"text":"Western Mineral Resources","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":164080,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9936,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/2002/pp1635/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c988","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mossotti, Victor G. mossotti@usgs.gov","contributorId":3494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mossotti","given":"Victor","email":"mossotti@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":209830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eldeeb, A. Raouf","contributorId":64283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eldeeb","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Raouf","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fries, Terry L.","contributorId":76349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fries","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coombs, Mary Jane","contributorId":74780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coombs","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"Jane","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Naude, Virginia N.","contributorId":93546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naude","given":"Virginia","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Soderberg, Lisa","contributorId":107755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderberg","given":"Lisa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wheeler, George S.","contributorId":33750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ]}