Operation of the Garrison Diversion Unit in North Dakota may have various effects on the quantity and quality of streamflow in the Sheyenne River and the Red River of the North. To model the effects that the Garrison Diversion Unit could have on water quality, gaged and estimated historic streamflow data and estimated unregulated streamflow data were compiled to develop a complete monthly streamflow record for January 1931 through September 1999 (the data-development period) for 35 sites in the Red River of the North Basin in North Dakota, Minnesota, and South Dakota.
During the entire data-development period, gaged streamflow data were available for only 4 of the 35 sites, incomplete data of various length were available for 10 sites, and no data were available for 21 sites. Drainage- area ratio and Maintenance of Variance Extension Type 1 methods were used to estimate the historic streamflow for months when no data were available.
Unregulated streamflow for the 35 sites was estimated by eliminating the hydrologic effects of Orwell Reservoir, Lake Traverse, Mud Lake, Lake Ashtabula, and surface-water withdrawals. Modeled flows at the Red River of the North at Wahpeton by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers were used to eliminate the effects of Orwell Reservoir, Lake Traverse, and Mud Lake, and water-balance procedures were used to eliminate the effects of Lake Ashtabula.
A regression equation that is used nationwide to predict traveltime in streams during periods of low and moderate flow was developed by H.E. Jobson in 1996. Because none of the data used in the development of the equation were from streams in Pennsylvania, velocities for low and moderate flows predicted by the equation were compared to velocities measured during time-of-travel studies on the Susquehanna, Delaware, and Lehigh Rivers. Although these comparisons showed good agreement, a similar comparison using velocities for higher flows indicated an overestimate by this regression equation. Because of the need for a method of computing traveltimes for periods of high flows, a new regression equation was developed using data from three sources: (1) time-of-travel studies conducted at low and moderate flow, (2) slop-area measurements of flood flows, and (3) velocities of the 100-year floodway as reported in various flood-insurance studies.
The new regression equation can be used for predicting velocities associated with flows up to the 100-year flood for Pennsylvania streams. It has standard errors of estimate of 0.18 feet per second, 0.37 feet per second; and 0.31 feet per second, for time-of-travel studies in the Susquehanna, Delaware, and Lehigh Rivers, respectively. The standard error of estimate is 1.71 feet per second for velocities determined from the slope-area measurements and 1.22 feet per second for velocities determined from the flood-insurance studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014214","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Reed, L.A., and Stuckey, M.H., 2002, Prediction of velocities for a range of streamflow conditions in Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4214, iv, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014214.","productDescription":"iv, 13 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":351035,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4214/wri20014214.pdf","text":"Report","size":"440 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2001-4214"},{"id":160541,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4214/coverthb.jpg"}],"scale":"1","contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
A study was conducted to simulate streamflow and wetland storage within a part of the Starkweather Coulee subbasin. Information on streamflow and wetland storage in Starkweather Coulee subbasin may help with the management of water issues in the Devils Lake Basin. Information from a digital elevation model and geographic-information-system analyses of the study area was used to develop the Devils Lake Basin wetlands model. Digital elevation model data and other climatic and topographic data were used as inputs to the model. Within the study area, the average wetland depth was about 2.21 feet, the total maximum wetland area was about 30,890 acres at the overflow elevation, and the total maximum wetland volume was about 68,270 acre-feet.
Model runs were made for water years 1981-98 to calibrate the model to observed streamflows that were obtained from the Starkweather Coulee gaging station. Observed annual peak streamflows were greater than simulated annual peak streamflows for all water years except 1983. The differences probably were caused mostly by the lack of a subroutine in the model to account for frozen soil. The largest amount of simulated daily wetlands area occurred in April 1997 when about 40,500 acres of the study area was covered with water. Also during April 1997, the simulated daily water volume in the open and closed wetlands combined attained a maximum of about 116,000 acre-feet. By increasing the spillage thresholds from 0.2 to 1.0, simulated streamflow was reduced by 8.77 inches (from about 17.88 to 9.11 inches; 49 percent) for the 18-year period. During water years 1994-98, simulated annual streamflows for open-wetland spillage thresholds of 1.0 remained less than for thresholds of 0.2 even though the open wetlands probably were near maximum volume. The greatly increased size of the closed wetlands during water years 1994-98 probably allowed for increased water storage and decreased simulated streamflow from the study area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri024113","usgsCitation":"Vining, K.C., 2002, Simulation of streamflow and wetland storage, Starkweather Coulee subbasin, North Dakota, water years 1981-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4113, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024113.","productDescription":"28 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":163728,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3155,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://nd.water.usgs.gov/pubs/wri/wri024113/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47a5e4b07f02db497c15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vining, Kevin C. 0000-0001-5738-3872 kcvining@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5738-3872","contributorId":308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vining","given":"Kevin","email":"kcvining@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32984,"text":"wri024090 - 2002 - Rainfall-runoff characteristics and effects of increased urban density on streamflow and infiltration in the eastern part of the San Jacinto River basin, Riverside County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:19","indexId":"wri024090","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4090","title":"Rainfall-runoff characteristics and effects of increased urban density on streamflow and infiltration in the eastern part of the San Jacinto River basin, Riverside County, California","docAbstract":"To better understand the rainfall-runoff characteristics of the eastern part of the San Jacinto River Basin and to estimate the effects of increased urbanization on streamflow, channel infiltration, and land-surface infiltration, a long-term (1950?98) time series of monthly flows in and out of the channels and land surfaces were simulated using the Hydrologic Simulation Program- FORTRAN (HSPF) rainfall-runoff model. Channel and land-surface infiltration includes rainfall or runoff that infiltrates past the zone of evapotranspiration and may become ground-water recharge. The study area encompasses about 256 square miles of the San Jacinto River drainage basin in Riverside County, California. Daily streamflow (for periods with available data between 1950 and 1998), and daily rainfall and evaporation (1950?98) data; monthly reservoir storage data (1961?98); and estimated mean annual reservoir inflow data (for 1974 conditions) were used to calibrate the rainfall-runoff model. Measured and simulated mean annual streamflows for the San Jacinto River near San Jacinto streamflow-gaging station (North-South Fork subbasin) for 1950?91 and 1997?98 were 14,000 and 14,200 acre-feet, respectively, a difference of 1.4 percent. The standard error of the mean for measured and simulated annual streamflow in the North-South Fork subbasin was 3,520 and 3,160 acre-feet, respectively. Measured and simulated mean annual streamflows for the Bautista Creek streamflow-gaging station (Bautista Creek subbasin) for 1950?98 were 980 acre-feet and 991 acre-feet, respectively, a difference of 1.1 percent. The standard error of the mean for measured and simulated annual streamflow in the Bautista Creek subbasin was 299 and 217 acre-feet, respectively. Measured and simulated annual streamflows for the San Jacinto River above State Street near San Jacinto streamflow-gaging station (Poppet subbasin) for 1998 were 23,400 and 23,500 acre-feet, respectively, a difference of 0.4 percent. The simulated mean annual streamflow for the State Street gaging station at the outlet of the study basin and the simulated mean annual basin infiltration (combined infiltration from all the channels and land surfaces) were 8,720 and 41,600 acre-feet, respectively, for water years 1950-98. Simulated annual streamflow at the State Street gaging station ranged from 16.8 acre-feet in water year 1961 to 70,400 acre-feet in water year 1993, and simulated basin infiltration ranged from 2,770 acre-feet in water year 1961 to 149,000 acre-feet in water year 1983.The effects of increased urbanization on the hydrology of the study basin were evaluated by increasing the size of the effective impervious and non-effective impervious urban areas simulated in the calibrated rainfall-runoff model by 50 and 100 percent, respectively. The rainfall-runoff model simulated a long-term time series of monthly flows in and out of the channels and land surfaces using daily rainfall and potential evaporation data for water years 1950?98. Increasing the effective impervious and non-effective impervious urban areas by 100 percent resulted in a 5-percent increase in simulated mean annual streamflow at the State Street gaging station, and a 2.2-percent increase in simulated basin infiltration. Results of a frequency analysis of the simulated annual streamflow at the State Street gaging station showed that when effective impervious and non-effective impervious areas were increased 100 percent, simulated annual streamflow increased about 100 percent for low-flow conditions and was unchanged for high-flow conditions. The simulated increase in streamflow at the State Street gaging station potentially could infiltrate along the stream channel further downstream, outside of the model area.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024090","usgsCitation":"Guay, J.R., 2002, Rainfall-runoff characteristics and effects of increased urban density on streamflow and infiltration in the eastern part of the San Jacinto River basin, Riverside County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4090, 125 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024090.","productDescription":"125 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3152,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024090","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":163557,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64974f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guay, Joel R.","contributorId":22403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guay","given":"Joel","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":69559,"text":"i2543 - 2002 - Geologic and isostatic gravity map of the Nenana basin area, central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-29T11:32:25.43463","indexId":"i2543","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2543","subseriesTitle":"GIS","title":"Geologic and isostatic gravity map of the Nenana basin area, central Alaska","docAbstract":"The Nenana Basin area is a prospective petroleum province in central Alaska, and this geologic and isostatic gravity map is part of a petroleum resource assessment of the area.
The geology was compiled from published sources as shown on the index map (map sheet). Map units are organized and presented according to the scheme of lithotectonic terranes proposed by Jones and others (1987) and Silberling and Jones (1984); we recognize, however, that this terrane scheme is controversial and likely to be revised in the future. In some cases, we combined certain terranes because we were unable to match the terrane boundaries given by Jones and others (1987) and Silberling and Jones (1984) with specific faults shown on existing geologic maps. Postaccretion cover deposits represent overlap assemblages that depositionally overlie accreted terranes. Plutonic igneous rocks shown on this map include several plutons that are clearly postaccretionary, based on isotopic ages and (or) field relations. It is possible that some of the plutons predate accretion, but this has not been demonstrated. According to Jones and others (1982), the terranes in the area of our map were assembled during late Mesozoic or earliest Cenozoic time.
The gravity contours are derived from data used in earlier compilations that are supplemented by some National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration data along the Alaska Pipeline level line. The earlier compilations were used for simple Bouguer maps, prepared primarily by non-digital methods, and are superseded by this map. The present map is the result of digital processing that includes the 1967 Geodetic Reference System, the IGSN-71 datum, digital terrain corrections, and conversion to isostatic gravity so that geologic structures on the margin of the Alaska Range are more clearly portrayed. Computation procedures are described in part by Barnes (1972, 1984), Jachens and Roberts (1981), and Barnes and others (1994). The calculations used a crustal density of 2.67 g/cm3 , a density contrast at the base of the isostatic root of 0.4 g/cm3 , and a root thickness at sea level of 25 km. The distribution of data within the map area is uneven and locally controls the shape of the computer-generated contours. Altimetry was used for most of the elevation control and its inconsistency is responsible for many of the small contour irregularities. Ninety percent of the measurements are estimated to have an accuracy of about 1.5 mgal or about a quarter of the 5 mgal contour interval. Data collection and analysis were assisted by R.V. Allen, R.C. Jachens, M.A. Fisher, T.R. Bruns, J.G. Blank, J.W. Bader, Z.C. Valin, J.W. Cady, R.L. Morin, and P.V. Woodward.
The most promising area for petroleum exploration is a prominent 25 mgal isostatic gravity low north of Nenana (T. 2 S., R. 8 W.). This gravity low probably corresponds to the deepest part of a sedimentary basin filled by Cenozoic strata that includes nonmarine fluvial and lacustrine deposits of the Eocene to Miocene Usibelli Group. Smaller gravity lows are associated with outcrops of these sedimentary rocks north of Suntrana (T. 12 S., R. 6-9 W.) and Sable Pass (T. 16 S., R. 11 W.). A broad low on the north flank of the Alaska Range east of the Wood River (T. 10 S., R. 1 E.) indicates another basin under the Tanana lowland that extends eastward off the map area towards Delta Junction, where its presence was confirmed by both gravity and seismic data.
Gravity modelling suggests that the base of the Usibelli Group in the area north of Nenana (T. 2 S., R. 8 W.) is about 3,000 to 3,350 m beneath the ground surface. Organic geochemical studies indicate that mudstones and coals in the Usibelli Group are potential sources of petroleum; calculations based on borehole temperatures suggest that, in the area of the gravity low, these rocks may have been buried deeply enough to generate oil and gas. Two exploratory wells, the Union Nenana No. 1 and the ARCO Totek Hills No. 11, were drilled some distance away from the gravity low in areas where the Usibelli Group is thin. Mudlogs show that both wells were dry holes that bottomed in schist and had gas shows associated with coal beds in the Usibelli Group, but no reported signs of oil.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i2543","usgsCitation":"Frost, G.M., Barnes, D., and Stanley, R., 2002, Geologic and isostatic gravity map of the Nenana basin area, central Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2543, Report: 17 p.; 1 Plate: 55.00 x 41.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2543.","productDescription":"Report: 17 p.; 1 Plate: 55.00 x 41.00 inches","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":188610,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10441,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2543/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":110339,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52137.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"52137"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Nenana basin area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152.05,\n 63.4583\n ],\n [\n -147.4572,\n 63.4583\n ],\n [\n -147.4572,\n 65.4167\n ],\n [\n -152.05,\n 65.4167\n ],\n [\n -152.05,\n 63.4583\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8103","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frost, G. M.","contributorId":27144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frost","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnes, D.F.","contributorId":48960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stanley, R. G. 0000-0001-6192-8783","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6192-8783","contributorId":77123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"R. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":50796,"text":"ofr02224 - 2002 - Toxic substances from coal combustion - A comprehensive assessment, phase II: Element modes of occurrence for the Ohio 5/6/7, Wyodak, and North Dakota coal samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-31T13:24:12","indexId":"ofr02224","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-224","title":"Toxic substances from coal combustion - A comprehensive assessment, phase II: Element modes of occurrence for the Ohio 5/6/7, Wyodak, and North Dakota coal samples","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02224","usgsCitation":"Kolker, A., Mroczkowski, S.J., Palmer, C., Dennen, K.O., Finkelman, R.B., and Bullock, J.H., 2002, Toxic substances from coal combustion - A comprehensive assessment, phase II: Element modes of occurrence for the Ohio 5/6/7, Wyodak, and North Dakota coal samples: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-224, 79 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02224.","productDescription":"79 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178414,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0224/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":86350,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0224/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db6281d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolker, Allan 0000-0002-5768-4533 akolker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5768-4533","contributorId":643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolker","given":"Allan","email":"akolker@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":242322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mroczkowski, Stanley J. 0000-0001-8026-6025 smroczko@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8026-6025","contributorId":2628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mroczkowski","given":"Stanley","email":"smroczko@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":242323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Palmer, Curtis A.","contributorId":46967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmer","given":"Curtis A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dennen, Kristen O.","contributorId":80348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dennen","given":"Kristen","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Finkelman, Robert B.","contributorId":85951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bullock, John H. Jr.","contributorId":105316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullock","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":33007,"text":"ofr02205 - 2002 - Merged digital aeromagnetic data for the middle Rio Grande and southern Espanola basins, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-07T15:38:54","indexId":"ofr02205","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-205","title":"Merged digital aeromagnetic data for the middle Rio Grande and southern Espanola basins, New Mexico","docAbstract":"The U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) recently conducted a multi-disciplinary study of the Middle Rio Grande basin (Bartolino and Cole, 2002; Fig. 1). The main purpose of this study was to gain a better multi-dimensional understanding of the basin's hydrogeologic framework and use this new understanding to construct an improved regional ground-water flow model. The Middle Rio Grande basin fill serves as the primary water resource for Albuquerque and surrounding communities (Thorn and others, 1993). It is composed of poorly consolidated, Tertiary to Quaternary sediments, collectively called the Santa Fe Group. These sediments were deposited during the Tertiary to Quaternary development of the Rio Grande rift (Fig. 1, inset). The strata vary in thickness from 1,000 to more than 4,000 m and range from mudstone to conglomerate (Kelley, 1977; May and Russell, 1994).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/ofr02205","usgsCitation":"Sweeney, R.E., Grauch, V.J., and Phillips, J.D., 2002, Merged digital aeromagnetic data for the middle Rio Grande and southern Espanola basins, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-205, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02205.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163261,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3178,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-0205/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"1","country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624eb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sweeney, Ronald E.","contributorId":89564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweeney","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grauch, V. J. S. 0000-0002-0761-3489","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0761-3489","contributorId":34125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grauch","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Phillips, Jeffrey D. 0000-0002-6459-2821 jeff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6459-2821","contributorId":1572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jeff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":209674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":32929,"text":"fs01302 - 2002 - Federally owned coal and Federal lands in the Northern and Central Appalachian Basin coal regions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:18","indexId":"fs01302","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"013-02","title":"Federally owned coal and Federal lands in the Northern and Central Appalachian Basin coal regions","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) assessed five coal beds or coal zones in the northern and central Appalachian Basin coal regions for the National Coal Resource Assessment: the Pittsburgh coal bed, the Upper Freeport coal bed, the Fire Clay coal zone, the Pond Creek coal zone, and the Pocahontas No. 3 coal bed. The assessment produced stratigraphic and geochemical databases and digital coal maps, or models, which characterized the coal beds and coal zones. Using the assessment models, the USGS estimated original and remaining (unmined) resources for these coal beds or zones. The Appalachian Basin assessment was conducted in collaboration with the State geological surveys of West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Maryland, Kentucky, and Virginia.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs01302","usgsCitation":"Tewalt, S., 2002, Federally owned coal and Federal lands in the Northern and Central Appalachian Basin coal regions: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 013-02, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs01302.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123806,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_013_02.bmp"},{"id":3094,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs013-02/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fde4b07f02db5f5f7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tewalt, S.J.","contributorId":55838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tewalt","given":"S.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":33008,"text":"ofr02214 - 2002 - Analysis of magnetotelluric profile data from the Ruby Mountains metamorphic core complex and southern Carlin Trend region, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-14T14:38:07","indexId":"ofr02214","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-214","title":"Analysis of magnetotelluric profile data from the Ruby Mountains metamorphic core complex and southern Carlin Trend region, Nevada","docAbstract":"We have collected about 150 magnetotelluric (MT) soundings in northeastern Nevada in the region of the Ruby Mountains metamorphic core complex uplift and southern Carlin mineral trend, in an effort to illuminate controls on core complex evolution and deposition of world-class gold deposits. The region has experienced a broad range of tectonic events including several periods of compressional and extensional deformation, which have contributed to the total expression of electrical resistivity. Most of the soundings are in three east-west profiles across increasing degrees of core uplift to the north (Bald Mountain, Harrison Pass and Secret Pass latitudes). Two shorter lines cross a prominent east-west structure to the north of the northern profile. MT impedance tensor and vertical magnetic field rotations imply a N-NNE average regional geoelectric strike, similar to surface geologic trends. Model resistivity cross sections were derived using a 2-D inversion algorithm, which damps departures of model parameters from an a priori structure, emphasizing the transverse magnetic (TM) mode and vertical magnetic field data. Geological interpretation of the resistivity combines previous seismic, potential field and isotope models, structural and petrological models for regional compression and extension, and detailed structural/stratigraphic interpretations incorporating drilling for petroleum and mineral exploration. To first order, the resistivity structure is one of a moderately conductive, Phanerozoic sedimentary section fundamentally disrupted by intrusion and uplift of resistive crystalline rocks. Late Devonian and early Mississippian shales of the Pilot and Chainman Formations together form an important conductive marker sequence in the stratigraphy and show pronounced increases in conductance (conductivity-thickness product) from east to west. These increases in conductance are attributed to graphitization caused by Elko-Sevier era compressional shear deformation and possibly by intrusive heating. The resistive crystalline central massifs adjoin the host stratigraphy across crustal-scale, subvertical fault zones. These zones provide electric current pathways to the lower crust for heterogeneous, upper crustal induced current flow. Resistive core complex crust may be steeply bounded under the middle of the neighboring grabens and not deepen at a shallow angle to arbitrary distances to the west. The numerous crustal breaks imaged with MT may contribute to the low effective elastic thickness estimated regionally for the Great Basin and exemplify the mid-crustal, steeply dipping slip zones in which major earthquakes nucleate. An east-west oriented conductor in the crystalline upper crust spans the East Humboldt Range and northern Ruby Mountains. The conductor may be related to an inferred ArcheanProterozoic suture or nearby graphitic metasediments, with possible alteration by middle Tertiary magmatic activity. Lower crustal resistivity everywhere under the profiles is low and appears quasi one-dimensional. It is consistent with a low rock porosity (
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr02214","usgsCitation":"Wannamaker, P.E., Doerner, W.M., Stodt, J.A., Sodergen, T.L., and Rodriguez, B.D., 2002, Analysis of magnetotelluric profile data from the Ruby Mountains metamorphic core complex and southern Carlin Trend region, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-214, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02214.","productDescription":"50 p.","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3179,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-0214/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":163262,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0214/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60881,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0214/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db680442","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wannamaker, Philip E.","contributorId":86398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wannamaker","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doerner, William M.","contributorId":17662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doerner","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stodt, John A.","contributorId":79533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stodt","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sodergen, Timothy L.","contributorId":63071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sodergen","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rodriguez, Brian D. 0000-0002-2263-611X brod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2263-611X","contributorId":836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"Brian","email":"brod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":32975,"text":"ofr02276 - 2002 - FD_BH: a program for simulating electromagnetic waves from a borehole antenna","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-07T16:00:34","indexId":"ofr02276","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-276","title":"FD_BH: a program for simulating electromagnetic waves from a borehole antenna","docAbstract":"Program FD_BH is used to simulate the electromagnetic waves generated by an antenna in a borehole. The model representing the antenna may include metallic parts, a coaxial cable as a feed to the driving point, and resistive loading. The program is written in the C programming language, and the program has been tested on both the Windows and the UNIX operating systems. This Open-File Report describes • The contents and organization of the Zip file (section 2). • The program files, the installation of the program, the input files, and the execution of the program (section 3). • Address to which suggestions for improving the program may be sent (section 4).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02276","usgsCitation":"Ellefsen, K.J., 2002, FD_BH: a program for simulating electromagnetic waves from a borehole antenna: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-276, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02276.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3137,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-0276/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":164184,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f8913","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellefsen, Karl J. 0000-0003-3075-4703 ellefsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3075-4703","contributorId":789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellefsen","given":"Karl","email":"ellefsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":82803,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":209595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70209719,"text":"70209719 - 2002 - Monitoring dust storms and mapping landscape vulnerability to wind erosion using satellite and ground-based digital images","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-22T15:39:55.173819","indexId":"70209719","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-30T10:33:47","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5949,"text":"Arid Lands Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring dust storms and mapping landscape vulnerability to wind erosion using satellite and ground-based digital images","docAbstract":"Wind-induced dust emission in the southwestern United States is important regionally because of its impact on human health and safety and its influence on ecosystem dynamics. Factors that control dust emission include wind velocity, sediment availability, and surface conditions (e.g., vegetation type and degree of cover, surface crusts and armoring, and soil moisture - Gillette and Passi, 1988; Gillette and Hanson 1989; Marticorena and others, 1997). Emission of dust from the land surface is a process of degradation that depletes fine-grained minerals needed for optimum vegetation growth, creates potentially hazardous air quality for humans on a local and regional scale, and can affect climate on a regional and global scale. Future climatic change may lead to increased aridification of southwestern deserts, reducing protective vegetation and enhancing dust emissions, thereby increasing the impacts of dust in this region. It is currently not well understood how climate change in the Southwest will affect dust emission and, in turn, how dust emission will affect climate and human health.
As part of a study of landscape vulnerability to wind erosion and the potential impacts of dust, we are investigating remotely sensed satellite, airborne, and ground-based image data to determine their ability to detect and monitor active dust storms, as well as to map areas vulnerable to wind erosion. A main objective has been to investigate the use of high temporal resolution digital images collected by satellite and a long-term, ground-based digital camera station, along with wind data collected at our field sites, to detect, monitor, and analyze the location, size, frequency, duration, and transport patterns of dust storms in the Mojave Desert of the southwestern United States.
Generally, many current methods and instruments are not developed to the level required to routinely detect and monitor dust storms or to develop models that accurately predict total dust flux and emission rates. Improving these capabilities is critical to generating baseline datasets for assessments of landscape vulnerability to future climate change. On going modeling efforts are attempting to identify meteorological parameters and soil surface roughness parameters needed to predict the vulnerability of various geomorphic substrates to wind erosion. Datasets to calibrate model results are difficult to collect and typically not available. Results of our studies, incorporating digital image maps and new methods using remotely sensed images to identify and monitor dust sources, will be useful for the calibration of dust-emission models of the Mojave Desert and other arid environments. At the same time, we are exploring new methods to map the amount, sizes, and spatial distribution of particles at the surface to enable detailed wind-erosion vulnerability mapping at a regional scale.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Arizona","usgsCitation":"Chavez, P.S., MacKinnon, D., Reynolds, R.L., and Velasco, M.G., 2002, Monitoring dust storms and mapping landscape vulnerability to wind erosion using satellite and ground-based digital images: Arid Lands Newsletter, HTML document.","productDescription":"HTML document","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374196,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":374195,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://cals.arizona.edu/OALS/ALN/aln51/chavez.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.0767364501953,\n 35.26103890040936\n ],\n [\n -116.20582580566408,\n 35.08451746670936\n ],\n [\n -115.68981170654297,\n 35.17212449131418\n ],\n [\n -116.0767364501953,\n 35.26103890040936\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chavez, Pat S. Jr.","contributorId":39870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chavez","given":"Pat","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":787663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacKinnon, David","contributorId":19075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacKinnon","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":787664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reynolds, Richard L. 0000-0002-4572-2942 rreynolds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4572-2942","contributorId":139068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Richard","email":"rreynolds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Velasco, Miguel G. 0000-0003-2559-7934 mvelasco@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2559-7934","contributorId":2103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Velasco","given":"Miguel","email":"mvelasco@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70188656,"text":"70188656 - 2002 - Evaluation of a local grid refinement method for steady-state block-centered finite-difference groundwater models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-20T13:50:20","indexId":"70188656","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5430,"text":"Developments in Water Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of a local grid refinement method for steady-state block-centered finite-difference groundwater models","docAbstract":"A new method of local grid refinement for two-dimensional block-centered finite difference meshes that uses an iteration-based feedback to couple two separate grids has been developed. Its convergence properties have been evaluated and comparisons with alternative methods have been completed (Mehl and Hill, in review a). This work further investigates a difficulty encountered with the traditional telescopic mesh refinement (TMR) methods that lack a feedback. Results indicate: (1) Coupling the coarse grid with the refined grid in a numerically rigorous way that allows for a feedback can improve the coarse grid results; this improvement is not possible using the TMR methods because there is no feedback. (2) The TMR methods work well in situations where the better resolution of the locally refined grid has little influence on the overall flow-system dynamics, but if this is not true, lack of a feedback mechanism produced errors in head up to 6.8% and errors in cell-to-cell fluxes up to 7.1% for the case presented. (3) For the TMR methods, coupling using flux boundary conditions produces significant inconsistencies in the head distribution at the boundary interface. TMR inaccuracies can substantially effect parameter estimation (Mehl and Hill, in review b).
","language":"English","publisher":"ScienceDirect","doi":"10.1016/S0167-5648(02)80084-3","usgsCitation":"Hill, M.C., and Mehl, S.W., 2002, Evaluation of a local grid refinement method for steady-state block-centered finite-difference groundwater models: Developments in Water Science, v. 47, p. 367-374, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5648(02)80084-3.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"367","endPage":"374","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342670,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"594a3429e4b062508e36af5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":698783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mehl, Steffen W. swmehl@usgs.gov","contributorId":975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehl","given":"Steffen","email":"swmehl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":698784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70210583,"text":"70210583 - 2002 - Geographic information systems compilation of geophysical, geologic, and tectonic data for the Bering Shelf, Chukchi Sea, Arctic margin, and adjacent landmasses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-11T14:42:31.027467","indexId":"70210583","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-10T13:43:29","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geographic information systems compilation of geophysical, geologic, and tectonic data for the Bering Shelf, Chukchi Sea, Arctic margin, and adjacent landmasses","docAbstract":"The accompanying CD-ROM contains a compilation of geophysical, geologic, and tectonic data for the Bering Shelf, the Chukchi Sea, the Arctic margin, and adjacent landmasses. These data sets focus on Alaska, the Russian Far East, and the continental shelves that link these two landmasses. For compatibility with other available geographic information system (GIS) products, our GIS compilation extends from 120°E to 115°W, and from 40°N to 80°N. This area encompasses the region from the modern Paciµc plate boundary of the Japan, Kurile, and Aleutian subduction zones, the Queen Charlotte transform fault, and the Cascadia subduction zone (in the south) to the continent-ocean transition from the Eurasian and North American continents to the Arctic Ocean (in the north); and from the diffuse Eurasian–North American plate boundary, including the probable Okhotsk plate (in the west) to the Alaskan-Canadian Cordilleran fold belt (in the east). The CD-ROM comprises thematic layers of spatial data sets for topography, gravity µeld, magnetic µeld, earthquakes, volcanoes, geology, tectonostratigraphic terranes, and cultural reference features, and also includes metadata (data about the data) for all these data sets. The spatial data sets can be viewed, analyzed, and plotted with commercial GIS software (ArcView and ARC/Info) or through a freeware program (ArcExplorer) that is included on this CD-ROM. This GIS compilation provides data for studies of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic collisional and accretionary tectonics that assembled this continental crust and of the neotectonics of active and passive plate margins in this region, and for constructing and interpreting geophysical, geologic, and tectonic models of the region.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2360-4.359","usgsCitation":"Klemperer, S.L., Greninger, M.L., and Nokleberg, W.J., 2002, Geographic information systems compilation of geophysical, geologic, and tectonic data for the Bering Shelf, Chukchi Sea, Arctic margin, and adjacent landmasses: GSA Special Papers, v. 360, p. 359-374, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2360-4.359.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"359","endPage":"374","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":375500,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia, United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Arctic margin, Bering Shelf, Chukchi Sea","volume":"360","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klemperer, Simon L.","contributorId":106929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klemperer","given":"Simon","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":790680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greninger, Mark L.","contributorId":72816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greninger","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nokleberg, Warren J. 0000-0002-1574-8869 wnokleberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-8869","contributorId":2077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokleberg","given":"Warren","email":"wnokleberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70199733,"text":"70199733 - 2002 - Interactions between onshore bedrock-channel incision and nearshore wave-base erosion forced by eustasy and tectonics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-26T13:21:09","indexId":"70199733","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-10T13:20:40","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":972,"text":"Basin Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactions between onshore bedrock-channel incision and nearshore wave-base erosion forced by eustasy and tectonics","docAbstract":"We explore the response of bedrock streams to eustatic and tectonically induced fluctuations in base level. A numerical model coupling onshore fluvial erosion with offshore wave‐base erosion is developed. The results of a series of simulations for simple transgressions with constant rate of sea‐level change (SLR) show that response depends on the relative rates of rock uplift (U) and wave‐base erosion (ɛw). Simple regression runs highlight the importance of nearshore bathymetry. Shoreline position during sea‐level fall is set by the relative rate of base‐level fall (U‐SLR) and ɛw, and is constant horizontally when these two quantities are equal. The results of models forced by a realistic Late Quaternary sea‐level curve are presented. These runs show that a stable shoreline position cannot be obtained if offshore uplift rates exceed ɛw. Only in the presence of a relatively stable shoreline position, fluvial profiles can begin to approximate a steady‐state condition, with U balanced by fluvial erosion rate (ɛf). In the presence of a rapid offshore decrease in rock‐uplift rate (U), short (∼5 km) fluvial channels respond to significant changes in rock‐uplift rate in just a few eustatic cycles. The results of the model are compared to real stream‐profile data from the Mendocino triple junction region of northern California. The late Holocene sea‐level stillstand response exhibited by the simulated channels is similar to the low‐gradient mouths seen in the California streams.
","language":"English","publisher":"International AIDS Society, European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2117.2002.00169.x","usgsCitation":"Snyder, N., Whipple, K., Tucker, G., and Merritts, D., 2002, Interactions between onshore bedrock-channel incision and nearshore wave-base erosion forced by eustasy and tectonics: Basin Research, v. 14, no. 2, p. 105-127, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2117.2002.00169.x.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"127","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357787,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-06-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10f159e4b034bf6a805ab2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, N.P.","contributorId":13415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"N.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whipple, K.X.","contributorId":47187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whipple","given":"K.X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tucker, G.E.","contributorId":102992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tucker","given":"G.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Merritts, D.J.","contributorId":73766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merritts","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70210480,"text":"70210480 - 2002 - Evaporite tectonism in the lower Roaring Fork River valley, west-central Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-04T16:14:04.320733","indexId":"70210480","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-04T10:58:40","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaporite tectonism in the lower Roaring Fork River valley, west-central Colorado","docAbstract":"Evaporite tectonism in the lower Roaring Fork River valley in west-central Colorado has caused regional subsidence of a differentially downdropped area in the southern part of the Carbondale collapse center during the late Cenozoic. A prominent topographic depression coincides with this collapse area, and drainage patterns within the collapse area contrast sharply with those outside of it. Miocene volcanic rocks are downdropped as much as 1220 m in the collapse area. Much of the structural lowering occurred along the margins of the collapse area. Major Laramide-age structures bound the east and west sides of the collapse area, but movement on these structures during late Cenozoic collapse was in an opposite direction to their Laramide movement. Within the interior part of the collapse area faults and folds have as much as \u0001300 m of structural relief. Large blocks of rock may be rafting into the Roaring Fork River valley as underlying evaporite flows toward the valley. Sinkholes are common in the collapse area, as are closed, or nearly closed, structurally controlled topographic depressions that are formed in both surficial deposits and bedrock. Upper Cenozoic deltaic and lacustrine deposits preserved on ridgelines and mesas document the positions of former structural depressions that were initially filled with sediments and later breached by erosion. At least 450 m of syn-collapse sediments accumulated in a collapse depression on the north side of Mount Sopris. Complexly deformed and brecciated deposits in the interior parts of the collapse center are interpreted as collapse debris. Evaporite flow is an important element in the collapse process, and during early stages of collapse it was perhaps the primary means of deformation. Flow by itself, does not remove evaporite from the collapse area. Dissolution and accompanying transport of dissolved constituents by groundwater and surface water are the ultimate means by which evaporite exits the collapse area. Collapse continues today, as evidenced by historic sinkholes and modern high-salinity loads in rivers and thermal springs. Thick evaporite deposits still underlie much of the collapse area, so collapse will likely continue in the future.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2366-3.73","usgsCitation":"Kirkham, R., Streufert, R.K., Kunk, M.J., Budahn, J.R., Hudson, M., and Perry, W.J., 2002, Evaporite tectonism in the lower Roaring Fork River valley, west-central Colorado: GSA Special Papers, v. 366, p. 73-99, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2366-3.73.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"99","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":375361,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Carbondale","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.369140625,\n 39.18117526158749\n ],\n [\n -106.98486328124999,\n 39.18117526158749\n ],\n [\n -106.98486328124999,\n 40.06125658140474\n ],\n [\n -108.369140625,\n 40.06125658140474\n ],\n [\n -108.369140625,\n 39.18117526158749\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"366","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirkham, R. M.","contributorId":16915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kirkham","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Streufert, Randall K.","contributorId":45353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Streufert","given":"Randall","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Budahn, James R. 0000-0001-9794-8882 jbudahn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":1175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"James","email":"jbudahn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hudson, Mark R. 0000-0003-0338-6079 mhudson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0338-6079","contributorId":1236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"Mark R.","email":"mhudson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Perry, William J. Jr.","contributorId":32498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":38165,"text":"fs03802 - 2002 - Characterization and modes of occurrence of elements in feed coal and fly ash; an integrated approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-23T15:24:22","indexId":"fs03802","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"038-02","title":"Characterization and modes of occurrence of elements in feed coal and fly ash; an integrated approach","docAbstract":"Despite certain environmental concerns, coal is likely to remain an important component of the United States energy supply, partly because it is the most abundant domestically available fossil fuel. One of the concerns about coal combustion for electricity production is the potential release of elements from coal and coal combustion products (CCPs) - fly ash - to the environment. This concern prompted the need for accurate, reliable, and comprehensive information on the contents and modes of occurrence of selected elements in power-plant feed coal and fly ash. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is collaborating with several electric utilities to determine the chemical and mineralogical properties of feed coal and fly ash. Our first study analyzed coal and fly ash from a Kentucky power plant, which uses many different bituminous coals from the Appalachian and Illinois Basins. Sulfur content of these feed coals rangedfrom 2.5 to 3.5 percent. The second study analyzed coal and fly ash from an Indiana power plant, which uses subbituminous coal from the Powder River Basin (fig. 1). Sulfur content of this feed coal ranged from 0.23 to 0.47 percent. A summary of important aspects of our approach and results are presented in this report.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs03802","usgsCitation":"Brownfield, M.E., 2002, Characterization and modes of occurrence of elements in feed coal and fly ash; an integrated approach: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 038-02, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs03802.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3463,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-0038-02/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":64468,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0038/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122194,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0038/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana, Kentucky ","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4e9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brownfield, Michael E. 0000-0003-3633-1138","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3633-1138","contributorId":7250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brownfield","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32939,"text":"ofr02195 - 2002 - Progress on geoenvironmental models for selected mineral deposit types","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-09T15:49:25","indexId":"ofr02195","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-195","title":"Progress on geoenvironmental models for selected mineral deposit types","docAbstract":"Since the beginning of economic geology as a subdiscipline of the geological sciences, economic geologists have tended to classify mineral deposits on the basis of geological, mineralogical, and geochemical criteria, in efforts to systematize our understanding of mineral deposits as an aid to exploration. These efforts have led to classifications based on commodity, geologic setting (Cox and Singer, 1986), inferred temperatures and pressures of ore formation (Lindgren, 1933), and genetic setting (Park and MacDiarmid, 1975; Jensen and Bateman, 1979). None of these classification schemes is mutually exclusive; instead, there is considerable overlap among all of these classifications. A natural outcome of efforts to classify mineral deposits is the development of “mineral deposit models.” A mineral deposit model is a systematically arranged body of information that describes some or all of the essential characteristics of a selected group of mineral deposits; it presents a concept within which essential attributes may be distinguished and from which extraneous, coincidental features may be recognized and excluded (Barton, 1993). Barton (1993) noted that the grouping of deposits on the basis of common characteristics forms the basis for a classification, but the specification of the characteristics required for belonging to the group is the basis for a model. Models range from purely descriptive to genetic. A genetic model is superior to a descriptive model because it provides a basis to distinguish essential from extraneous attributes, and it has flexibility to accommodate variability in sources, processes, and local controls. In general, a descriptive model is a necessary prerequisite to a genetic model.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02195","usgsCitation":"2002, Progress on geoenvironmental models for selected mineral deposit types: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-195, 213 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02195.","productDescription":"213 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":163555,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3102,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/of02-195/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65df46","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Seal,, Robert R. II 0000-0003-0901-2529 rseal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":141204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal,","given":"Robert R.","suffix":"II","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":762440,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foley, Nora K. 0000-0003-0124-3509 nfoley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0124-3509","contributorId":4010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Nora","email":"nfoley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":762441,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":33034,"text":"wri024000 - 2002 - Water budget for and nitrogen loads to Northeast Creek, Bar Harbor, Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:18","indexId":"wri024000","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4000","title":"Water budget for and nitrogen loads to Northeast Creek, Bar Harbor, Maine","docAbstract":"The potential for nutrient enrichment to coastal estuaries on Mt. Desert Island, Maine, may affect the health of these important ecosystems at Acadia National Park. Inputs of water and nitrogen entering one of these coastal estuaries, Northeast Creek, and adjacent wetlands on Mt. Desert Island were quantified in a recent study conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the National Park Service. Streamflow and concentra-tions of nitrogen species in the four perennial streams entering the wetland/estuary system were measured monthly for 18 months to estimate loads and develop a water budget. Old Mill Brook was instrumented with a continuous-recording stream-flow gage; the MOVE.1 record-extension technique was used with this and several other nearby continuous gages to estimate daily surface-water inflow to the wetland. Inflow from ungaged basins was estimated from the unit-area yield calculated from data obtained from the gaged basins. Precipitation data collected at the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) site at Acadia National Park Headquarters and the Acadia National Park weather station were used to calculate atmospheric inputs. Evapotranspiration from the wetland was calculated using Fennessey and Vogel?s regionalized multivariate regression model of Penman-Montieth evapotranspiration. Geologic data collected in the field and taken from published geologic maps indicate that ground water probably does not contribute significantly to the water budget of this wetland system. Surface-water outflow from the wetland was not calculated because of the tidal nature of the outlet of the wetland and the difficulties associated with measuring flow in a tidal stream.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024000","usgsCitation":"Nielsen, M., 2002, Water budget for and nitrogen loads to Northeast Creek, Bar Harbor, Maine: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4000, 32 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024000.","productDescription":"32 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":164187,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3205,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024000","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f73db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nielsen, M.G.","contributorId":103635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":33015,"text":"wri024119 - 2002 - Natural attenuation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds in ground water at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-19T19:36:56","indexId":"wri024119","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4119","title":"Natural attenuation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds in ground water at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) evaluated the natural attenuation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) in ground water beneath the former landfill at Operable Unit 1 (OU 1), Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington. The predominant contaminants in ground water are trichloroethene (TCE) and its degradation byproducts cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cisDCE) and vinyl chloride (VC). The Navy planted two hybrid poplar plantations on the landfill in spring of 1999 to remove and control the migration of CVOCs in shallow ground water. Previous studies provided evidence that microbial degradation processes also reduce CVOC concentrations in ground water at OU 1, so monitored natural attenuation is a potential alternative remedy if phytoremediation is ineffective. This report describes the current (2000) understanding of natural attenuation of CVOCs in ground water at OU 1 and the impacts that phytoremediation activities to date have had on attenuation processes. The evaluation is based on ground-water and surface-water chemistry data and hydrogeologic data collected at the site by the USGS and Navy contractors between 1991 and 2000. Previously unpublished data collected by the USGS during 1996-2000 are presented. Natural attenuation of CVOCs in shallow ground water at OU 1 is substantial. For 1999-2000 conditions, approximately 70 percent of the mass of dissolved chlorinated ethenes that was available to migrate from the landfill was completely degraded in shallow ground water before it could migrate to the intermediate aquifer or discharge to surface water. Attenuation of CVOC concentrations appears also to be substantial in the intermediate aquifer, but biodegradation appears to be less significant; those conclusions are less certain because of the paucity of data downgradient of the landfill beneath the tide flats. Attenuation of CVOC concentrations is also substantial in surface water as it flows through the adjacent marsh and out to the tide flats. Attenuation processes other than dilution reduce the CVOC flux in marsh surface water by about 40 percent by the time the water discharges to the tide flats. Despite the importance of natural attenuation processes at reducing both the contaminant concentrations and the contaminant mass at OU 1, natural attenuation alone was not effective enough in the year 2000 to meet current numerical remediation goals for the site. That was in part due to the relatively short distance between the landfill and the adjacent marsh, and in part due to the extremely high CVOC concentrations directly beneath the landfill. Phytoremediation activities had some apparent effect on contaminant concentrations in ground water and surface water, but ground-water redox conditions to date (2000) were not affected by the February 1999 asphalt removal for tree planting. The poplar trees in the phytoremediation plantations were not yet mature in 2000, so the lack of discernible changes to date is understandable. Concentration changes of some redox-sensitive compounds suggest that increased recharge following asphalt removal diluted ambient landfill ground water. CVOC concentrations increased in some downgradient wells in both the northern and southern plantations after asphalt removal, whereas CVOC concentrations decreased in some upgradient wells in the southern plantation. A clear increase in CVOC concentrations in marsh surface water followed asphalt removal, apparently from increased contaminant discharge in ground water beneath the southern plantation. The results of the natural attenuation evaluation suggest than minor modifications to the current sampling plan may be beneficial to understanding the future impacts of phytoremediation and natural attenuation on the fate and distribution of CVOCs at OU 1.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024119","usgsCitation":"Dinicola, R., Cox, S., Landmeyer, J., and Bradley, P., 2002, Natural attenuation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds in ground water at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4119, 116 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024119.","productDescription":"116 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3184,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024119","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":163628,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"1","country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Naval Undersea Warfare Center","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.88070678710938,\n 47.60986653003798\n ],\n [\n -122.88070678710938,\n 47.803008949806895\n ],\n [\n -122.58682250976562,\n 47.803008949806895\n ],\n [\n -122.58682250976562,\n 47.60986653003798\n ],\n [\n -122.88070678710938,\n 47.60986653003798\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698289","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dinicola, Richard S. 0000-0003-4222-294X dinicola@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4222-294X","contributorId":352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinicola","given":"Richard S.","email":"dinicola@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cox, S.E.","contributorId":66663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Landmeyer, J. E.","contributorId":91140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":33013,"text":"wri20024077 - 2002 - Geohydrology and Numerical Simulation of Alternative Pumping Distributions and the Effects of Drought on the Ground-Water Flow System of Tinian, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:16","indexId":"wri20024077","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4077","title":"Geohydrology and Numerical Simulation of Alternative Pumping Distributions and the Effects of Drought on the Ground-Water Flow System of Tinian, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands","docAbstract":"Ground water in a freshwater lens is the main source of freshwater on Tinian, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Four major geologic units make up the island with high-permeability limestone units overlying low-permeability volcanic rocks. Estimates of limestone hydraulic conductivity range from 21 to 23,000 feet per day.\r\n\r\nEstimates of water-budget components for Tinian are 82 inches per year of rainfall, about 6 inches per year of runoff, 46 inches per year of evapotranspiration, and 30 inches per year of recharge. From 1990?97, ground-water withdrawal from the Municipal well, the major source of water, averaged about 780 gallons per minute.\r\n\r\nA two-dimensional, steady-state, ground-water flow model using the computer code SHARP was developed for Tinian, to enhance the understanding of (1) the distribution of aquifer hydraulic properties, (2) the conceptual framework of the ground-water flow system, and (3) the effects of various pumping distributions and drought on water levels and the freshwater/saltwater transition zone. For modeling purposes, Tinian was divided into three horizontal hydraulic-conductivity zones: (1) highly permeable limestone, (2) less-permeable, clay-rich limestone, and (3) low-permeability volcanic rocks.\r\n\r\nThe following horizontal hydraulic conductivities were estimated: (1) 10,500 feet per day for the highly permeable limestone, (2) 800 feet per day for the less-permeable clay-rich limestone, and (3) 0.2 foot per day for the volcanic rocks.\r\n\r\nTo estimate the hydrologic effects of different pumping distributions on the aquifer, three different steady-state pumping scenarios were simulated, (1) a scenario with no ground-water pumping, (2) a 2001-pumping scenario, and (3) a maximum-pumping scenario.\r\n\r\nThe results of the no-pumping scenario showed that the freshwater/saltwater interface beneath the Municipal well would be about 7 feet deeper and ground-water discharge to the coast would be higher along both the east and west coasts of the island when compared with 1990-97 pumping conditions. For the maximum pumping scenario, the model-calculated freshwater/saltwater interface is about 7 feet shallower than the position calculated in the base-case scenario.\r\n\r\nTo estimate the hydrologic effects of drought on the freshwater lens, the 2001- and maximum-pumping scenarios were simulated using three combinations of aquifer porosity values covering a range of possible limestone properties. In all scenarios, recharge was reduced to 10 percent of average estimated recharge and the transient response was simulated for 1 year. These simulations demonstrated that the ground-water resource is adequate to withstand a drought similar to that experienced in 1998 using existing infrastructure.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri20024077","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Commonwealth Utilities Corporation, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands","usgsCitation":"Gingerich, S.B., 2002, Geohydrology and Numerical Simulation of Alternative Pumping Distributions and the Effects of Drought on the Ground-Water Flow System of Tinian, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4077, vi, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20024077.","productDescription":"vi, 46 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124660,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_2002_4077.jpg"},{"id":13776,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri02-4077/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 145.56666666666666,14.916666666666666 ], [ 145.56666666666666,15.1 ], [ 145.68333333333334,15.1 ], [ 145.68333333333334,14.916666666666666 ], [ 145.56666666666666,14.916666666666666 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8d90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gingerich, Stephen B. 0000-0002-4381-0746 sbginger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4381-0746","contributorId":1426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gingerich","given":"Stephen","email":"sbginger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32941,"text":"ofr02203 - 2002 - Borehole velocity measurements at five sites that recorded the Cape Mendocino, California earthquake of 25 April, 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-10T14:44:55","indexId":"ofr02203","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-203","title":"Borehole velocity measurements at five sites that recorded the Cape Mendocino, California earthquake of 25 April, 1992","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), as part of an ongoing program to acquire seismic velocity and geologic data at locations that recorded strong-ground motions during earthquakes, has investigated five sites in the Fortuna, California region (Figure 1). We selected drill sites at strong-motion stations that recorded high accelerations (Table 1) from the Cape Mendocino earthquake (M 7.0) of 25 April 1992 (Oppenheimer et al., 1993). The boreholes were drilled to a nominal depth of 95 meters (310 ft) and cased with schedule 80 pvc-casing grouted in place at each location. S-wave and P-wave data were acquired at each site using a surface source and a borehole three-component geophone. This report contains the velocity models interpreted from the borehole data and gives reference to locations and peak accelerations at the selected strong-motion stations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr02203","usgsCitation":"Gibbs, J., Tinsley, J., and Boore, D.M., 2002, Borehole velocity measurements at five sites that recorded the Cape Mendocino, California earthquake of 25 April, 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-203, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02203.","productDescription":"48 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3111,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0203/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":164373,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0203/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60847,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0203/pdf/of02-203.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.40655,40.283417 ], [ -124.40655,40.345413 ], [ -124.266993,40.345413 ], [ -124.266993,40.283417 ], [ -124.40655,40.283417 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db6029bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gibbs, James F.","contributorId":95880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibbs","given":"James F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tinsley, John C. III jtinsley@usgs.gov","contributorId":3266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tinsley","given":"John C.","suffix":"III","email":"jtinsley@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":209486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boore, David M. boore@usgs.gov","contributorId":2509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boore","given":"David","email":"boore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":209485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":33048,"text":"wri004275 - 2002 - Simulated transport and biodegradation of chlorinated ethenes in a fractured dolomite aquifer near Niagara Falls, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T11:41:51","indexId":"wri004275","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4275","title":"Simulated transport and biodegradation of chlorinated ethenes in a fractured dolomite aquifer near Niagara Falls, New York","docAbstract":"Leakage of trichloroethene (TCE) from a neutralization pond at a former manufacturing facility near Niagara Falls, N.Y. during 1950-87 into the Guelph Formation of the Lockport Group, a fractured dolomite aquifer, created a plume of TCE and its metabolites that, by 1990, extended about 4,300 feet south of the facility. A smaller plume of dense, nonaqueous-phase liquids (DNAPL) probably serves as a continuing source of TCE. The presence of the TCE metabolites cis-1,2-dichloroethene (DCE), vinyl chloride (VC), and ethene in the plume, and the results of previous laboratory microcosm studies, indicate that the TCE is being degraded by naturally occurring microorganisms. Biodegradation rates of TCE and its metabolites were estimated through simulation with BIOMOC, a solute-transport model that represents multispecies reactions through Monod kinetics. A fracture zone in the Guelph Formation was represented as a porous medium containing an extensive, 3-foot thick layer with several interconnected fractures; this layer is bounded above and below by subhorizontal stratigraphic contacts. The Monod reaction constants were estimated through nonlinear regression to minimize the difference between computed concentrations of TCE and its metabolites, and the concentrations measured before and during 5 years of pump-and-treat remediation.
Transport simulations indicated that, by April 1998, the chlorinated ethene plume had reached a dynamic equilibrium between the rate of TCE dissolution and the rate of removal through pumping and biodegradation. Biodegradation of chlorinated ethenes at the site can be simulated as first-order reactions because the concentrations are generally less than the half-saturation constants estimated for Monod kinetics (320 mg/L for TCE, 10 mg/L for DCE, and 1 mg/L for VC). Computed degradation rates are proportional to the estimated ground-water velocity, which could vary by more than an order magnitude at the site, as indicated by the estimated range of fracture porosity--3 to 0.3 percent. Half-lives corresponding to first-order rate constants estimated for the lower velocity (5 to 15 feet per day) ranged from 21 to 25 days for TCE, 170 to 230 days for DCE, and 18 to 23 days for VC.
Chlorinated ethene concentrations of April 1998 were better reproduced when the TCE source was represented as a constant concentration than as a constant flux, because the latter predicted that the plume would dissipate after 5 years of pump-and-treat remediation. This result indicates that the rate of TCE dissolution is not limited by the mass of TCE in the DNAPL plume. Simulation of diffusion by the transport model MOC3D indicated that concentrations of these contaminants within the rock matrix surrounding the fracture zone were relatively unchanged after 5 years of pump-and-treat remediation. The principal sources of uncertainty in the prediction of biodegradation rates and of the fate of chlorinated ethenes at the site are the fracture porosity and DNAPL mass in the aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":" Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri004275","collaboration":" Prepared in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","usgsCitation":"Yager, R.M., 2002, Simulated transport and biodegradation of chlorinated ethenes in a fractured dolomite aquifer near Niagara Falls, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4275, vi, 55 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004275.","productDescription":"vi, 55 p. ","onlineOnly":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324248,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4275/wri20004275.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9.16 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2000-4275"},{"id":163076,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4275/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Niagara Falls","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.10774230957031,\n 43.04982335155648\n ],\n [\n -78.81214141845703,\n 43.04982335155648\n ],\n [\n -78.81214141845703,\n 43.182899476099216\n ],\n [\n -79.10774230957031,\n 43.182899476099216\n ],\n [\n -79.10774230957031,\n 43.04982335155648\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
In this paper we describe a three-step procedure to infer the spatial heterogeneity in microphytobenthos primary productivity at the scale of tidal estuaries and embayments. The first step involves local measurement of the carbon assimilation rate of benthic microalgae to determine the parameters of the photosynthesis-irradiance (P-E) curves (using non-linear optimization methods). In the next step, a resampling technique is used to rebuild pseudo-sampling distributions of the local productivity estimates; these provide error estimates for determining the significance level of differences between sites. The third step combines the previous results with deterministic models of tidal elevation and solar irradiance to compute mean and variance of the daily areal primary productivity over an entire intertidal mudflat area within each embayment. This scheme was applied on three different intertidal mudflat regions of the San Francisco Bay estuary during autumn 1998. Microphytobenthos productivity exhibits strong (ca. 3-fold) significant differences among the major sub-basins of San Francisco Bay. This spatial heterogeneity is attributed to two main causes: significant differences in the photosynthetic competence (P-E parameters) of the microphytobenthos in the different sub-basins, and spatial differences in the phase shifts between the tidal and solar cycles controlling the exposure of intertidal areas to sunlight. The procedure is general and can be used in other estuaries to assess the magnitude and patterns of spatial variability of microphytobenthos productivity at the level of the ecosystems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Estuarine Research Federation","doi":"10.1007/BF02695983","usgsCitation":"Guarini, J., Cloern, J.E., Edmunds, J.L., and Gros, P., 2002, Microphytobenthos potential productivity estimated in three tidal embayments of the San Francisco Bay system: Estuaries, v. 25, no. 3, p. 409-417, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02695983.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"409","endPage":"417","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325814,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.06085205078125,\n 38.1237539824224\n ],\n [\n -122.06497192382811,\n 38.10754709314396\n ],\n [\n -122.01278686523438,\n 38.096740502286536\n ],\n [\n -121.981201171875,\n 38.11403028044574\n ],\n [\n -121.9976806640625,\n 38.135636748588574\n ],\n [\n -122.03613281249999,\n 38.13779704369439\n ],\n [\n -122.05673217773438,\n 38.13239618602296\n ],\n [\n -122.06085205078125,\n 38.1237539824224\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.4920654296875,\n 38.112949789189614\n ],\n [\n -122.40280151367188,\n 38.14967752360809\n ],\n [\n -122.35198974609375,\n 38.12807521211548\n ],\n [\n -122.48931884765626,\n 38.079446632654914\n ],\n [\n -122.4920654296875,\n 38.112949789189614\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.12951660156249,\n 37.49556277942662\n ],\n [\n -122.09655761718749,\n 37.50645768213012\n ],\n [\n -121.95648193359374,\n 37.477037796698056\n ],\n [\n -121.92764282226564,\n 37.45523781879053\n ],\n [\n -121.98944091796874,\n 37.42470717168675\n ],\n [\n -122.06085205078125,\n 37.43343148473673\n ],\n [\n -122.09930419921876,\n 37.44106442458555\n ],\n [\n -122.12539672851561,\n 37.48248679787437\n ],\n [\n -122.12951660156249,\n 37.49556277942662\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"579b2cb1e4b0589fa1c980c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guarini, Jean-Marc","contributorId":173261,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Guarini","given":"Jean-Marc","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edmunds, Jody L.","contributorId":10452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edmunds","given":"Jody","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gros, Philippe","contributorId":173260,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gros","given":"Philippe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}