Florida panthers are among the world’s most endangered — and elusive — animals. For approximately four decades, scientists have been researching this small population of panthers that inhabit the dense forests and swamps of south Florida. Because of their wide habitat range along with an absence of clear visual features, these animals are difficult to detect and identify. In 2013, however, researchers released a study that used camera trap images collected between 2005 and 2007 to generate the first statistically reliable density estimates for the remaining population of this subspecies.
\nCamera traps — remotely activated cameras with infrared sensors — first gained measurable popularity in wildlife conservation in the early 1990s. Today, they’re used for a variety of activities, from species-specific research to broad-scale inventory or monitoring programs that, in some cases, attempt to detect biodiversity across vast landscapes. As this modern tool continues to evolve, it’s worth examining its uses and benefits for wildlife management and conservation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","publisherLocation":"Lawrence, KS","usgsCitation":"O’Connell, A.F., 2015, A hidden view of wildlife conservation: How camera traps aid science, research and management: The Wildlife Professional, v. 9, no. 3, p. 56-59.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"56","endPage":"59","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063163","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312707,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":390185,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wildlife.org/"}],"volume":"9","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"567922a7e4b0da412f4fb507","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Connell, Allan F. 0000-0001-7032-7023 aoconnell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7032-7023","contributorId":471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Connell","given":"Allan","email":"aoconnell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":571239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70159746,"text":"ds971 - 2015 - Quality of surface water in Missouri, water year 2014","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-10T11:13:35","indexId":"ds971","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-18T15:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"971","title":"Quality of surface water in Missouri, water year 2014","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, designed and operates a series of monitoring stations on streams and springs throughout Missouri known as the Ambient Water-Quality Monitoring Network. During the 2014 water year (October 1, 2013, through September 30, 2014), data were collected at 74 stations—72 Ambient Water-Quality Monitoring Network stations and 2 U.S. Geological Survey National Stream Quality Assessment Network stations. Dissolved oxygen, specific conductance, water temperature, suspended solids, suspended sediment, Escherichia coli bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, dissolved nitrate plus nitrite as nitrogen, total phosphorus, dissolved and total recoverable lead and zinc, and select pesticide compound summaries are presented for 71 of these stations. The stations primarily have been classified into groups corresponding to the physiography of the State, primary land use, or unique station types. In addition, a summary of hydrologic conditions in the State including peak discharges, monthly mean discharges, and 7-day low flow is presented.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds971","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Barr, M.N., 2015, Quality of surface water in Missouri, water year 2014: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 971, 22 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ds971.","productDescription":"vi, 22 p.","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-068828","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312548,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0971/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":312550,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0971/ds971.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.05 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"DS 971"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.78979492187499,\n 40.60561205826018\n ],\n [\n -91.77978515625,\n 40.63896734381723\n ],\n [\n -91.56005859375,\n 40.48873742102282\n ],\n [\n -91.4501953125,\n 40.421860362045194\n ],\n [\n -91.51611328125,\n 40.17887331434696\n ],\n [\n -91.461181640625,\n 39.985538414809746\n ],\n [\n -91.417236328125,\n 39.842286020743394\n ],\n [\n -91.285400390625,\n 39.69873414348139\n ],\n [\n -91.01074218749999,\n 39.52099229357195\n ],\n [\n -90.692138671875,\n 39.198205348894795\n ],\n [\n -90.615234375,\n 39.01064750994083\n ],\n [\n -90.54931640625,\n 38.91668153637508\n ],\n [\n -90.439453125,\n 38.95940879245423\n ],\n [\n -90.1318359375,\n 38.89958342598271\n ],\n [\n -90.120849609375,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n -90.15380859375,\n 38.659777730712534\n ],\n [\n -90.252685546875,\n 38.47939467327645\n ],\n [\n -90.340576171875,\n 38.315801006824984\n ],\n [\n -90.24169921875,\n 38.1777509666256\n ],\n [\n -90.010986328125,\n 38.048091067457236\n ],\n [\n -89.89013671875,\n 38.004819966413194\n ],\n [\n -89.659423828125,\n 37.84015683604136\n ],\n [\n -89.527587890625,\n 37.71859032558816\n ],\n [\n -89.45068359374999,\n 37.56199695314352\n ],\n [\n -89.45068359374999,\n 37.43125050179356\n ],\n [\n -89.5166015625,\n 37.29153547292737\n ],\n [\n -89.36279296875,\n 37.13404537126446\n ],\n [\n -89.307861328125,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -89.27490234375,\n 37.10776507118514\n ],\n [\n -89.154052734375,\n 37.020098201368114\n ],\n [\n -89.09912109375,\n 36.949891786813296\n ],\n [\n -89.1650390625,\n 36.81808022778526\n ],\n [\n -89.14306640625,\n 36.73888412439431\n ],\n [\n -89.154052734375,\n 36.67723060234619\n ],\n [\n -89.20898437499999,\n 36.58906837139909\n ],\n [\n -89.307861328125,\n 36.615527631349224\n ],\n [\n -89.384765625,\n 36.55377524336086\n ],\n [\n -89.483642578125,\n 36.46547188679816\n ],\n [\n -89.549560546875,\n 36.55377524336086\n ],\n [\n -89.549560546875,\n 36.474306755095206\n ],\n [\n -89.56054687499999,\n 36.31512514748051\n ],\n [\n -89.53857421875,\n 36.26199220445664\n ],\n [\n -89.67041015625,\n 36.2265501474709\n ],\n [\n -89.571533203125,\n 36.182224980422525\n ],\n [\n -89.69238281249999,\n 36.08462129606931\n ],\n [\n -89.703369140625,\n 36.02244668175846\n ],\n [\n -90.3955078125,\n 36.00467348670187\n ],\n [\n -90.32958984375,\n 36.11125252076159\n ],\n [\n -90.186767578125,\n 36.20882309283712\n ],\n [\n -90.087890625,\n 36.30627216957992\n ],\n [\n -90.06591796875,\n 36.37706783983682\n ],\n [\n -90.17578124999999,\n 36.41244153535644\n ],\n [\n -90.186767578125,\n 36.500805317604794\n ],\n [\n -94.625244140625,\n 36.50963615733049\n ],\n [\n -94.625244140625,\n 38.95940879245423\n ],\n [\n -94.68017578125,\n 39.155622393423215\n ],\n [\n -94.866943359375,\n 39.2407625100131\n ],\n [\n -94.888916015625,\n 39.308800296002914\n ],\n [\n -94.921875,\n 39.37677199661635\n ],\n [\n -95.0537109375,\n 39.49556336059472\n ],\n [\n -95.07568359375,\n 39.58029027440865\n ],\n [\n -95.020751953125,\n 39.707186656826565\n ],\n [\n -94.921875,\n 39.757879992021756\n ],\n [\n -94.89990234375,\n 39.825413103424786\n ],\n [\n -94.9658203125,\n 39.90130858574735\n ],\n [\n -95.042724609375,\n 39.884450178234395\n ],\n [\n -95.1416015625,\n 39.884450178234395\n ],\n [\n -95.29541015625,\n 39.9434364619742\n ],\n [\n -95.394287109375,\n 40.01920130768676\n ],\n [\n -95.43823242187499,\n 40.111688665595956\n ],\n [\n -95.482177734375,\n 40.195659093364654\n ],\n [\n -95.526123046875,\n 40.25437660372649\n ],\n [\n -95.657958984375,\n 40.29628651711716\n ],\n [\n -95.64697265625,\n 40.39676430557203\n ],\n [\n -95.723876953125,\n 40.538851525354644\n ],\n [\n -95.78979492187499,\n 40.60561205826018\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Missouri Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1400 Independence Road
Rolla, MO 65401
http://mo.water.usgs.gov/
In this paper, we present a methodology to use annual tree-ring chronologies and a monthly water balance model to generate annual reconstructions of water balance variables (e.g., potential evapotrans- piration (PET), actual evapotranspiration (AET), snow water equivalent (SWE), soil moisture storage (SMS), and runoff (R)). The method involves resampling monthly temperature and precipitation from the instrumental record directed by variability indicated by the paleoclimate record. The generated time series of monthly temperature and precipitation are subsequently used as inputs to a monthly water balance model. The methodology is applied to the Upper Colorado River Basin, and results indicate that the methodology reliably simulates water-year runoff, maximum snow water equivalent, and seasonal soil moisture storage for the instrumental period. As a final application, the methodology is used to produce time series of PET, AET, SWE, SMS, and R for the 1404–1905 period for the Upper Colorado River Basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/2015WR017283","usgsCitation":"Gangopadhyay, S., McCabe, G., and Woodhouse, C.A., 2015, Beyond annual streamflow reconstructions for the Upper Colorado River Basin: a paleo-water-balance approach: Water Resources Research, v. 51, no. 12, p. 9763-9774, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017283.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"9763","endPage":"9774","ipdsId":"IP-069011","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":344497,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.0390625,\n 43.14909399920127\n ],\n [\n -110.50048828124999,\n 42.45588764197166\n ],\n [\n -110.80810546875,\n 41.11246878918088\n ],\n [\n -111.0498046875,\n 40.17887331434696\n ],\n [\n -111.86279296875,\n 37.43997405227057\n ],\n [\n -111.6650390625,\n 36.686041276581925\n ],\n [\n -110.56640625,\n 36.421282443649496\n ],\n [\n -109.599609375,\n 36.33282808737917\n ],\n [\n -109.48974609375,\n 35.7286770448517\n ],\n [\n -108.56689453125,\n 35.7286770448517\n ],\n [\n -108.12744140625,\n 35.782170703266075\n ],\n [\n -107.3583984375,\n 36.54494944148322\n ],\n [\n -107.3583984375,\n 37.42252593456307\n ],\n [\n -107.77587890625,\n 37.70120736474139\n ],\n [\n -107.02880859375,\n 38.77121637244273\n ],\n [\n -106.962890625,\n 40.027614437486655\n ],\n [\n -107.46826171874999,\n 40.245991504199026\n ],\n [\n -107.68798828125,\n 40.96330795307353\n ],\n [\n -108.1494140625,\n 41.705728515237524\n ],\n [\n -107.57812499999999,\n 42.06560675405716\n ],\n [\n -108.984375,\n 42.50450285299051\n ],\n [\n -110.0390625,\n 43.14909399920127\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"51","issue":"12","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-12-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59819316e4b0e2f5d463b7a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gangopadhyay, Subhrendu 0000-0003-3864-8251","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3864-8251","contributorId":173439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gangopadhyay","given":"Subhrendu","affiliations":[{"id":7183,"text":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":706719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCabe, Gregory J. 0000-0002-9258-2997 gmccabe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-2997","contributorId":1453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"Gregory J.","email":"gmccabe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":706718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Woodhouse, Connie A.","contributorId":187601,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Woodhouse","given":"Connie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":32413,"text":"University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, 85721","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":706720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70159624,"text":"ofr20151216 - 2015 - Monitoring of vegetation response to elk population and habitat management in Rocky Mountain National Park, 2008–14","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-27T11:07:01","indexId":"ofr20151216","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-17T16:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1216","title":"Monitoring of vegetation response to elk population and habitat management in Rocky Mountain National Park, 2008–14","docAbstract":"Since 2008, Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado has been implementing an elk and vegetation management plan with the goal of managing elk populations and their habitats to improve the condition of key vegetation communities on elk winter range. Management actions that have been taken thus far include small reductions in the elk herd through culling of animals and temporary fencing of large areas of willow and aspen habitat to protect them from elk browsing. As part of the park’s elk and vegetation management plan (EVMP), a monitoring program was established to assess effectiveness of management actions in achieving vegetation goals. We collected data to monitor offtake (consumption) of upland herbaceous plants and willow annually from 2008 to 2014 and to assess aspen stand structure and regeneration and willow cover and height in 2013, 5 years after plan implementation. Loss of many willow and a few aspen monitoring sites to a fire in late 2012 complicated data collection and interpretation of results but will provide opportunities to observe habitat recovery following fire and in the presence and absence of elk herbivory, which will offer important insights into the use of prescribed fire as an additional management tool in these habitats.
\nIncreases in the number of small-diameter, tree-sized (stems greater than 2.5 meter height) aspen stems were observed but only inside fences that excluded ungulates. In unfenced areas, stand structure was stagnant, with many medium- and large-diameter (older) stems and no replacement of small-diameter stems. By 2013, aspen saplings (stems less than or equal to 2.5 meter height) were recruiting on 29 percent of sampled sites, an increase from 13 percent of sites at baseline, but this was mainly due to growth inside fences. Upland herbaceous offtake dropped below baseline levels (61 percent) on both core and noncore winter range in 2010–14. Less than 10 percent of the upland areas had intense herbivory (greater than 85 percent offtake), and less than 30 percent of the landscape had offtake greater than 70 percent after 2009. Offtake levels in 2013 and 2014 indicated an increase in grazing pressure on upland sites compared to 2010–12 levels, but this change may have been in response to loss of large patches of both herbaceous and woody forage in Moraine Park following the 2012 Fern Lake Fire. Winter willow offtake remained steady from 2009 to 2014, and although there were no substantial increases in offtake, there were also no consistent declines. Winter-range willow offtake was below the baseline level of 35 percent only in 2013 and 2014. Willow heights have stayed at or above baseline levels of 0.9 meter. Average heights of willow increased compared to baseline measures within fenced habitat on the core winter range and on noncore (all unfenced) winter range. Willow cover increased at least 75 percent compared to baseline within core winter-range fenced areas and roughly 25 percent in noncore winter range. Overall, during the first 5 years of implementation, the EVMP at Rocky Mountain National Park seems to be making steady progress toward the vegetation objectives set out by the EVMP. Habitat fencing has been the most effective means of improving aspen and willow habitat conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151216","collaboration":"In cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Zeigenfuss, L.C., and Johnson, T.L., 2015, Monitoring of vegetation response to elk population and habitat management in Rocky Mountain National Park, 2008–14: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1216, 44 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151216.","productDescription":"vi, 44 p.","numberOfPages":"50","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057139","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312403,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1216/ofr20151216.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.17 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1216"},{"id":312401,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1216/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountain National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.83473205566406,\n 40.23183929314176\n ],\n [\n -105.57106018066406,\n 40.23183929314176\n ],\n [\n -105.57106018066406,\n 40.43440488077008\n ],\n [\n -105.83473205566406,\n 40.43440488077008\n ],\n [\n -105.83473205566406,\n 40.23183929314176\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Fort Collins Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2150 Centre Ave., Bldg. C
Fort Collins, CO 80526–8118
http://www.fort.usgs.gov/
This article presents the scientific rationale for an ambitious ICDP drilling project to continuously sample Late Cretaceous to modern sediment in four different sedimentary basins that transect the equatorial Amazon of Brazil, from the Andean foreland to the Atlantic Ocean. The goals of this project are to document the evolution of plant biodiversity in the Amazon forests and to relate biotic diversification to changes in the physical environment, including climate, tectonism, and the surface landscape. These goals require long sedimentary records from each of the major sedimentary basins across the heart of the Brazilian Amazon, which can only be obtained by drilling because of the scarcity of Cenozoic outcrops. The proposed drilling will provide the first long, nearly continuous regional records of the Cenozoic history of the forests, their plant diversity, and the associated changes in climate and environment. It also will address fundamental questions about landscape evolution, including the history of Andean uplift and erosion as recorded in Andean foreland basins and the development of west-to-east hydrologic continuity between the Andes, the Amazon lowlands, and the equatorial Atlantic. Because many modern rivers of the Amazon basin flow along the major axes of the old sedimentary basins, we plan to locate drill sites on the margin of large rivers and to access the targeted drill sites by navigation along these rivers.
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Continuous Slope-Area (CSA) gages were developed by the Arizona Water Science Center to enable the estimation of hydrographs when direct measurements of discharge cannot be made (Smith and others, 2010). CSA gages extend standard U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) methods for determining peak discharges to mid and high flows over a hydrograph computed at regular intervals with indirect measurement methods (Benson and Dalrymple, 1967; Dalrymple and Benson, 1967). CSA gages combine continuous stage records at two or more (typically three or four) cross sections with crosssection surveys and estimates of channel roughness to compute discharge over a range of flows. With standard indirect methods of determining peak discharge, water-surface elevation in the study reach at the peak flow is estimated from surveys of debris associated with the peak-flow water line. With CSA gages, stages are continuously measured at the cross sections, at regular and synchronized intervals (typically 5 minutes) over a flow event, and discharge can be calculated at each interval.
\nCalculation of discharge using indirect methods has been automated with the slope-area computation (SAC) program (Fulford, 1994). SAC is a widely used program within the USGS; it is easily run and displays output in a clear and convenient format, which includes flags that alert the user to shortcomings in the calculation. Use of SAC has been facilitated by SACGUI (Bradley, 2012; SACGUI uses a version of SAC called SAC7), a user interface that directly reads and displays survey data, allows for specification of water-surface slope and channel roughness, writes the input file for SAC7, runs SAC7, and displays SAC7 output.
\ncsa2sac is a program (appendix 1) that repeatedly runs SAC7 using stage data and a SAC7 input template file to compute the discharge at CSA gages. It is written in the C programming language, and is compatible with 64-bit Windows operating systems. The program reads a SAC7 input file and a file containing stage-data time series. It writes a new version of the SAC7 input file with the stage data for one time step, runs SAC7, then extracts computed discharges from the SAC7 output file and collates the discharges and stages to a separate file. It repeats these steps for each time interval in the stage file to produce a discharge time series from the stage data. csa2sac has been tested with two, three, four, and six cross sections and found to operate successfully. By running SAC7, csa2sac maintains consistency and comparability of both discharges calculated from CSA gages and of standard USGS methods for computing discharges indirectly. Brown and Metcalfe (2014) have made available alternative software for producing CSA discharges.
\nIn addition to csa2sac, the SAC7 program is required. It is the same as the original SAC program, except that it is compiled for 64-bit Windows operating systems and has a slightly different command line input. It is available online (http://water.usgs.gov/software/SAC/) as part of the SACGUI installation program. The program name, “SAC7.exe,” is coded into csa2sac, and must not be changed.
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Anyone who spends more than a few days on Cape Cod (the Cape) quickly becomes a coastal geologist, quickly learning the rhythms of daily tides and the seasonal cycles of beaches growing and being swept away by storms; swimmers and surfers track how the breakers appear, and dog-walkers notice the hard-packed sand blanketed overnight by an airy layer that leaves deep labored tracks.
\nCareful observers whose paths wander to the ocean’s edge will observe many of the landforms and coastal processes described in this book and if we have done our job well, the stories told here will seem familiar. Watchful experience brings insights; indeed, this is how scientists and perhaps how artists work, describing patterns that explain and predict. When is the next high tide? What will the winter bring? Where do we build, fish, swim? How do wind and waves offshore in the North Atlantic help arrange the plants and dunes and hollows on the beach? And most of all, as human animals drawn to live and play on the edge of the ocean, how do we get the benefits of this complex natural system of geology and biology? How do we affect coastal processes; how is the coast changing now and how is the coast likely to change in years ahead with climate warming and climate change?
\nThis book is about the highly dynamic coastal landforms of Cape Cod—the beaches, bluffs, spits, dunes, barrier beaches, estuaries, and salt marshes. What they are, why they are where they are, how they behave with respect to the greater Cape Cod coastal system—how the landforms respond to day-to-day and long-term geologic processes, such as waves and currents, change in sediment transport, relative sea-level rise, and meteorological processes such as hurricanes, nor’easters, and cold front passages. It is also about how the landforms got to be where they are and the way they are and where they are headed in the near future with the predicted effects of global climate warming and change.
\nOur objective is to provide a single source of understandable and readable scientific information for those who live, play, and work on outer Cape Cod and at the Cape Cod National Seashore, as well as to provide an introduction to Cape Cod’s coastal landforms for anyone with an interest in Earth science and nature who wants a better understanding of coastal systems and processes. Basic to an understanding of coastal landforms is the fact that they work together—they interact—as elements of many systems, and therefore our ultimate concern is not the individual landform itself but rather the geologic systems that make up Cape Cod and the Cape Cod National Seashore. Much of this discussion can be applied as well to Nantucket, Martha’s Vineyard, and other coastal regions.
\nThe coast of outer Cape Cod, about 15,000 years old and about 30 miles (mi; 50 kilometers [km]) long, is but a tiny piece of the global Earth system that operates within a much larger realm of space and time. Cape Cod’s coastal landforms are temporary holding patterns within a continual interplay of land, sea, atmosphere, climate, ice, and life, including a variety of human activities that both affect and are affected by these processes. These interactions produce the landforms, and the landforms alter the interactions. The resulting landforms provide habitats for a wide variety of coastal plants and animals. The habitats along with their inhabitants and the interacting environmental factors controlling them constitute the Cape’s complex and varied ecosystems. But for now, we are here to enjoy it. We welcome you to delight and wonder at the perpetually changing handshake between the ocean and shore at New England’s Great Beach.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1417","isbn":"978-1-4113-3994-1","usgsCitation":"Giese, G.S., Williams, S.J., and Adams, Mark, 2015, Coastal landforms and processes at the Cape Cod National Seashore, Massachusetts—A primer: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1417, 86 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/cir1417.","productDescription":"iv, 86 p.","numberOfPages":"94","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-062012","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311913,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1417/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":311914,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1417/circ1417.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.36 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"CIRC 1417"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod National Seashore","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.19027709960938,\n 42.014611228817955\n ],\n [\n -70.25550842285156,\n 42.06560675405716\n ],\n [\n -70.22598266601562,\n 42.08038780095535\n ],\n [\n -70.19371032714844,\n 42.08344551881909\n ],\n [\n -70.15731811523438,\n 42.07885888676642\n ],\n [\n -70.08522033691405,\n 42.05897965014623\n ],\n [\n -70.02410888671875,\n 42.00950942549379\n ],\n [\n -69.96986389160156,\n 41.91607416876307\n ],\n [\n -69.94445800781249,\n 41.83733944214672\n ],\n [\n -69.93415832519531,\n 41.78052894057897\n ],\n [\n -69.92729187011719,\n 41.74160260664948\n ],\n [\n -69.92935180664061,\n 41.693936942282164\n ],\n [\n -69.93690490722655,\n 41.66778269875831\n ],\n [\n -69.94720458984375,\n 41.678040531771785\n ],\n [\n -69.93827819824219,\n 41.75184866809371\n ],\n [\n -69.94857788085938,\n 41.83887416186901\n ],\n [\n -69.96780395507811,\n 41.830176930139835\n ],\n [\n -69.98908996582031,\n 41.91454130182335\n ],\n [\n -70.02273559570311,\n 41.96051129429777\n ],\n [\n -70.04539489746094,\n 41.95540515378059\n ],\n [\n -70.04676818847656,\n 41.92833577889557\n ],\n [\n -70.07080078125,\n 41.89409955811395\n ],\n [\n -70.08316040039062,\n 41.95489451722692\n ],\n [\n -70.06393432617188,\n 41.98909812021334\n ],\n [\n -70.04676818847656,\n 42.00287646941049\n ],\n [\n -70.081787109375,\n 42.032464317845175\n ],\n [\n -70.12298583984375,\n 42.05031239367961\n ],\n [\n -70.14770507812499,\n 42.06050904321049\n ],\n [\n -70.16624450683594,\n 42.03144427637554\n ],\n [\n -70.19027709960938,\n 42.014611228817955\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
384 Woods Hole Road
Quissett Campus
Woods Hole, MA 0254
http:/woodshole.er.usgs.gov/
The U.S. Geological Survey has a long history of responding to and documenting the impacts of storms along the Nation’s coasts and incorporating these data into storm impact and coastal change vulnerability assessments. These studies, however, have traditionally focused on sandy shorelines and sandy barrier-island systems, without consideration of impacts to coastal wetlands. The goal of the Barrier Island and Estuarine Wetland Physical Change Assessment project is to integrate a wetland-change assessment with existing coastal-change assessments for the adjacent sandy dunes and beaches, initially focusing on Assateague Island along the Maryland and Virginia coastline. Assateague Island was impacted by waves and storm surge associated with the passage of Hurricane Sandy in October 2012, including erosion and overwash along the ocean-facing sandy shoreline as well as erosion and overwash deposition in the back-barrier and estuarine bay environments.
\nThis report serves as an archive of data that were derived from Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 imagery from 1984 to 2014, including wetland and terrestrial habitat extents; open-ocean, back-barrier, and estuarine mainland shoreline positions; and sand-line positions along the estuarine mainland and barrier shorelines from Assateague Island, Maryland to Metompkin Island, Virginia. The geographic information system data files with accompanying formal Federal Geographic Data Committee metadata can be downloaded from the Data Downloads page.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds968","usgsCitation":"Bernier, J.C., Douglas, S.H., Terrano, J.F., Barras, J.A., Plant, N.G., and Smith, C.G., 2015, Land-cover types, shoreline positions, and sand extents derived from Landsat satellite imagery, Assateague Island to Metompkin Island, Maryland and Virginia, 1984 to 2014: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 968, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ds968.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1984-01-01","temporalEnd":"2014-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-065873","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312270,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0968/index.html","text":"Report (HTML format)","description":"DS 968"},{"id":312269,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0968/images/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Assateague Island, Metompkin Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.10528564453125,\n 38.33303882235456\n ],\n [\n -75.25360107421875,\n 38.23925875585244\n ],\n [\n -75.5474853515625,\n 37.8065289741725\n ],\n [\n -75.30990600585938,\n 37.801103690609615\n ],\n [\n -75.02975463867188,\n 38.33088431959968\n ],\n [\n -75.10528564453125,\n 38.33303882235456\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
600 4th Street South
St. Petersburg, FL 33701
http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/
Wild waterfowl are primary reservoirs of avian influenza viruses (AIV). However the role of sea ducks in the ecology of avian influenza, and how that role differs from freshwater ducks, has not been examined. We obtained and analyzed sera from North Atlantic sea ducks and determined the seroprevalence in those populations. We also tested swab samples from North Atlantic sea ducks for the presence of AIV. We found relatively high serological prevalence (61%) in these sea duck populations but low virus prevalence (0.3%). Using these data we estimated that an antibody half-life of 141 weeks (3.2 years) would be required to attain these prevalences. These findings are much different than what is known in freshwater waterfowl and have implications for surveillance efforts, AIV in marine environments, and the roles of sea ducks and other long-lived waterfowl in avian influenza ecology.
","language":"English","publisher":"Public Library of Science","publisherLocation":"San Francisco, CA","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0144524","usgsCitation":"Hall, J.S., Russell, R.E., Franson, J., Soos, C., Dusek, R.J., Allen, R.B., Nashold, S.W., Teslaa, J.L., Jonsson, J.E., Ballard, J.R., Harms, N.J., and Brown, J.D., 2015, Avian influenza ecology in North Atlantic sea ducks: Not all ducks are created equal: PLoS ONE, v. 10, no. 12, p. 1-16, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144524.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"16","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-069941","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471563,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144524","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":316723,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"12","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-12-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56bb1bbce4b08d617f654de1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, Jeffrey S. 0000-0001-5599-2826 jshall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5599-2826","contributorId":2254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jshall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":597668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Russell, Robin E. 0000-0001-8726-7303 rerussell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8726-7303","contributorId":3998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell","given":"Robin","email":"rerussell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":597669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Franson, J. Christian jfranson@usgs.gov","contributorId":149318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J. Christian","email":"jfranson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":597670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Soos, Catherine","contributorId":99042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soos","given":"Catherine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dusek, Robert J. 0000-0001-6177-7479 rdusek@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6177-7479","contributorId":152316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusek","given":"Robert","email":"rdusek@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":597671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Allen, R. Bradford","contributorId":156366,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Bradford","affiliations":[{"id":20327,"text":"Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, Bangor, ME 04401","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":597675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Nashold, Sean W. 0000-0002-8869-6633 snashold@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8869-6633","contributorId":3611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nashold","given":"Sean","email":"snashold@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":597672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Teslaa, Joshua L. 0000-0001-7802-3454 jteslaa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7802-3454","contributorId":5794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teslaa","given":"Joshua","email":"jteslaa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":597673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Jonsson, Jon Einar","contributorId":156367,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jonsson","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"Einar","affiliations":[{"id":20328,"text":"University of Iceland, Snæfellsnes Research Centre, Stykkishólmur, Iceland 245.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":597676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Ballard, Jennifer R.","contributorId":127726,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ballard","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":7125,"text":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":597677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Harms, Naomi Jnae","contributorId":156368,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harms","given":"Naomi","email":"","middleInitial":"Jnae","affiliations":[{"id":20329,"text":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine,University of","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":597678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Brown, Justin D.","contributorId":87838,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Justin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":7125,"text":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":597679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70159548,"text":"fs20153078 - 2015 - Assessment of undiscovered shale gas and shale oil resources in the Mississippian Barnett Shale, Bend Arch–Fort Worth Basin Province, North-Central Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-15T15:02:56","indexId":"fs20153078","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-17T10:35:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-3078","title":"Assessment of undiscovered shale gas and shale oil resources in the Mississippian Barnett Shale, Bend Arch–Fort Worth Basin Province, North-Central Texas","docAbstract":"Using a geology-based assessment methodology, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated mean volumes of 53 trillion cubic feet of shale gas, 172 million barrels of shale oil, and 176 million barrels of natural gas liquids in the Barnett Shale of the Bend Arch–Fort Worth Basin Province of Texas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153078","usgsCitation":"Marra, K.R., Charpentier, R.R., Schenk, C.J., Lewan, M.D., Leathers-Miller, H.M., Klett, T.R., Gaswirth, S.B., Le, P.A., Mercier, T.J., Pitman, J.K., and Tennyson, M.E., 2015, Assessment of undiscovered shale gas and shale oil resources in the Mississippian Barnett Shale, Bend Arch–Fort Worth Basin Province, north-central Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015-3078, 2 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20153078.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-069192","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312038,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3078/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":312039,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3078/fs20153078.pdf"},{"id":349490,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20175102","text":"Scientific Investigations Report 2017-5102","linkHelpText":"Procedure for Calculating Estimated Ultimate Recoveries of Wells in the Mississippian Barnett Shale, Bend Arch–Fort Worth Basin Province of North-Central Texas"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -102.37060546875,\n 29.017748018496047\n ],\n [\n -102.37060546875,\n 35.33529320309331\n ],\n [\n -94.4384765625,\n 35.33529320309331\n ],\n [\n -94.4384765625,\n 29.017748018496047\n ],\n [\n -102.37060546875,\n 29.017748018496047\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Energy Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS-939
Denver Federal Center
Denver, CO 80225-0046
http://energy.usgs.gov/
American Bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) have been introduced across the globe, including in many northern latitude habitats where wetlands are ice-covered for part of the year. Because bullfrogs are less mobile at low temperatures, greater knowledge about their overwintering habitat may provide additional opportunities for control. Here, we described fall and early-winter movements and habitat associations for introduced juvenile bullfrogs in a pond within the Yellowstone River corridor near Billings, Montana, USA. We attached radio-transmitters to 13 juvenile bullfrogs and located individuals from 28 August to 10 December 2014. Bullfrogs moved greater distances in late summer and early autumn, and later during brief warming periods. Collectively, all bullfrog locations were distributed across a 15,384 m2 area during the active season, but contracted to a 130 m2 area in the east cove of the pond by the time the study site froze over. Our research provides evidence that managers in northern latitude regions like Montana may be able to use the long, cold winters to their advantage because the site-specific distributions of introduced bullfrogs contracted as temperatures decreased.
","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Sepulveda, A.J., and Layhee, M.J., 2015, Fall and winter movements and habitat use of the introduced American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeiana) in a Montana pond: Herpetological Conservation and Biology, v. 10, no. 3, p. 978-984.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"978","endPage":"984","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066117","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312429,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":312428,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.herpconbio.org/Volume_10/Issue_3/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","city":"Billings","otherGeospatial":"Will's Marsh","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.78387451171875,\n 45.644768217751924\n ],\n [\n -108.78387451171875,\n 45.89956596377031\n ],\n [\n -108.314208984375,\n 45.89956596377031\n ],\n [\n -108.314208984375,\n 45.644768217751924\n ],\n [\n -108.78387451171875,\n 45.644768217751924\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5673dcb1e4b0da412f4f81f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sepulveda, Adam J. 0000-0001-7621-7028 asepulveda@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7621-7028","contributorId":150628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sepulveda","given":"Adam","email":"asepulveda@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":582478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Layhee, Megan J. 0000-0003-1359-1455 mlayhee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1359-1455","contributorId":3955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Layhee","given":"Megan","email":"mlayhee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":582479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70159489,"text":"ofr20151188B - 2015 - Standard operating procedures for collection of soil and sediment samples for the Sediment-bound Contaminant Resiliency and Response (SCoRR) strategy pilot study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-26T09:43:25","indexId":"ofr20151188B","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-17T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1188","chapter":"B","title":"Standard operating procedures for collection of soil and sediment samples for the Sediment-bound Contaminant Resiliency and Response (SCoRR) strategy pilot study","docAbstract":"An understanding of the effects on human and ecological health brought by major coastal storms or flooding events is typically limited because of a lack of regionally consistent baseline and trends data in locations proximal to potential contaminant sources and mitigation activities, sensitive ecosystems, and recreational facilities where exposures are probable. In an attempt to close this gap, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has implemented the Sediment-bound Contaminant Resiliency and Response (SCoRR) strategy pilot study to collect regional sediment-quality data prior to and in response to future coastal storms. The standard operating procedure (SOP) detailed in this document serves as the sample-collection protocol for the SCoRR strategy by providing step-by-step instructions for site preparation, sample collection and processing, and shipping of soil and surficial sediment (for example, bed sediment, marsh sediment, or beach material). The objectives of the SCoRR strategy pilot study are (1) to create a baseline of soil-, sand-, marsh sediment-, and bed-sediment-quality data from sites located in the coastal counties from Maine to Virginia based on their potential risk of being contaminated in the event of a major coastal storm or flooding (defined as Resiliency mode); and (2) respond to major coastal storms and flooding by reoccupying select baseline sites and sampling within days of the event (defined as Response mode). For both modes, samples are collected in a consistent manner to minimize bias and maximize quality control by ensuring that all sampling personnel across the region collect, document, and process soil and sediment samples following the procedures outlined in this SOP. Samples are analyzed using four USGS-developed screening methods—inorganic geochemistry, organic geochemistry, pathogens, and biological assays—which are also outlined in this SOP. Because the SCoRR strategy employs a multi-metric approach for sample analyses, this protocol expands upon and reconciles differences in the sample collection protocols outlined in the USGS “National Field Manual for the Collection of Water-Quality Data,” which should be used in conjunction with this SOP. A new data entry and sample tracking system also is presented to ensure all relevant data and metadata are gathered at the sample locations and in the laboratories.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151188B","collaboration":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","usgsCitation":"Fisher, S.C., Reilly, T.J., Jones, D.K., Benzel, W.M., Griffin, D.W., Loftin, K.A., Iwanowicz, L.R., and Cohl, J.A., 2015, Standard operating procedure for collection of soil and sediment samples for the Sediment-bound Contaminant Resiliency and Response (SCoRR) strategy pilot study: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1188b, 37 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151188B.","productDescription":"v, 37 p.","numberOfPages":"48","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-066316","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312385,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20151188A","text":"Open-File Report 2015-1188A","description":"OFR 2015-1188B","linkHelpText":"Strategy to Evaluate Persistent Contaminant Hazards Resulting from Sea-Level RiseToxic Substances Hydrology Program
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, Virginia 20192
http://www.usgs.gov/envirohealth/
http://health.usgs.gov/scorr/
Ungulate browsing in predator depleted North American landscapes is believed to be causing widespread tree recruitment failures. However, canopy disturbances and variations in ungulate densities are sources of heterogeneity that can buffer ecosystems against herbivory. Relatively little is known about the functional response (the rate of consumption in relation to food availability) of ungulates in eastern temperate forests, and therefore how “top down” control of vegetation may vary with disturbance type, intensity, and timing. This knowledge gap is relevant in the Northeastern United States today with the recent arrival of hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA; Adelges tsugae) that is killing eastern hemlocks (Tsuga canadensis) and initiating salvage logging as a management response. We used an existing experiment in central New England begun in 2005, which simulated severe adelgid infestation and intensive logging of intact hemlock forest, to examine the functional response of combined moose (Alces americanus) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) foraging in two different time periods after disturbance (3 and 7 years). We predicted that browsing impacts would be linear or accelerating (Type I or Type III response) in year 3 when regenerating stem densities were relatively low and decelerating (Type II response) in year 7 when stem densities increased. We sampled and compared woody regeneration and browsing among logged and simulated insect attack treatments and two intact controls (hemlock and hardwood forest) in 2008 and again in 2012. We then used AIC model selection to compare the three major functional response models (Types I, II, and III) of ungulate browsing in relation to forage density. We also examined relative use of the different stand types by comparing pellet group density and remote camera images. In 2008, total and proportional browse consumption increased with stem density, and peaked in logged plots, revealing a Type I response. In 2012, stem densities were greatest in girdled plots, but proportional browse consumption was highest at intermediate stem densities in logged plots, exhibiting a Type III (rather than a Type II) functional response. Our results revealed shifting top–down control by herbivores at different stages of stand recovery after disturbance and in different understory conditions resulting from logging vs. simulated adelgid attack. If forest managers wish to promote tree regeneration in hemlock stands that is more resistant to ungulate browsers, leaving HWA-infested stands unmanaged may be a better option than preemptively logging them.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Pub. Co.","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2015.12.006","usgsCitation":"DeStefano, S., 2015, Functional response of ungulate browsers in disturbed eastern hemlock forests: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 32, p. 177-183, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.12.006.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"177","endPage":"183","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-069358","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318100,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Harvard Forest","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.2,\n 42.45\n ],\n [\n -72.2,\n 42.5\n ],\n [\n -72.25,\n 42.5\n ],\n [\n -72.25,\n 42.45\n ],\n [\n -72.2,\n 42.45\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"32","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c45642e4b0946c6521852d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeStefano, Stephen 0000-0003-2472-8373 destef@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2472-8373","contributorId":166706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeStefano","given":"Stephen","email":"destef@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":619787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70157095,"text":"70157095 - 2015 - Quantifying 10 years of improved earthquake-monitoring performance in the Caribbean region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-05T08:30:23","indexId":"70157095","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-16T16:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantifying 10 years of improved earthquake-monitoring performance in the Caribbean region","docAbstract":"Over 75 tsunamis have been documented in the Caribbean and adjacent regions during the past 500 years. Since 1500, at least 4484 people are reported to have perished in these killer waves. Hundreds of thousands are currently threatened along the Caribbean coastlines. Were a great tsunamigenic earthquake to occur in the Caribbean region today, the effects would potentially be catastrophic due to an increasingly vulnerable region that has seen significant population increases in the past 40–50 years and currently hosts an estimated 500,000 daily beach visitors from North America and Europe, a majority of whom are not likely aware of tsunami and earthquake hazards. Following the magnitude 9.1 Sumatra–Andaman Islands earthquake of 26 December 2004, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Intergovernmental Coordination Group (ICG) for the Tsunami and other Coastal Hazards Early Warning System for the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions (CARIBE‐EWS) was established and developed minimum performance standards for the detection and analysis of earthquakes. In this study, we model earthquake‐magnitude detection threshold and P‐wave detection time and demonstrate that the requirements established by the UNESCO ICG CARIBE‐EWS are met with 100% of the network operating. We demonstrate that earthquake‐monitoring performance in the Caribbean Sea region has improved significantly in the past decade as the number of real‐time seismic stations available to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration tsunami warning centers have increased. We also identify weaknesses in the current international network and provide guidance for selecting the optimal distribution of seismic stations contributed from existing real‐time broadband national networks in the region.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","publisherLocation":"El Cerrito, CA","doi":"10.1785/0220150095","usgsCitation":"McNamara, D.E., Hillebrandt-Andrade, C., Saurel, J., Huerfano-Moreno, V., and Lynch, L., 2015, Quantifying 10 years of improved earthquake-monitoring performance in the Caribbean region: Seismological Research Letters, v. 87, no. 1, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1785/0220150095.","productDescription":"11 p.","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-068902","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312662,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Caribbean region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.875,\n 3.250208561653181\n ],\n [\n -106.875,\n 31.353636941500987\n ],\n [\n -56.25,\n 31.353636941500987\n ],\n [\n -56.25,\n 3.250208561653181\n ],\n [\n -106.875,\n 3.250208561653181\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"87","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-12-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"567930d1e4b0da412f4fb588","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McNamara, Daniel E. 0000-0001-6860-0350 mcnamara@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6860-0350","contributorId":402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNamara","given":"Daniel","email":"mcnamara@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":571609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hillebrandt-Andrade, Christa","contributorId":147412,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hillebrandt-Andrade","given":"Christa","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16844,"text":"NOAA CTWP","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":571610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Saurel, Jean-Marie","contributorId":147413,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Saurel","given":"Jean-Marie","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25474,"text":"Institut de Physique du Globe, Paris, France","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":571611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Huerfano-Moreno, V.","contributorId":40447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huerfano-Moreno","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lynch, Lloyd","contributorId":11232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lynch","given":"Lloyd","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70155855,"text":"70155855 - 2015 - Mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus maculosus ) spatial distribution, breeding water depth, and use of artificial spawning habitat in the Detroit River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-06T15:12:57","indexId":"70155855","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-16T16:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1894,"text":"Herpetological Conservation and Biology","onlineIssn":"2151-0733","printIssn":"1931-7603","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus maculosus ) spatial distribution, breeding water depth, and use of artificial spawning habitat in the Detroit River","docAbstract":"Mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus maculosus) populations have been declining in the Great Lakes region of North America. However, during fisheries assessments in the Detroit River, we documented Mudpuppy reproduction when we collected all life stages from egg through adult as by-catch in fisheries assessments. Ten years of fisheries sampling resulted in two occurrences of Mudpuppy egg collection and 411 Mudpuppies ranging in size from 37–392 mm Total Length, collected from water 3.5–15.1 m deep. Different types of fisheries gear collected specific life stages; spawning females used cement structures for egg deposition, larval Mudpuppies found refuge in eggmats, and we caught adults with baited setlines and minnow traps. Based on logistic regression models for setlines and minnow traps, there was a higher probability of catching adult Mudpuppies at lower temperatures and in shallower water with reduced clarity. In addition to documenting the presence of all life stages of this sensitive species in a deep and fast-flowing connecting channel, we were also able to show that standard fisheries research equipment can be used for Mudpuppy research in areas not typically sampled in herpetological studies. Our observations show that typical fisheries assessments and gear can play an important role in data collection for Mudpuppy population and spawning assessments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Partners in Amphibian and Reptile Conservation","publisherLocation":"Texarkana, TX","usgsCitation":"Craig, J.M., Mifsud, D.A., Briggs, A., Boase, J., and Kennedy, G.W., 2015, Mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus maculosus ) spatial distribution, breeding water depth, and use of artificial spawning habitat in the Detroit River: Herpetological Conservation and Biology, v. 10, no. 3, p. 926-934.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"926","endPage":"934","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059198","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313969,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":313967,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.herpconbio.org/Volume_10/Issue_3/Craig_etal_2015.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Michigan, Ontario","otherGeospatial":"Detroit River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.91107177734375,\n 42.37985076434416\n ],\n [\n -82.90145874023438,\n 42.33215399891373\n ],\n [\n -82.97286987304688,\n 42.32606244456202\n ],\n [\n -83.0511474609375,\n 42.30879983710441\n ],\n [\n -83.09234619140625,\n 42.272228095985675\n ],\n [\n -83.09371948242188,\n 42.21122801157102\n ],\n [\n -83.09371948242188,\n 42.14507804381756\n ],\n [\n -83.08273315429688,\n 42.042153895364\n ],\n [\n -83.21456909179688,\n 42.03501434990212\n ],\n [\n -83.19808959960936,\n 42.13082130188811\n ],\n [\n -83.15826416015625,\n 42.207159242513335\n ],\n [\n -83.1610107421875,\n 42.24173542549948\n ],\n [\n -83.1390380859375,\n 42.26917949243506\n ],\n [\n -83.09097290039062,\n 42.31997030030751\n ],\n [\n -83.02780151367188,\n 42.355499492256534\n ],\n [\n -82.99621582031249,\n 42.36869093640926\n ],\n [\n -82.91107177734375,\n 42.37985076434416\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"568e491de4b0e7a44bc41a0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Craig, Jaquelyn M. 0000-0002-7601-8616 jcraig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7601-8616","contributorId":146209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craig","given":"Jaquelyn","email":"jcraig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":566610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mifsud, David A.","contributorId":146210,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mifsud","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":16628,"text":"Herpetological Resource and Management, LLC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":566611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Briggs, Andrew S.","contributorId":32796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Andrew S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":566612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boase, James C.","contributorId":38077,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boase","given":"James C.","affiliations":[{"id":12428,"text":"U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":566613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kennedy, Gregory W. 0000-0003-1686-6960 gkennedy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1686-6960","contributorId":3700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Gregory","email":"gkennedy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70160218,"text":"fs20153077 - 2015 - Desert wetlands—Archives of a wetter past","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-30T10:08:54","indexId":"fs20153077","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-16T13:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-3077","title":"Desert wetlands—Archives of a wetter past","docAbstract":"Scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) are finding evidence of a much wetter past in the deserts of the American Southwest using a most unlikely source—wetlands. Wetlands form in arid environments where water tables approach or breach the ground surface. Often thought of as stagnant and unchanging, new evidence suggests that springs and wetlands responded dynamically to past episodes of abrupt climate change. Multiple cycles of deposition, erosion, and soil formation show that wetlands in the southwestern United States expanded and contracted many times during the past 35,000 years or so, before disappearing altogether as the last glacial period came to a close. USGS scientists are now studying the deposits to determine how closely conditions in the desert were tied to regional and global climate patterns in the past, and what it might mean for the fragile ecosystems in light of anticipated climate change in the future.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153077","usgsCitation":"Pigati, J.S., Springer, K.B., and Manker, C.R., 2015, Desert wetlands—Archives of a wetter past: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015–3077, 2 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20153077.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064809","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312276,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3077/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":312277,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3077/fs20153077.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.38 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3077"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.92224121093749,\n 34.89268966339912\n ],\n [\n -114.46929931640624,\n 34.89268966339912\n ],\n [\n -114.46929931640624,\n 36.42570252039198\n ],\n [\n -115.92224121093749,\n 36.42570252039198\n ],\n [\n -115.92224121093749,\n 34.89268966339912\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, Mail Stop 980
Denver, CO 80225
http://gec.cr.usgs.gov/
In a recent study, Hough and Page (2015) presented several lines of evidence suggesting that most of the significant earthquakes in Oklahoma during the twentieth century, including the Mw 5.7 El Reno earthquake of 9 April 1952, were likely induced by wastewater injection and possibly secondary oil recovery operations. We undertook an archival search for accounts of this event, which unearthed a newspaper article published immediately following the El Reno earthquake regarding a prominent petroleum geologist in the area who took out a rare earthquake insurance policy less than 60 days before the earthquake struck. In this study we present a historical context for this intriguing coincidence. We present a retrospective of oil industry practices in the early‐ to mid‐twentieth century, gleaned from court records and other industry reports, that potentially bear on the interplay between oil exploration activities and earthquakes, focusing on the Oklahoma City region. We describe events of the day that could plausibly have alerted a geologist to the possibility of induced earthquakes, although there is no indication that the potential for induced earthquakes was widely recognized within the industry at that time.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Seismological Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","publisherLocation":"El Cerrito, CA","doi":"10.1785/0220150218","usgsCitation":"Hough, S.E., and Page, M.T., 2015, The petroleum geologist and the insurance policy: Seismological Research Letters, v. 87, no. 1, p. 171-176, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220150218.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"176","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-069197","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318022,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.08319091796875,\n 35.46738105960409\n ],\n [\n -98.08319091796875,\n 36.00467348670187\n ],\n [\n -97.47756958007812,\n 36.00467348670187\n ],\n [\n -97.47756958007812,\n 35.46738105960409\n ],\n [\n -98.08319091796875,\n 35.46738105960409\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"87","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-12-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c304dee4b0946c6520880e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hough, Susan E. 0000-0002-5980-2986 hough@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5980-2986","contributorId":587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"Susan","email":"hough@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":620146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Page, Morgan T. 0000-0001-9321-2990 mpage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9321-2990","contributorId":3762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"Morgan","email":"mpage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":620147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70160568,"text":"70160568 - 2015 - Reintroduction of Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) into the St. Regis River, NY: Post-release assessment of habitat use and growth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-23T10:02:55","indexId":"70160568","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-15T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2898,"text":"Northeastern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reintroduction of Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) into the St. Regis River, NY: Post-release assessment of habitat use and growth","docAbstract":"One of the depleted endemic fish species of the Great Lakes, Acipenser fulvescens (Lake Sturgeon), has been the target of extensive conservation efforts. One strategy is reintroduction into historically productive waters. The St. Regis River, NY, represents one such adaptive-management effort, with shared management between New York and the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe. Between 1998 and 2004, a total of 4977 young-of-year Lake Sturgeon were released. Adaptive management requires intermediate progress metrics. During 2004 and 2005, we measured growth, habitat use, and survivorship metrics of the released fish. We captured a total of 95 individuals of all stocked ages. Year-class minimal-survival rates ranged from 0.19–2.1%. The size-at-age and length/biomass relationships were comparable to those reported for juveniles in other Great Lakes waters. These intermediate assessment metrics can provide feedback to resource managers who make restoration-program decisions on a much shorter time-scale than the time-frame in which the ultimate goal of a self-sustaining population can be attained.
","language":"English","publisher":"Humboldt Field Research Institute","publisherLocation":"Steuben, ME","doi":"10.1656/045.022.0408","usgsCitation":"Dittman, D.E., Chalupnicki, M.A., Johnson, J.H., and Snyder, J., 2015, Reintroduction of Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) into the St. Regis River, NY: Post-release assessment of habitat use and growth: Northeastern Naturalist, v. 22, no. 4, p. 704-716, https://doi.org/10.1656/045.022.0408.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"704","endPage":"716","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-017509","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312781,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"St. Regis River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.59579467773438,\n 45.029376918052705\n ],\n [\n -74.65965270996094,\n 45.01481658592836\n ],\n [\n -74.6905517578125,\n 44.96139702015699\n ],\n [\n -74.7344970703125,\n 44.929807512153914\n ],\n [\n -74.783935546875,\n 44.912304304581525\n ],\n [\n -74.77500915527344,\n 44.88798544802558\n ],\n [\n -74.81895446777344,\n 44.83590853592836\n ],\n [\n -74.79286193847656,\n 44.80230124552821\n ],\n [\n -74.83062744140625,\n 44.77354904110061\n ],\n [\n -74.76402282714844,\n 44.75697346938202\n ],\n [\n -74.75509643554686,\n 44.813018740612776\n ],\n [\n -74.77844238281249,\n 44.8432118765634\n ],\n [\n -74.73518371582031,\n 44.90063253713748\n ],\n [\n -74.74479675292969,\n 44.904523389609324\n ],\n [\n -74.70359802246094,\n 44.91911174115028\n ],\n [\n -74.68231201171875,\n 44.94730538740607\n ],\n [\n -74.64454650878906,\n 44.9575100188052\n ],\n [\n -74.56077575683594,\n 45.02258255721372\n ],\n [\n -74.59579467773438,\n 45.029376918052705\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-12-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"567bd3c0e4b0a04ef491a217","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dittman, Dawn E. 0000-0002-0711-3732 ddittman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0711-3732","contributorId":2762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dittman","given":"Dawn","email":"ddittman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":583164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chalupnicki, Marc A. mchalupnicki@usgs.gov","contributorId":3236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chalupnicki","given":"Marc","email":"mchalupnicki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":583166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, James H. 0000-0002-5619-3871 jhjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5619-3871","contributorId":389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"James","email":"jhjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":583165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Snyder, James","contributorId":73481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70160029,"text":"ofr20151232 - 2015 - California State Waters map series — Offshore of Pigeon Point, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-18T21:45:34.762725","indexId":"ofr20151232","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-15T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1232","title":"California State Waters map series — Offshore of Pigeon Point, California","docAbstract":"In 2007, the California Ocean Protection Council initiated the California Seafloor Mapping Program (CSMP), designed to create a comprehensive seafloor map of high-resolution bathymetry, marine benthic habitats, and geology within the 3-nautical-mile limit of California’s State Waters. The CSMP approach is to create highly detailed seafloor maps through collection, integration, interpretation, and visualization of swath sonar data, acoustic backscatter, seafloor video, seafloor photography, high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, and bottom-sediment sampling data. The map products display seafloor morphology and character, identify potential marine benthic habitats, and illustrate both the surficial seafloor geology and shallow subsurface geology.
\nThe Offshore of Pigeon Point map area is located in central California, on the Pacific Coast about 50 km south of San Francisco and 25 km northwest of Santa Cruz. The onshore part of the map area is sparsely populated. The nearest significant onshore cultural center is Pescadero, an unincorporated community with a population of well under 1,000. The hilly coastal area is virtually undeveloped, used primarily for agricultural or as grazing land for sheep and cattle. Agriculture is limited to the coastal uplifted Pleistocene marine terraces and upper Pleistocene alluvial fan deposits, which lie between the shoreline and the northwest-trending Santa Cruz Mountains.
\nThe map area is cut by the San Gregorio Fault Zone, and is located a few kilometers southwest of the San Andreas Fault Zone. Coastal uplift and folding in the map area has been attributed to a westward bend in the San Andreas Fault Zone and also to right-lateral movement along the San Gregorio Fault Zone. The irregular coastal geomorphology of this area, which consists of low, rocky cliffs and sparse, small pocket beaches backed by low, terraced hills, is partly attributable to this ongoing deformation.
\nThe shelf in the map area is underlain by variable amounts (0 to 20 m) of upper Quaternary nearshore and shelf sediments deposited as sea level fluctuated in the late Pleistocene. The southern part of the map is characterized by the presence of uplifted bedrock that has been linked to a local zone of transpression in the San Gregorio Fault Zone. This uplift, coupled with high wave energy, has resulted in little or no sediment cover in this area where exposures of bedrock are present at water depths of as much as 45 m. The thickest deposits of sediment are located in the northern part of the map area.
\nCoastal sediment transport in the map area is characterized by north-to-south littoral transport of sediment that is derived mainly from streams in the Santa Cruz Mountains and also from local coastal erosion. Shoreline-change studies indicate long-term erosion; within the region between San Francisco and Davenport, the highest long- and short-term coastal-erosion rates occur in the map area, just north of Point Año Nuevo. During the last approximately 300 years, as much as 18 million cubic yards (14 million cubic meters) of sand-sized sediment has been eroded from the area between Año Nuevo Island and Point Año Nuevo and transported south. Once widened by this pulse of eroded sediment, beaches south of Point Año Nuevo are now narrowing as the tail end of this mass of sand progresses farther south.
\nThe Offshore of Pigeon Point map area lies within the cold-temperate biogeographic zone that is called either the “Oregonian province” or the “northern California ecoregion.” This biogeographic province is maintained by the long-term stability of the southward-flowing California Current, the eastern limb of the North Pacific subtropical gyre that flows from southern British Columbia to Baja California. At its midpoint off central California, the California Current transports subarctic surface (0–500 m deep) waters southward, about 150 to 1,300 km from shore. Seasonal northwesterly winds that are, in part, responsible for the California Current, generate coastal upwelling. The south end of the Oregonian province is at Point Conception (about 335 km south of the map area), although its associated phylogeographic group of marine fauna may extend beyond to the area offshore of Los Angeles in southern California. The ocean off of central California has experienced a warming over the last 50 years that is driving an ecosystem shift away from the productive subarctic regime towards a depopulated subtropical environment.
\nSeafloor habitats in the Offshore of Pigeon Point map area lie within the Shelf (continental shelf) megahabitat. Significant rocky outcrops, which support kelp-forest communities in the nearshore and rocky-reef communities in deeper water, dominate the inner shelf waters. Biological productivity resulting from coastal upwelling supports populations of Sooty Shearwater, Western Gull, Common Murre, Cassin’s Auklet, and many other less populous bird species. In addition, an observable recovery of Humpback and Blue Whales has occurred in the area; both species are dependent on coastal upwelling to provide nutrients. The large extent of exposed inner shelf bedrock supports large forests of “bull kelp,” which is well adapted for high-wave-energy environments. Common fish species found in the kelp beds and rocky reefs include lingcod and various species of rockfish and greenling.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151232","usgsCitation":"Cochrane, G.R., Watt, J.T., Dartnell, P., Greene, H.G., Erdey, M.D., Dieter, B.E., Golden, N.E., Johnson, S.Y., Endris, C.A., Hartwell, S.R., Kvitek, R.G., Davenport, C.W., Krigsman, L.M., Ritchie, A.C., Sliter, R.W., Finlayson, D.P., and Maier, K.L. (G.R. Cochrane and S.A. Cochran, eds.), 2015, California State Waters Map Series — Offshore of Pigeon Point, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1232, pamphlet 40 p., 10 sheets, scale 1:24,000, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151232.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: iv, 40 p.; 10 Sheets: 50.50 x 36.00 inches or smaller; Data Catalog; Metadata","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-057881","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438659,"rank":21,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7513W80","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series Data Catalog--Offshore of Pigeon Point, California"},{"id":312124,"rank":15,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20151191","text":"Open-File Report 2015-1191","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of Scott Creek, California, by Guy R. 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Each GIS data file is listed with a brief description, a small image, and links to the metadata files and the downloadable data files."},{"id":312119,"rank":10,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1232/ofr20151232_sheet9.pdf","text":"Sheet 9","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1232 Sheet 9 PDF","linkHelpText":"Local (Offshore of Pigeon Point Map Area) and Regional (Offshore from Pigeon Point to Southern Monterey Bay) Shallow-Subsurface Geology and Structure, California By Janet T. Watt, Samuel Y. Johnson, Stephen R. Hartwell, Ray W. Sliter, and Katherine L. Maier"},{"id":312128,"rank":19,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1232/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":312127,"rank":18,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1260/","text":"Open-File Report 2014–1260","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of Pacifica, California, by Brian D. 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Davenport"},{"id":312118,"rank":9,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1232/ofr20151232_sheet8.pdf","text":"Sheet 8","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1232 Sheet 8 PDF","linkHelpText":"Seismic-Reflection Profiles, Offshore of Pigeon Point Map Area, California By Janet T. Watt, Samuel Y. Johnson, and Ray W. Sliter"},{"id":312117,"rank":8,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1232/ofr20151232_sheet7.pdf","text":"Sheet 7","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1232 Sheet 7 PDF","linkHelpText":"Potential Marine Benthic Habitats, Offshore of Pigeon Point Map Area, California By Charles A. Endris, H. Gary Greene, Bryan E. Dieter, and Mercedes D. Erdey"},{"id":312111,"rank":2,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1232/ofr20151232_sheet1.pdf","text":"Sheet 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1232 Sheet 1 PDF","linkHelpText":"Colored Shaded-Relief Bathymetry, Offshore of Pigeon Point Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell, Rikk G. Kvitek, Andrew C. Ritchie, and David P. Finlayson"},{"id":312112,"rank":3,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1232/ofr20151232_sheet2.pdf","text":"Sheet 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1232 Sheet 2 PDF","linkHelpText":"Shaded-Relief Bathymetry, Offshore of Pigeon Point Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell, Rikk G. Kvitek, Andrew C. Ritchie, and David P. Finlayson"},{"id":312113,"rank":4,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1232/ofr20151232_sheet3.pdf","text":"Sheet 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1232 Sheet 3 PDF","linkHelpText":"Acoustic Backscatter, Offshore of Pigeon Point Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell, Rikk G. Kvitek, Andrew C. Ritchie, and David P. Finlayson"},{"id":312114,"rank":5,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1232/ofr20151232_sheet4.pdf","text":"Sheet 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1232 Sheet 4 PDF","linkHelpText":"Data Integration and Visualization, Offshore of Pigeon Point Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell"},{"id":312110,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1232/ofr20151232_pamphlet.pdf","text":"Pamphlet","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1232 Pamphlet PDF"},{"id":312115,"rank":6,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1232/ofr20151232_sheet5.pdf","text":"Sheet 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1232 Sheet 5 PDF","linkHelpText":"Seafloor Character, Offshore of Pigeon Point Map Area, California By Mercedes D. Erdey and Guy R. Cochrane"},{"id":312116,"rank":7,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1232/ofr20151232_sheet6.pdf","text":"Sheet 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1232 Sheet 6 PDF","linkHelpText":"Ground-Truth Studies, Offshore of Pigeon Point Map Area, California By Nadine E. Golden, Guy R. Cochrane, and Lisa M. Krigsman"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Pigeon Point","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.4853,\n 37.0756\n ],\n [\n -122.4853,\n 37.2347\n ],\n [\n -122.2858,\n 37.2347\n ],\n [\n -122.2858,\n 37.0756\n ],\n [\n -122.4853,\n 37.0756\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Contact Information
Pacific Coastal & Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Pacific Science Center
2885 Mission St.
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/
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2015 - Qualitative assessment of selected areas of the world for undiscovered sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits: Chapter Y in Global mineral resource assessment","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70159940,"text":"sir20105090Y - 2015 - Qualitative assessment of selected areas of the world for undiscovered sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits: Chapter Y in Global mineral resource assessment","indexId":"sir20105090Y","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"chapter":"Y","title":"Qualitative assessment of selected areas of the world for undiscovered sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits: Chapter Y in Global mineral resource assessment"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70040436,"text":"sir20105090 - 2010 - Global mineral resource assessment","indexId":"sir20105090","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Global mineral resource assessment"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70040436,"text":"sir20105090 - 2010 - Global mineral resource assessment","indexId":"sir20105090","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Global mineral resource assessment"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-29T11:14:23","indexId":"sir20105090Y","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-14T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5090","chapter":"Y","title":"Qualitative assessment of selected areas of the world for undiscovered sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits: Chapter Y in Global mineral resource assessment","docAbstract":"
A qualitative mineral resource assessment of sediment-hosted stratabound copper mineralized areas for undiscovered copper deposits was performed for 10 selected areas of the world. The areas, in alphabetical order, are (1) Belt-Purcell Basin, United States and Canada; (2) Benguela and Cuanza Basins, Angola; (3) Chuxiong Basin, China; (4) Dongchuan Group rocks, China; (5) Egypt–Israel–Jordan Rift, Egypt, Israel, and Jordan; (6) Maritimes Basin, Canada; (7) Neuquén Basin, Argentina; (8) Northwest Botswana Rift, Botswana and Namibia; (9) Redstone Copperbelt, Canada; and (10) Salta Rift System, Argentina. This assessment (1) outlines the main characteristics of the areas, (2) classifies known deposits by deposit model subtypes, and (3) ranks the areas according to their potential to contain undiscovered copper deposits.
\nAn analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to rank assessment areas according to their potential for undiscovered copper deposits. Once the main characteristics of each area were compiled (age of host rock, geologic setting, stratigraphy, host lithology, deposit subtype(s), known deposits and occurrences, and mineral system components), three criteria (mineralization, extent of study area, and lithostratigraphic framework, each with multiple subcriteria) were scored for all assessment areas. Relative weights and scores were assigned to all criteria by three geologists. In addition, the assessment areas were ranked for comparison exclusively on the basis of professional opinion. The AHP and professional opinion lists are similar but not the same. Both the professional opinion and the cumulative AHP lists rate the Northwest Botswana Rift in Botswana and Namibia as the area most likely to contain the most undiscovered copper deposits. The Salta Rift System in Argentina is rated lowest among the 10 qualitatively assessed areas.
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U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
913 National Center
Reston, VA 20192
http://minerals.usgs.gov/
Quantifying the impact of anthropogenic development on local populations is important for conservation biology and wildlife management. However, these local populations are often subject to demographic stochasticity because of their small population size. Traditional modeling efforts such as population projection matrices do not consider this source of variation whereas individual-based models, which include demographic stochasticity, are computationally intense and lack analytical tractability. One compromise between approaches is branching process models because they accommodate demographic stochasticity and are easily calculated. These models are known within some sub-fields of probability and mathematical ecology but are not often applied in conservation biology and applied ecology. We applied branching process models to quantitatively compare and prioritize species locally vulnerable to the development of wind energy facilities. Specifically, we examined species vulnerability using branching process models for four representative species: A cave bat (a long-lived, low fecundity species), a tree bat (short-lived, moderate fecundity species), a grassland songbird (a short-lived, high fecundity species), and an eagle (a long-lived, slow maturation species). Wind turbine-induced mortality has been observed for all of these species types, raising conservation concerns. We simulated different mortality rates from wind farms while calculating local extinction probabilities. The longer-lived species types (e.g., cave bats and eagles) had much more pronounced transitions from low extinction risk to high extinction risk than short-lived species types (e.g., tree bats and grassland songbirds). High-offspring-producing species types had a much greater variability in baseline risk of extinction than the lower-offspring-producing species types. Long-lived species types may appear stable until a critical level of incidental mortality occurs. After this threshold, the risk of extirpation for a local population may rapidly increase with only minimal increases in wind mortality. Conservation biologists and wildlife managers may need to consider this mortality pattern when issuing take permits and developing monitoring protocols for wind facilities. We also describe how our branching process models may be generalized across a wider range of species for a larger assessment project and then describe how our methods may be applied to other stressors in addition to wind.
Water temperature is a basic, but important, measure of the condition of all aquatic environments, including the flowing waters in the streams that drain our landscape and the receiving waters of those streams. Climatic conditions have a strong influence on water temperature, which is therefore naturally variable both in time and across the landscape. Changes to natural water-temperature regimes, however, can result in a myriad of effects on aquatic organisms, water quality, circulation patterns, recreation, industry, and utility operations. For example, most species of fish, insects, and other organisms, as well as aquatic vegetation, are highly dependent on water temperature. Warming waters can result in shifts in floral and faunal species distributions, including invasive species and pathogens previously unable to inhabit the once cooler streams. Many chemical processes are temperature dependent, with reactions occurring faster in warmer conditions, leading to degraded water quality as contaminants are released into waterways at greater rates. Circulation patterns in receiving waters, such as bays and estuaries, can change as a result of warmer inflows from streams, thereby affecting organisms in those receiving waters. Changes in abundance of some aquatic species and (or) degradation of water quality can reduce the recreational value of water bodies as waters are perceived as less desirable for water-related activities or as sportfish become less available for anglers. Finally, increasing water temperatures can affect industry and utilities as the thermal capacity is reduced, making the water less effective for cooling purposes.
Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuary in the United States. Eutrophication, the enrichment of a water body with excess nutrients, has plagued the bay for decades and has led to extensive restoration efforts throughout the bay watershed. The warming of stream water can exacerbate eutrophication through increased release of nutrients from in-stream sediments, so understanding changes in stream-water temperature throughout the bay watershed is critical to resource managers seeking to restore the bay ecosystem.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) uses indicators that “represent the state or trend of certain environmental or societal conditions … to track and better understand the effects of changes in the Earth’s climate” (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2014). Updates to these indicators are published biennially by the EPA. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the EPA, has completed analyses of air- and stream-water-temperature trends in the Chesapeake Bay region to be included as an indicator in a future release of the EPA report.
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U.S. Geological Suvey
1730 East Parham Road
Richmond, VA 23228
http://va.water.usgs.gov/
The Kootenai River white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) and other native fish species are culturally important to the Kootenai Tribe of Idaho, but their habitat and recruitment have been affected by anthropogenic changes to the river. Although the interconnections among anthropogenic changes and their impacts on fish are complex, the Kootenai Tribe of Idaho, in cooperation with other agencies, has been trying to understand and promote native fish recruitment through the development and implementation of the Kootenai River Habitat Restoration Program. As part of this effort, the U.S. Geological Survey collected sediment and streamflow information and evaluated use of acoustic backscatter as a sediment surrogate for estimating continuous suspended-sediment concentration at three sites in the Kootenai River white sturgeon critical habitat during water years 2011–14.
\nDuring the study, total suspended-sediment and fines concentrations were driven primarily by contributions from tributaries flowing into the Kootenai River between Libby Dam and the study area and were highest during rain-on-snow events in those tributary watersheds. On average, the relative percentage of suspended-sediment concentration in equal-width-increment samples collected in water years 2011–14 composed of fines less than 0.0625 mm (called washload) was 73, 71, and 70 percent at the Below Moyie, Crossport, and Tribal Hatchery sites, respectively. Suspended sand transport often increased with high streamflows, typically but not always associated with releases from Libby Dam. Bedload measured at the Crossport site was about 5 percent, on average, of the total sediment load measured in samples collected in water years 2011–13 and was positively correlated with suspended-sediment load. Comparisons with regional regression and envelope lines for suspended-sediment and bedload transport in relation to unregulated drainage area (drainage area downstream of Libby Dam) show that sediment transport was substantially less in the Kootenai River than in selected, minimally regulated Rocky Mountain rivers.
\nAcoustic surrogate ratings were developed between backscatter data collected using acoustic Doppler velocity meters (ADVMs) and results of suspended-sediment samples. Ratings were successfully fit to various sediment size classes (total, fines, and sands) using ADVMs of different frequencies (1.5 and 3 megahertz). Surrogate ratings also were developed using variations of streamflow and seasonal explanatory variables. The streamflow surrogate ratings produced average annual sediment load estimates that were 8–32 percent higher, depending on site and sediment type, than estimates produced using the acoustic surrogate ratings. The streamflow surrogate ratings tended to overestimate suspended-sediment concentrations and loads during periods of elevated releases from Libby Dam as well as on the falling limb of the streamflow hydrograph. Estimates from the acoustic surrogate ratings more closely matched suspended-sediment sample results than did estimates from the streamflow surrogate ratings during these periods as well as for rating validation samples collected in water year 2014. Acoustic surrogate technologies are an effective means to obtain continuous, accurate estimates of suspended-sediment concentrations and loads for general monitoring and sediment-transport modeling. In the Kootenai River, continued operation of the acoustic surrogate sites and use of the acoustic surrogate ratings to calculate continuous suspended-sediment concentrations and loads will allow for tracking changes in sediment transport over time.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155169","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Kootenai Tribe of Idaho","usgsCitation":"Wood, M.S., Fosness, R.L., and Etheridge, A.B., 2015, Sediment transport and evaluation of sediment surrogate ratings in the Kootenai River near Bonners Ferry, Idaho, water years 2011–14: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5169, 48 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155169.","productDescription":"Report:vi, 45 p.; Appendix","numberOfPages":"56","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-046285","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312256,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5169/sir20155169.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5169 Report PDF"},{"id":312257,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5169/sir20155169_appendixA.xlsx","text":"Appendix A","size":"87 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 2015-5169 Appendix A"},{"id":312255,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5169/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","city":"Bonners Ferry","otherGeospatial":"Kootenai River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.57318115234375,\n 48.65014969395597\n ],\n [\n -116.57318115234375,\n 48.94505319583951\n ],\n [\n -116.04858398437499,\n 48.94505319583951\n ],\n [\n -116.04858398437499,\n 48.65014969395597\n ],\n [\n -116.57318115234375,\n 48.65014969395597\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Idaho Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
230 Collins Road
Boise, Idaho 83702
http://id.water.usgs.gov
The economic vitality and national security of the United States depend on the reliable supply of numerous nonfuel mineral commodities. Over the past six decades, many of these commodities have been sourced increasingly from outside the United States. The mix of commodities for which the United States is import dependent has changed as technologies have advanced, as substitute materials have been developed, and as world economies have changed. Although reliance on imports is only one of the many factors that determine supply risk, a clear, long-term trend has emerged from the data compiled and published by the U.S. Geological Survey, National Minerals Information Center (USGS–NMIC), and its predecessor organizations. Because the global distribution of mineral resources and reserves is not uniform, the United States has always been import reliant for some mineral commodities. Essentially, the type of commodities and the countries from which they are sourced determine risk related to import dependence. In light of projections that 2.5 billion to 3 billion people globally could move into the middle class by 2030, the demand for many types of mineral commodities is likely to continue to increase. Recent concerns regarding so-called “critical minerals” have been driven by market dislocations in the rare-earth-element supply chain in 2010 that resulted from a short-term policy decision by the Government of the People’s Republic of China to limit exports. That policy has since been changed as a result of actions by the World Trade Organization, but the events that followed, such as higher prices and intensive efforts to diversify sources of supply, illustrate the underlying issues of supply risk and the influence that disruptions can have on supply. These factors are often used in the classification of a mineral commodity as “critical.”
\nThe USGS–NMIC collects, analyzes, and disseminates information on a monthly, quarterly, or annual basis for more than 90 nonfuel mineral commodities from more than 180 countries. These data indicate that from 1954 through 2014 there was (1) a clear increase in the number and type of nonfuel mineral commodities for which the United States was net import reliant, (2) an increase in the percentage of import reliance for individual nonfuel mineral commodities, and (3) a shift in the geographic distribution of the source countries.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153082","usgsCitation":"Fortier, S.M., DeYoung, J.H., Jr., Sangine, E.S., and Schnebele, E.K., 2015, Comparison of U.S. net import reliance for nonfuel mineral commodities—A 60-year retrospective (1954–1984–2014): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015–3082, 4 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20153082.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-069937","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312149,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3082/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":312150,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3082/fs20153082.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.18 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3082"}],"contact":"Director, National Minerals Information Center
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
988 National Center
Reston, VA 20192
Email: nmicrecordsmgt@usgs.gov
Or visit the USGS Minerals Information Web site at http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/
","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"publishedDate":"2015-12-14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-12-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"566fe82ae4b09cfe53ca7951","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fortier, Steven M. sfortier@usgs.gov","contributorId":140391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fortier","given":"Steven M.","email":"sfortier@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":580636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeYoung, Jr. 0000-0003-1169-6026 jdeyoung@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-6026","contributorId":523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeYoung","suffix":"Jr.","email":"jdeyoung@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":580637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sangine, Elizabeth S. escottsangine@usgs.gov","contributorId":5806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sangine","given":"Elizabeth","email":"escottsangine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":580638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schnebele, Emily K. eschnebele@usgs.gov","contributorId":139796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schnebele","given":"Emily","email":"eschnebele@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":580639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}