Sedgeunkedunk Stream, a third-order tributary to the Penobscot River in Maine, historically has supported several anadromous fishes including Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar, Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus, and Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus. Two small dams constructed in the 1800s reduced or eliminated spawning runs entirely. In 2009, efforts to restore marine–freshwater connectivity in the system culminated in removal of the lowermost dam (Mill Dam) providing access to 4.7 km of lotic habitat and unimpeded passage into the lentic habitat of Fields Pond. In anticipation of these barrier removals, we initiated a modified before-after-control-impact study, and monitored stream fish assemblages in fixed treatment and reference sites. Electrofishing surveys were conducted twice yearly since 2007. Results indicated that density, biomass, and diversity of the fish assemblage increased at all treatment sites upstream of the 2009 dam removal. No distinct changes in these metrics occurred at reference sites. We documented recolonization and successful reproduction of Atlantic Salmon, Alewife, and Sea Lamprey in previously inaccessible upstream reaches. These results clearly demonstrate that dam removal has enhanced the fish assemblage by providing an undisrupted stream gradient linking a small headwater lake and tributary with a large coastal river, its estuary, and the Atlantic Ocean.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/00028487.2015.1007164","usgsCitation":"Zydlewski, J.D., Hogg, R.S., Coghlan, S.M., and Gardner, C., 2016, Fish community response to dam removal in a Maine coastal river tributary: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 144, no. 3, p. 445-455, https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2015.1007164.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"445","endPage":"455","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-044287","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321829,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","county":"Penobscot","city":"Bangor","otherGeospatial":"Penobscot River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -69.378662109375,\n 44.398467142258504\n ],\n [\n -69.378662109375,\n 45.092913646051144\n ],\n [\n -68.2086181640625,\n 45.092913646051144\n ],\n [\n -68.2086181640625,\n 44.398467142258504\n ],\n [\n -69.378662109375,\n 44.398467142258504\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"144","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-04-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57496fafe4b07e28b665cc64","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zydlewski, Joseph D. 0000-0002-2255-2303 jzydlewski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2255-2303","contributorId":2004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zydlewski","given":"Joseph","email":"jzydlewski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":630722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hogg, Robert S.","contributorId":169677,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hogg","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coghlan, Stephen M. Jr.","contributorId":169678,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Coghlan","given":"Stephen","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gardner, Cory","contributorId":169679,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gardner","given":"Cory","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70170267,"text":"70170267 - 2016 - Dairy-impacted wastewater is a source of iodinated disinfection byproducts in the environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-07T12:47:28","indexId":"70170267","displayToPublicDate":"2016-04-14T10:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dairy-impacted wastewater is a source of iodinated disinfection byproducts in the environment","docAbstract":"Iodinated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are among the most toxic DBPs, but they are not typically measured in treated water. Iodinated DBPs can be toxic to humans, and they also have the potential to affect aquatic communities. Because of the specific use of iodine and iodine-containing compounds in dairies, such livestock operations can be a potential source of iodinated DBPs in corresponding receiving water bodies. DBPs [trihalomethanes (THMs), including iodinated THMs] were measured within dairy processing facilities (milking and cheese manufacturing) and surface waters that receive dairy-impacted effluents [either directly from the dairy or through wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs)] in three areas of the United States (California, New York, and Wisconsin). Iodo-THMs comprised 15−29% of the total THMs in surface water near WWTP effluents that were impacted by dairy waste and 0−100% of the total THMs in samples from dairy processing facilities.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00109","usgsCitation":"Hladik, M., Hubbard, L.E., Kolpin, D.W., and Focazio, M.J., 2016, Dairy-impacted wastewater is a source of iodinated disinfection byproducts in the environment: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 3, no. 5, p. 190-193, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00109.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"190","endPage":"193","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-073754","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320062,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, New York, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-122.421439,37.869969],[-122.41847,37.852721],[-122.446316,37.861046],[-122.421439,37.869969]]],[[[-120.248484,33.999329],[-120.043259,34.035806],[-120.046575,34.000002],[-120.011123,33.979894],[-119.978876,33.983081],[-119.97026,33.944359],[-120.121817,33.895712],[-120.168974,33.91909],[-120.248484,33.999329]]],[[[-119.789798,34.05726],[-119.637742,34.013178],[-119.59324,34.049625],[-119.52064,34.034262],[-119.560464,33.99553],[-119.758141,33.959212],[-119.873358,33.980375],[-119.876329,34.032087],[-119.923337,34.069361],[-119.789798,34.05726]]],[[[-120.46258,34.042627],[-120.390906,34.051994],[-120.370176,34.074907],[-120.358608,34.050235],[-120.331161,34.049097],[-120.302122,34.023574],[-120.454134,34.028081],[-120.46258,34.042627]]],[[[-118.524531,32.895488],[-118.605534,33.030999],[-118.569013,33.029151],[-118.496811,32.933847],[-118.353504,32.821962],[-118.394565,32.823978],[-118.425634,32.800595],[-118.496298,32.851572],[-118.524531,32.895488]]],[[[-118.500212,33.449592],[-118.370323,33.409285],[-118.305084,33.310323],[-118.325244,33.299075],[-118.374768,33.320065],[-118.465368,33.326056],[-118.48877,33.356649],[-118.48875,33.419826],[-118.570927,33.439351],[-118.60403,33.47654],[-118.54453,33.474119],[-118.500212,33.449592]]],[[[-119.543842,33.280329],[-119.465717,33.259239],[-119.429559,33.228167],[-119.476029,33.21552],[-119.545872,33.233406],[-119.578942,33.278628],[-119.543842,33.280329]]],[[[-122.289533,42.007764],[-120.001058,41.995139],[-120.001014,38.999574],[-118.714312,38.102185],[-117.244917,37.030244],[-115.852908,35.96966],[-114.633013,35.002085],[-114.635176,34.875003],[-114.586842,34.835672],[-114.552682,34.766871],[-114.46862,34.707573],[-114.422382,34.580711],[-114.380838,34.529724],[-114.387187,34.462021],[-114.373719,34.446938],[-114.335372,34.450038],[-114.229686,34.368908],[-114.176909,34.349306],[-114.138167,34.300936],[-114.134768,34.268965],[-114.229715,34.186928],[-114.287294,34.170529],[-114.320777,34.138635],[-114.411681,34.110031],[-114.43338,34.088413],[-114.438266,34.022609],[-114.535478,33.934651],[-114.508558,33.906098],[-114.518555,33.889847],[-114.503017,33.867998],[-114.529385,33.851755],[-114.527161,33.816191],[-114.494197,33.707922],[-114.531523,33.675108],[-114.525783,33.616588],[-114.5403,33.580615],[-114.524599,33.552231],[-114.588239,33.502453],[-114.643302,33.416745],[-114.725282,33.405048],[-114.698035,33.352442],[-114.729904,33.305745],[-114.672401,33.26047],[-114.688205,33.247966],[-114.673715,33.219245],[-114.678729,33.162948],[-114.707819,33.091102],[-114.68902,33.084036],[-114.66506,33.033908],[-114.641622,33.046896],[-114.618788,33.027202],[-114.523578,33.030961],[-114.494212,32.974262],[-114.469039,32.972295],[-114.48092,32.935252],[-114.464448,32.913129],[-114.468971,32.845155],[-114.528849,32.796307],[-114.526856,32.757094],[-114.615733,32.729427],[-114.69879,32.744846],[-114.717665,32.721654],[-117.124862,32.534156],[-117.136664,32.618754],[-117.168866,32.671952],[-117.213068,32.687751],[-117.246069,32.669352],[-117.25497,32.786948],[-117.28217,32.839547],[-117.25617,32.859447],[-117.25447,32.900146],[-117.315278,33.093504],[-117.469794,33.296417],[-117.645582,33.440728],[-117.715349,33.460556],[-117.784888,33.541525],[-117.927091,33.605521],[-118.132698,33.753217],[-118.1755,33.763617],[-118.181367,33.717367],[-118.258687,33.703741],[-118.411211,33.741985],[-118.428407,33.774715],[-118.394376,33.804289],[-118.392107,33.840915],[-118.460611,33.969111],[-118.519514,34.027509],[-118.569235,34.04164],[-118.744952,34.032103],[-118.805114,34.001239],[-118.854653,34.034215],[-118.938081,34.043383],[-119.130169,34.100102],[-119.227743,34.161728],[-119.278644,34.266902],[-119.388249,34.317398],[-119.461036,34.374064],[-119.559459,34.413395],[-119.671866,34.416096],[-119.709067,34.395397],[-119.794771,34.417597],[-119.873971,34.408795],[-120.008077,34.460447],[-120.141165,34.473405],[-120.471376,34.447846],[-120.511421,34.522953],[-120.637805,34.56622],[-120.640244,34.604406],[-120.60045,34.70464],[-120.637415,34.755895],[-120.610266,34.85818],[-120.647328,34.901133],[-120.670835,34.904115],[-120.629931,35.061515],[-120.644311,35.139616],[-120.704203,35.173206],[-120.74887,35.177795],[-120.756086,35.160459],[-120.856047,35.206487],[-120.89679,35.247877],[-120.862684,35.346776],[-120.884757,35.430196],[-120.907937,35.449069],[-121.003359,35.46071],[-121.101595,35.548814],[-121.166712,35.635399],[-121.284973,35.674109],[-121.314632,35.71331],[-121.332449,35.783106],[-121.462264,35.885618],[-121.503112,36.000299],[-121.574602,36.025156],[-121.680145,36.165818],[-121.826425,36.24186],[-121.888491,36.30281],[-121.903195,36.393603],[-121.9416,36.485602],[-121.932508,36.559935],[-121.978592,36.580488],[-121.929666,36.636959],[-121.889064,36.601759],[-121.860604,36.611136],[-121.814462,36.682858],[-121.788278,36.803994],[-121.862266,36.931552],[-121.930069,36.97815],[-121.972771,36.954151],[-122.105976,36.955951],[-122.20618,37.013949],[-122.284882,37.101747],[-122.337071,37.117382],[-122.367085,37.172817],[-122.405073,37.195791],[-122.419113,37.24147],[-122.40085,37.359225],[-122.452087,37.48054],[-122.467888,37.49814],[-122.499289,37.495341],[-122.516689,37.52134],[-122.517187,37.590637],[-122.501386,37.599637],[-122.494085,37.644035],[-122.514483,37.780829],[-122.485783,37.790629],[-122.478083,37.810828],[-122.398139,37.80563],[-122.375854,37.734979],[-122.356784,37.729505],[-122.391374,37.708331],[-122.374291,37.662206],[-122.386072,37.637662],[-122.35531,37.615736],[-122.378545,37.605592],[-122.262698,37.572866],[-122.168449,37.504143],[-122.116112,37.505386],[-122.111998,37.528851],[-122.147014,37.588411],[-122.163049,37.667933],[-122.246826,37.72193],[-122.253753,37.761218],[-122.329159,37.783173],[-122.333711,37.809797],[-122.301313,37.847758],[-122.309986,37.892755],[-122.33453,37.908791],[-122.385908,37.908136],[-122.430087,37.963115],[-122.399832,37.956009],[-122.367582,37.978168],[-122.363655,38.014166],[-122.340093,38.003694],[-122.283478,38.022674],[-122.262861,38.0446],[-122.273006,38.07438],[-122.314567,38.115287],[-122.39638,38.149976],[-122.439577,38.116923],[-122.489974,38.112014],[-122.497828,38.019402],[-122.448413,37.988313],[-122.488665,37.966714],[-122.480484,37.945443],[-122.503064,37.928753],[-122.43925,37.88392],[-122.480811,37.873448],[-122.479151,37.825428],[-122.505383,37.822128],[-122.656519,37.904519],[-122.70264,37.89382],[-122.727297,37.904626],[-122.821383,37.996735],[-122.882114,38.025273],[-122.956811,38.02872],[-122.981776,38.009119],[-122.976764,37.99568],[-123.024066,37.994878],[-122.949074,38.15406],[-122.991953,38.233185],[-122.968569,38.242879],[-122.977082,38.267902],[-123.024333,38.310573],[-123.063671,38.302178],[-123.068265,38.359865],[-123.128825,38.450418],[-123.331899,38.565542],[-123.441774,38.699744],[-123.514784,38.741966],[-123.725367,38.917438],[-123.738886,38.95412],[-123.711149,38.977316],[-123.690095,39.031157],[-123.822085,39.343857],[-123.81469,39.446538],[-123.766475,39.552803],[-123.787417,39.604552],[-123.792659,39.684122],[-123.829545,39.723071],[-123.851714,39.832041],[-123.907664,39.863028],[-123.930047,39.909697],[-124.035904,40.013319],[-124.079983,40.029773],[-124.080709,40.06611],[-124.110549,40.103765],[-124.187874,40.130542],[-124.363414,40.260974],[-124.347853,40.314634],[-124.373599,40.392923],[-124.409591,40.438076],[-124.329404,40.61643],[-124.158322,40.876069],[-124.112165,41.028173],[-124.125448,41.048504],[-124.153622,41.05355],[-124.165414,41.129822],[-124.1438,41.144686],[-124.106986,41.229678],[-124.066057,41.470258],[-124.147412,41.717955],[-124.255994,41.783014],[-124.208439,41.888192],[-124.211605,41.99846],[-122.289533,42.007764]]],[[[-74.144428,40.53516],[-74.254588,40.502303],[-74.247808,40.543396],[-74.210887,40.560902],[-74.1894,40.642121],[-74.075884,40.648101],[-74.059184,40.593502],[-74.144428,40.53516]]],[[[-72.132225,41.104387],[-72.126704,41.115139],[-72.084207,41.101524],[-72.086975,41.058292],[-72.103152,41.086484],[-72.139233,41.092451],[-72.132225,41.104387]]],[[[-71.943563,41.286675],[-71.926802,41.290122],[-72.036846,41.249794],[-72.023422,41.270994],[-71.943563,41.286675]]],[[[-74.027392,44.995765],[-73.343124,45.01084],[-73.354633,44.987352],[-73.338734,44.965886],[-73.338979,44.917681],[-73.381397,44.848805],[-73.333154,44.788759],[-73.363791,44.745254],[-73.361323,44.695369],[-73.389966,44.61962],[-73.374389,44.575455],[-73.306707,44.500334],[-73.293613,44.440559],[-73.334939,44.364441],[-73.312852,44.265346],[-73.390583,44.190886],[-73.43774,44.045006],[-73.407739,44.021312],[-73.408589,43.932933],[-73.37415,43.874163],[-73.392751,43.822196],[-73.350593,43.771939],[-73.425217,43.64429],[-73.430325,43.590532],[-73.39196,43.569915],[-73.371889,43.624489],[-73.306234,43.628018],[-73.294621,43.57897],[-73.258631,43.564949],[-73.242042,43.534925],[-73.290944,42.80192],[-73.276421,42.746019],[-73.264957,42.74594],[-73.508142,42.086257],[-73.487314,42.049638],[-73.489615,42.000092],[-73.550961,41.295422],[-73.482709,41.21276],[-73.727775,41.100696],[-73.655371,41.012797],[-73.655972,40.979597],[-73.683273,40.948998],[-73.756776,40.912599],[-73.784803,40.878528],[-73.781206,40.838891],[-73.793785,40.855583],[-73.81281,40.846737],[-73.811889,40.825363],[-73.781369,40.794907],[-73.730675,40.8654],[-73.675573,40.856999],[-73.633771,40.898198],[-73.499941,40.918166],[-73.485365,40.946397],[-73.406074,40.920235],[-73.392862,40.955297],[-73.352761,40.926697],[-73.229285,40.905121],[-73.148994,40.928898],[-73.140785,40.966178],[-73.110368,40.971938],[-72.774104,40.965314],[-72.585327,40.997587],[-72.477306,41.052212],[-72.445242,41.086116],[-72.397,41.096307],[-72.356087,41.133635],[-72.278789,41.158722],[-72.238211,41.15949],[-72.300374,41.112274],[-72.306381,41.13784],[-72.32663,41.132162],[-72.335177,41.106917],[-72.317238,41.088659],[-72.280373,41.080402],[-72.260515,41.042065],[-72.190563,41.032579],[-72.153857,41.051859],[-72.10216,40.991509],[-71.96704,41.047772],[-71.959595,41.071237],[-71.93825,41.077413],[-71.857494,41.073558],[-71.87391,41.052278],[-72.39585,40.86666],[-73.054963,40.666371],[-73.262106,40.621476],[-73.306396,40.620756],[-73.319257,40.635795],[-73.562372,40.583703],[-73.774928,40.590759],[-73.934512,40.545175],[-73.95005,40.573363],[-74.00903,40.572846],[-74.001591,40.590684],[-74.042412,40.624847],[-74.018272,40.659019],[-74.013784,40.756601],[-73.929006,40.889578],[-73.893979,40.997197],[-74.694914,41.357423],[-74.740963,41.40512],[-74.736688,41.429228],[-74.790417,41.42166],[-74.805655,41.442101],[-74.888691,41.438259],[-74.917282,41.477041],[-74.981652,41.479945],[-74.984372,41.506611],[-75.003706,41.511118],[-75.023018,41.533147],[-75.018524,41.551802],[-75.074613,41.605711],[-75.043562,41.62364],[-75.067278,41.705434],[-75.052226,41.711396],[-75.053431,41.752538],[-75.10464,41.774203],[-75.074409,41.815088],[-75.113334,41.822782],[-75.114399,41.843583],[-75.161541,41.849836],[-75.174574,41.87266],[-75.183937,41.860515],[-75.257825,41.862154],[-75.279094,41.938917],[-75.318168,41.954236],[-75.359579,41.999445],[-79.761374,41.999067],[-79.761951,42.26986],[-79.453533,42.411157],[-79.351989,42.48892],[-79.148723,42.553672],[-79.111361,42.613358],[-79.06376,42.644758],[-79.04886,42.689158],[-78.918157,42.737258],[-78.853455,42.783958],[-78.865592,42.852358],[-78.891655,42.884845],[-78.912458,42.886557],[-78.905659,42.923357],[-78.918859,42.946857],[-79.019964,42.994756],[-79.01053,43.064389],[-79.074467,43.077855],[-79.042366,43.143655],[-79.070469,43.262454],[-78.634346,43.357624],[-78.488857,43.374763],[-78.104509,43.375628],[-77.760231,43.341161],[-77.577223,43.243263],[-77.534184,43.234569],[-77.341092,43.280661],[-77.111866,43.287945],[-76.958402,43.270005],[-76.769025,43.318452],[-76.684856,43.352691],[-76.630774,43.413356],[-76.417581,43.521285],[-76.297103,43.51287],[-76.228701,43.532987],[-76.209853,43.560136],[-76.196596,43.649761],[-76.213205,43.753513],[-76.229268,43.804135],[-76.283307,43.843923],[-76.28272,43.858601],[-76.243384,43.877975],[-76.202257,43.864898],[-76.133267,43.892975],[-76.125023,43.912773],[-76.139086,43.962111],[-76.264294,43.978009],[-76.269672,44.001148],[-76.296755,44.013307],[-76.300532,44.057188],[-76.360306,44.070907],[-76.363835,44.111696],[-76.312647,44.199044],[-76.206777,44.214543],[-76.164265,44.239603],[-76.161833,44.280777],[-75.912985,44.368084],[-75.82083,44.432244],[-75.807778,44.471644],[-75.76623,44.515851],[-75.30763,44.836813],[-75.027125,44.946568],[-74.992756,44.977449],[-74.907956,44.983359],[-74.826578,45.01585],[-74.74464,44.990577],[-74.702018,45.003322],[-74.027392,44.995765]]],[[[-90.403306,47.026693],[-90.464079,46.994636],[-90.437271,47.073483],[-90.393848,47.075956],[-90.403306,47.026693]]],[[[-90.730883,46.873096],[-90.667776,46.890037],[-90.756052,46.830595],[-90.749816,46.861806],[-90.730883,46.873096]]],[[[-90.764857,46.946524],[-90.741417,46.9636],[-90.717456,46.957966],[-90.689302,46.918563],[-90.737107,46.914712],[-90.764857,46.946524]]],[[[-90.568938,46.847391],[-90.683356,46.813275],[-90.656358,46.789745],[-90.716456,46.785418],[-90.787751,46.753301],[-90.791517,46.784713],[-90.736609,46.799654],[-90.622048,46.872872],[-90.568938,46.847391]]],[[[-90.572383,46.958835],[-90.50988,46.959108],[-90.545105,46.917287],[-90.637124,46.906724],[-90.654796,46.919249],[-90.634507,46.942944],[-90.572383,46.958835]]],[[[-87.335299,45.211327],[-87.327284,45.157363],[-87.376777,45.177298],[-87.375569,45.196633],[-87.335299,45.211327]]],[[[-90.962901,46.962028],[-90.98222,46.985417],[-90.93104,47.000857],[-90.931127,46.965334],[-90.962901,46.962028]]],[[[-90.757147,47.03372],[-90.643623,47.041177],[-90.608824,47.007558],[-90.560936,47.037013],[-90.544875,47.017383],[-90.552867,46.999686],[-90.609715,46.991208],[-90.667685,46.951261],[-90.767985,47.002327],[-90.776921,47.024324],[-90.757147,47.03372]]],[[[-87.405658,44.860098],[-87.384821,44.865532],[-87.405361,44.909626],[-87.393752,44.933751],[-87.322117,45.034201],[-87.264877,45.081361],[-87.238426,45.166492],[-87.200385,45.163819],[-87.119887,45.193242],[-87.109541,45.255397],[-87.057627,45.292838],[-86.97778,45.290684],[-86.985973,45.215872],[-87.040909,45.211535],[-87.045242,45.158798],[-87.030225,45.147382],[-87.054282,45.120074],[-87.05078,45.088663],[-87.081866,45.059103],[-87.121156,45.058311],[-87.138024,45.015327],[-87.163477,45.004913],[-87.187585,44.971606],[-87.1717,44.931476],[-87.215808,44.906744],[-87.204815,44.877199],[-87.267061,44.847025],[-87.313363,44.794237],[-87.353789,44.701915],[-87.467089,44.553557],[-87.545382,44.321385],[-87.508457,44.229755],[-87.512903,44.192808],[-87.563181,44.144195],[-87.6458,44.105222],[-87.656062,44.051919],[-87.683361,44.020139],[-87.736178,43.880421],[-87.726772,43.812885],[-87.700251,43.76735],[-87.702685,43.687596],[-87.789105,43.564844],[-87.793239,43.492783],[-87.872504,43.380178],[-87.911787,43.250406],[-87.881085,43.170609],[-87.900496,43.126],[-87.866487,43.074419],[-87.896836,43.02053],[-87.845181,42.962015],[-87.847745,42.889595],[-87.824,42.836649],[-87.766675,42.784896],[-87.819407,42.617327],[-87.800477,42.49192],[-90.640927,42.508302],[-90.643927,42.540401],[-90.709204,42.636078],[-90.949213,42.685573],[-91.054801,42.740529],[-91.100565,42.883078],[-91.144706,42.905964],[-91.179457,43.067427],[-91.177003,43.131846],[-91.05791,43.253968],[-91.107237,43.313645],[-91.21477,43.365874],[-91.19767,43.395334],[-91.232276,43.450952],[-91.218292,43.514434],[-91.243183,43.540309],[-91.231865,43.581822],[-91.268748,43.615348],[-91.273252,43.666623],[-91.243955,43.773046],[-91.277695,43.837741],[-91.364736,43.934884],[-91.43738,43.999962],[-91.59207,44.031372],[-91.707491,44.103906],[-91.719097,44.128853],[-91.872369,44.199167],[-91.895652,44.273008],[-91.924613,44.291815],[-91.916191,44.318094],[-91.970266,44.365842],[-92.232472,44.445434],[-92.291005,44.485464],[-92.336114,44.554004],[-92.54806,44.567792],[-92.567226,44.60177],[-92.621456,44.615017],[-92.632105,44.649027],[-92.807317,44.750364],[-92.766102,44.834966],[-92.774571,44.898084],[-92.750645,44.937299],[-92.770304,44.978967],[-92.764604,45.028767],[-92.802911,45.065403],[-92.740509,45.113396],[-92.767408,45.190166],[-92.751708,45.218666],[-92.761868,45.284938],[-92.704794,45.326526],[-92.704054,45.35366],[-92.650422,45.398507],[-92.646768,45.437929],[-92.724337,45.512223],[-92.72465,45.536744],[-92.745591,45.553016],[-92.775988,45.568478],[-92.881136,45.573409],[-92.887067,45.644148],[-92.869193,45.717568],[-92.784621,45.764196],[-92.757815,45.806574],[-92.761712,45.833861],[-92.712503,45.891705],[-92.640115,45.932478],[-92.551933,45.951651],[-92.530516,45.981918],[-92.464481,45.976267],[-92.428555,46.024241],[-92.35176,46.015685],[-92.335335,46.059422],[-92.294069,46.078346],[-92.287392,46.667342],[-92.265993,46.651041],[-92.207092,46.651941],[-92.176091,46.686341],[-92.204691,46.704041],[-92.148691,46.71514],[-92.13789,46.73954],[-92.108777,46.749105],[-91.961889,46.682539],[-91.790473,46.694624],[-91.593442,46.753345],[-91.511077,46.757453],[-91.369387,46.793745],[-91.315061,46.826729],[-91.256873,46.836833],[-91.226796,46.86361],[-91.178292,46.844259],[-91.134668,46.87249],[-91.136512,46.860975],[-91.107323,46.857469],[-91.090916,46.88267],[-91.050153,46.883037],[-90.968419,46.94391],[-90.92204,46.931372],[-90.855874,46.962232],[-90.786595,46.927019],[-90.751031,46.887963],[-90.798545,46.823922],[-90.885021,46.756341],[-90.853644,46.694464],[-90.911281,46.663083],[-90.949532,46.603019],[-90.942101,46.588573],[-90.909815,46.582703],[-90.772455,46.635097],[-90.739565,46.689943],[-90.558141,46.586384],[-90.505909,46.589614],[-90.418136,46.566094],[-90.387228,46.533663],[-90.350121,46.537337],[-90.336921,46.554076],[-90.310859,46.539365],[-90.316983,46.517319],[-90.230363,46.509705],[-90.163422,46.434605],[-90.119468,46.3397],[-89.09163,46.138505],[-88.837991,46.030176],[-88.784411,46.032709],[-88.776187,46.015931],[-88.730675,46.026535],[-88.674606,46.010567],[-88.664802,45.989835],[-88.616405,45.9877],[-88.598093,46.017623],[-88.589755,46.005602],[-88.514601,46.019926],[-88.492495,45.992157],[-88.458658,45.999391],[-88.416914,45.975323],[-88.384318,45.988113],[-88.330296,45.956625],[-88.191991,45.95274],[-88.096496,45.917273],[-88.101814,45.883504],[-88.075146,45.864832],[-88.13364,45.823128],[-88.103247,45.791361],[-88.072091,45.780261],[-87.989831,45.794827],[-87.989829,45.772945],[-87.963452,45.75822],[-87.875813,45.753888],[-87.85548,45.726943],[-87.805867,45.706841],[-87.780737,45.675458],[-87.823164,45.662732],[-87.824102,45.647138],[-87.780845,45.614599],[-87.777199,45.588499],[-87.792372,45.563055],[-87.833591,45.562529],[-87.80339,45.538272],[-87.793447,45.498372],[-87.861697,45.434473],[-87.849322,45.403872],[-87.887828,45.358122],[-87.849899,45.344651],[-87.754104,45.349442],[-87.693956,45.389893],[-87.657349,45.368752],[-87.648126,45.339396],[-87.724156,45.233236],[-87.741732,45.198201],[-87.735135,45.171538],[-87.683902,45.144135],[-87.657135,45.107568],[-87.587147,45.089495],[-87.625748,45.045157],[-87.630298,44.976865],[-87.76262,44.965796],[-87.837647,44.933091],[-87.832764,44.880939],[-87.902166,44.824708],[-87.941453,44.75608],[-87.983065,44.72073],[-88.009766,44.637081],[-88.001943,44.603909],[-88.042261,44.567344],[-88.005518,44.539216],[-87.929001,44.535993],[-87.867941,44.607606],[-87.756048,44.649117],[-87.71978,44.693246],[-87.721252,44.722361],[-87.611852,44.836743],[-87.515142,44.869596],[-87.478489,44.863572],[-87.433128,44.892741],[-87.405658,44.860098]]],[[[-86.880572,45.331467],[-86.899488,45.322588],[-86.904362,45.296662],[-86.956054,45.342202],[-86.943041,45.41525],[-86.855993,45.407777],[-86.830353,45.410852],[-86.828731,45.428461],[-86.810055,45.422619],[-86.805415,45.407324],[-86.841432,45.389601],[-86.880572,45.331467]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"California\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"3","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-04-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571210aee4b0ef3b7ca643d4","chorus":{"doi":"10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00109","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00109","publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","authors":"Hladik Michelle L., Hubbard Laura E., Kolpin Dana W., Focazio Michael J.","journalName":"Environmental Science & Technology Letters","publicationDate":"5/10/2016"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hladik, Michelle 0000-0002-0891-2712 mhladik@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0891-2712","contributorId":784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hladik","given":"Michelle","email":"mhladik@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":626701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hubbard, Laura E. 0000-0003-3813-1500 lhubbard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3813-1500","contributorId":4221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubbard","given":"Laura","email":"lhubbard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":626702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kolpin, Dana W. 0000-0002-3529-6505 dwkolpin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-6505","contributorId":1239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"Dana","email":"dwkolpin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":626703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Focazio, Michael J. 0000-0003-0967-5576 mfocazio@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0967-5576","contributorId":1276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Focazio","given":"Michael","email":"mfocazio@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":626704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70170258,"text":"70170258 - 2016 - Host contact and shedding patterns clarify variation in pathogen exposure and transmission in threatened tortoise Gopherus agassizii: implications for disease modelling and management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-28T13:14:26","indexId":"70170258","displayToPublicDate":"2016-04-14T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2158,"text":"Journal of Animal Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Host contact and shedding patterns clarify variation in pathogen exposure and transmission in threatened tortoise Gopherus agassizii: implications for disease modelling and management","docAbstract":"Our study investigates how factors, such as latitude, productivity, and several environmental variables, influence contemporary patterns of the species richness in North American turtles. In particular, we test several hypotheses explaining broad-scale species richness patterns on several species richness data sets: (i) total turtles, (ii) freshwater turtles only, (iii) aquatic turtles, (iv) terrestrial turtles only, (v) Emydidae, and (vi) Kinosternidae. In addition to spatial data, we used a combination of 25 abiotic variables in spatial regression models to predict species richness patterns. Our results provide support for multiple hypotheses related to broad-scale patterns of species richness, and in particular, hypotheses related to climate, productivity, water availability, topography, and latitude. In general, species richness patterns were positively associated with temperature, precipitation, diversity of streams, coefficient of variation of elevation, and net primary productivity. We also found that North America turtles follow the general latitudinal diversity gradient pattern (i.e., increasing species richness towards equator) by exhibiting a negative association with latitude. Because of the incongruent results among our six data sets, our study highlights the importance of considering phylogenetic constraints and guilds when interpreting species richness patterns, especially for taxonomic groups that occupy a myriad of habitats.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2016-0033","usgsCitation":"Ennen, J.R., Agha, M., Matamoros, W.A., Hazzard, S.C., and Lovich, J.E., 2016, Using climate, energy, and spatial-based hypotheses to interpret macroecological patterns of North America chelonians: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 94, p. 453-461, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2016-0033.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"453","endPage":"461","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065530","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471072,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjz-2016-0033","text":"External Repository"},{"id":324659,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, Mexico, United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -129.90234375,\n 53.33087298301704\n ],\n [\n -127.96875,\n 53.22576843579022\n ],\n [\n -124.71679687499999,\n 53.48804553605622\n ],\n [\n -121.640625,\n 53.173119202640635\n ],\n [\n -118.91601562499999,\n 53.33087298301704\n ],\n [\n -114.345703125,\n 53.33087298301704\n ],\n [\n -108.28125,\n 53.33087298301704\n ],\n [\n -105.1171875,\n 53.4357192066942\n ],\n [\n -101.6015625,\n 53.27835301753182\n ],\n [\n -97.55859375,\n 53.22576843579022\n ],\n [\n -94.658203125,\n 52.696361078274485\n ],\n [\n -90,\n 51.998410382390325\n ],\n [\n -84.287109375,\n 51.12421275782688\n ],\n [\n -77.255859375,\n 49.724479188713005\n ],\n [\n -71.19140625,\n 49.781264058178365\n ],\n [\n -66.4453125,\n 51.28940590271679\n ],\n [\n -63.10546874999999,\n 51.23440735163459\n ],\n [\n -61.34765625,\n 50.680797145321655\n ],\n [\n -59.765625,\n 47.517200697839414\n ],\n [\n -58.71093750000001,\n 45.82879925192134\n ],\n [\n -61.69921875,\n 44.15068115978091\n ],\n [\n -67.5,\n 43.26120612479979\n ],\n [\n -69.43359375,\n 42.61779143282346\n ],\n [\n -69.169921875,\n 40.51379915504413\n ],\n [\n -72.7734375,\n 39.232253141714885\n ],\n [\n -75.05859375,\n 37.23032838760387\n ],\n [\n -74.970703125,\n 35.96022296929667\n ],\n [\n -78.046875,\n 33.43144133557529\n ],\n [\n -80.068359375,\n 31.12819929911196\n ],\n [\n -80.15625,\n 30.06909396443887\n ],\n [\n -79.89257812499999,\n 28.613459424004414\n ],\n [\n -79.365234375,\n 26.902476886279807\n ],\n [\n -79.453125,\n 25.3241665257384\n ],\n [\n -81.298828125,\n 24.766784522874453\n ],\n [\n -82.96875,\n 26.902476886279807\n ],\n [\n -83.583984375,\n 28.767659105691255\n ],\n [\n -84.814453125,\n 29.075375179558346\n ],\n [\n -87.099609375,\n 29.305561325527698\n ],\n [\n -89.736328125,\n 29.152161283318915\n ],\n [\n -93.42773437499999,\n 28.613459424004414\n ],\n [\n -95.361328125,\n 27.68352808378776\n ],\n [\n -96.50390625,\n 26.115985925333536\n ],\n [\n -96.767578125,\n 24.126701958681682\n ],\n [\n -96.591796875,\n 22.51255695405145\n ],\n [\n -95.537109375,\n 20.96143961409685\n ],\n [\n -94.833984375,\n 19.80805412808859\n ],\n [\n -92.8125,\n 19.89072302399691\n ],\n [\n -91.318359375,\n 20.220965779522313\n ],\n [\n -90.3515625,\n 22.105998799750576\n ],\n [\n -87.62695312499999,\n 22.51255695405145\n ],\n [\n -85.78125,\n 21.453068633086783\n ],\n [\n -85.517578125,\n 20.05593126519445\n ],\n [\n -87.1875,\n 18.22935133838668\n ],\n [\n -88.505859375,\n 18.562947442888312\n ],\n [\n -88.857421875,\n 17.978733095556183\n ],\n [\n -90.87890625,\n 17.811456088564483\n ],\n [\n -91.40625,\n 17.476432197195532\n ],\n [\n -90.439453125,\n 16.720385051693988\n ],\n [\n -90.439453125,\n 16.214674588248556\n ],\n [\n -92.10937499999999,\n 15.876809064146757\n ],\n [\n -92.373046875,\n 14.264383087562662\n ],\n [\n -95.2734375,\n 15.284185114076445\n ],\n [\n -101.513671875,\n 16.04581345375218\n ],\n [\n -106.083984375,\n 19.228176737766262\n ],\n [\n -107.490234375,\n 20.96143961409685\n ],\n [\n -108.017578125,\n 22.674847351188536\n ],\n [\n -109.951171875,\n 22.024545601240337\n ],\n [\n -114.9609375,\n 25.720735134412106\n ],\n [\n -116.89453125,\n 27.839076094777816\n ],\n [\n -118.828125,\n 32.54681317351514\n ],\n [\n -122.607421875,\n 34.59704151614417\n ],\n [\n -125.595703125,\n 38.20365531807149\n ],\n [\n -126.12304687500001,\n 42.48830197960227\n ],\n [\n -125.771484375,\n 44.15068115978091\n ],\n [\n -125.595703125,\n 47.39834920035926\n ],\n [\n -127.96875,\n 48.922499263758255\n ],\n [\n -129.28710937499997,\n 50.680797145321655\n ],\n [\n -130.25390625,\n 52.855864177853995\n ],\n [\n -129.90234375,\n 53.33087298301704\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"94","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5774f30be4b07dd077c6ae41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ennen, Joshua R.","contributorId":83858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ennen","given":"Joshua","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Agha, Mickey","contributorId":22235,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Agha","given":"Mickey","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12425,"text":"University of Kentucky","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":7214,"text":"University of California, Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":641165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Matamoros, Wilfredo A.","contributorId":172518,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Matamoros","given":"Wilfredo","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":27060,"text":"Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad de Cencias y Artes de Chiapas, Museo de Zoologia, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México Apartado Postal 29000, México","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":641163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hazzard, Sarah C.","contributorId":172519,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hazzard","given":"Sarah","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":27061,"text":"Tennessee Aquarium Conservation Institute, Tennessee Aquarium, 201 Chestnut Street, Chattanooga, TN, 37402 USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":641164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lovich, Jeffrey E. 0000-0002-7789-2831 jeffrey_lovich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7789-2831","contributorId":458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovich","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jeffrey_lovich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":641161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70170260,"text":"fs20163022 - 2016 - 3D Elevation Program—Virtual USA in 3D","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-15T08:16:28","indexId":"fs20163022","displayToPublicDate":"2016-04-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-3022","title":"3D Elevation Program—Virtual USA in 3D","docAbstract":"","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20163022","usgsCitation":"Lukas, Vicki, Stoker, J.M., 2016, 3D Elevation Program—Virtual USA in 3D: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2016–3022, 1 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20163022.","productDescription":"1 p.","numberOfPages":"1","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-074727","costCenters":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320046,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2016/3022/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":320047,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2016/3022/fs20163022.pdf","text":"Fact Sheet","size":"1.56 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Fact Sheet 2016–3022"}],"contact":"
Director, National Geospatial Program
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
511 National Center Reston, VA 20192
Email: 3dep@usgs.gov
","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"publishedDate":"2016-04-14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-04-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5710b11de4b0ef3b7ca52684","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lukas, Vicki 0000-0002-3151-6689 vlukas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3151-6689","contributorId":2890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lukas","given":"Vicki","email":"vlukas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":626680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stoker, J. M. 0000-0003-2455-0931","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2455-0931","contributorId":44873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoker","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70169095,"text":"sir20165030 - 2016 - Perchlorate and selected metals in water and soil within Mount Rushmore National Memorial, South Dakota, 2011–15","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-12T19:58:59","indexId":"sir20165030","displayToPublicDate":"2016-04-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-5030","title":"Perchlorate and selected metals in water and soil within Mount Rushmore National Memorial, South Dakota, 2011–15","docAbstract":"Mount Rushmore National Memorial is located in the east-central part of the Black Hills area of South Dakota and is challenged to provide drinking water to about 3 million annual visitors and year-round park personnel. An environmental concern to water resources within Mount Rushmore National Memorial has been the annual aerial fireworks display at the memorial for the Independence Day holiday during 1998–2009. A major concern of park management is the contamination of groundwater and surface water by perchlorate, which is used as an oxidizing agent in firework displays. A study by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the National Park Service, was completed to characterize the occurrence of perchlorate and selected metals (constituents commonly associated with fireworks) in groundwater and surface water within and adjacent to Mount Rushmore National Memorial during 2011–15. Concentrations of perchlorate and metals in 106 water samples (collected from 6 groundwater sites and 14 surface-water sites) and 11 soil samples (collected from 11 soil sites) are reported.
Within the Mount Rushmore National Memorial boundary, perchlorate concentrations were greatest in the Lafferty Gulch drainage basin, ranging from less than 0.20 to 38 micrograms per liter (μg/L) in groundwater samples and from 2.2 to 54 μg/L in surface-water samples. Sites within the Starling Gulch drainage basin also had some evidence of perchlorate contamination, with concentrations ranging from 0.61 to 19 μg/L. All groundwater and surface-water samples within the unnamed tributary to Grizzly Bear Creek drainage basin and reference sites outside the park boundary had concentrations less than 0.20 μg/L. Perchlorate concentrations in samples collected at the 200-foot-deep production well (Well 1) ranged from 17 to 38 μg/L with a median of 23 μg/L, whereas perchlorate concentrations in samples from the 500-foot-deep production well (Well 2) ranged from 2.1 to 17 μg/L, with a median of 6.1 μg/L. Perchlorate concentrations in samples of the treated groundwater were similar to the concentrations from Well 1, which was the predominant source of the water supply at Mount Rushmore National Memorial during the study period (2011–15). Springflow upstream from the production wells in the West Fork Lafferty Gulch drainage had the greatest perchlorate concentrations, ranging from 21 to 54 μg/L. The groundwater site within Lafferty Gulch drainage basin but downstream from the park boundary also had a perchlorate concentration less than 0.20 μg/L in the one sample collected at the site. Water samples collected at reference sites generally had concentrations of metals within the same range of those sites within the Mount Rushmore National Memorial boundary, presenting little evidence of metal contamination due to anthropogenic factors within the park boundary. Soil samples were collected near most water sampling sites and within the Hall of Records Canyon where fireworks were launched. Perchlorate concentrations in soil were greatest in the West Fork Lafferty Gulch drainage and Hall of Records Canyon, which are topographically higher than the two groundwater wells.
The perchlorate concentrations in groundwater and surface water within Lafferty Gulch drainage basin during 2011–15 were greater than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Interim Drinking Water Health Advisory benchmark of 15 μg/L. The perchlorate concentrations in the Mount Rushmore water supply relative to this benchmark are of concern; however, this health advisory is based on the assumption that consumers are using the supply as their primary water source and currently is not a regulated standard. The groundwater system at West Fork Lafferty Gulch is highly susceptible to contamination by way of recharge and is isolated from downstream movement by an intrusive body acting as a dam, which may explain why a contamination problem is not likely to disappear or disperse, as could happen in larger aquifer systems. The observed deposition of firework debris within Lafferty Gulch drainage basin coupled with the lack of alternative perchlorate sources indicates that past firework displays are the most probable source of perchlorate contamination.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165030","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service and National Water Quality Program–National Park Service Water Quality Partnership","usgsCitation":"Hoogestraat, G.K., and Rowe, B.L., 2016, Perchlorate and selected metals in water and soil within Mount Rushmore National Memorial, South Dakota, 2011–15: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5030, 29 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165030.","productDescription":"vi, 29 p.","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-070373","costCenters":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320048,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5030/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":320051,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5030/sir20165030_appendix.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1","size":"26.4 kB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 2016–5030 Appendix 1"},{"id":320050,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5030/sir20165030.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.59 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016–5030"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Mt. Rushmore","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.46129894256592,\n 43.88270687270729\n ],\n [\n -103.4487247467041,\n 43.88264500931701\n ],\n [\n -103.45160007476807,\n 43.87450941385015\n ],\n [\n -103.4608268737793,\n 43.87426192585682\n ],\n [\n -103.46275806427002,\n 43.88270687270729\n ],\n [\n -103.46129894256592,\n 43.88270687270729\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, South Dakota Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1608 Mountain View Road
Rapid City, South Dakota 57702
The state of Pennsylvania has a long history of oil and gas extraction. In recent years with advances in technology such as hydraulic fracturing, hydrocarbon sources that were not profitable in the past are now being exploited. Here, we present an assessment of the cumulative impact of oil and gas extraction activities on the forests of 35 counties in Pennsylvania and their intersecting sub-watersheds between 2004 and 2010. The assessment categorizes counties and sub-watersheds based on the estimated amount of change to forest cover in the area. From the data collected we recognize that although forest cover has not been greatly impacted (with an average loss of percent forest coverage of 0.16% at the county level), landscape structure is affected. Increase in edge forest and decrease in interior forest is evident in many of the counties and sub-watersheds examined. These changes can have a detrimental effect on forest biodiversity and dynamics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis Online","doi":"10.1080/17445647.2016.1170642","usgsCitation":"Roig-Silva, C., Slonecker, E.T., Milheim, L., Ballew, J.R., and Winters, S.G., 2016, Forest cover changes due to hydrocarbon extraction disturbance in central Pennsylvania (2004–2010): Journal of Maps, v. 12, no. s1, p. 131-138, https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2016.1170642.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"138","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066163","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471075,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2016.1170642","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":320029,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.541015625,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -80.518798828125,\n 40.9964840143779\n ],\n [\n -80.52978515625,\n 39.71986348549764\n ],\n [\n -78.057861328125,\n 39.72831341029745\n ],\n [\n -77.662353515625,\n 40.333983227838104\n ],\n [\n -77.6953125,\n 40.91766362458114\n ],\n [\n -77.025146484375,\n 41.244772343082104\n ],\n [\n -76.5582275390625,\n 41.236511201246216\n ],\n [\n -76.453857421875,\n 40.91766362458114\n ],\n [\n -75.50354003906249,\n 41.15384235711447\n ],\n [\n -74.970703125,\n 41.50857729743935\n ],\n [\n -75.1025390625,\n 41.81636125072054\n ],\n [\n -75.3717041015625,\n 42.004407212963585\n ],\n [\n -79.541015625,\n 42.00032514831621\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"s1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-04-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"570f5f9ce4b0ef3b7ca32953","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roig-Silva, Coral croig@usgs.gov","contributorId":168590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roig-Silva","given":"Coral","email":"croig@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":626626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slonecker, E. Terrence 0000-0002-5793-0503 tslonecker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5793-0503","contributorId":168591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slonecker","given":"E.","email":"tslonecker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Terrence","affiliations":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36171,"text":"National Civil Applications Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":626627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Milheim, Lesley lmilheim@usgs.gov","contributorId":168592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milheim","given":"Lesley","email":"lmilheim@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":626628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ballew, Jesse R. jballew@usgs.gov","contributorId":5708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballew","given":"Jesse","email":"jballew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":626629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Winters, S. Gail gwinters@usgs.gov","contributorId":5528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winters","given":"S.","email":"gwinters@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Gail","affiliations":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":626630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70170243,"text":"70170243 - 2016 - Natural inactivation of Escherichia coli in anoxic and reduced groundwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-19T10:32:30","indexId":"70170243","displayToPublicDate":"2016-04-13T15:45:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2169,"text":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Natural inactivation of Escherichia coli in anoxic and reduced groundwater","docAbstract":"Inactivation rates of E. coli in groundwater have most often been determined in aerobic and oxidized systems. This study examined E. coli inactivation rates in anaerobic and extremely reduced groundwater systems that have been identified as recharge zones.
\nGroundwater from six artesian wells was diverted to above ground, flow through mesocosms that contained laboratory grown E. coli in diffusion chambers. All groundwater was anaerobic and extremely reduced (ORP < -300 mV). Cells were plated onto mTEC agar during 21 day incubation periods. All data fit a bi-phasic inactivation model, with > 95% of the E. coli population being inactivated < 11.0 hrs (mean k = 0.488± 0.188 h−1).
\nThe groundwater geochemical conditions enhanced the inactivation of E. coli to rates approximately 21-fold greater than previously published inactivation rate in groundwater (mean k= 0.023 ± 0.030 h−1). Also, mTEC agar inhibits E. coli growth following exposure to anaerobic and reduced groundwater.
\nAquifer recharge zones with geochemical characteristics observed in this study complement above ground engineered processes (e.g., filtration, disinfection), while increasing the overall indicator microorganism log-reduction rate of a facility.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/jam.13126","usgsCitation":"Lisle, J.T., 2016, Natural inactivation of Escherichia coli in anoxic and reduced groundwater: Journal of Applied Microbiology, v. 120, no. 6, p. 1739-1750, https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13126.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1739","endPage":"1750","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066446","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471073,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13126","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":320030,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"120","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-05-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"570f5f9ce4b0ef3b7ca3295a","chorus":{"doi":"10.1111/jam.13126","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jam.13126","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","authors":"Lisle J.T.","journalName":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","publicationDate":"5/13/2016","auditedOn":"11/8/2016"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lisle, John T. 0000-0002-5447-2092 jlisle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5447-2092","contributorId":2944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisle","given":"John","email":"jlisle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":626594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70170241,"text":"70170241 - 2016 - Role of habitat complexity in predator-prey dynamics between an introduced fish and larval Long-toed Salamanders (Ambystoma macrodactylum)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-22T17:35:48","indexId":"70170241","displayToPublicDate":"2016-04-13T15:45:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Role of habitat complexity in predator-prey dynamics between an introduced fish and larval Long-toed Salamanders (Ambystoma macrodactylum)","docAbstract":"Predation by nonnative fishes has reduced abundance and increased extinction risk for amphibian populations worldwide. Although rare, fish and palatable amphibians have been observed to coexist where aquatic vegetation and structural complexity provide suitable refugia. We examined whether larval long-toed salamanders (Ambystoma macrodactylum Baird, 1849) increased use of vegetation cover in lakes with trout and whether adding vegetation structure could reduce predation risk and nonconsumptive effects (NCEs), such as reductions in body size and delayed metamorphosis. We compared use of vegetation cover by larval salamanders in lakes with and without trout and conducted a field experiment to investigate the influence of added vegetation structure on salamander body morphology and life history. The probability of catching salamanders in traps in lakes with trout was positively correlated with the proportion of submerged vegetation and surface cover. Growth rates of salamanders in enclosures with trout cues decreased as much as 85% and the probability of metamorphosis decreased by 56%. We did not find evidence that adding vegetation reduced NCEs in experimental enclosures, but salamanders in lakes with trout utilized more highly-vegetated areas which suggests that adding vegetation structure at the scale of the whole lake may facilitate coexistence between salamanders and introduced trout.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2015-0160","usgsCitation":"Kenison, E., Litt, A., Pilliod, D.S., and McMahon, T.E., 2016, Role of habitat complexity in predator-prey dynamics between an introduced fish and larval Long-toed Salamanders (Ambystoma macrodactylum): Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 94, no. 4, p. 243-249, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2015-0160.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"243","endPage":"249","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-067344","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471074,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjz-2015-0160","text":"External Repository"},{"id":320031,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"570f5f9de4b0ef3b7ca32967","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kenison, Erin K","contributorId":168578,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kenison","given":"Erin K","affiliations":[{"id":5120,"text":"Montana State University, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Bozeman, MT 59717","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":626573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Litt, Andrea R.","contributorId":22226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litt","given":"Andrea R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pilliod, David S. 0000-0003-4207-3518 dpilliod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4207-3518","contributorId":149254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pilliod","given":"David","email":"dpilliod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":626572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McMahon, Tom E","contributorId":168579,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McMahon","given":"Tom","email":"","middleInitial":"E","affiliations":[{"id":5120,"text":"Montana State University, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Bozeman, MT 59717","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":626575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70175004,"text":"70175004 - 2016 - Proposed Auxiliary Boundary Stratigraphic Section and Point (ASSP) for the base of the Ordovician System at Lawson Cove, Utah, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T09:27:41","indexId":"70175004","displayToPublicDate":"2016-04-13T14:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3481,"text":"Stratigraphy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Proposed Auxiliary Boundary Stratigraphic Section and Point (ASSP) for the base of the Ordovician System at Lawson Cove, Utah, USA","docAbstract":"The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Ordovician System is at the First Appearance Datum (FAD) of the conodont Iapetognathus fluctivagus at Green Point in Newfoundland, Canada. Strata there are typical graptolitic facies that were deposited near the base of the continental slope.We propose establishing an Auxiliary boundary Stratotype Section and Point (ASSP) at the FAD of I. fluctivagus at the Lawson Cove section in the Ibex area of Millard County, Utah, USA. There, strata consist of typical shelly facies limestones that were deposited on a tropical carbonate platform and contain abundant conodonts, trilobites, brachiopods, and other fossil groups. Cambrian and Ordovician strata in this area are ~5300m thick, with the Lawson Cove section spanning 243m in three overlapping segments. Six other measured and studied sections in the area show stratigraphic relationships similar to those at Lawson Cove. Faunas have been used to divide these strata into 14 conodont and 7 trilobite zonal units. The widespread olenid trilobite Jujuyaspis occurs ~90cm above the proposed boundary at Lawson Cove; this genus is generally regarded as earliest Ordovician. Rhynchonelliform and linguliform brachiopods are common to abundant and are useful for correlation. The FAD of Iapetognathus fluctivagus and occurrences of Jujuyaspis and the Lower Ordovician planktonic graptolite Anisograptus matanensis all occur within a 2.4m interval of strata at a nearby section. Non-biological correlation tools include a detailed sequence stratigraphic classification and a detailed carbon-isotope profile. Especially useful for correlation is a positive \u000213C excursion peak ~15cm below the proposed boundary horizon. All of these correlation tools form an integrated framework that makes the Lawson Cove section especially useful as an ASSP for global correlation of strata with faunas typical of shallow, warm-water, shelly facies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Micropaleontology Press","usgsCitation":"Miller, J.F., Evans, K.R., Ethington, R.L., Freeman, R., Loch, J.D., Repetski, J.E., Ripperdan, R., and Taylor, J.F., 2016, Proposed Auxiliary Boundary Stratigraphic Section and Point (ASSP) for the base of the Ordovician System at Lawson Cove, Utah, USA: Stratigraphy, v. 12, no. 3 - 4, p. 219-236.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"219","endPage":"236","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-068560","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325692,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325691,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.micropress.org/microaccess/stratigraphy"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-111.046551,41.251716],[-111.046723,40.997959],[-110.750727,40.996847],[-110.715026,40.996347],[-110.539819,40.996346],[-110.500718,40.994746],[-110.375714,40.994947],[-110.250709,40.996089],[-110.237848,40.995427],[-110.125709,40.99655],[-110.121639,40.997101],[-110.048476,40.997555],[-110.006495,40.997815],[-110.000708,40.997352],[-109.999838,40.99733],[-109.97553,40.997912],[-109.855299,40.997614],[-109.854302,40.997661],[-109.715409,40.998191],[-109.713877,40.998266],[-109.676421,40.998395],[-109.534926,40.998143],[-109.500694,40.999127],[-109.250735,41.001009],[-109.231985,41.002059],[-109.173682,41.000859],[-109.050076,41.000659],[-109.048455,40.826081],[-109.049088,40.714562],[-109.048373,40.662602],[-109.048249,40.653601],[-109.048044,40.619231],[-109.050074,40.540358],[-109.049955,40.539901],[-109.050698,40.499963],[-109.050314,40.495092],[-109.050946,40.444368],[-109.050969,40.222662],[-109.050973,40.180849],[-109.050944,40.180712],[-109.050813,40.059579],[-109.050873,40.058915],[-109.050615,39.87497],[-109.05104,39.660472],[-109.051363,39.497674],[-109.050765,39.366677],[-109.051512,39.126095],[-109.052436,38.999985],[-109.053292,38.942878],[-109.053233,38.942467],[-109.053797,38.905284],[-109.053943,38.904414],[-109.054189,38.874984],[-109.057388,38.795456],[-109.059541,38.719888],[-109.060253,38.599328],[-109.059962,38.499987],[-109.060062,38.275489],[-109.054648,38.244921],[-109.041762,38.16469],[-109.041837,38.153022],[-109.04282,37.999301],[-109.042819,37.997068],[-109.043121,37.97426],[-109.041058,37.907236],[-109.041653,37.88117],[-109.041844,37.872788],[-109.041723,37.842051],[-109.041754,37.835826],[-109.041461,37.800105],[-109.042098,37.74999],[-109.041636,37.74021],[-109.04176,37.713182],[-109.041732,37.711214],[-109.042269,37.666067],[-109.042089,37.623795],[-109.042131,37.617662],[-109.041806,37.604171],[-109.041865,37.530726],[-109.041915,37.530653],[-109.043137,37.499992],[-109.043464,37.484711],[-109.04581,37.374993],[-109.046039,37.249993],[-109.045584,37.249351],[-109.045487,37.210844],[-109.045978,37.201831],[-109.045995,37.177279],[-109.045156,37.112064],[-109.045203,37.111958],[-109.045173,37.109464],[-109.045189,37.096271],[-109.044995,37.086429],[-109.045058,37.074661],[-109.045166,37.072742],[-109.045223,36.999084],[-109.181196,36.999271],[-109.233848,36.999266],[-109.246917,36.999346],[-109.26339,36.999263],[-109.268213,36.999242],[-109.270097,36.999266],[-109.378039,36.999135],[-109.381226,36.999148],[-109.495338,36.999105],[-109.625668,36.998308],[-109.875673,36.998504],[-110.000677,36.997968],[-110.000876,36.998502],[-110.021778,36.998602],[-110.47019,36.997997],[-110.490908,37.003566],[-110.50069,37.00426],[-110.599512,37.003448],[-110.625605,37.003416],[-110.62569,37.003721],[-110.75069,37.003197],[-111.066496,37.002389],[-111.133718,37.000779],[-111.254853,37.001077],[-111.278286,37.000465],[-111.405517,37.001497],[-111.405869,37.001481],[-111.412784,37.001478],[-112.35769,37.001025],[-112.368946,37.001125],[-112.534545,37.000684],[-112.538593,37.000674],[-112.540368,37.000669],[-112.545094,37.000734],[-112.558974,37.000692],[-112.609787,37.000753],[-112.899366,37.000319],[-112.966471,37.000219],[-113.965907,36.999976],[-113.965907,37.000025],[-114.0506,37.000396],[-114.051749,37.088434],[-114.051822,37.090976],[-114.052827,37.103961],[-114.051867,37.134292],[-114.052179,37.14711],[-114.051673,37.172368],[-114.051405,37.233854],[-114.051974,37.283848],[-114.051974,37.284511],[-114.0518,37.293044],[-114.0518,37.293548],[-114.051927,37.370459],[-114.051927,37.370734],[-114.051765,37.418083],[-114.052448,37.43144],[-114.052701,37.492014],[-114.052685,37.502513],[-114.052718,37.517264],[-114.052689,37.517859],[-114.052962,37.592783],[-114.052472,37.604776],[-114.051728,37.745997],[-114.051785,37.746249],[-114.05167,37.746958],[-114.051109,37.756276],[-114.049919,37.765586],[-114.048473,37.809861],[-114.049677,37.823645],[-114.049928,37.852508],[-114.049658,37.881368],[-114.050423,37.999961],[-114.049903,38.148601],[-114.050138,38.24996],[-114.049417,38.2647],[-114.05012,38.404536],[-114.050091,38.404673],[-114.050485,38.499955],[-114.049834,38.543784],[-114.049862,38.547764],[-114.050154,38.57292],[-114.049883,38.677365],[-114.049749,38.72921],[-114.049168,38.749951],[-114.049465,38.874949],[-114.048521,38.876197],[-114.048054,38.878693],[-114.049104,39.005509],[-114.047079,39.499943],[-114.047728,39.542742],[-114.047273,39.759413],[-114.047783,39.79416],[-114.047214,39.821024],[-114.047134,39.906037],[-114.046555,39.996899],[-114.046835,40.030131],[-114.046386,40.097896],[-114.046741,40.104231],[-114.046683,40.116931],[-114.046153,40.231971],[-114.046178,40.398313],[-114.045826,40.424823],[-114.045218,40.430282],[-114.045518,40.494474],[-114.045577,40.495801],[-114.045281,40.506586],[-114.043505,40.726292],[-114.043831,40.758666],[-114.043803,40.759205],[-114.043176,40.771675],[-114.042145,40.999926],[-114.041447,41.207752],[-114.042553,41.210923],[-114.041396,41.219958],[-114.040231,41.49169],[-114.040942,41.499921],[-114.040437,41.615377],[-114.039968,41.62492],[-114.039901,41.753781],[-114.041152,41.850595],[-114.041107,41.850573],[-114.039648,41.884816],[-114.041723,41.99372],[-113.993903,41.992698],[-113.893261,41.988057],[-113.822163,41.988479],[-113.796082,41.989104],[-113.76453,41.989459],[-113.500837,41.992799],[-113.496548,41.993305],[-113.431563,41.993799],[-113.40223,41.994161],[-113.396497,41.99425],[-113.357611,41.993859],[-113.340072,41.994747],[-113.250829,41.99561],[-113.249159,41.996203],[-113.000821,41.998223],[-113.00082,41.998223],[-112.979218,41.998263],[-112.909587,41.998791],[-112.882367,41.998922],[-112.880619,41.998921],[-112.833125,41.999345],[-112.833084,41.999305],[-112.788542,41.999681],[-112.709375,42.000309],[-112.648019,42.000307],[-112.450814,42.000953],[-112.450567,42.001092],[-112.38617,42.001126],[-112.264936,42.000991],[-112.239107,42.001217],[-112.192976,42.001167],[-112.173352,41.996568],[-112.163956,41.996708],[-112.109532,41.997598],[-112.01218,41.99835],[-111.915837,41.998519],[-111.915622,41.998496],[-111.876491,41.998528],[-111.750778,41.99933],[-111.507264,41.999518],[-111.471381,41.999739],[-111.425535,42.00084],[-111.420898,42.000793],[-111.415873,42.000748],[-111.046689,42.001567],[-111.045818,41.579845],[-111.045789,41.565571],[-111.046264,41.377731],[-111.0466,41.360692],[-111.046551,41.251716]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Utah\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"12","issue":"3 - 4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5799db6ae4b0589fa1c7ea23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, James F.","contributorId":147224,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":16806,"text":"Missouri State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":643572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, Kevin R.","contributorId":35724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ethington, Raymond L.","contributorId":93507,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ethington","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6754,"text":"University of Missouri","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":643574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Freeman, Rebecca","contributorId":173182,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Freeman","given":"Rebecca","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27177,"text":"Univ. of Kentucky","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":643575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Loch, James D.","contributorId":20139,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Loch","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Repetski, John E. 0000-0002-2298-7120 jrepetski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-7120","contributorId":2596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repetski","given":"John","email":"jrepetski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ripperdan, Robert","contributorId":173183,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ripperdan","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27178,"text":"Consultant, Des Peres, Missouri","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":643577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Taylor, John F.","contributorId":80890,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taylor","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70169140,"text":"ofr20161037 - 2016 - Processing of multichannel seismic reflection data acquired in 2013 for seismic investigations of gas hydrates in the Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-13T13:20:22","indexId":"ofr20161037","displayToPublicDate":"2016-04-13T13:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-1037","title":"Processing of multichannel seismic reflection data acquired in 2013 for seismic investigations of gas hydrates in the Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"As part of a cooperative effort among the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the U.S. Department of Energy, and the U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, two grids of two-dimensional multichannel seismic reflection data were acquired in the Gulf of Mexico over lease blocks Green Canyon 955 and Walker Ridge 313 between April 18 and May 3, 2013. The purpose of the data acquisition was to fill knowledge gaps in an ongoing study of known gas hydrate accumulations in the area. These data were initially processed onboard the recording ship R/V Pelican for more quality control during the recording. The data were subsequently processed in detail by the U.S. Geological Survey in Denver, Colorado, in two phases. The first phase was to create a “kinematic” dataset that removed extensive noise present in the data but did not preserve relative amplitudes. The second phase was to create a true relative amplitude dataset that included noise removal and “wavelet” deconvolution that preserved the amplitude information. This report describes the processing techniques used to create both datasets.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161037","collaboration":"Performed in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management","usgsCitation":"Miller, J.J., Agena, W.F., Haines, S.S., and Hart, P.E., 2016, Processing of multichannel seismic reflection data acquired in 2013 for seismic investigations of gas hydrates in the Gulf of Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016‒1037, 32 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161037.","productDescription":"vi, 32 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-067340","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319934,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1037/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":319936,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1037/ofr20161037.pdf","text":"Report","size":"30.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1037"}],"otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96,\n 26\n ],\n [\n -96,\n 30.5\n ],\n [\n -89.7,\n 30.5\n ],\n [\n -89.7,\n 26\n ],\n [\n -96,\n 26\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Energy Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS-939
Denver Federal Center
Denver, CO 80225-0046
Digital flood-inundation maps for a 9.1-mile reach of the Coast Fork Willamette River near Creswell and Goshen, Oregon, were developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). The inundation maps, which can be accessed through the USGS Flood Inundation Mapping Science Web site at http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation/, depict estimates of the areal extent and depth of flooding corresponding to selected stages at the USGS streamgage at Coast Fork Willamette River near Goshen, Oregon (14157500), at State Highway 58. Current stage at the streamgage for estimating near-real-time areas of inundation may be obtained at http://waterdata.usgs.gov/or/nwis/uv/?site_no=14157500&PARAmeter_cd=00065,00060. In addition, the National Weather Service (NWS) forecasted peak-stage information may be used in conjunction with the maps developed in this study to show predicted areas of flood inundation.
In this study, areas of inundation were provided by USACE. The inundated areas were developed from flood profiles simulated by a one-dimensional unsteady step‑backwater hydraulic model. The profiles were checked by the USACE using documented high-water marks from a January 2006 flood. The model was compared and quality assured using several other methods. The hydraulic model was then used to determine eight water-surface profiles at various flood stages referenced to the streamgage datum and ranging from 11.8 to 19.8 ft, approximately 2.6 ft above the highest recorded stage at the streamgage (17.17 ft) since 1950. The intervals between stages are variable and based on annual exceedance probability discharges, some of which approximate NWS action stages.
The areas of inundation and water depth grids provided to USGS by USACE were used to create interactive flood‑inundation maps. The availability of these maps with current stage from USGS streamgage and forecasted stream stages from the NWS provide emergency management personnel and residents with information that is critical for flood response activities, such as evacuations and road closures as well as for post flood recovery efforts.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165029","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District","usgsCitation":"Hess, G.W., and Haluska, T.L., 2016, Flood-inundation maps for a 9.1-mile reach of the Coast Fork Willamette River near Creswell and Goshen, Lane County, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5029, 8 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165029.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 8 p.; Metadata","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-053101","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319983,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5029/sir20165029.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5029 Report PDF"},{"id":319984,"rank":3,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5029/sir20165029_metadata.html"},{"id":319982,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5029/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","county":"Lane County","city":"Creswell, Goshen","otherGeospatial":"Willamette River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.98370361328124,\n 44.00318741021592\n ],\n [\n -122.99022674560545,\n 43.9942964557587\n ],\n [\n -122.96688079833984,\n 43.987133329129215\n ],\n [\n -122.99571990966798,\n 43.95649503643676\n ],\n [\n -122.99606323242188,\n 43.914959878503154\n ],\n [\n -122.98542022705078,\n 43.914959878503154\n ],\n [\n -122.97683715820312,\n 43.94339481559037\n ],\n [\n -122.9813003540039,\n 43.95328204198018\n ],\n [\n -122.9541778564453,\n 43.990838502564706\n ],\n [\n -122.97958374023438,\n 43.9965193192732\n ],\n [\n -122.9754638671875,\n 44.00219959217852\n ],\n [\n -122.98370361328124,\n 44.00318741021592\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2130 SW 5th Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97201
http://or.water.usgs.gov
The turtle Cuora amboinensis has an extensive distribution covering most of southern mainland Asia, Indonesia, and extending to the Philippine Islands. Unlike many species, C. amboinensis occurs on both sides of Wallace's Line separating Asian and Australian flora and fauna. Four subspecies are currently recognized; Cuora a. kamaroma (southern continental Asia, Java and the northern Philippines [introduced]), C. a. lineata (Kachin Province, Myanmar [Burma] and adjacent Yunnan Province, China), C. a. couro (Sumatra, Java, Sumbawa, and adjacent smaller Indonesian islands); and C. a. amboinensis (Moluccas, Sulawesi, Philippines). Five pattern and 33 morphological characters were examined for variation in 691 individuals from throughout the species' range. Our analyses suggest that only two presently recognized subspecies are valid: amboinensis andkamaroma. Neither couro nor lineata are supported by our analysis. We recommend that C. a. couroshould be synonymized with the species C. amboinensis and C. a. lineata with the subspecies C. a. kamaroma.
","language":"English","publisher":"Biological Society of Washington","doi":"10.2988/0006-324X-129.Q2.144","usgsCitation":"Ernst, C.H., Laemmerzahl, A.F., and Lovich, J.E., 2016, A morphological review of subspecies of the Asian box turtle, Cuora amboinensis (Testudines, Geomydidae): Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, v. 129, p. 144-156, https://doi.org/10.2988/0006-324X-129.Q2.144.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"144","endPage":"156","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-073944","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325472,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Asia","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":\"3\",\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Asia\"},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[92.3686,20.6709],[92.0829,21.1922],[92.0252,21.7016],[91.8349,22.1829],[91.4171,22.765],[90.496,22.805],[90.587,22.3928],[90.273,21.8364],[89.8475,22.0392],[89.7021,21.8571],[89.4189,21.9662],[89.032,22.0557],[88.8888,21.6906],[88.2085,21.7032],[86.9757,21.4956],[87.0332,20.7433],[86.4994,20.1516],[85.0603,19.4786],[83.941,18.302],[83.1892,17.6712],[82.1928,17.0166],[82.1912,16.5567],[81.6927,16.3102],[80.792,15.952],[80.3249,15.8992],[80.0251,15.1364],[80.2333,13.8358],[80.2863,13.0063],[79.8626,12.0562],[79.858,10.3573],[79.3405,10.3089],[78.8854,9.5461],[79.1897,9.2165],[78.2779,8.9331],[77.9412,8.253],[77.5399,7.9655],[76.593,8.8993],[76.1301,10.2996],[75.7465,11.3083],[75.3961,11.7813],[74.8648,12.7419],[74.6167,13.9926],[74.4439,14.6172],[73.5342,15.9907],[73.1199,17.9286],[72.8209,19.2082],[72.8245,20.4195],[72.6305,21.356],[71.1753,20.7574],[70.4705,20.8773],[69.1641,22.0893],[69.6449,22.4508],[69.3496,22.8432],[68.1767,23.692],[67.4437,23.9448],[67.1454,24.6636],[66.3728,25.4251],[64.5304,25.237],[62.9057,25.2184],[61.4974,25.0782],[59.6161,25.3802],[58.5258,25.61],[57.3973,25.7399],[56.9708,26.9661],[56.4921,27.1433],[55.7237,26.9646],[54.7151,26.4807],[53.4931,26.8124],[52.4836,27.5809],[51.5208,27.8657],[50.853,28.8145],[50.115,30.1478],[49.5769,29.9857],[48.9413,30.3171],[48.568,29.9268],[47.9745,29.9758],[48.1832,29.5345],[48.0939,29.3063],[48.4161,28.552],[48.8076,27.6896],[49.2996,27.4612],[49.4709,27.11],[50.1524,26.6897],[50.2129,26.277],[50.1133,25.944],[50.2399,25.6081],[50.5274,25.3278],[50.6606,24.9999],[50.8101,24.7547],[50.7439,25.4824],[51.0134,26.007],[51.2865,26.1146],[51.5891,25.8011],[51.6067,25.2157],[51.3896,24.6274],[51.5795,24.2455],[51.7574,24.2941],[51.7944,24.0198],[52.5771,24.1774],[53.404,24.1513],[54.008,24.1218],[54.693,24.7979],[55.439,25.4392],[56.0708,26.0555],[56.362,26.3959],[56.4857,26.3091],[56.3914,25.896],[56.261,25.7146],[56.3969,24.9247],[56.8451,24.2417],[57.4035,23.8786],[58.137,23.7479],[58.7292,23.5657],[59.1805,22.9924],[59.4501,22.6603],[59.8081,22.5336],[59.8062,22.3105],[59.4422,21.7145],[59.2824,21.4339],[58.8611,21.114],[58.488,20.429],[58.0343,20.4814],[57.8264,20.243],[57.6658,19.736],[57.7887,19.0676],[57.6944,18.9447],[57.2343,18.948],[56.6097,18.5743],[56.5122,18.0871],[56.2835,17.8761],[55.6615,17.8841],[55.2699,17.6323],[55.2749,17.2284],[54.791,16.9507],[54.2393,17.045],[53.5705,16.7077],[53.1086,16.6511],[52.3852,16.3824],[52.1917,15.9384],[52.1682,15.5974],[51.1725,15.1753],[49.5746,14.7088],[48.6792,14.0032],[48.239,13.9481],[47.9389,14.0072],[47.3545,13.5922],[46.7171,13.3997],[45.8776,13.3478],[45.6251,13.291],[45.4065,13.0269],[45.1444,12.9539],[44.9895,12.6996],[44.4946,12.7217],[44.1751,12.586],[43.483,12.6368],[43.2229,13.221],[43.2515,13.7676],[43.0879,14.0626],[42.8923,14.8023],[42.6049,15.2133],[42.805,15.262],[42.7024,15.7189],[42.8237,15.9117],[42.7793,16.3479],[42.6496,16.7746],[42.348,17.0758],[42.2709,17.4747],[41.7544,17.8331],[41.2214,18.6716],[40.9393,19.4865],[40.2477,20.1746],[39.8017,20.3389],[39.1394,21.2919],[39.0237,21.9869],[39.0663,22.5797],[38.4928,23.6885],[38.0239,24.0787],[37.4836,24.2855],[37.1548,24.8585],[37.2095,25.0845],[36.9316,25.603],[36.6396,25.8262],[36.2491,26.5701],[35.6402,27.3765],[35.1302,28.0634],[34.6323,28.0586],[34.7878,28.6074],[34.8322,28.9575],[34.956,29.3566],[34.9226,29.5013],[34.2654,31.2194],[34.5564,31.5488],[34.4881,31.6055],[34.7526,32.0729],[34.9554,32.8274],[35.0985,33.0805],[35.1261,33.0909],[35.4822,33.9055],[35.9796,34.6101],[35.9984,34.6449],[35.905,35.41],[36.1498,35.8215],[35.7821,36.275],[36.1608,36.6506],[35.5509,36.5654],[34.7146,36.7955],[34.0269,36.22],[32.5092,36.1076],[31.6996,36.6443],[30.6216,36.6779],[30.3911,36.263],[29.7,36.1444],[28.7329,36.6768],[27.6412,36.6588],[27.0488,37.6534],[26.3182,38.2081],[26.8047,38.9858],[26.1708,39.4636],[27.28,40.42],[28.82,40.46],[29.24,41.22],[31.1459,41.0876],[32.348,41.7363],[33.5133,42.019],[35.1677,42.0402],[36.9131,41.3354],[38.3477,40.9486],[39.5126,41.1028],[40.3734,41.0137],[41.5541,41.5357],[42.6196,41.5832],[43.5828,41.0921],[43.7527,40.7402],[43.6564,40.2536],[44.4,40.005],[44.794,39.713],[44.9527,39.3358],[45.4577,38.8741],[46.1436,38.7412],[46.5057,38.7706],[47.6851,39.5084],[48.0601,39.5822],[48.3555,39.2888],[48.0107,38.794],[48.6344,38.2704],[48.8833,38.3203],[49.1996,37.5829],[50.1478,37.3746],[50.8424,36.8728],[52.264,36.7004],[53.8258,36.965],[53.9216,37.1989],[53.7355,37.9061],[53.8809,38.9521],[53.101,39.2906],[53.3578,39.9753],[52.694,40.0336],[52.9153,40.8765],[53.8581,40.631],[54.7369,40.951],[54.0083,41.5512],[53.7217,42.1232],[52.9168,41.8681],[52.8147,41.1354],[52.5025,41.7833],[52.4463,42.0272],[52.6921,42.4439],[52.5014,42.7923],[51.3424,43.133],[50.8913,44.031],[50.3391,44.284],[50.3056,44.6098],[51.2785,44.5149],[51.3169,45.246],[52.1674,45.4084],[53.0409,45.2591],[53.2209,46.2347],[53.0427,46.853],[52.042,46.8046],[51.192,47.0487],[50.0341,46.609],[49.1012,46.3993],[48.6454,45.8063],[47.6759,45.6415],[46.682,44.6092],[47.5909,43.6602],[47.4925,42.9866],[48.5844,41.8089],[47.9873,41.4058],[47.8157,41.1514],[47.3733,41.2197],[46.6861,41.8271],[46.405,41.8607],[45.7764,42.0924],[45.4703,42.5028],[44.5376,42.712],[43.9312,42.555],[43.756,42.7408],[42.3944,43.2203],[40.9222,43.3822],[40.077,43.5531],[39.955,43.435],[38.68,44.28],[37.5391,44.6572],[36.6755,45.2447],[37.4032,45.4045],[38.233,46.2409],[37.6737,46.6366],[39.1477,47.0448],[39.1212,47.2634],[38.2235,47.1022],[38.2551,47.5464],[38.7706,47.8256],[39.7383,47.8989],[39.8956,48.2324],[39.6747,48.7838],[40.0808,49.3074],[40.069,49.6011],[38.595,49.9265],[38.0106,49.9157],[37.3935,50.384],[36.6262,50.2256],[35.3561,50.5772],[35.3779,50.7739],[35.0222,51.2076],[34.2248,51.256],[34.142,51.5664],[34.3917,51.7689],[33.7527,52.3351],[32.7158,52.2385],[32.4121,52.2887],[32.1594,52.0613],[31.786,52.1017],[31.54,52.7421],[31.3052,53.074],[31.4976,53.1674],[32.3045,53.1327],[32.6936,53.3514],[32.4056,53.6181],[31.7313,53.794],[31.7914,53.9746],[31.3845,54.1571],[30.7575,54.8118],[30.9718,55.0816],[30.8739,55.551],[29.8963,55.7895],[29.3716,55.6701],[29.2295,55.9183],[28.1767,56.1691],[27.8553,56.7593],[27.77,57.2443],[27.2882,57.4745],[27.7167,57.7919],[27.4202,58.7246],[28.1317,59.3008],[27.9811,59.4754],[29.1177,60.0281],[28.07,60.5035],[30.2111,61.78],[31.14,62.3577],[31.5161,62.8677],[30.0359,63.5528],[30.4447,64.2045],[29.5444,64.9487],[30.2177,65.806],[29.0546,66.9443],[29.9774,67.6983],[28.4459,68.3646],[28.5919,69.0648],[29.3996,69.1569],[31.1011,69.5581],[32.1327,69.906],[33.7755,69.3014],[36.514,69.0634],[40.2923,67.9324],[41.0599,67.4571],[41.126,66.7916],[40.0158,66.2662],[38.383,65.9995],[33.9187,66.7596],[33.1844,66.6325],[34.8148,65.9002],[34.8786,65.4362],[34.9439,64.4144],[36.2313,64.1095],[37.0127,63.8498],[37.142,64.3347],[36.5396,64.7645],[37.176,65.1432],[39.5935,64.5208],[40.4356,64.7645],[39.7626,65.4968],[42.0931,66.4762],[43.016,66.4186],[43.9498,66.0691],[44.5323,66.7563],[43.6984,67.3525],[44.188,67.9505],[43.4528,68.5708],[46.25,68.25],[46.8213,67.69],[45.5552,67.5665],[45.562,67.0101],[46.3492,66.6677],[47.8942,66.8846],[48.1388,67.5224],[50.2277,67.9987],[53.7174,68.8574],[54.4717,68.8082],[53.4858,68.2013],[54.7263,68.097],[55.4427,68.4387],[57.317,68.4663],[58.802,68.8808],[59.9414,68.2784],[61.0778,68.9407],[60.03,69.52],[60.55,69.85],[63.504,69.5474],[64.8881,69.2348],[68.5122,68.0923],[69.1807,68.6156],[68.1644,69.1444],[68.1352,69.3565],[66.9301,69.4546],[67.2598,69.9287],[66.7249,70.7089],[66.6947,71.029],[68.5401,71.9345],[69.1964,72.8434],[69.94,73.04],[72.5875,72.7763],[72.796,72.2201],[71.8481,71.409],[72.4701,71.0902],[72.7919,70.3911],[72.5647,69.0209],[73.6679,68.4079],[73.2387,67.7404],[71.28,66.32],[72.423,66.1727],[72.8208,66.5327],[73.921,66.7895],[74.1865,67.2843],[75.052,67.7605],[74.4693,68.329],[74.9358,68.9892],[73.8424,69.0715],[73.6019,69.6276],[74.3998,70.6318],[73.1011,71.4472],[74.8908,72.1212],[74.6593,72.8323],[75.158,72.855],[75.6835,72.3006],[75.289,71.3356],[76.3591,71.1529],[75.9031,71.874],[77.5767,72.2672],[79.652,72.3201],[81.5,71.75],[80.6107,72.5829],[80.5111,73.6482],[82.25,73.85],[84.6553,73.8059],[86.8223,73.9369],[86.0096,74.4597],[87.1668,75.1164],[88.3157,75.1439],[90.26,75.64],[92.9006,75.7733],[93.2342,76.0472],[95.86,76.14],[96.6782,75.9155],[98.9225,76.4469],[100.7597,76.4303],[101.0353,76.8619],[101.9908,77.2875],[104.3516,77.6979],[106.0666,77.3739],[104.705,77.1274],[106.9701,76.9742],[107.24,76.48],[108.1538,76.7234],[111.0773,76.71],[113.3315,76.2222],[114.1342,75.8476],[113.8854,75.3278],[112.7792,75.0319],[110.1513,74.4767],[109.4,74.18],[110.64,74.04],[112.1192,73.7877],[113.0195,73.9769],[113.5296,73.3351],[113.9688,73.5949],[115.5678,73.7529],[118.7763,73.5877],[119.02,73.12],[123.2007,72.9712],[123.2578,73.735],[125.38,73.56],[126.9764,73.5655],[128.5913,73.0387],[129.0516,72.3987],[128.46,71.98],[129.716,71.193],[131.2886,70.787],[132.2535,71.8363],[133.8577,71.3864],[135.5619,71.6553],[137.4976,71.3476],[138.2341,71.628],[139.8698,71.4878],[139.1479,72.4162],[140.4682,72.8494],[149.5,72.2],[150.3512,71.6064],[152.9689,70.8422],[157.0069,71.0314],[158.9978,70.8667],[159.8303,70.4532],[159.7087,69.722],[160.9405,69.4373],[162.2791,69.642],[164.0525,69.6682],[165.9404,69.472],[167.8357,69.5827],[169.5776,68.6938],[170.8169,69.0136],[170.0082,69.6528],[170.4535,70.097],[173.6439,69.8174],[175.724,69.8773],[178.6,69.4],[180,68.9636],[180,64.9797],[179.9928,64.9743],[178.7072,64.5349],[177.4113,64.6082],[178.313,64.0759],[178.9083,63.252],[179.3703,62.9826],[179.4864,62.5689],[179.2283,62.3041],[177.3643,62.5219],[174.5693,61.7692],[173.6801,61.6526],[172.15,60.95],[170.6985,60.3362],[170.3309,59.8818],[168.9005,60.5736],[166.295,59.7886],[165.84,60.16],[164.8767,59.7316],[163.5393,59.8687],[163.2171,59.211],[162.0173,58.2433],[162.053,57.8391],[163.1919,57.615],[163.0579,56.1592],[162.1296,56.1222],[161.7015,55.2857],[162.1175,54.8551],[160.3688,54.3443],[160.0217,53.2026],[158.5309,52.9587],[158.2312,51.9427],[156.7898,51.0111],[156.42,51.7],[155.9918,53.159],[155.4337,55.381],[155.9144,56.7679],[156.7582,57.3647],[156.8104,57.832],[158.3643,58.0558],[160.1506,59.3148],[161.872,60.343],[163.6697,61.1409],[164.4736,62.5506],[163.2584,62.4663],[162.6579,61.6425],[160.1215,60.5442],[159.3023,61.774],[156.7207,61.4344],[154.2181,59.7582],[155.0438,59.145],[152.8119,58.8839],[151.2657,58.7809],[151.3382,59.504],[149.7837,59.6557],[148.5448,59.1645],[145.4872,59.3364],[142.1978,59.04],[138.9585,57.0881],[135.1262,54.7296],[136.7017,54.6036],[137.1934,53.9773],[138.1647,53.755],[138.8046,54.2546],[139.9015,54.1897],[141.3453,53.0896],[141.3792,52.2388],[140.5974,51.2397],[140.5131,50.0455],[140.0619,48.4467],[138.5547,46.9997],[138.2197,46.308],[136.8623,45.1435],[135.5154,43.989],[134.8694,43.3982],[133.5369,42.8115],[132.9063,42.7985],[132.2781,43.2846],[130.9359,42.5527],[130.78,42.22],[130.4,42.28],[129.966,41.9414],[129.6674,41.6011],[129.7052,40.8828],[129.1881,40.6618],[129.0104,40.4854],[128.6334,40.1899],[127.9674,40.0254],[127.5334,39.7569],[127.5021,39.3239],[127.3854,39.2135],[127.7833,39.0509],[128.3497,38.6122],[129.2129,37.4324],[129.4605,36.7842],[129.4683,35.6321],[129.0914,35.0825],[128.1859,34.8904],[127.3865,34.4757],[126.4858,34.3901],[126.3739,34.9346],[126.5592,35.6845],[126.1174,36.7255],[126.8601,36.8939],[126.1748,37.7497],[125.6891,37.94],[125.5684,37.7521],[125.2753,37.6691],[125.2401,37.8572],[124.981,37.9488],[124.7122,38.1084],[124.986,38.5485],[125.222,38.6659],[125.1329,38.8486],[125.3866,39.388],[125.3211,39.5514],[124.7375,39.6603],[124.2656,39.9285],[122.8676,39.6378],[122.1314,39.1705],[121.0546,38.8975],[121.586,39.3609],[121.3768,39.7503],[122.1686,40.4224],[121.6404,40.9464],[120.7686,40.5934],[119.6396,39.8981],[119.0235,39.2523],[118.0428,39.2043],[117.5327,38.7376],[118.0597,38.0615],[118.8782,37.8973],[118.9116,37.4485],[119.7028,37.1564],[120.8235,37.8704],[121.7113,37.4811],[122.3579,37.4545],[122.52,36.9306],[121.1042,36.6513],[120.637,36.1114],[119.6646,35.6098],[119.1512,34.9099],[120.2275,34.3603],[120.6204,33.3767],[121.229,32.4603],[121.9082,31.6922],[121.8919,30.9494],[121.2643,30.6763],[121.5035,30.1429],[122.0921,29.8325],[121.9384,29.018],[121.6844,28.2255],[121.1257,28.1357],[120.3955,27.0532],[119.5855,25.7408],[118.6569,24.5474],[117.2816,23.6245],[115.8907,22.7829],[114.7638,22.6681],[114.1526,22.2238],[113.8068,22.5483],[113.2411,22.0514],[111.8436,21.5505],[110.7855,21.3971],[110.444,20.341],[109.8899,20.2825],[109.6277,21.0082],[109.8645,21.3951],[108.5228,21.7152],[108.0502,21.5524],[106.7151,20.6969],[105.8817,19.7521],[105.662,19.0582],[106.4268,18.0041],[107.362,16.6975],[108.2695,16.0797],[108.8771,15.2767],[109.3353,13.426],[109.2001,11.6669],[108.3661,11.0083],[107.2209,10.3645],[106.4051,9.5308],[105.1583,8.5998],[104.7952,9.241],[105.0762,9.9185],[104.3343,10.4865],[103.4973,10.6326],[103.0907,11.1537],[102.5849,12.1866],[101.6872,12.6457],[100.8318,12.6271],[100.9785,13.4127],[100.0978,13.4069],[100.0187,12.307],[99.4789,10.8464],[99.1538,9.9631],[99.2224,9.2393],[99.8738,9.2079],[100.2797,8.2952],[100.4593,7.4296],[101.0173,6.8569],[101.6231,6.7406],[102.1412,6.2216],[102.3712,6.1282],[102.9617,5.5245],[103.3812,4.855],[103.4386,4.1816],[103.3321,3.7267],[103.4294,3.3829],[103.5025,2.791],[103.8547,2.5155],[104.2479,1.6311],[104.2288,1.2931],[103.5197,1.2263],[102.5736,1.9671],[101.3906,2.7608],[101.2735,3.2703],[100.6954,3.9391],[100.5574,4.7673],[100.1967,5.3125],[100.3063,6.0406],[100.0858,6.4645],[99.6907,6.8482],[99.5196,7.3435],[98.9883,7.908],[98.5038,8.3823],[98.3397,7.7945],[98.15,8.35],[98.2592,8.9739],[98.5536,9.933],[98.4572,10.6753],[98.7646,11.4413],[98.4283,12.033],[98.5096,13.1224],[98.1036,13.6405],[97.7777,14.8373],[97.5971,16.1006],[97.1645,16.9287],[96.5058,16.4272],[95.3694,15.7144],[94.8084,15.8035],[94.1888,16.0379],[94.5335,17.2772],[94.3248,18.2135],[93.541,19.3665],[93.6633,19.727],[93.0783,19.8551],[92.3686,20.6709],[44.7727,37.1704],[45.4206,35.9776],[44.7727,37.1705],[44.2258,37.9716],[44.7727,37.1704],[97.259719533741,49.726113991712],[95.814,49.9775],[97.2597,49.7261],[97.259719533741,49.726113991712],[73.4257,53.4898],[74.3849,53.5469],[76.8911,54.4905],[74.3848,53.5469],[73.4257,53.4898],[92.3686,20.6709]]],[[[134.6384,34.1492],[134.7664,33.8063],[134.2034,33.2012],[133.793,33.522],[133.2803,33.2896],[133.0149,32.7046],[132.3631,32.9894],[132.3712,33.4636],[132.9244,34.0603],[133.493,33.9446],[133.9041,34.3649],[134.6384,34.1492],[134.6384,34.1492]]],[[[140.9764,37.1421],[140.5998,36.344],[140.7741,35.8429],[140.2533,35.1381],[138.9755,34.6676],[137.2176,34.6063],[135.793,33.4648],[135.121,33.8491],[135.0794,34.5965],[133.3403,34.3759],[132.1568,33.9049],[130.9861,33.8858],[132,33.15],[131.3328,31.4504],[130.6863,31.0296],[130.2024,31.4182],[130.4477,32.3195],[129.8147,32.6103],[129.4085,33.2961],[130.3539,33.6042],[130.8785,34.2327],[131.8842,34.7497],[132.6177,35.4334],[134.6083,35.7316],[135.6775,35.5271],[136.7238,37.305],[137.3906,36.8274],[138.8576,37.8275],[139.4264,38.216],[140.0548,39.4388],[139.8834,40.5633],[140.3058,41.195],[141.369,41.3786],[141.9143,39.9916],[141.8846,39.1809],[140.9595,38.174],[140.9764,37.1421],[140.9764,37.1421]]],[[[143.9102,44.1741],[144.6134,43.9609],[145.3208,44.3847],[145.5431,43.2621],[144.0597,42.9884],[143.1839,41.9952],[141.6115,42.6788],[141.0673,41.5846],[139.9551,41.5696],[139.8175,42.5638],[140.3121,43.3333],[141.3806,43.3888],[141.672,44.7721],[141.9676,45.5515],[143.1429,44.5104],[143.9102,44.1741],[143.9102,44.1741]]],[[[143.648,50.7476],[144.6542,48.9764],[143.1739,49.3066],[142.5587,47.8616],[143.5335,46.8367],[143.5053,46.1379],[142.7477,46.7408],[142.092,45.9668],[141.9069,46.8059],[142.0184,47.7801],[141.9044,48.8592],[142.1358,49.6152],[142.18,50.9523],[141.5941,51.9354],[141.6826,53.302],[142.6069,53.7622],[142.2098,54.2255],[142.6548,54.3659],[142.9146,53.7046],[143.2609,52.7408],[143.2353,51.7567],[143.648,50.7476],[143.648,50.7476]]],[[[22.7311,54.3275],[20.8922,54.3125],[19.6606,54.4261],[19.8885,54.8662],[21.2685,55.1905],[22.3157,55.0153],[22.7578,54.8566],[22.6511,54.5827],[22.7311,54.3275],[22.7311,54.3275]]],[[[-175.0143,66.5844],[-174.3398,66.3356],[-174.5718,67.0622],[-171.8573,66.9131],[-169.8996,65.9772],[-170.8911,65.5414],[-172.5303,65.4379],[-172.555,64.4608],[-172.9553,64.2527],[-173.8918,64.2826],[-174.6539,64.6313],[-175.9835,64.9229],[-176.2072,65.3567],[-177.2227,65.5202],[-178.3599,65.3905],[-178.9033,65.7404],[-178.6861,66.1121],[-179.8838,65.8746],[-179.4327,65.4041],[-180,64.9797],[-180,68.9636],[-177.55,68.2],[-174.9283,67.2059],[-175.0143,66.5844],[-175.0143,66.5844]]],[[[180,70.8322],[178.9034,70.7811],[178.7253,71.0988],[180,71.5157],[180,70.8322],[180,70.8322]]],[[[-178.6938,70.893],[-180,70.8322],[-180,71.5157],[-179.8719,71.5576],[-179.0243,71.5555],[-177.5779,71.2695],[-177.6636,71.1328],[-178.6938,70.893],[-178.6938,70.893]]],[[[143.6039,73.2124],[142.0876,73.2054],[140.0382,73.3169],[139.8631,73.3698],[140.8117,73.7651],[142.0621,73.8576],[143.4828,73.4753],[143.6039,73.2124],[143.6039,73.2124]]],[[[150.7317,75.0841],[149.5759,74.6889],[147.9775,74.7784],[146.1192,75.173],[146.3585,75.4968],[148.2222,75.3458],[150.7317,75.0841],[150.7317,75.0841]]],[[[145.0863,75.5626],[144.3,74.82],[140.6138,74.8477],[138.9554,74.6115],[136.9744,75.2617],[137.5118,75.9492],[138.8311,76.1368],[141.4716,76.0929],[145.0863,75.5626],[145.0863,75.5626]]],[[[57.5357,70.7205],[56.945,70.6327],[53.6774,70.7627],[53.412,71.2067],[51.6019,71.4748],[51.4558,72.0149],[52.4783,72.2294],[52.4442,72.7747],[54.4276,73.6276],[53.5083,73.7498],[55.9025,74.6275],[55.6319,75.0814],[57.8686,75.6094],[61.17,76.2519],[64.4984,76.4391],[66.211,76.8098],[68.1571,76.9397],[68.8522,76.5448],[68.1806,76.2336],[64.6373,75.7378],[61.5835,75.2609],[58.4771,74.3091],[56.9868,73.333],[55.4193,72.3713],[55.6228,71.5406],[57.5357,70.7205],[57.5357,70.7205]]],[[[105.0755,78.3069],[99.4381,77.921],[101.2649,79.234],[102.0864,79.3464],[102.8378,79.2813],[105.3724,78.7133],[105.0755,78.3069],[105.0755,78.3069]]],[[[51.1362,80.5473],[49.7937,80.4154],[48.8944,80.3396],[48.7549,80.1755],[47.5861,80.0102],[46.5028,80.2473],[47.0725,80.5594],[44.847,80.5898],[46.7991,80.7719],[48.3185,80.784],[48.5228,80.5146],[49.0972,80.754],[50.0398,80.9189],[51.5229,80.6997],[51.1362,80.5473],[51.1362,80.5473]]],[[[99.9398,78.8809],[97.7579,78.7562],[94.9726,79.0448],[93.3129,79.4265],[92.5454,80.1438],[91.1811,80.3415],[93.7777,81.0246],[95.9409,81.2504],[97.8839,80.747],[100.1867,79.7801],[99.9398,78.8809],[99.9398,78.8809]]],[[[121.7778,24.3943],[121.1756,22.7909],[120.7471,21.9706],[120.2201,22.8149],[120.1062,23.5563],[120.6947,24.5385],[121.495,25.2955],[121.9512,24.9976],[121.7778,24.3943],[121.7778,24.3943]]],[[[110.3392,18.6784],[109.4752,18.1977],[108.6552,18.5077],[108.6262,19.3679],[109.1191,19.821],[110.2116,20.1013],[110.7866,20.0775],[111.0101,19.6959],[110.5707,19.2559],[110.3392,18.6784],[110.3392,18.6784]]],[[[114.204,4.5259],[114.6,4.9],[115.4507,5.4477],[116.2207,6.1432],[116.7251,6.9248],[117.1296,6.9281],[117.6434,6.4222],[117.6891,5.9875],[118.3477,5.7087],[119.1819,5.4078],[119.1107,5.0161],[118.4397,4.9665],[118.6183,4.4782],[117.882,4.1376],[117.3132,3.2344],[118.0483,2.2877],[117.8756,1.8276],[118.9968,0.9022],[117.8119,0.7842],[117.4783,0.1025],[117.5216,-0.8037],[116.5601,-1.4877],[116.5338,-2.4835],[116.1481,-4.0127],[116.0009,-3.657],[114.8648,-4.107],[114.4687,-3.4957],[113.7557,-3.4392],[113.257,-3.1188],[112.0681,-3.4784],[111.7033,-2.9944],[111.0482,-3.0494],[110.2239,-2.934],[110.0709,-1.5929],[109.572,-1.3149],[109.0919,-0.4595],[108.9527,0.4154],[109.0691,1.3419],[109.6633,2.0065],[110.3961,1.6638],[111.1689,1.8506],[111.3701,2.6973],[111.7969,2.8859],[112.9956,3.1024],[113.7129,3.8935],[114.204,4.5259],[114.204,4.5259]]],[[[124.9687,-8.8928],[125.0863,-8.6569],[125.9471,-8.4321],[126.6447,-8.3983],[126.9572,-8.2733],[127.3359,-8.3973],[126.968,-8.6683],[125.9259,-9.106],[125.0885,-9.3932],[124.436,-10.14],[123.58,-10.36],[123.46,-10.24],[123.55,-9.9],[123.98,-9.29],[124.9687,-8.8928],[124.9687,-8.8928]]],[[[120.7156,-10.2396],[120.295,-10.2587],[118.9678,-9.558],[119.9003,-9.3613],[120.4258,-9.6659],[120.7755,-9.9697],[120.7156,-10.2396],[120.7156,-10.2396]]],[[[117.9,-8.0957],[118.2606,-8.3624],[118.8785,-8.2807],[119.1265,-8.7058],[117.9704,-8.9066],[117.2777,-9.0409],[116.7401,-9.0329],[117.0837,-8.4572],[117.632,-8.4493],[117.9,-8.0957],[117.9,-8.0957]]],[[[122.9035,-8.0942],[122.757,-8.6498],[121.2545,-8.9337],[119.9244,-8.8104],[119.9209,-8.4449],[120.7151,-8.237],[121.3417,-8.5367],[122.0074,-8.4606],[122.9035,-8.0942],[122.9035,-8.0942]]],[[[108.6235,-6.7777],[110.5392,-6.8774],[110.7596,-6.4652],[112.6148,-6.946],[112.9788,-7.5942],[114.4789,-7.7765],[115.7055,-8.3708],[114.5645,-8.7518],[113.4647,-8.349],[112.5597,-8.3762],[111.5221,-8.3021],[110.5862,-8.1226],[109.4277,-7.7407],[108.6937,-7.6416],[108.2778,-7.7667],[106.4541,-7.3549],[106.2806,-6.9249],[105.3655,-6.8514],[106.0517,-5.8959],[107.265,-5.955],[108.0721,-6.3458],[108.4869,-6.422],[108.6235,-6.7777],[108.6235,-6.7777]]],[[[134.7246,-6.2144],[134.2101,-6.8952],[134.1128,-6.1425],[134.2903,-5.7831],[134.4996,-5.445],[134.727,-5.7376],[134.7246,-6.2144],[134.7246,-6.2144]]],[[[127.2492,-3.4591],[126.8749,-3.791],[126.1838,-3.6074],[125.989,-3.1773],[127.0007,-3.1293],[127.2492,-3.4591],[127.2492,-3.4591]]],[[[130.4713,-3.0938],[130.8348,-3.8585],[129.9906,-3.4463],[129.1553,-3.3626],[128.5907,-3.4287],[127.8989,-3.3934],[128.1359,-2.8437],[129.371,-2.8022],[130.4713,-3.0938],[130.4713,-3.0938]]],[[[134.1434,-1.1519],[134.4226,-2.7692],[135.4576,-3.3678],[136.2933,-2.307],[137.4407,-1.7035],[138.3297,-1.7027],[139.1849,-2.0513],[139.9267,-2.4091],[141.0002,-2.6002],[141.0171,-5.859],[141.0339,-9.1179],[140.1434,-8.2972],[139.1278,-8.096],[138.8815,-8.3809],[137.6145,-8.4117],[138.0391,-7.5979],[138.6686,-7.3202],[138.4079,-6.2329],[137.9278,-5.3934],[135.9893,-4.5465],[135.1646,-4.4629],[133.6629,-3.5389],[133.3677,-4.0248],[132.984,-4.113],[132.7569,-3.7463],[132.7538,-3.3118],[131.9898,-2.8206],[133.0668,-2.4604],[133.78,-2.4799],[133.6962,-2.2145],[132.2324,-2.2125],[131.8362,-1.6172],[130.9428,-1.4325],[130.5196,-0.9377],[131.8675,-0.6955],[132.3801,-0.3695],[133.9856,-0.7802],[134.1434,-1.1519],[134.1434,-1.1519]]],[[[125.2405,1.4198],[124.437,0.4279],[123.6855,0.2356],[122.7231,0.4311],[121.0567,0.3812],[120.1831,0.2373],[120.0409,-0.5197],[120.9359,-1.4089],[121.4758,-0.956],[123.3406,-0.6157],[123.2584,-1.0762],[122.8227,-0.931],[122.3885,-1.5169],[121.5083,-1.9045],[122.4546,-3.1861],[122.2719,-3.5295],[123.171,-4.6837],[123.1623,-5.3406],[122.6285,-5.6346],[122.2364,-5.2829],[122.7196,-4.4642],[121.7382,-4.8513],[121.4895,-4.5746],[121.6192,-4.1885],[120.8982,-3.6021],[120.9724,-2.6276],[120.3055,-2.9316],[120.3901,-4.0976],[120.4307,-5.5282],[119.7965,-5.6734],[119.3669,-5.3799],[119.6536,-4.4594],[119.4988,-3.4944],[119.0783,-3.487],[118.7678,-2.802],[119.181,-2.1471],[119.3234,-1.3532],[119.826,0.1543],[120.0357,0.5665],[120.8858,1.3092],[121.6668,1.0139],[122.9276,0.8752],[124.0775,0.9171],[125.066,1.6433],[125.2405,1.4198],[125.2405,1.4198]]],[[[128.6883,1.1324],[128.636,0.2585],[128.1202,0.3564],[127.968,-0.2521],[128.38,-0.78],[128.1,-0.9],[127.6965,-0.2666],[127.3995,1.0117],[127.6005,1.8107],[127.9324,2.1746],[128.0042,1.6285],[128.5946,1.5408],[128.6883,1.1324],[128.6883,1.1324]]],[[[105.8177,-5.8524],[104.7104,-5.8733],[103.8682,-5.0373],[102.5843,-4.2203],[102.1562,-3.6142],[101.3991,-2.7998],[100.9025,-2.0503],[100.142,-0.6504],[99.2637,0.1831],[98.97,1.0429],[98.6014,1.8235],[97.6996,2.4532],[97.1769,3.3088],[96.424,3.8689],[95.3809,4.9708],[95.293,5.4798],[95.9369,5.4395],[97.4849,5.2463],[98.3692,4.2684],[99.1426,3.5904],[99.694,3.1743],[100.6414,2.0994],[101.658,2.0837],[102.4983,1.3987],[103.0768,0.5614],[103.8384,0.1045],[103.4377,-0.712],[104.0108,-1.0592],[104.37,-1.0848],[104.5395,-1.7824],[104.8879,-2.3404],[105.6221,-2.4288],[106.1086,-3.0618],[105.8575,-4.3055],[105.8177,-5.8524],[105.8177,-5.8524]]],[[[32.7318,35.14],[32.8025,35.1455],[32.947,35.3867],[33.6672,35.3732],[34.5765,35.6716],[33.9008,35.2458],[33.9736,35.0585],[33.8664,35.0936],[33.6754,35.0179],[33.5257,35.0387],[33.4758,35.0003],[33.4559,35.1014],[33.3838,35.1627],[33.191,35.1731],[32.9196,35.0878],[32.7318,35.14],[32.7318,35.14]]],[[[126.3768,8.4147],[126.4785,7.7504],[126.5374,7.1894],[126.1968,6.2743],[125.8314,7.2937],[125.3639,6.7865],[125.6832,6.0497],[125.3965,5.581],[124.2198,6.1614],[123.9387,6.8851],[124.2437,7.3606],[123.6102,7.8335],[123.2961,7.4189],[122.8255,7.4574],[122.0855,6.8994],[121.9199,7.1921],[122.3124,8.035],[122.9424,8.3162],[123.4877,8.693],[123.8412,8.2403],[124.6015,8.5142],[124.7646,8.9604],[125.4714,8.987],[125.4121,9.7603],[126.2227,9.2861],[126.3066,8.7825],[126.3768,8.4147],[126.3768,8.4147]]],[[[123.9824,10.2788],[123.6232,9.9501],[123.3099,9.3183],[122.9959,9.0222],[122.3801,9.7134],[122.5861,9.981],[122.8371,10.2612],[122.9474,10.8819],[123.4989,10.9406],[123.3378,10.2674],[124.0779,11.2327],[123.9824,10.2788],[123.9824,10.2788]]],[[[118.5046,9.3164],[117.1743,8.3675],[117.6645,9.0669],[118.3869,9.6845],[118.9873,10.3763],[119.5115,11.3697],[119.6897,10.5543],[119.0295,10.0037],[118.5046,9.3164],[118.5046,9.3164]]],[[[121.8836,11.8918],[122.4838,11.5822],[123.1202,11.5837],[123.1008,11.1659],[122.6377,10.7413],[122.0026,10.441],[121.9674,10.9057],[122.0384,11.4158],[121.8836,11.8918],[121.8836,11.8918]]],[[[125.5026,12.1627],[125.7835,11.0461],[125.0119,11.3115],[125.0328,10.9758],[125.2775,10.3587],[124.8018,10.1347],[124.7602,10.838],[124.4591,10.8899],[124.3025,11.4954],[124.891,11.4156],[124.878,11.7942],[124.2668,12.5578],[125.2271,12.5357],[125.5026,12.1627],[125.5026,12.1627]]],[[[121.5274,13.0696],[121.2622,12.2056],[120.8339,12.7045],[120.3234,13.4664],[121.1801,13.4297],[121.5274,13.0696],[121.5274,13.0696]]],[[[121.3213,18.5041],[121.9376,18.2186],[122.246,18.479],[122.337,18.2249],[122.1743,17.8103],[122.5157,17.0935],[122.2523,16.2624],[121.6628,15.931],[121.5051,15.1248],[121.7288,14.3284],[122.2589,14.2182],[122.7013,14.3365],[123.9503,13.7821],[123.8551,13.2378],[124.1813,12.9975],[124.0774,12.5367],[123.298,13.0275],[122.9287,13.5529],[122.6714,13.1858],[122.0347,13.7845],[121.1264,13.6367],[120.6286,13.8577],[120.6794,14.271],[120.9918,14.5254],[120.6933,14.7567],[120.5642,14.3963],[120.0704,14.9709],[119.9209,15.4064],[119.8838,16.3637],[120.2865,16.0346],[120.3901,17.5991],[120.7159,18.5052],[121.3213,18.5041],[121.3213,18.5041]]],[[[81.788,7.5231],[81.6373,6.4818],[81.218,6.1971],[80.3484,5.9684],[79.8725,6.7635],[79.6952,8.2008],[80.1478,9.8241],[80.8388,9.2684],[81.3043,8.5642],[81.788,7.5231],[81.788,7.5231]]],[[[27.1924,40.6906],[26.358,40.152],[26.0434,40.6178],[26.0569,40.8241],[26.2946,40.9363],[26.6042,41.5621],[26.117,41.8269],[27.1357,42.1415],[27.9967,42.0074],[28.1155,41.6229],[28.9884,41.2999],[28.8064,41.055],[27.619,40.9998],[27.1924,40.6906],[27.1924,40.6906]]]]}}]}","volume":"129","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-07-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5790a176e4b030378fb47413","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ernst, Carl H.","contributorId":22277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ernst","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laemmerzahl, Arndt F.","contributorId":173008,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Laemmerzahl","given":"Arndt","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":27139,"text":"(AFL) Biology Department, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030-4444, U.S.A","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":642982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lovich, Jeffrey E. 0000-0002-7789-2831 jeffrey_lovich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7789-2831","contributorId":458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovich","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jeffrey_lovich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70170264,"text":"70170264 - 2016 - Range expansion of moose in arctic Alaska linked to warming and increased shrub habitat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-15T09:27:27","indexId":"70170264","displayToPublicDate":"2016-04-13T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Range expansion of moose in arctic Alaska linked to warming and increased shrub habitat","docAbstract":"Twentieth century warming has increased vegetation productivity and shrub cover across northern tundra and treeline regions, but effects on terrestrial wildlife have not been demonstrated on a comparable scale. During this period, Alaskan moose (Alces alces gigas) extended their range from the boreal forest into tundra riparian shrub habitat; similar extensions have been observed in Canada (A. a. andersoni) and Eurasia (A. a. alces). Northern moose distribution is thought to be limited by forage availability above the snow in late winter, so the observed increase in shrub habitat could be causing the northward moose establishment, but a previous hypothesis suggested that hunting cessation triggered moose establishment. Here, we use recent changes in shrub cover and empirical relationships between shrub height and growing season temperature to estimate available moose habitat in Arctic Alaska c. 1860. We estimate that riparian shrubs were approximately 1.1 m tall c. 1860, greatly reducing the available forage above the snowpack, compared to 2 m tall in 2009. We believe that increases in riparian shrub habitat after 1860 allowed moose to colonize tundra regions of Alaska hundreds of kilometers north and west of previous distribution limits. The northern shift in the distribution of moose, like that of snowshoe hares, has been in response to the spread of their shrub habitat in the Arctic, but at the same time, herbivores have likely had pronounced impacts on the structure and function of these shrub communities. These northward range shifts are a bellwether for other boreal species and their associated predators.
","language":"English","publisher":"Public Library of Science","publisherLocation":"San Francisco, CA","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0152636","collaboration":"UAF","usgsCitation":"Tape, K., Gustine, D.D., Reuss, R.W., Adams, L., and Clark, J.A., 2016, Range expansion of moose in arctic Alaska linked to warming and increased shrub habitat: PLoS ONE, v. 11, no. 4, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152636.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"e0152636","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057050","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471076,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152636","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":320063,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -140.99853515625,\n 69.64944636884633\n ],\n [\n -141.0205078125,\n 64.00486735371551\n ],\n [\n -160.99365234375,\n 63.98559971175696\n ],\n [\n -160.9716796875,\n 64.1297836764257\n ],\n [\n -160.9716796875,\n 64.21593657413428\n ],\n [\n -161.34521484374997,\n 64.3113485053558\n ],\n [\n -161.4990234375,\n 64.38744100860767\n ],\n [\n -161.47705078125,\n 64.52954819942195\n ],\n [\n -161.12548828125,\n 64.5389958071547\n ],\n [\n -160.90576171875,\n 64.63329214257156\n ],\n [\n -160.86181640624997,\n 64.68031793418317\n ],\n [\n -161.08154296875,\n 64.78348816818996\n ],\n [\n -161.19140625,\n 64.86760781632728\n ],\n [\n -161.38916015625,\n 64.76475920891367\n ],\n [\n -161.52099609375,\n 64.69910544204765\n ],\n [\n -161.7626953125,\n 64.72726228777799\n ],\n [\n -162.00439453125,\n 64.68971331643753\n ],\n [\n -162.13623046875,\n 64.61445899874353\n ],\n [\n -162.2900390625,\n 64.52954819942195\n ],\n [\n -162.53173828125,\n 64.46332329319623\n ],\n [\n -162.70751953125,\n 64.34942106230748\n ],\n [\n -162.92724609375,\n 64.36843760829052\n ],\n [\n -163.16894531249997,\n 64.4064312702572\n ],\n [\n -163.36669921875,\n 64.48226107017604\n ],\n [\n -163.65234374999997,\n 64.50118574349311\n ],\n [\n -163.85009765625,\n 64.52009732015118\n ],\n [\n -164.13574218749997,\n 64.52009732015118\n ],\n [\n -164.50927734375,\n 64.52009732015118\n ],\n [\n -164.794921875,\n 64.44437240555092\n ],\n [\n -165.03662109375,\n 64.38744100860767\n ],\n [\n -165.43212890625,\n 64.49172504435471\n ],\n [\n -165.849609375,\n 64.49172504435471\n ],\n [\n -166.22314453125,\n 64.52954819942195\n ],\n [\n -166.55273437499997,\n 64.63329214257156\n ],\n [\n -166.53076171875,\n 64.77412531292873\n ],\n [\n -166.75048828125,\n 64.91422751385564\n ],\n [\n -166.83837890625,\n 65.01650627048231\n ],\n [\n -166.904296875,\n 65.09989850223572\n ],\n [\n -166.728515625,\n 65.20146842127558\n ],\n [\n -166.46484375,\n 65.24750816096882\n ],\n [\n -166.7724609375,\n 65.32100518302974\n ],\n [\n -167.32177734375,\n 65.35767693905089\n ],\n [\n -167.62939453124997,\n 65.39429760005945\n ],\n [\n -168.06884765625,\n 65.5129625532949\n ],\n [\n -168.22265625,\n 65.6401548998356\n ],\n [\n -167.9150390625,\n 65.76672667423811\n ],\n [\n -167.36572265625,\n 65.89268028960208\n ],\n [\n -166.75048828125,\n 66.08045694353868\n ],\n [\n -166.09130859375,\n 66.27569825946966\n ],\n [\n -165.498046875,\n 66.40795547978848\n ],\n [\n -164.70703125,\n 66.52201581569871\n ],\n [\n -164.35546875,\n 66.58321725728175\n ],\n [\n -163.564453125,\n 66.57448342017541\n ],\n [\n -163.54248046875,\n 66.46066349658045\n ],\n [\n -163.85009765625,\n 66.24031184756058\n ],\n [\n -163.63037109375,\n 66.133854089549\n ],\n [\n -163.0810546875,\n 66.14274269640396\n ],\n [\n -162.70751953125,\n 66.12496236487968\n ],\n [\n -162.22412109375,\n 66.11606752151663\n ],\n [\n -161.806640625,\n 66.08045694353868\n ],\n [\n -161.65283203125,\n 66.20487571945456\n ],\n [\n -161.91650390625,\n 66.26685631430843\n ],\n [\n -161.982421875,\n 66.34632215978135\n ],\n [\n -161.982421875,\n 66.46066349658045\n ],\n [\n -162.26806640625,\n 66.6268403656443\n ],\n [\n -162.57568359375,\n 66.72254132270653\n ],\n [\n -162.7294921875,\n 66.81787214936938\n ],\n [\n -162.7294921875,\n 66.93866882358137\n ],\n [\n -162.9052734375,\n 66.99884379185184\n ],\n [\n -163.23486328125,\n 66.99884379185184\n ],\n [\n -163.76220703124997,\n 67.06743335108298\n ],\n [\n -163.828125,\n 67.28053044353817\n ],\n [\n -163.93798828125,\n 67.44122869796348\n ],\n [\n -164.11376953125,\n 67.55894799883033\n ],\n [\n -164.443359375,\n 67.67608458198097\n ],\n [\n -164.99267578125,\n 67.85070210450823\n ],\n [\n -165.1904296875,\n 67.941650035336\n ],\n [\n -165.6298828125,\n 68.04867651098903\n ],\n [\n -166.09130859375,\n 68.13066848687792\n ],\n [\n -166.17919921874997,\n 68.23682270936281\n ],\n [\n -166.35498046875,\n 68.29377944277816\n ],\n [\n -166.70654296875,\n 68.31814602144938\n ],\n [\n -166.92626953124997,\n 68.35869913946578\n ],\n [\n -166.48681640625,\n 68.37490016066832\n ],\n [\n -166.4208984375,\n 68.47186403726954\n ],\n [\n -166.376953125,\n 68.55235079759059\n ],\n [\n -166.22314453125,\n 68.74435062211467\n ],\n [\n -166.31103515625,\n 68.92681148621786\n ],\n [\n -165.8056640625,\n 68.87935761076949\n ],\n [\n -165.2783203125,\n 68.90309728240705\n ],\n [\n -164.86083984375,\n 68.9189095799366\n ],\n [\n -164.20166015625,\n 68.98204571755966\n ],\n [\n -163.828125,\n 69.06071203808126\n ],\n [\n -163.4765625,\n 69.19379976461907\n ],\n [\n -163.2568359375,\n 69.30279408245204\n ],\n [\n -163.212890625,\n 69.41124235697256\n ],\n [\n -163.212890625,\n 69.54987728327795\n ],\n [\n -163.16894531249997,\n 69.7333343903359\n ],\n [\n -162.79541015624997,\n 69.93030017617484\n ],\n [\n -162.57568359375,\n 70.0880468606124\n ],\n [\n -162.421875,\n 70.18510275498964\n ],\n [\n -162.0703125,\n 70.31873847853122\n ],\n [\n -161.60888671875,\n 70.31873847853122\n ],\n [\n -161.08154296875,\n 70.32613725493573\n ],\n [\n -160.72998046875,\n 70.42207856801004\n ],\n [\n -160.29052734375,\n 70.53954317685509\n ],\n [\n -160.0048828125,\n 70.61261423801925\n ],\n [\n -159.873046875,\n 70.72172636005789\n ],\n [\n -159.63134765625,\n 70.81581215931348\n ],\n [\n -159.1259765625,\n 70.8446726342528\n ],\n [\n -158.81835937499997,\n 70.88788500718185\n ],\n [\n -158.6865234375,\n 70.78690984117928\n ],\n [\n -157.8955078125,\n 70.8734913192635\n ],\n [\n -157.43408203125,\n 70.99550574822297\n ],\n [\n -157.17041015625,\n 71.16648590317222\n ],\n [\n -156.95068359375,\n 71.27259471233448\n ],\n [\n -156.6650390625,\n 71.335983102213\n ],\n [\n -156.46728515625,\n 71.42717893107371\n ],\n [\n -156.46728515625,\n 71.34301347171376\n ],\n [\n -156.13769531249997,\n 71.26553875788554\n ],\n [\n -155.7421875,\n 71.20899878425502\n ],\n [\n -155.390625,\n 71.15939141681443\n ],\n [\n -155.10498046875,\n 71.15939141681443\n ],\n [\n -154.66552734375,\n 71.05979781529196\n ],\n [\n -154.599609375,\n 70.96686407696846\n ],\n [\n -154.57763671874997,\n 70.90226826757711\n ],\n [\n -154.57763671874997,\n 70.82303119876653\n ],\n [\n -154.35791015625,\n 70.81581215931348\n ],\n [\n -154.16015625,\n 70.81581215931348\n ],\n [\n -153.96240234375,\n 70.90226826757711\n ],\n [\n -153.72070312499997,\n 70.91664110709776\n ],\n [\n -153.45703125,\n 70.93100353239014\n ],\n [\n -152.99560546875,\n 70.94535555009823\n ],\n [\n -152.841796875,\n 70.90945598953132\n ],\n [\n -152.46826171875,\n 70.88788500718185\n ],\n [\n -152.24853515625,\n 70.8446726342528\n ],\n [\n -152.138671875,\n 70.79413934642666\n ],\n [\n -152.3583984375,\n 70.72897946208789\n ],\n [\n -152.3583984375,\n 70.63448406630856\n ],\n [\n -152.0068359375,\n 70.61990681823112\n ],\n [\n -151.80908203125,\n 70.59072066265595\n ],\n [\n -151.67724609374997,\n 70.56880331763341\n ],\n [\n -151.67724609374997,\n 70.48823599130287\n ],\n [\n -151.3916015625,\n 70.46620742226558\n ],\n [\n -151.1279296875,\n 70.42207856801004\n ],\n [\n -151.083984375,\n 70.46620742226558\n ],\n [\n -150.6884765625,\n 70.47355293280864\n ],\n [\n -150.46875,\n 70.50290843859874\n ],\n [\n -150.22705078124997,\n 70.47355293280864\n ],\n [\n -149.9853515625,\n 70.52489722821652\n ],\n [\n -149.58984375,\n 70.52489722821652\n ],\n [\n -149.326171875,\n 70.53222152642122\n ],\n [\n -149.04052734375,\n 70.46620742226558\n ],\n [\n -148.68896484375,\n 70.42207856801004\n ],\n [\n -148.447265625,\n 70.38523137082291\n ],\n [\n -148.1396484375,\n 70.34092679475283\n ],\n [\n -147.7001953125,\n 70.30393290852346\n ],\n [\n -147.7001953125,\n 70.24460360904779\n ],\n [\n -147.45849609375,\n 70.22974449563027\n ],\n [\n -147.12890625,\n 70.20743570670632\n ],\n [\n -146.97509765625,\n 70.1925497583889\n ],\n [\n -146.689453125,\n 70.1925497583889\n ],\n [\n -146.3818359375,\n 70.1925497583889\n ],\n [\n -146.0302734375,\n 70.17765306430529\n ],\n [\n -145.5908203125,\n 70.11795869529236\n ],\n [\n -145.1953125,\n 70.05809185371957\n ],\n [\n -144.86572265625,\n 70.00556654574504\n ],\n [\n -144.4482421875,\n 70.02809362050226\n ],\n [\n -143.9208984375,\n 70.07307475707385\n ],\n [\n -143.61328125,\n 70.1403642720717\n ],\n [\n -143.08593749999997,\n 70.10300817109822\n ],\n [\n -142.646484375,\n 70.00556654574504\n ],\n [\n -142.14111328125,\n 69.91521433690129\n ],\n [\n -141.83349609375,\n 69.8320477208414\n ],\n [\n -141.50390625,\n 69.7485511291223\n ],\n [\n -141.2841796875,\n 69.67235784229395\n ],\n [\n -140.99853515625,\n 69.64944636884633\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-04-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571210b5e4b0ef3b7ca64428","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tape, Ken D.","contributorId":103570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tape","given":"Ken D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gustine, David D. dgustine@usgs.gov","contributorId":3776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gustine","given":"David","email":"dgustine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":626691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reuss, Roger W.","contributorId":168602,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reuss","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":626693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Adams, Layne G. 0000-0001-6212-2896 ladams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6212-2896","contributorId":2776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Layne G.","email":"ladams@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":626694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clark, Jason A.","contributorId":168604,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clark","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":16761,"text":"Institute of Northern Engineering, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":626710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70169859,"text":"sir20165037 - 2016 - Selected low-flow frequency statistics for continuous-record streamgages in Georgia, 2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T13:25:07","indexId":"sir20165037","displayToPublicDate":"2016-04-13T09:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-5037","title":"Selected low-flow frequency statistics for continuous-record streamgages in Georgia, 2013","docAbstract":"This report presents the annual and monthly minimum 1- and 7-day average streamflows with the 10-year recurrence interval (1Q10 and 7Q10) for 197 continuous-record streamgages in Georgia. Streamgages used in the study included active and discontinued stations having a minimum of 10 complete climatic years of record as of September 30, 2013. The 1Q10 and 7Q10 flow statistics were computed for 85 streamgages on unregulated streams with minimal diversions upstream, 43 streamgages on regulated streams, and 69 streamgages known, or considered, to be affected by varying degrees of diversions upstream. Descriptive information for each of these streamgages, including the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) station number, station name, latitude, longitude, county, drainage area, and period of record analyzed also is presented.
Kendall’s tau nonparametric test was used to determine the statistical significance of trends in annual and monthly minimum 1-day and 7-day average flows for the 197 streamgages. Significant negative trends in the minimum annual 1-day and 7-day average streamflow were indicated for 77 of the 197 streamgages. Many of these significant negative trends are due to the period of record ending during one of the recent droughts in Georgia, particularly those streamgages with record through the 2013 water year. Long-term unregulated streamgages with 70 or more years of record indicate significant negative trends in the annual minimum 7-day average flow for central and southern Georgia. Watersheds for some of these streamgages have experienced minimal human impact, thus indicating that the significant negative trends observed in flows at the long-term streamgages may be influenced by changing climatological conditions. A Kendall-tau trend analysis of the annual air temperature and precipitation totals for Georgia indicated no significant trends. A comprehensive analysis of causes of the trends in annual and monthly minimum 1-day and 7-day average flows in central and southern Georgia is outside the scope of this study. Further study is needed to determine some of the causes, including both climatological and human impacts, of the significant negative trends in annual minimum 1-day and 7-day average flows in central and southern Georgia.
To assess the changes in the annual 1Q10 and 7Q10 statistics over time for long-term continuous streamgages with significant trends in record, the annual 1Q10 and 7Q10 statistics were computed on a decadal accumulated basis for 39 streamgages having 40 or more years of record that indicated a significant trend. Records from most of the streamgages showed a decline in 7Q10 statistics for the decades of 1980–89, 1990–99, and 2000–09 because of the recent droughts in Georgia. Twenty four of the 39 streamgages had complete records from 1980 to 2010, and records from 23 of these gages exhibited a decline in the 7Q10 statistics during this period, ranging from –6.3 to –76.2 percent with a mean of –27.3 percent. No attempts were made during this study to adjust streamflow records or statistical analyses on the basis of trends.
The monthly and annual 1Q10 and 7Q10 flow statistics for the entire period of record analyzed in the study are incorporated into the USGS StreamStatsDB, which is a database accessible to users through the recently released USGS StreamStats application for Georgia. StreamStats is a Web-based geographic information system that provides users with access to an assortment of analytical tools that are useful for water-resources planning and management, and for engineering design applications, such as the design of bridges. StreamStats allows users to easily obtain streamflow statistics, basin characteristics, and other information for user-selected streamgages.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165037","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Georgia Environmental Protection Division","usgsCitation":"Gotvald, A.J., 2016, Selected low-flow frequency statistics for continuous-record streamgages in Georgia, 2013: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5037, 20 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165037. ","productDescription":"Report: vi, 20 p.; 4 Tables","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-066705","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319962,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5037/sir20165037.pdf","text":"Report","size":"12.66 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 206-5037"},{"id":319963,"rank":3,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5037/sir2016_5037_tables1-2-3-5.xlsx","text":"Tables 1, 2, 3, and 5","size":"284 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 206-5037"},{"id":319961,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5037/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-84.810477,34.987607],[-83.619985,34.986592],[-83.620185,34.992091],[-83.108714,35.000768],[-83.1046,34.992783],[-83.106991,34.98272],[-83.120387,34.968406],[-83.12114,34.958966],[-83.127035,34.953778],[-83.120502,34.941262],[-83.122585,34.938062],[-83.12807,34.938113],[-83.140621,34.924915],[-83.153253,34.926342],[-83.160937,34.918269],[-83.168524,34.91788],[-83.186541,34.899534],[-83.203351,34.893717],[-83.201183,34.884653],[-83.205627,34.880142],[-83.213323,34.882796],[-83.220099,34.878124],[-83.23751,34.877057],[-83.238419,34.869771],[-83.245602,34.865522],[-83.255718,34.845592],[-83.267656,34.845289],[-83.268159,34.821393],[-83.275656,34.816862],[-83.289914,34.824477],[-83.294292,34.814725],[-83.301368,34.814154],[-83.301182,34.804008],[-83.313782,34.799911],[-83.323866,34.789712],[-83.320062,34.759616],[-83.348829,34.737194],[-83.353238,34.728648],[-83.349411,34.697575],[-83.339029,34.683807],[-83.321463,34.677543],[-83.316401,34.669316],[-83.304641,34.669561],[-83.292883,34.654196],[-83.27796,34.644853],[-83.255281,34.637696],[-83.240669,34.624507],[-83.243381,34.617997],[-83.23178,34.611297],[-83.169994,34.605444],[-83.170278,34.592398],[-83.154577,34.588198],[-83.152577,34.578299],[-83.122901,34.560129],[-83.103987,34.540166],[-83.103176,34.533406],[-83.084855,34.530967],[-83.078113,34.524837],[-83.086861,34.517798],[-83.069451,34.502131],[-83.054463,34.50289],[-83.034712,34.483495],[-83.002924,34.472132],[-82.99509,34.472483],[-82.992671,34.479072],[-82.979568,34.482702],[-82.960668,34.482002],[-82.954667,34.477302],[-82.940867,34.486102],[-82.922866,34.481402],[-82.902665,34.485902],[-82.876864,34.475303],[-82.873831,34.471508],[-82.876464,34.465803],[-82.862156,34.458748],[-82.855762,34.443977],[-82.835004,34.366069],[-82.795223,34.34096],[-82.780308,34.296701],[-82.746656,34.266407],[-82.74192,34.210063],[-82.732761,34.195338],[-82.730824,34.175906],[-82.717507,34.150504],[-82.70414,34.141007],[-82.67732,34.131657],[-82.659077,34.103544],[-82.641553,34.092212],[-82.64398,34.072237],[-82.635991,34.064941],[-82.626963,34.063457],[-82.609655,34.039917],[-82.596155,34.030517],[-82.589245,34.000118],[-82.57554,33.992049],[-82.579576,33.979761],[-82.569864,33.970684],[-82.556835,33.945353],[-82.543128,33.940949],[-82.526741,33.943765],[-82.51295,33.936969],[-82.492929,33.909754],[-82.455105,33.88165],[-82.422803,33.863754],[-82.403881,33.865477],[-82.371775,33.843813],[-82.32448,33.820033],[-82.300213,33.800627],[-82.298286,33.783518],[-82.285804,33.780058],[-82.247472,33.752591],[-82.239098,33.730872],[-82.234576,33.700216],[-82.200718,33.66464],[-82.196583,33.630582],[-82.186154,33.62088],[-82.174351,33.613117],[-82.158331,33.60971],[-82.142872,33.594278],[-82.12908,33.589925],[-82.116545,33.596485],[-82.10624,33.595637],[-82.096352,33.58407],[-82.046335,33.56383],[-82.033023,33.546454],[-82.001338,33.520135],[-81.985938,33.486536],[-81.926336,33.462937],[-81.913356,33.437418],[-81.926789,33.426576],[-81.919217,33.413126],[-81.9373,33.401259],[-81.925737,33.37114],[-81.930634,33.368165],[-81.939637,33.37254],[-81.946337,33.37064],[-81.944737,33.364041],[-81.934837,33.356041],[-81.939737,33.344941],[-81.917973,33.34159],[-81.919137,33.334442],[-81.909285,33.324181],[-81.898187,33.329664],[-81.884137,33.310443],[-81.875836,33.307443],[-81.870436,33.312943],[-81.847296,33.306783],[-81.849636,33.299544],[-81.861536,33.297944],[-81.863236,33.288844],[-81.838257,33.272975],[-81.838337,33.269098],[-81.847336,33.266345],[-81.852136,33.247544],[-81.827936,33.228746],[-81.811736,33.223847],[-81.805236,33.211447],[-81.784535,33.208147],[-81.778935,33.209847],[-81.778435,33.221847],[-81.768935,33.217447],[-81.758235,33.200248],[-81.760635,33.189248],[-81.772435,33.181249],[-81.763135,33.159449],[-81.743835,33.14145],[-81.704634,33.116451],[-81.683533,33.112651],[-81.646433,33.094552],[-81.614298,33.094661],[-81.609476,33.089862],[-81.610078,33.082883],[-81.600211,33.083966],[-81.600091,33.073497],[-81.583804,33.067021],[-81.57288,33.05418],[-81.562066,33.055568],[-81.558336,33.046183],[-81.54251,33.045254],[-81.540081,33.040613],[-81.513231,33.028546],[-81.492253,33.009342],[-81.494736,32.978998],[-81.499471,32.96478],[-81.506449,32.962423],[-81.508436,32.955765],[-81.499446,32.944988],[-81.502427,32.935353],[-81.483198,32.921802],[-81.479184,32.905638],[-81.464069,32.897814],[-81.479445,32.881082],[-81.45392,32.874074],[-81.453949,32.849761],[-81.444866,32.850967],[-81.426475,32.840773],[-81.417984,32.818196],[-81.423772,32.810514],[-81.428313,32.78311],[-81.421128,32.778039],[-81.426481,32.770291],[-81.417606,32.762684],[-81.410845,32.741694],[-81.418542,32.732586],[-81.421194,32.711978],[-81.427517,32.701896],[-81.4131,32.692648],[-81.41075,32.694772],[-81.401256,32.680156],[-81.405273,32.656517],[-81.393818,32.653491],[-81.403582,32.643398],[-81.407271,32.631737],[-81.413411,32.637368],[-81.41866,32.629392],[-81.389338,32.595436],[-81.380999,32.589652],[-81.369757,32.591231],[-81.366964,32.577059],[-81.328753,32.561228],[-81.29676,32.562648],[-81.281324,32.556464],[-81.275213,32.545202],[-81.277131,32.535417],[-81.252882,32.51833],[-81.237095,32.517314],[-81.234023,32.513778],[-81.238281,32.505988],[-81.233585,32.498488],[-81.200029,32.467985],[-81.186829,32.464086],[-81.203046,32.448844],[-81.201595,32.44136],[-81.207246,32.437542],[-81.20513,32.423788],[-81.177231,32.39169],[-81.181072,32.380398],[-81.169332,32.369436],[-81.170858,32.362722],[-81.155136,32.34717],[-81.144032,32.351093],[-81.133632,32.341293],[-81.135733,32.324594],[-81.122933,32.307295],[-81.121433,32.284496],[-81.145834,32.263397],[-81.155995,32.241478],[-81.136727,32.213669],[-81.128283,32.208634],[-81.118234,32.189201],[-81.119361,32.177142],[-81.129634,32.165602],[-81.123134,32.162902],[-81.120034,32.153303],[-81.117234,32.117605],[-81.113334,32.113205],[-81.093386,32.11123],[-81.066906,32.090351],[-81.050234,32.085308],[-81.032674,32.08545],[-81.011961,32.100176],[-81.002297,32.100048],[-80.983133,32.079609],[-80.954482,32.068622],[-80.922794,32.039151],[-80.885517,32.0346],[-80.859111,32.023693],[-80.852276,32.026676],[-80.84313,32.024226],[-80.840549,32.011306],[-80.848441,31.988279],[-80.862814,31.969346],[-80.897687,31.949065],[-80.911207,31.943769],[-80.929101,31.944964],[-80.930279,31.956705],[-80.948491,31.95723],[-80.972392,31.94127],[-80.975714,31.923602],[-80.968494,31.915822],[-80.934508,31.90918],[-80.99269,31.857641],[-81.000317,31.856744],[-81.014478,31.867474],[-81.041548,31.876198],[-81.065255,31.877095],[-81.05907,31.850106],[-81.076178,31.836132],[-81.075812,31.829031],[-81.057181,31.822687],[-81.039808,31.823],[-81.036873,31.812721],[-81.077057,31.761256],[-81.097402,31.753126],[-81.130634,31.722692],[-81.138448,31.720934],[-81.192784,31.733245],[-81.203572,31.719448],[-81.186303,31.701509],[-81.161084,31.691401],[-81.151888,31.698411],[-81.139394,31.699917],[-81.131137,31.695774],[-81.136408,31.674832],[-81.131728,31.654484],[-81.133493,31.623348],[-81.160364,31.570436],[-81.173079,31.555908],[-81.178822,31.55553],[-81.186114,31.568032],[-81.204315,31.568183],[-81.214536,31.557601],[-81.240699,31.552313],[-81.254218,31.55594],[-81.260076,31.54828],[-81.263905,31.532579],[-81.258809,31.52906],[-81.217948,31.527284],[-81.199518,31.537596],[-81.181592,31.527697],[-81.177254,31.517074],[-81.189643,31.503588],[-81.204883,31.473124],[-81.246911,31.422784],[-81.278798,31.367214],[-81.282923,31.326491],[-81.268027,31.324218],[-81.25482,31.315452],[-81.274688,31.289454],[-81.276862,31.254734],[-81.289136,31.225487],[-81.288403,31.211065],[-81.293359,31.206332],[-81.314183,31.207938],[-81.339028,31.186918],[-81.35488,31.167204],[-81.360791,31.155903],[-81.359349,31.149166],[-81.368241,31.136534],[-81.399677,31.134113],[-81.403732,31.107115],[-81.401267,31.072781],[-81.420474,31.016703],[-81.432475,31.012991],[-81.434923,31.017804],[-81.451444,31.015515],[-81.469298,30.996028],[-81.490586,30.984952],[-81.493651,30.977528],[-81.486966,30.969602],[-81.475789,30.965976],[-81.466814,30.97091],[-81.453568,30.965573],[-81.447388,30.956732],[-81.426929,30.956615],[-81.420108,30.974076],[-81.408484,30.977718],[-81.403409,30.957914],[-81.405153,30.908203],[-81.428577,30.836336],[-81.446927,30.81039],[-81.460061,30.769912],[-81.45947,30.741979],[-81.444124,30.709714],[-81.472597,30.713312],[-81.487332,30.726081],[-81.528278,30.723359],[-81.540923,30.713343],[-81.561706,30.715597],[-81.571419,30.721636],[-81.601206,30.728141],[-81.607667,30.721924],[-81.617663,30.722046],[-81.625098,30.733017],[-81.646137,30.727591],[-81.65177,30.732284],[-81.651723,30.740235],[-81.662173,30.746521],[-81.672824,30.738935],[-81.688925,30.741434],[-81.692815,30.7471],[-81.719927,30.744634],[-81.732227,30.749634],[-81.747572,30.766455],[-81.763372,30.77382],[-81.779171,30.768062],[-81.792769,30.784432],[-81.806652,30.789683],[-81.840375,30.786384],[-81.852626,30.794439],[-81.868608,30.792754],[-81.89572,30.821098],[-81.910926,30.815889],[-81.949787,30.827493],[-81.962175,30.818001],[-81.962534,30.796526],[-81.973856,30.778487],[-81.988605,30.780056],[-82.007865,30.792937],[-82.022866,30.787991],[-82.024035,30.783156],[-82.011597,30.763122],[-82.017917,30.755263],[-82.038967,30.749262],[-82.043795,30.729641],[-82.036426,30.706585],[-82.050432,30.676266],[-82.049507,30.655548],[-82.042271,30.649452],[-82.039941,30.637144],[-82.028499,30.621829],[-82.027338,30.606726],[-82.016503,30.602484],[-82.012109,30.593773],[-82.005477,30.563495],[-82.018361,30.531184],[-82.01477,30.513009],[-82.017779,30.475081],[-82.037209,30.434518],[-82.034005,30.422357],[-82.04199,30.403266],[-82.036825,30.377884],[-82.047917,30.363265],[-82.060034,30.360328],[-82.094687,30.360781],[-82.104834,30.368319],[-82.161757,30.357851],[-82.170054,30.358929],[-82.19294,30.378779],[-82.210291,30.42459],[-82.203975,30.444507],[-82.207708,30.460503],[-82.200938,30.474438],[-82.201416,30.485164],[-82.226933,30.510281],[-82.23582,30.537187],[-82.231916,30.55627],[-82.214385,30.566958],[-83.499876,30.645671],[-84.86346,30.711506],[-84.896122,30.750591],[-84.914322,30.753591],[-84.920123,30.76599],[-84.917423,30.77589],[-84.928323,30.79309],[-84.927923,30.80279],[-84.936042,30.820671],[-84.928335,30.844263],[-84.935256,30.854328],[-84.935413,30.882481],[-84.966726,30.917287],[-84.971026,30.928187],[-84.983127,30.934786],[-84.979627,30.954686],[-84.982527,30.965586],[-85.005931,30.97704],[-84.999428,31.013843],[-85.009409,31.032378],[-85.011392,31.053546],[-85.028573,31.074583],[-85.026068,31.08418],[-85.029736,31.096163],[-85.035615,31.108192],[-85.054677,31.120818],[-85.064028,31.142495],[-85.076628,31.156927],[-85.100207,31.16549],[-85.098426,31.17777],[-85.106503,31.185305],[-85.106963,31.202693],[-85.09977,31.209751],[-85.096763,31.225651],[-85.111711,31.258022],[-85.114548,31.276302],[-85.110309,31.281733],[-85.099107,31.284165],[-85.089774,31.295026],[-85.084152,31.328313],[-85.088983,31.334292],[-85.085918,31.353146],[-85.09099,31.354428],[-85.092487,31.362881],[-85.078641,31.39636],[-85.079978,31.410472],[-85.074762,31.424879],[-85.06697,31.428594],[-85.071621,31.468384],[-85.045642,31.516813],[-85.047196,31.528671],[-85.041305,31.540987],[-85.05796,31.57084],[-85.055976,31.605178],[-85.060418,31.611271],[-85.057473,31.618624],[-85.082829,31.637967],[-85.083545,31.656071],[-85.092429,31.659966],[-85.12553,31.694965],[-85.12653,31.716764],[-85.11913,31.730964],[-85.129231,31.758663],[-85.12523,31.767063],[-85.140431,31.779663],[-85.132231,31.795162],[-85.131331,31.817562],[-85.141831,31.839261],[-85.138331,31.844161],[-85.140131,31.858761],[-85.128831,31.87636],[-85.132931,31.89306],[-85.114031,31.89336],[-85.10803,31.90516],[-85.112731,31.909859],[-85.07893,31.940159],[-85.08683,31.957758],[-85.067829,31.967358],[-85.07093,31.981658],[-85.068098,31.991857],[-85.064544,32.002489],[-85.053815,32.013502],[-85.05883,32.046656],[-85.055491,32.072657],[-85.047063,32.090433],[-85.06206,32.132486],[-85.045593,32.143758],[-85.011267,32.180493],[-84.966828,32.193952],[-84.966346,32.208034],[-84.957057,32.21671],[-84.925427,32.221551],[-84.912488,32.247463],[-84.890894,32.261504],[-84.9338,32.29826],[-85.001874,32.322015],[-85.007103,32.328362],[-85.004582,32.345196],[-84.983466,32.363186],[-84.976767,32.392648],[-84.981098,32.402833],[-84.979431,32.412244],[-84.96343,32.422544],[-84.967031,32.435343],[-84.971831,32.442843],[-84.995331,32.453243],[-84.998231,32.469842],[-84.994831,32.486042],[-85.0071,32.523868],[-85.015805,32.528428],[-85.022509,32.542923],[-85.067535,32.579546],[-85.076399,32.594665],[-85.08224,32.616264],[-85.088319,32.623032],[-85.087294,32.634407],[-85.098259,32.642708],[-85.089736,32.655635],[-85.093536,32.669734],[-85.114737,32.685634],[-85.122738,32.715727],[-85.1202,32.737647],[-85.138101,32.753836],[-85.133275,32.780609],[-85.167939,32.811612],[-85.168342,32.828516],[-85.159309,32.841382],[-85.160792,32.848466],[-85.177127,32.853895],[-85.1844,32.861317],[-85.42947,34.125096],[-85.561416,34.750079],[-85.605165,34.984678],[-84.810477,34.987607]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Georgia\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","contact":"Director, South Atlantic Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
720 Gracern Road
Columbia, SC 29210
http://www.usgs.gov/water/southatlantic/
Three different iron oxide-based sorption media samples were tested for removal of phosphorus (P) from fish hatchery effluents using fixed bed processing. Two of the media samples were derived from residuals produced by the treatment of acid mine drainage, which were then compared to granular ferric hydroxide (GFH), a commercially available sorption medium. All of the media types removed from 50 to 70% of the P from the incoming aquaculture wastewater over 70–175 days of operation without regeneration. In some of the sorption trials, the GFH media showed superior adsorption in the earlier stages of the trial, but the GFH appeared to reach saturation more quickly, so that media performance was similar – at about 60% removal of P – over a longer time period of 175 days. Media regeneration tests were also conducted for both the commercial and mine drainage media, and demonstrated longer term performance, with overall P removal of 50–55%, over 223 days of total operation, with the advantages of phosphorus recycle and media reuse.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Pub. Co.","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2016.04.003","collaboration":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeast Fishery Center, Lamar, Pennsylvania","usgsCitation":"Sibrell, P., and Kehler, T., 2016, Phosphorus removal from aquaculture effluents at the Northeast Fishery Center in Lamar, Pennsylvania using iron oxide sorption media: Aquacultural Engineering, v. 72-73, p. 45-52, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2016.04.003.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"52","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-074705","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320017,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Elk County","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.0850830078125,\n 41.281934557995356\n ],\n [\n -79.0850830078125,\n 41.60312076451184\n ],\n [\n -78.25561523437499,\n 41.60312076451184\n ],\n [\n -78.25561523437499,\n 41.281934557995356\n ],\n [\n -79.0850830078125,\n 41.281934557995356\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"72-73","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"570f5f9de4b0ef3b7ca3295d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sibrell, Philip 0000-0001-5666-1228 psibrell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5666-1228","contributorId":168582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sibrell","given":"Philip","email":"psibrell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":626592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kehler, Thomas","contributorId":168583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kehler","given":"Thomas","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":5128,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":626593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70170212,"text":"70170212 - 2016 - The Chahnaly low sulfidation epithermal gold deposit, western Makran volcanic arc, southeastern Iran","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-13T08:48:49","indexId":"70170212","displayToPublicDate":"2016-04-13T08:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Chahnaly low sulfidation epithermal gold deposit, western Makran volcanic arc, southeastern Iran","docAbstract":"The Chahnaly low-sulfidation epithermal Au deposit and nearby Au prospects are located northwest of the intermittently active Bazman stratovolcano on the western end of the Makran volcanic arc, which formed as the result of subduction of the remnant Neo-Tethyan oceanic crust beneath the Lut block. The arc hosts the Siah Jangal epithermal and Kharestan porphyry prospects, near Taftan volcano, as well as the Saindak Cu-Au porphyry deposit and world-class Reko Diq Cu-Au porphyry deposit, near Koh-i-Sultan volcano to the east-northeast in Pakistan. The host rocks for the Chahnaly deposit include early Miocene andesite and andesitic volcaniclastic rocks that are intruded by younger dacitic domes. Unaltered late Miocene dacitic ignimbrites overlie these rocks. Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U-Pb zircon geochronology data yield ages between 21.8 and 9.9 Ma for the acidic-intermediate regional volcanism. The most recent volcanic activity of the Bazman stratovolcano involved extrusion of an olivine basalt during Pliocene to Quaternary times. Interpretation of geochemical data indicate that the volcanic rocks are synsubduction and calc-alkaline to subalkaline. The lack of a significant negative Eu anomaly, a listric-shaped rare earth element pattern, and moderate La/Yb ratios of host suites indicate a high water content of the source magma.
\nGold and electrum are temporally and spatially related to a series of structurally controlled, 030°-trending, subvertical hydrothermal breccias with chalcedony-adularia that cut porphyritic andesite and andesitic volcaniclastic rocks. Gold is associated with pyrite, a siliceous matrix of hydrothermal breccia, and previously formed vein clasts, as well as with iron oxides and hydroxides in oxidized zones. Rare silver minerals include Ag-bearing electrum and naumannite, iodargyrite, an unnamed silver diiodide, and hessite. Hydrothermal alteration is generally well developed surrounding the ore-bearing hydrothermal breccia. The main types of alteration in the area include an inner ~0.5- to 20-m-thick gold-bearing hydrothermal breccia composed of quartz-chalcedonyadularia-illite-pyrite, a ~5- to 50-m-thick zone of quartz, chalcedony, pyrite, illitic phengite, phengite, illitic muscovite, illite, illitic paragonite, paragonite, muscovite, montmorillonite and, rarely, siderite, and a 30- to 70-m outer propylitic zone of Fe-Mg chlorite, calcite, ankerite, dolomite, epidote, palygorskite, and pyrite.
\nThe Chahnaly Au deposit formed during the early stages of magmatism. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb geochronology of host andesite and 40Ar/39Ar dating of two samples of gold-associated adularia show that the ore-stage adularia (19.83 ± 0.10 and 19.2 ± 0.5 Ma) is younger, by as much as 1.5 million years, than the volcanic host rock (20.32 ± 0.4 Ma). Therefore, either hydrothermal activity continued well after volcanism or a second magmatic event rejuvenated hydrothermal activity. This second magmatic event may be related to eruption of porphyritic andesite at ~20.32 ± 0.40 Ma, which is within error of ~19.83 ± 0.10 Ma adularia. The new LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb host rock and vein adularia 40Ar/39Ar ages suggest that early Miocene magmatism and mineralization in the Bazman area is of a similar age to that of the Saindak porphyry and Tanjeel porphyry center of the giant Reko Diq deposit. This confirms the existence of early Miocene arc magmatism and mineralization along the Iranian part of the Makran volcanic arc. Ore, alteration mineralogy, and alteration patterns indicate that the Chahnaly deposit is a typical low-sulfidation epithermal Au deposit, located in a poorly explored part of the Makran volcanic arc in Iran.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/econgeo.111.3.619","usgsCitation":"Sholeh, A., Rastad, E., Huston, D.L., Gemmell, J.B., and Taylor, R.D., 2016, The Chahnaly low sulfidation epithermal gold deposit, western Makran volcanic arc, southeastern Iran: Economic Geology, v. 111, no. 3, p. 619-639, https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.111.3.619.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"619","endPage":"639","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055033","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320016,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Iran, Pakistan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 60.216064453125,\n 27.98470011861268\n ],\n [\n 60.216064453125,\n 29.869228848968312\n ],\n [\n 63.4075927734375,\n 29.869228848968312\n ],\n [\n 63.4075927734375,\n 27.98470011861268\n ],\n [\n 60.216064453125,\n 27.98470011861268\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"111","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-04-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"570f5f9de4b0ef3b7ca32970","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sholeh, Ali","contributorId":168565,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sholeh","given":"Ali","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25338,"text":"Tarbiat Modares University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":626483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rastad, Ebrahim","contributorId":119934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rastad","given":"Ebrahim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huston, David L.","contributorId":67139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huston","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gemmell, J. Bruce","contributorId":168566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gemmell","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Bruce","affiliations":[{"id":16141,"text":"University of Tasmania","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":626486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Taylor, Ryan D. 0000-0002-8845-5290 rtaylor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8845-5290","contributorId":3412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Ryan","email":"rtaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":626482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70170921,"text":"70170921 - 2016 - 10,000 m under the sea: An overview of the HADES expedition to Kermadec Trench","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-14T07:55:55","indexId":"70170921","displayToPublicDate":"2016-04-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"10,000 m under the sea: An overview of the HADES expedition to Kermadec Trench","docAbstract":"The hadal zone of the world oceans (6000– 11,000 m) occupies <1% of the marine realm and is found almost exclusively in trenches but represents ~40% of the total ocean depth range. Jamison et al. (2010 & Jamison, 2015) have reviewed the current state of knowledge about the hydrology, physical characteristics, food supply, ecology and biodiversity of life in hadal trenches. This review concluded that, there appears to be a high level of endemism based on the few specimens collected from historical sampling efforts in the 1950s (Danish Galathea and Soviet Vitjaz expeditions), but because trenches are still largely unexplored there is a lot we do not know about the ecological structure and functioning of hadal environments. However, relatively recent advances in technology using remotely operated vehicles (ROV) and landers can help us explore hadal trenches in greater detail.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of Kermadec Discoveries and Connections","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Kermadec Discoveries and Connections","conferenceDate":"April 11-12, 2016","conferenceLocation":"Queens Wharf, Wellington","language":"English","publisher":"Pew Foundation Charitable Trust","publisherLocation":"Wellington, NZ","usgsCitation":"Mills, S., Leduc, D., Drazen, J., Yancey, P., Jamieson, A., Clark, M., Rowden, A., Mayor, D., Piertney, S., Heyl, T., Bartlett, D., Bourque, J.R., Cho, W., Demopoulos, A.W., Fryer, P., Gerringer, M., Grammatopoulou, E., Herrera, S., Ichino, M., Lecroq, B., Linley, T., Meyer, K., Nunnally, C., Ruhl, H., Wallace, G., Young, C., and Shank, T., 2016, 10,000 m under the sea: An overview of the HADES expedition to Kermadec Trench, in Proceedings of Kermadec Discoveries and Connections, Queens Wharf, Wellington, April 11-12, 2016, p. 36-38.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"36","endPage":"38","ipdsId":"IP-075761","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340071,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/analysis/2016/08/08/discoveries-and-connections-in-the-kermadecs"},{"id":340072,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Kermadec Trench","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 170.947265625,\n -36.10237644873643\n ],\n [\n 179.47265625,\n -36.10237644873643\n ],\n [\n 179.47265625,\n -19.72534224805787\n ],\n [\n 170.947265625,\n -19.72534224805787\n ],\n [\n 170.947265625,\n -36.10237644873643\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58fb1a4de4b0c3010a8087c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mills, S.","contributorId":169249,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mills","given":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":25457,"text":"NIWA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leduc, D.","contributorId":169250,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leduc","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25457,"text":"NIWA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Drazen, J.C.","contributorId":50863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drazen","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yancey, P.","contributorId":169252,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yancey","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16752,"text":"Whitman College","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jamieson, A.J.","contributorId":169253,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jamieson","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25458,"text":"U. of Aberdeen","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":692378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Clark, M.R.","contributorId":88135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rowden, A.A.","contributorId":169254,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rowden","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25457,"text":"NIWA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":692380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Mayor, D.J.","contributorId":169255,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mayor","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16752,"text":"Whitman College","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":692381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Piertney, S.","contributorId":169256,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Piertney","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25458,"text":"U. of Aberdeen","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Heyl, T.","contributorId":169257,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heyl","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16633,"text":"WHOI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Bartlett, D.","contributorId":169258,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bartlett","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25459,"text":"SIO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Bourque, Jill R. 0000-0003-3809-2601 jbourque@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3809-2601","contributorId":5452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bourque","given":"Jill","email":"jbourque@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Cho, W.","contributorId":7544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cho","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Demopoulos, Amanda W.J. 0000-0003-2096-4694 ademopoulos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2096-4694","contributorId":145681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Demopoulos","given":"Amanda","email":"ademopoulos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.J.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Fryer, P.","contributorId":65995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fryer","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Gerringer, M.","contributorId":169259,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gerringer","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25429,"text":"UH","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Grammatopoulou, E.","contributorId":169260,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grammatopoulou","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25460,"text":"U. Aberdeen","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Herrera, S.","contributorId":169261,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Herrera","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16633,"text":"WHOI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Ichino, M.","contributorId":169262,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ichino","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25461,"text":"NOC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Lecroq, B.","contributorId":169263,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lecroq","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24659,"text":"JAMSTEC, Japan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Linley, T.D.","contributorId":169264,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Linley","given":"T.D.","affiliations":[{"id":25458,"text":"U. of Aberdeen","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":692383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Meyer, K.","contributorId":28204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Nunnally, C.","contributorId":169265,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nunnally","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25429,"text":"UH","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Ruhl, H.","contributorId":31416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Wallace, G.","contributorId":191225,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wallace","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Young, C.","contributorId":67709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Shank, T.M.","contributorId":169251,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shank","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16633,"text":"WHOI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":692387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27}]}} ,{"id":70170227,"text":"70170227 - 2016 - Geochemical evidence for seasonal controls on the transportation of Holocene loess, Matanuska Valley, southern Alaska, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-13T09:28:25","indexId":"70170227","displayToPublicDate":"2016-04-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":666,"text":"Aeolian Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical evidence for seasonal controls on the transportation of Holocene loess, Matanuska Valley, southern Alaska, USA","docAbstract":"Loess is a widespread Quaternary deposit in Alaska and loess accretion occurs today in some regions, such as the Matanuska Valley. The source of loess in the Matanuska Valley has been debated for more than seven decades, with the Knik River and the Matanuska River, both to the east, being the leading candidates and the Susitna River, to the west, as a less favorable source. We report here new stratigraphic, mineralogic, and geochemical data that test the competing hypotheses of these river sources. Loess thickness data are consistent with previous studies that show that a source or sources lay to the east, which rules out the Susitna River as a source. Knik and Matanuska River silts can be distinguished using Sc–Th–La, LaN/YbN vs. Eu/Eu∗, Cr/Sc, and As/Sb. Matanuska Valley loess falls clearly within the range of values for these ratios found in Matanuska River silt. Dust storms from the Matanuska River are most common in autumn, when river discharge is at a minimum and silt-rich point bars are exposed, wind speed from the north is beginning to increase after a low-velocity period in summer, snow depth is still minimal, and soil temperatures are still above freezing. Thus, seasonal changes in climate and hydrology emerge as critical factors in the timing of aeolian silt transport in southern Alaska. These findings could be applicable to understanding seasonal controls on Pleistocene loess accretion in Europe, New Zealand, South America, and elsewhere in North America.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science","doi":"10.1016/j.aeolia.2016.02.005","usgsCitation":"Muhs, D., Budahn, J.R., Skipp, G.L., and McGeehin, J., 2016, Geochemical evidence for seasonal controls on the transportation of Holocene loess, Matanuska Valley, southern Alaska, USA: Aeolian Research, v. 21, p. 61-73, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2016.02.005.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"73","ipdsId":"IP-068983","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471077,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2016.02.005","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":320018,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-162.255031,54.978353],[-162.30058,54.832594],[-162.41737,54.877491],[-162.255031,54.978353]]],[[[-160.0179,55.15613],[-159.889174,55.287138],[-159.905365,55.164689],[-159.816419,55.178051],[-160.183466,54.91568],[-160.191392,55.108574],[-160.0179,55.15613]]],[[[-159.455311,55.061452],[-159.328791,54.980598],[-159.426615,54.942266],[-159.455311,55.061452]]],[[[-161.718614,55.154166],[-161.608634,55.116906],[-161.862504,55.127598],[-161.718614,55.154166]]],[[[-160.506927,55.32773],[-160.486174,55.193617],[-160.806009,55.12567],[-160.797147,55.381521],[-160.344369,55.362962],[-160.330722,55.261045],[-160.506927,55.32773]]],[[[-160.21178,55.455862],[-160.141834,55.387154],[-160.27997,55.395905],[-160.21178,55.455862]]],[[[-165.790523,54.171758],[-165.714198,54.120815],[-166.098255,54.103538],[-166.002465,54.213629],[-165.790523,54.171758]]],[[[-165.523466,54.299895],[-165.405377,54.212837],[-165.629725,54.132558],[-165.681458,54.236914],[-165.523466,54.299895]]],[[[-162.801865,54.48944],[-162.588883,54.450064],[-162.611891,54.368077],[-162.86005,54.425452],[-162.801865,54.48944]]],[[[-170.286318,57.128169],[-170.311707,57.219122],[-170.161647,57.229656],[-170.286318,57.128169]]],[[[178.785825,51.633434],[179.462765,51.376176],[178.634021,51.623981],[178.785825,51.633434]]],[[[-176.762478,51.867878],[-176.789558,51.957211],[-176.603598,51.997056],[-176.543309,51.838624],[-176.268243,51.785498],[-176.930952,51.59247],[-176.918065,51.788003],[-176.762478,51.867878]]],[[[-177.800647,51.778294],[-177.909185,51.596671],[-178.172666,51.839985],[-177.615311,51.85508],[-177.800647,51.778294]]],[[[-177.360408,51.727533],[-177.631523,51.696844],[-177.099266,51.936119],[-177.13096,51.762772],[-177.360408,51.727533]]],[[[177.601645,52.016377],[177.235523,51.87326],[177.661607,52.112746],[177.601645,52.016377]]],[[[179.758993,51.946595],[179.649484,51.87367],[179.482464,51.982834],[179.758993,51.946595]]],[[[-174.301818,52.278949],[-174.408277,52.289872],[-174.185347,52.417788],[-173.989415,52.325275],[-174.177679,52.233638],[-174.090169,52.139119],[-175.27485,52.018619],[-174.301818,52.278949]]],[[[-173.602446,52.153773],[-173.019588,52.097881],[-173.511915,52.031278],[-174.04675,52.122403],[-173.602446,52.153773]]],[[[173.587554,52.476785],[173.769503,52.512072],[173.725696,52.356579],[173.3955,52.402647],[173.587554,52.476785]]],[[[172.763366,52.823656],[172.469022,52.911337],[173.107249,52.993228],[173.421682,52.845477],[172.763366,52.823656]]],[[[-168.211705,53.256184],[-169.041338,52.839348],[-168.617143,53.260985],[-168.366519,53.252024],[-168.315847,53.481729],[-167.816998,53.517947],[-167.872879,53.36736],[-168.211705,53.256184]]],[[[-166.728918,54.003111],[-166.57509,53.879236],[-166.373689,54.01003],[-166.210964,53.933557],[-166.547438,53.749404],[-166.119922,53.855048],[-166.111317,53.776856],[-166.656234,53.487119],[-167.798984,53.284757],[-167.102305,53.515077],[-167.16164,53.605909],[-167.041245,53.707929],[-166.779991,53.719126],[-167.141966,53.826932],[-166.728918,54.003111]]],[[[-169.553937,56.608682],[-169.473138,56.601741],[-169.75575,56.591922],[-169.553937,56.608682]]],[[[-165.721389,60.16962],[-165.539367,59.965175],[-166.157071,59.748886],[-167.111785,59.989349],[-167.421489,60.205431],[-166.847438,60.213592],[-166.124379,60.414253],[-165.697326,60.297238],[-165.721389,60.16962]]],[[[-173.052751,60.515252],[-172.951862,60.605671],[-172.269754,60.333887],[-172.595895,60.318233],[-173.052751,60.515252]]],[[[-160.918586,58.746935],[-160.700627,58.817368],[-160.880515,58.581325],[-161.07563,58.549916],[-160.918586,58.746935]]],[[[-151.930565,60.51632],[-151.839194,60.485862],[-152.079995,60.341191],[-151.930565,60.51632]]],[[[-131.246018,54.989555],[-131.253671,54.866779],[-131.469097,54.913153],[-131.246018,54.989555]]],[[[-131.759896,55.381845],[-131.748334,55.128588],[-131.870568,55.364553],[-131.759896,55.381845]]],[[[-158.800682,55.891025],[-158.7036,55.841532],[-158.889198,55.810123],[-158.800682,55.891025]]],[[[-131.56956,55.284114],[-131.350575,55.067042],[-131.579882,55.017576],[-131.56956,55.284114]]],[[[-133.344847,55.569327],[-133.289854,55.50187],[-133.609073,55.241486],[-133.690174,55.304409],[-133.733029,55.558757],[-133.644202,55.470815],[-133.344847,55.569327]]],[[[-133.104304,55.426907],[-133.416549,55.739647],[-133.701152,55.78516],[-133.347915,55.803943],[-133.384089,55.87677],[-133.799931,55.925349],[-133.548802,56.14284],[-133.593728,56.352192],[-133.094977,56.250583],[-132.146062,55.470346],[-132.514798,55.576767],[-132.608786,55.486348],[-132.408317,55.512522],[-132.166857,55.363039],[-132.214912,55.2457],[-131.979818,55.211787],[-132.180334,55.015557],[-131.984592,55.027978],[-131.999591,54.731975],[-132.142277,54.691674],[-132.55839,54.932612],[-132.598675,55.150482],[-132.748854,54.996007],[-133.119294,55.251405],[-132.909706,54.923594],[-132.650001,54.904387],[-132.676226,54.680865],[-132.866355,54.700386],[-133.21042,55.040269],[-133.223791,55.229317],[-133.473593,55.255547],[-133.021557,55.366336],[-133.104304,55.426907]]],[[[-147.483828,60.618636],[-147.487635,60.728092],[-147.3087,60.665274],[-147.483828,60.618636]]],[[[-147.217704,60.293504],[-146.962633,60.311911],[-147.533041,59.852401],[-147.912883,59.79224],[-147.217704,60.293504]]],[[[-147.562801,60.579821],[-147.720124,60.202002],[-147.908985,60.224359],[-147.782548,60.4833],[-147.562801,60.579821]]],[[[-132.977163,56.439673],[-132.634335,56.422174],[-132.662081,56.274795],[-133.010587,56.309492],[-132.977163,56.439673]]],[[[-135.631777,58.380673],[-135.538502,58.337842],[-135.727908,58.365444],[-135.631777,58.380673]]],[[[-134.713987,58.220748],[-134.215981,58.162128],[-133.832895,57.635733],[-134.202353,57.90633],[-133.870327,57.381298],[-134.565687,57.023737],[-134.646773,57.226327],[-134.578511,57.400291],[-134.486023,57.372492],[-134.969189,58.367542],[-134.713987,58.220748]]],[[[-155.656727,55.860872],[-155.564404,55.809476],[-155.718593,55.772356],[-155.656727,55.860872]]],[[[-152.24289,58.241192],[-152.265111,58.135732],[-152.562829,58.177979],[-152.706831,58.050577],[-153.075746,58.099571],[-152.876788,58.002307],[-152.982406,57.984697],[-153.419783,58.059638],[-153.156402,58.090087],[-153.209672,58.15035],[-152.610955,58.475775],[-152.56771,58.621304],[-152.354709,58.63828],[-152.493991,58.354684],[-152.328063,58.434372],[-151.964103,58.269049],[-152.081083,58.154275],[-152.24289,58.241192]]],[[[-153.940505,56.558317],[-154.343096,56.510171],[-154.223759,56.612955],[-153.940505,56.558317]]],[[[-152.417424,57.815464],[-152.324284,57.824444],[-152.468172,57.600996],[-152.179531,57.624809],[-152.323683,57.467861],[-152.9663,57.51217],[-152.601148,57.382165],[-153.079288,57.32196],[-152.97091,57.282624],[-153.163333,57.216713],[-152.874839,57.16095],[-153.301142,56.991192],[-153.328206,57.141993],[-153.675981,57.06983],[-153.543429,56.995245],[-153.97178,56.744861],[-154.129017,56.742168],[-153.804787,57.113158],[-154.298965,56.846479],[-154.574343,57.239919],[-154.777368,57.280008],[-154.629678,57.510197],[-154.22566,57.661366],[-153.994572,57.656905],[-153.802932,57.350896],[-153.877756,57.629529],[-153.667261,57.639008],[-153.93522,57.813047],[-153.721176,57.890615],[-153.557647,57.734741],[-153.324872,57.831048],[-153.528697,57.921717],[-153.469421,57.977282],[-153.127278,57.856748],[-153.299009,57.985626],[-152.723425,57.99172],[-152.904312,57.750825],[-152.415177,57.973081],[-152.324103,57.916604],[-152.417424,57.815464]]],[[[-134.283312,55.925175],[-134.173104,55.918519],[-134.327238,55.83644],[-134.283312,55.925175]]],[[[-134.121514,56.069847],[-134.224073,56.065223],[-134.292353,56.352644],[-134.067466,56.390987],[-134.089604,56.472582],[-134.401407,56.725419],[-134.339168,56.90183],[-134.19095,56.861675],[-134.273113,56.933823],[-133.76778,56.780469],[-133.713331,56.598298],[-133.895746,56.511217],[-133.971228,56.083293],[-134.054411,56.224854],[-134.121514,56.069847]]],[[[-132.546463,56.606563],[-132.984751,56.51264],[-133.325392,56.791864],[-133.089388,56.535474],[-133.603669,56.435413],[-133.689996,56.839421],[-134.049218,57.029203],[-133.104611,57.005701],[-132.546463,56.606563]]],[[[-134.666587,56.169947],[-135.054049,56.527658],[-135.005249,56.602252],[-135.398678,56.779201],[-135.372021,57.228003],[-135.674687,57.336747],[-135.526036,57.509697],[-134.849477,57.40967],[-134.615955,56.637289],[-134.666587,56.169947]]],[[[-135.587961,57.89732],[-135.29156,57.737468],[-134.929726,57.759203],[-134.824891,57.500067],[-135.025148,57.454315],[-135.571606,57.674397],[-135.669416,57.389296],[-135.892131,57.408048],[-136.563223,58.035052],[-136.354836,58.192279],[-136.404805,58.267232],[-136.239246,58.171913],[-135.823562,58.282975],[-135.522646,58.185909],[-135.581753,57.997568],[-135.420107,58.144202],[-134.912854,57.979287],[-135.140674,57.926114],[-134.991819,57.835436],[-135.19896,57.775092],[-135.587961,57.89732]]],[[[-135.703464,57.32204],[-135.575722,57.104231],[-135.854131,56.995043],[-135.755997,57.121225],[-135.849974,57.265895],[-135.703464,57.32204]]],[[[-162.587754,63.275727],[-162.252411,63.541753],[-161.310181,63.471312],[-160.809089,63.731332],[-160.976038,64.235761],[-161.492926,64.407851],[-161.388621,64.532783],[-161.024185,64.499719],[-160.783398,64.71716],[-161.149655,64.911985],[-161.42986,64.759027],[-162.188146,64.672395],[-162.790167,64.325182],[-162.940776,64.542417],[-163.217757,64.632062],[-163.311983,64.58828],[-163.033231,64.519314],[-163.175336,64.399334],[-163.597834,64.563356],[-165.001961,64.433917],[-166.189546,64.575798],[-166.451788,64.691761],[-166.410198,64.827968],[-166.530518,64.937114],[-166.911922,65.125965],[-166.521506,65.149242],[-166.439404,65.319058],[-167.398458,65.400259],[-168.127044,65.626584],[-165.80503,66.33331],[-164.400727,66.58111],[-163.754171,66.551284],[-163.904813,66.230303],[-164.046937,66.209404],[-163.623921,66.058281],[-161.838018,66.022582],[-161.548429,66.239912],[-161.067871,66.235164],[-161.360743,66.375943],[-161.912946,66.344436],[-161.87488,66.511446],[-162.501415,66.742503],[-162.601052,66.898455],[-162.271769,66.904144],[-162.013623,66.779406],[-162.033156,66.631585],[-161.624334,66.450143],[-161.326349,66.478371],[-161.86618,66.704978],[-161.719587,66.916898],[-161.485121,66.945647],[-161.62216,67.008146],[-163.69887,67.114443],[-163.878781,67.416125],[-164.209816,67.639079],[-166.784578,68.340431],[-166.305962,68.46154],[-166.222496,68.860441],[-163.973678,68.985044],[-163.137614,69.352178],[-163.016456,69.538142],[-163.118176,69.589156],[-162.916958,69.692512],[-163.010545,69.728109],[-161.922949,70.291599],[-160.839536,70.344534],[-159.209082,70.870067],[-159.132483,70.828359],[-159.290577,70.811262],[-159.13779,70.758609],[-157.768452,70.875842],[-156.56865,71.352561],[-155.513987,71.096794],[-155.95205,70.964831],[-155.969194,70.827982],[-155.543031,70.847175],[-155.03174,71.146473],[-154.61605,71.026182],[-154.577386,70.835335],[-154.181863,70.768325],[-153.23848,70.922467],[-152.259966,70.84282],[-152.187197,70.801546],[-152.471531,70.68884],[-152.433781,70.616926],[-151.695162,70.549675],[-151.91921,70.472686],[-151.844375,70.434959],[-149.461755,70.518271],[-147.681722,70.199954],[-145.842689,70.164102],[-144.902304,69.96451],[-143.574986,70.154598],[-142.746807,70.042531],[-141.377718,69.634631],[-141.002672,69.645609],[-141.00184,60.306105],[-139.989142,60.18524],[-139.738924,60.31842],[-139.086669,60.357654],[-139.200346,60.090701],[-137.604277,59.243057],[-137.526424,58.906834],[-136.581521,59.164909],[-136.474326,59.464194],[-136.234229,59.524731],[-136.256889,59.623646],[-135.477436,59.799626],[-135.254125,59.701339],[-135.027456,59.563692],[-134.961972,59.280376],[-134.702383,59.247836],[-134.250526,58.858046],[-133.379908,58.427909],[-133.461475,58.385526],[-132.29792,57.269469],[-132.371312,57.095229],[-132.051044,57.051155],[-132.080262,56.850926],[-131.9301,56.835211],[-131.849898,56.661227],[-130.102761,56.116696],[-130.023189,55.930665],[-130.150595,55.767031],[-129.982348,55.302079],[-130.409764,54.881192],[-130.854966,54.766341],[-131.093806,55.191335],[-130.925069,55.300713],[-130.901872,55.69738],[-131.093956,55.895675],[-131.243491,55.973689],[-130.94683,55.650716],[-130.959772,55.315892],[-131.000594,55.398012],[-131.160492,55.197481],[-131.263089,55.208318],[-131.191595,55.360527],[-131.402931,55.238065],[-131.828446,55.445214],[-131.664629,55.581525],[-131.713742,55.853263],[-131.828176,55.877284],[-131.936689,55.535151],[-132.183207,55.588128],[-132.283594,55.761774],[-132.067412,55.875078],[-131.943402,56.192557],[-132.320487,55.887648],[-132.708697,56.112124],[-132.543076,56.332276],[-132.382793,56.299203],[-132.394268,56.485579],[-132.204367,56.372086],[-132.371589,56.672473],[-132.528446,56.702056],[-132.432385,56.782385],[-132.770404,56.837486],[-132.91197,56.966651],[-132.813684,57.030218],[-133.466932,57.159356],[-133.489738,57.305192],[-133.287052,57.30292],[-133.475998,57.380394],[-133.478086,57.56173],[-133.66439,57.611707],[-133.65855,57.707924],[-133.234598,57.608749],[-134.049603,58.062027],[-134.087674,58.181952],[-134.631203,58.247446],[-135.368331,59.263275],[-135.295084,59.08761],[-135.38931,58.990528],[-135.142322,58.61637],[-135.056227,58.189884],[-135.433061,58.399899],[-135.90731,58.380839],[-136.120307,58.968418],[-136.150772,58.757266],[-136.247343,58.752935],[-136.877826,58.962392],[-136.928643,58.900131],[-136.463258,58.781607],[-136.422309,58.647412],[-136.246368,58.663185],[-136.041818,58.380161],[-136.70125,58.219416],[-137.608804,58.601234],[-138.131,59.002613],[-139.855565,59.53666],[-139.51818,59.687814],[-139.625896,59.904084],[-139.486032,60.012407],[-140.272266,59.700609],[-141.423134,59.877329],[-141.299609,59.937397],[-141.384318,60.071598],[-141.73624,59.961905],[-142.698419,60.093333],[-144.035037,60.020202],[-144.59088,59.795581],[-144.052539,60.041759],[-144.892815,60.292821],[-144.964135,60.444466],[-145.113885,60.300978],[-145.9469,60.455395],[-145.712891,60.583249],[-146.689523,60.271279],[-146.637783,60.467178],[-145.795141,60.601121],[-145.841742,60.685893],[-146.253471,60.622315],[-146.101458,60.719277],[-146.191553,60.73199],[-146.668151,60.692761],[-146.183555,60.846969],[-146.262969,60.867787],[-146.801009,60.80516],[-146.653827,61.047752],[-146.262451,61.090246],[-146.613659,61.118799],[-147.378483,60.877845],[-147.525453,60.896057],[-147.514173,61.096127],[-147.66899,60.841563],[-148.134384,60.791268],[-147.715826,61.249669],[-148.426951,60.827113],[-148.384491,60.687754],[-148.148059,60.758536],[-148.091712,60.676249],[-148.30652,60.550702],[-148.115163,60.596029],[-147.942106,60.444029],[-148.025994,60.279029],[-148.171278,60.335266],[-148.362497,60.221849],[-147.913221,60.132576],[-148.016432,59.999344],[-147.848469,60.078962],[-147.917935,59.985997],[-148.225235,59.950195],[-148.148011,59.994952],[-148.274241,60.013318],[-148.293213,60.151289],[-148.401601,59.9976],[-149.133115,60.044918],[-149.287588,59.906506],[-149.341584,60.076762],[-149.584254,59.866905],[-149.526358,59.703258],[-149.666147,59.850527],[-149.746364,59.860881],[-149.74622,59.637585],[-150.028296,59.788652],[-149.928962,59.723245],[-150.392481,59.387265],[-150.316945,59.585285],[-150.478742,59.458498],[-150.547729,59.590331],[-150.942212,59.233136],[-151.915684,59.227522],[-151.991618,59.313617],[-151.826047,59.439049],[-151.272459,59.555823],[-150.927312,59.793431],[-151.503822,59.633662],[-151.829137,59.720151],[-151.71801,60.009473],[-151.30609,60.387257],[-151.40927,60.720558],[-150.353702,61.031822],[-150.217179,60.930001],[-149.111617,60.878949],[-150.039304,61.144291],[-149.429513,61.447165],[-149.542776,61.489995],[-149.919682,61.26347],[-150.646221,61.296689],[-151.783271,60.868713],[-151.702833,60.727778],[-151.860179,60.753282],[-152.309221,60.506384],[-152.234199,60.393888],[-152.715881,60.241274],[-152.596784,60.101071],[-152.745083,59.904232],[-153.225937,59.858343],[-153.021945,59.834133],[-153.214156,59.634271],[-153.366613,59.633729],[-153.439977,59.784652],[-153.577828,59.555991],[-154.087803,59.367967],[-154.260121,59.14302],[-153.254798,58.861756],[-153.445002,58.70931],[-153.851432,58.611872],[-154.291163,58.13568],[-154.990431,58.013424],[-155.37861,57.710766],[-155.617188,57.769715],[-155.731412,57.555546],[-156.044031,57.564455],[-156.036722,57.470941],[-156.481632,57.338705],[-156.551239,57.2908],[-156.336427,57.336081],[-156.355401,57.159679],[-156.5472,56.986488],[-157.201724,56.767511],[-157.45759,56.848204],[-157.536486,56.615317],[-158.042012,56.596744],[-157.859766,56.483668],[-158.402954,56.455193],[-158.498837,56.38011],[-158.112718,56.240286],[-158.475258,56.093405],[-158.417889,56.036796],[-158.575042,56.121129],[-158.737009,55.953313],[-159.472801,55.83905],[-159.696713,55.573306],[-159.627482,55.803248],[-159.81107,55.85657],[-160.410823,55.66538],[-160.481633,55.489068],[-160.909625,55.52414],[-161.231535,55.357452],[-161.445196,55.368103],[-161.376102,55.569794],[-161.587047,55.62006],[-161.878076,55.223599],[-162.041236,55.236806],[-162.053281,55.074212],[-162.489735,55.064849],[-162.4168,55.104096],[-162.584872,55.298386],[-162.692309,55.197313],[-162.569289,54.97124],[-162.881639,54.934785],[-163.165036,55.099214],[-163.226313,55.042694],[-163.067008,54.979302],[-163.373207,54.800841],[-163.057228,54.688101],[-163.344791,54.751211],[-163.572383,54.623211],[-164.179617,54.599188],[-164.41682,54.431713],[-164.844931,54.417583],[-164.949781,54.575697],[-164.48678,54.922441],[-163.568159,55.049145],[-163.318885,54.88012],[-163.268767,55.145465],[-162.86152,55.198339],[-161.816225,55.888993],[-160.898682,55.999014],[-160.814205,55.953834],[-160.940845,55.822529],[-160.806014,55.738241],[-160.668102,55.723556],[-160.769155,55.858268],[-160.293924,55.765556],[-160.273176,55.856881],[-160.534541,55.989498],[-160.357156,56.279582],[-158.957471,56.851184],[-158.660298,56.789015],[-158.659945,57.034585],[-158.376249,57.265542],[-157.786046,57.542189],[-157.573472,57.522732],[-157.703782,57.721768],[-157.596601,58.08867],[-157.39735,58.173383],[-157.524477,58.414506],[-156.980888,58.891031],[-158.190283,58.61371],[-158.512547,58.78311],[-158.487015,58.999872],[-158.179588,59.012245],[-158.522231,59.021763],[-158.789632,58.814257],[-158.827852,58.626432],[-158.704052,58.482759],[-158.880927,58.39067],[-159.657362,58.938712],[-159.908386,58.779903],[-160.322922,58.953953],[-160.31778,59.070477],[-161.751999,58.551842],[-162.171722,58.648441],[-161.769501,58.774937],[-161.828171,59.062702],[-162.048584,59.254177],[-161.738312,59.46701],[-162.453176,60.27854],[-162.1724,60.624038],[-162.571198,60.25189],[-162.453176,60.197639],[-162.503647,59.99923],[-163.349027,59.81989],[-164.079837,59.828034],[-164.1916,60.024496],[-165.129403,60.433707],[-164.961439,60.508391],[-165.362975,60.506866],[-164.97125,60.711434],[-164.945958,60.92106],[-165.132488,60.850145],[-165.194945,60.9739],[-164.87045,61.079564],[-165.2897,61.181714],[-165.403007,61.06706],[-165.578127,61.100361],[-165.662892,61.29457],[-165.921194,61.40308],[-165.767226,61.45695],[-165.807627,61.529171],[-166.165232,61.550618],[-166.158976,61.700437],[-165.82214,61.67061],[-166.092081,61.800733],[-165.640216,61.848041],[-165.706155,62.108365],[-164.837703,62.685267],[-164.783858,62.946154],[-164.493118,63.17767],[-164.066991,63.262276],[-163.316203,63.037763],[-162.587754,63.275727]]],[[[-169.267598,63.343995],[-168.692939,63.302282],[-168.818344,63.163224],[-169.396308,63.136617],[-169.638309,62.937527],[-170.512102,63.341881],[-171.067663,63.424579],[-171.433319,63.307578],[-171.849984,63.485039],[-171.699647,63.781728],[-170.950817,63.570127],[-170.281988,63.68502],[-169.974858,63.470618],[-169.267598,63.343995]]],[[[-162.614621,63.621832],[-162.341892,63.594062],[-162.676581,63.555648],[-162.614621,63.621832]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Alaska\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"21","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"570f5f9ce4b0ef3b7ca32956","chorus":{"doi":"10.1016/j.aeolia.2016.02.005","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2016.02.005","publisher":"Elsevier BV","authors":"Muhs Daniel R., Budahn James R., Skipp Gary L., McGeehin John P.","journalName":"Aeolian Research","publicationDate":"6/2016"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muhs, Daniel R. 0000-0001-7449-251X dmuhs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-251X","contributorId":168575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhs","given":"Daniel R.","email":"dmuhs@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":626544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Budahn, James R. 0000-0001-9794-8882 jbudahn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":1175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"James","email":"jbudahn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":626545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Skipp, Gary L. 0000-0002-9404-0980 gskipp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9404-0980","contributorId":2102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skipp","given":"Gary","email":"gskipp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":626546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McGeehin, John mcgeehin@usgs.gov","contributorId":167455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGeehin","given":"John","email":"mcgeehin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":626547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70170410,"text":"70170410 - 2016 - Effects of Coralliophila violacea on tissue loss in the scleractinian corals Porites spp. depend on host response","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-23T14:30:28","indexId":"70170410","displayToPublicDate":"2016-04-12T13:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1396,"text":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Effects of Coralliophila violacea on tissue loss in the scleractinian corals Porites spp. depend on host response","title":"Effects of Coralliophila violacea on tissue loss in the scleractinian corals Porites spp. depend on host response","docAbstract":"We investigated interactions between the corallivorous gastropod Coralliophila violacea and its preferred hosts Porites spp. Our objectives were to experimentally determine whether tissue loss could progress in Porites during or after Coralliophila predation on corals with and without tissue loss and to histologically document snail predation. In 64% of feeding scars, tissue regenerated within 3 wk, leaving no trace of predation. However, in roughly 28% of scars, lesions progressed to subacute tissue loss resembling white syndrome. In feeding experiments, scars from snails previously fed diseased tissue developed progressive tissue loss twice as frequently as scars from snails previously fed healthy tissue. Scars from previously healthy-fed snails were 3 times as likely to heal as those from previously diseased-fed snails. Histology revealed marked differences in host responses to snails; P. cylindrica manifested a robust inflammatory response with fewer secondary colonizing organisms such as algae, sponges, and helminths, whereas P. rus showed no evident inflammation and more secondary colonization. We conclude that lesion progression associated with Coralliophila may be associated with secondary colonization of coral tissues damaged by predator-induced trauma and necrosis. Importantly, variation at the cellular level should be considered when explaining interspecific differences in host responses in corals impacted by phenomena such as predation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/dao02982","usgsCitation":"Raymundo, L., Work, T.M., Miller, R.L., and Lozada-Misa, P., 2016, Effects of Coralliophila violacea on tissue loss in the scleractinian corals Porites spp. depend on host response: Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, v. 119, p. 75-83, https://doi.org/10.3354/dao02982.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"83","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066889","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471079,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/dao02982","text":"External Repository"},{"id":320276,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"119","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5718a83ce4b0ef3b7caba528","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raymundo, L.","contributorId":77777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raymundo","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Work, Thierry M. 0000-0002-4426-9090 thierry_work@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4426-9090","contributorId":1187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Work","given":"Thierry","email":"thierry_work@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, R. L.","contributorId":54178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lozada-Misa, P.L.","contributorId":168737,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lozada-Misa","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25351,"text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Honolulu, HI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":627132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70170469,"text":"70170469 - 2016 - Ecosystem level methane fluxes from tidal freshwater and brackish marshes of the Mississippi River Delta: Implications for coastal wetland carbon projects","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T08:34:10","indexId":"70170469","displayToPublicDate":"2016-04-12T11:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecosystem level methane fluxes from tidal freshwater and brackish marshes of the Mississippi River Delta: Implications for coastal wetland carbon projects","docAbstract":"Sulfate from seawater inhibits methane production in tidal wetlands, and by extension, salinity has been used as a general predictor of methane emissions. With the need to reduce methane flux uncertainties from tidal wetlands, eddy covariance (EC) techniques provide an integrated methane budget. The goals of this study were to: 1) establish methane emissions from natural, freshwater and brackish wetlands in Louisiana based on EC; and 2) determine if EC estimates conform to a methane-salinity relationship derived from temperate tidal wetlands with chamber sampling. Annual estimates of methane emissions from this study were 62.3 g CH4/m2/yr and 13.8 g CH4/m2/yr for the freshwater and brackish (8–10 psu) sites, respectively. If it is assumed that long-term, annual soil carbon sequestration rates of natural marshes are ~200 g C/m2/yr (7.3 tCO2e/ha/yr), healthy brackish marshes could be expected to act as a net radiative sink, equivalent to less than one-half the soil carbon accumulation rate after subtracting methane emissions (4.1 tCO2e/ha/yr). Carbon sequestration rates would need case-by-case assessment, but the EC methane emissions estimates in this study conformed well to an existing salinity-methane model that should serve as a basis for establishing emission factors for wetland carbon offset projects.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Wetland Scientists","publisherLocation":"McClean, VA","doi":"10.1007/s13157-016-0746-7","usgsCitation":"Holm, G., Perez, B.C., McWhorter, D.E., Krauss, K.W., Johnson, D., Raynie, R.C., and Killebrew, C.J., 2016, Ecosystem level methane fluxes from tidal freshwater and brackish marshes of the Mississippi River Delta: Implications for coastal wetland carbon projects: Wetlands, v. 36, no. 3, p. 401-413, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-016-0746-7.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"401","endPage":"413","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066949","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320398,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.2032470703125,\n 29.940655389125002\n ],\n [\n -90.2911376953125,\n 30.007273923504556\n ],\n [\n -90.4998779296875,\n 30.007273923504556\n ],\n [\n -90.68115234375,\n 29.869228848968312\n ],\n [\n -90.758056640625,\n 29.692824739380754\n ],\n [\n -90.7415771484375,\n 29.511330027309146\n ],\n [\n -90.52734374999999,\n 29.420460341013133\n ],\n [\n -90.19775390625,\n 29.477861195816843\n ],\n [\n -90.1593017578125,\n 29.7453016622136\n ],\n [\n -90.2032470703125,\n 29.940655389125002\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-04-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571b4b2de4b071321fe31c63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holm, Guerry O.","contributorId":79219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holm","given":"Guerry O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perez, Brian C.","contributorId":42286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perez","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McWhorter, David E.","contributorId":168801,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McWhorter","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":18062,"text":"CH2MHILL, Austin, TX","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":627339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Krauss, Ken W. 0000-0003-2195-0729 kraussk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2195-0729","contributorId":2017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krauss","given":"Ken","email":"kraussk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnson, Darren J.","contributorId":100291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Darren J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Raynie, Richard C.","contributorId":168802,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Raynie","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13608,"text":"Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":627341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Killebrew, Charles J.","contributorId":168803,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Killebrew","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13608,"text":"Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":627342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70168793,"text":"sim3353 - 2016 - Map of landslides triggered by the January 12, 2010, Haiti earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-12T11:01:37","indexId":"sim3353","displayToPublicDate":"2016-04-12T10:45:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3353","title":"Map of landslides triggered by the January 12, 2010, Haiti earthquake","docAbstract":"The magnitude (M) 7.0 Haiti earthquake of January 12, 2010, triggered landslides throughout much of Haiti on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea. The epicenter of the quake was located at 18.44°N., 72.57°W. at a depth of 13 kilometers (km) approximately 25 km southwest of the capital, Port-au-Prince. Although estimates vary widely, the most reliable surveys of casualties indicate that the earthquake caused 158,679 fatalities and more than 300,000 injuries. The U.S. Geological Survey compared publicly available satellite imagery acquired both before and after the earthquake and mapped 23,567 landslides that were triggered by the strong shaking. Our mapping from aerial photography and satellite imagery was augmented by field observations.
Most of the landslides triggered by the earthquake were south of the Léogâne fault on the footwall and were fairly shallow falls and slides in weathered limestone (2–5 meters [m] thick) and volcanic rock and soil (generally <1 m thick). Landslides extended from the north to the south coasts of the southwestern peninsula (southwest of Port-au-Prince) and almost 60 km to the east and west of the epicenter. The highest concentration of landslides was on the steep limestone slopes of incised river valleys, but large numbers of landslides also occurred on gentler slopes in weathered volcanic rocks. Although some high landslide concentrations did occur near areas of maximum fault slip, the overall distribution of landslides appears to involve complex interactions between geology, topography, and strong shaking with limited spatial correlation between fault slip and landslides.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3353","usgsCitation":"Harp, E.L., Jibson, R.W., and Schmitt, R.G., 2016, Map of landslides triggered by the January 12, 2010, Haiti earthquake: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3353, 15 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:150,000, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sim3353.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: iv, 15 p.; 2 Maps: 36.0 x 29.0 inches; Read Me; Spatial Data","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-068322","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319849,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3353/sim3353.pdf","text":"Pamphlet","size":"22.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3533 Pamphlet"},{"id":319848,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3353/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":319858,"rank":5,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3353/sim3353_map_geo.pdf","text":"Georeferenced Map","size":"85.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3533 Georeferenced Map"},{"id":319873,"rank":8,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3353/sim3353_LS_inventory.met","text":"Metadata","size":"12.0 kB","description":"SIM 3533 Metadata (met)"},{"id":319872,"rank":7,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3353/sim3353_shapefile.zip","text":"Shapefile","size":"11.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"SIM 3533 Shapefile"},{"id":319856,"rank":3,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3353/sim3353_readme.txt","text":"Read Me","size":"8.0 kB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"SIM 3533 ReadMe file"},{"id":319857,"rank":4,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3353/sim3353_map.pdf","text":"Map","size":"18.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3533 Map"},{"id":319867,"rank":6,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3353/sim3353_Haiti_Landslide_inventory.gdb.zip","text":"Geodatabase","size":"6.16 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"SIM 3533 Geodatabase"},{"id":319875,"rank":9,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3353/sim3353_LS_inventory.xml","text":"Metadata (xml)","size":"11.0 kB","description":"SIM 3533 Metadata (xml)"}],"country":"Haiti","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.1,\n 18.1\n ],\n [\n -73.1,\n 18.65\n ],\n [\n -71.9,\n 18.65\n ],\n [\n -71.9,\n 18.1\n ],\n [\n -73.1,\n 18.1\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Center Director, USGS Geologic Hazards Science Center
Box 25046, Mail Stop 966
Denver, CO 80225
http://geohazards.cr.usgs.gov/
","tableOfContents":"Marine derived nutrients delivered by large runs of returning salmon are thought to subsidize the in situ food resources that support juvenile salmon. In the Pacific Northwest, USA, salmon have declined to <10% of their historical abundance, with subsequent declines of marine derived nutrients once provided by large salmon runs. We explored whether low densities (<0.001 spawners/m2) of naturally spawning Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) can affect ecosystem metabolism. We measured gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) continuously before, during, and after salmon spawning. We compared downstream reaches with low densities of spawning salmon to upstream reaches with fewer or no spawners in 3 mid-sized (4th-order) rivers in northern Washington. In addition, we measured chemical, physical, and biological factors that may be important in controlling rates of GPP and ER. We observed that low densities of spawning salmon can increase GPP by 46% during spawning, but values quickly return to those observed before spawning. No difference in ER was observed between up- and downstream reaches. Based on our results, salmon density, temperature, and the proximity to salmon redds were the most important factors controlling rates of GPP, whereas temperature was most important for ER. These results suggest that even at low spawning densities, salmon can stimulate basal resources that may propagate up the food web. Understanding how recipient ecosystems respond to low levels of marine derived nutrients may inform nutrient augmentation studies aimed at enhancing fish populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","publisherLocation":"Chicago, IL","doi":"10.1086/686686","usgsCitation":"Benjamin, J.R., Bellmore, J., and Watson, G.A., 2016, Response of ecosystem metabolism to low densities of spawning Chinook salmon: Freshwater Science, v. 35, no. 3, p. 1874-1890, https://doi.org/10.1086/686686.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1874","endPage":"1890","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-062729","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319964,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"570cbc9ae4b0ef3b7ca0dbda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benjamin, Joseph R. 0000-0003-3733-6838 jbenjamin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3733-6838","contributorId":3999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benjamin","given":"Joseph","email":"jbenjamin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":626376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bellmore, J. Ryan jbellmore@usgs.gov","contributorId":4527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bellmore","given":"J. Ryan","email":"jbellmore@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":626377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Watson, Grace A. gwatson@usgs.gov","contributorId":5435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"Grace","email":"gwatson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":626378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70170207,"text":"70170207 - 2016 - Validation of ultrasound as a noninvasive tool to measure subcutaneous fat depth in leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-18T10:20:27","indexId":"70170207","displayToPublicDate":"2016-04-11T15:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2514,"text":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Validation of ultrasound as a noninvasive tool to measure subcutaneous fat depth in leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea)","docAbstract":"Leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) undergo substantial cyclical changes in body condition between foraging and nesting. Ultrasonography has been used to measure subcutaneous fat as an indicator of body condition in many species but has not been applied in sea turtles. To validate this technique in leatherback turtles, ultrasound images were obtained from 36 live-captured and dead-stranded immature and adult turtles from foraging and nesting areas in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Ultrasound measurements were compared with direct measurements from surgical biopsy or necropsy. Tissue architecture was confirmed histologically in a subset of turtles. The dorsal shoulder region provided the best site for differentiation of tissues. Maximum fat depth values with the front flipper in a neutral (45–90°) position demonstrated good correlation with direct measurements. Ultrasound-derived fat measurements may be used in the future for quantitative assessment of body condition as an index of health in this critically endangered species.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","doi":"10.1638/2015-0023.1","usgsCitation":"Harris, H.S., Benson, S.R., James, M.C., Martin, K.J., Stacy, B.A., Daoust, P., Rist, P.M., Work, T.M., Balazs, G.H., and Seminoff, J.A., 2016, Validation of ultrasound as a noninvasive tool to measure subcutaneous fat depth in leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea): Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, v. 47, no. 1, p. 275-279, https://doi.org/10.1638/2015-0023.1.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"275","endPage":"279","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063169","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319965,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"570cbc9ce4b0ef3b7ca0dbe9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, Heather S.","contributorId":97235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Heather","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benson, Scott R.","contributorId":49096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"James, Michael C.","contributorId":168556,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"James","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":25333,"text":"Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, B2Y 4T3, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":626451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Martin, Kelly J.","contributorId":168557,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martin","given":"Kelly","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":25334,"text":"Loggerhead Marinelife Center, 14200 U.S. Highway 1, Juno Beach, Florida, 33408, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":626452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stacy, Brian A.","contributorId":74698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stacy","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Daoust, Pierre-Yves","contributorId":168558,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Daoust","given":"Pierre-Yves","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25335,"text":"University of Prince Edward Island, Atlantic Veterinary College, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":626454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rist, Paul M.","contributorId":168559,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rist","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":25335,"text":"University of Prince Edward Island, Atlantic Veterinary College, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":626455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Work, Thierry M. 0000-0002-4426-9090 thierry_work@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4426-9090","contributorId":1187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Work","given":"Thierry","email":"thierry_work@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":626447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Balazs, George H.","contributorId":127680,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Balazs","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":7109,"text":"NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 1845 Wasp Boulevard, Building 176, Honolulu, HI 96818.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":626456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Seminoff, Jeffrey A.","contributorId":77005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seminoff","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ]}