A Bayesian time series analysis technique, the dynamic linear model, was used to analyze counts of Trumpeter Swans (Cygnus buccinator) summering in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming from 1931 to 2000. For the Yellowstone National Park segment of white birds (sub-adults and adults combined) the estimated probability of a positive growth rate is 0.01. The estimated probability of achieving the Subcommittee on Rocky Mountain Trumpeter Swans 2002 population goal of 40 white birds for the Yellowstone segment is less than 0.01. Outside of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming white birds are estimated to have a 0.79 probability of a positive growth rate with a 0.05 probability of achieving the 2002 objective of 120 white birds. In the Centennial Valley in southwest Montana, results indicate a probability of 0.87 that the white bird population is growing at a positive rate with considerable uncertainty. The estimated probability of achieving the 2002 Centennial Valley objective of 160 white birds is 0.14 but under an alternative model falls to 0.04. The estimated probability that the Targhee National Forest segment of white birds has a positive growth rate is 0.03. In Idaho outside of the Targhee National Forest, white birds are estimated to have a 0.97 probability of a positive growth rate with a 0.18 probability of attaining the 2002 goal of 150 white birds.
","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Wright, C.K., Sojda, R.S., and Goodman, D., 2002, Bayesian time series analysis of segments of the Rocky Mountain trumpeter swan population: Waterbirds, v. 25, no. 1, p. 319-326.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"319","endPage":"326","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311503,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311501,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1522369?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.597900390625,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -116.597900390625,\n 47.84265762816535\n ],\n [\n -105.919189453125,\n 47.84265762816535\n ],\n [\n -105.919189453125,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -116.597900390625,\n 42.09822241118974\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564daf44e4b0112df6c62dee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Christopher K.","contributorId":45566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sojda, Richard S. sojda@usgs.gov","contributorId":1663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sojda","given":"Richard","email":"sojda@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goodman, Daniel","contributorId":149965,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goodman","given":"Daniel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70216509,"text":"70216509 - 2002 - Preliminary geophysical characterization of two oil production sites, Osage County, Oklahoma - Osage Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research Project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-25T13:29:20.90626","indexId":"70216509","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T12:15:41","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Preliminary geophysical characterization of two oil production sites, Osage County, Oklahoma - Osage Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research Project","docAbstract":"Ground electromagnetic and dc resistivity geophysical surveys were used to interpret the subsurface distribution of salinized soil, water, and bedrock at two sites (A and B) and to characterize the larger scale hydrologic setting. Measurements were made on grids of about 1000 square meters using a very shallow penetrating (less than 10 m) electromagnetic (EM) geophysical system (EM31). At site A, high subsurface conductivities (more than 100 millisiemens per meter) found below disposal ponds extended down the local hydrologic gradient to below the normal level of near by Lake Skiatook. At site B, areas of highest subsurface electrical conductivity were offset about 10 m from the center of salt scars. The area of high subsurface electrical conductivity extends in the subsurface below the normal level of Skiatook Lake. DC resistivity soundings were made in and around the two sites in order to characterize deeper (30-60 m) electrical properties of the subsurface lithology and ground water. These soundings indicate that the tight shale that dominates the local lithology is moderately electrically conductive (5 milliseimems per meter). DC soundings done in several areas at the Skiatook Lake shoreline indicate an electrically conductive (less than 10 millisiemens per meter) zone exists below the shore even away from the oil production sites. This conductive zone may indicate a mixing between fresh lake water and local ground water that has high dissolved solids. Borehole geophysical logs at site B and laboratory rock property measurements are currently being used to refine interpretation of ground geophysical measurements.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference","conferenceDate":"October 22-25, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Albuquerque, New Mexico","language":"English","publisher":"Integrated Petroleum Environmental Consortium","usgsCitation":"Smith, B.D., Bisdorf, R.J., Horton, R., Otton, J.K., and Hutton, R.S., 2002, Preliminary geophysical characterization of two oil production sites, Osage County, Oklahoma - Osage Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research Project, in 9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference, Albuquerque, New Mexico, October 22-25, 2002.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380749,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","county":"Osage 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Bruce D. 0000-0002-1643-2997 bsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1643-2997","contributorId":845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Bruce","email":"bsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bisdorf, Robert J.","contributorId":107277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bisdorf","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Horton, Robert 0000-0001-5578-3733 rhorton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5578-3733","contributorId":612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"Robert","email":"rhorton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Otton, James K. jkotton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otton","given":"James","email":"jkotton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hutton, Raymond S.","contributorId":79001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutton","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70159717,"text":"70159717 - 2002 - Transforming the Rockies: Human forces, settlement patterns, and ecosystem effects","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70159717,"text":"70159717 - 2002 - Transforming the Rockies: Human forces, settlement patterns, and ecosystem effects","indexId":"70159717","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"chapter":"1","title":"Transforming the Rockies: Human forces, settlement patterns, and ecosystem effects"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70174912,"text":"70174912 - 2002 - Rocky Mountain futures: An ecological perspective","indexId":"70174912","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Rocky Mountain futures: An ecological perspective"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70174912,"text":"70174912 - 2002 - Rocky Mountain futures: An ecological perspective","indexId":"70174912","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Rocky Mountain futures: An ecological perspective"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T17:57:17","indexId":"70159717","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"1","title":"Transforming the Rockies: Human forces, settlement patterns, and ecosystem effects","docAbstract":"The current ecological condition of the Rocky Mountains can be viewed from two somewhat opposing perspectives. The first is that human occupation has had relatively little effect on the Rockies: large natural, if not pristine, areas remain, and the region's open spaces provide wildlife habitat, majestic scenery, and a sense of wildness. Unlike the situation in, say, the Swiss Alps, where even high-elevation meadows have been mown and grazed intensively for as long as 500 years and many large mammals have been extirpated, most elements of Rocky Mountain landscapes and biota are reasonably unaltered. Even the presumption that Native Americans changed regional landscapes with deliberately set fires has been challenged by Baker and Ehle (2001) and others who think that most fires were lightning-caused or accidental ignitions.
The second view is that humans have dramatically transformed the Rockies, at least since Euro-American settlement in the mid- to late 1800s. The slaughter of vast buffalo herds, the clearing of timber for railroad ties, and even the removal of whole hillsides in hydraulic placer mining represented substantial transformation. Ranch, resort, and residential development marks the latest incarnation of this transformation. Numerous, complex layers of land use have left landscape legacies, some of which may be unrecognized or underappreciated in modern assessments (Wohl 2001).
Here we consider both perspectives because we are impressed with both the many effects of human use of the Rockies and the region's remaining wild landscapes. Ironically, much of the recent population growth and development in the Rockies is driven by the region's wild landscapes, which make the present widespread transformation seem all the more significant. It is, of course, the rapid clip of current human transformation—high population growth rates, pervasive rural residential development, and landscape fragmentation (Baron, Theobald, and Fagre 2000)—that worries ecologists and others concerned with Rocky Mountain ecosystems. So although we offer an overview of historical changes in the Rockies, especially since the 1800s, much of our attention here is on land uses, economies, and settlement patterns since the 1970s and on their future trends.
About 15 scientists from the U. S. Geological Survey, other Federal agencies and academia are involved in a multidisciplinary investigation to study the transport, fate, and natural attenuation of inorganic salts, trace metals, radionuclides and organic compounds present in produced water, and their impacts on soil, surface and ground water and the local ecosystem at the Osage-Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research (OSPER) A and B sites, located in Osage County, OK. The Branstetter lease, OSPER B site, is typical of many aging petroleum fields in Osage County, which ranks among the top oil and gas producing counties in Oklahoma with close to 40,000 wells. Current production in Osage County is mainly from stripper wells (averaging ~2.8 bbls/d oil and >30 bbls/d brine) that are shallow, mostly 300-700 m in depth, and produce from several sandstones of Pennsylvanian age. About one hectare of land at the OSPER B site is affected by salt scarring, soil salinization and brine and petroleum contamination due to the leakage of produced water and associated hydrocarbons from two brine pits and due to accidental releases from active tank batteries. Eventually, the bulk of inorganic salts and some dissolved organic species in the released brine reach, directly or via the two local streams, the adjacent Skiatook Lake, a 4250-hectare reservoir that provides drinking water to the local communities and is a major recreational fishery.
About 40 water samples were obtained from several oil wells at the B site and adjoining areas, the two brine pits, several brine pools and seeps in the impacted area, local streams, Skiatook Lake, and from about 20 boreholes (1-71 m deep), recently drilled and completed with slotted PVC tubing. Water level monitoring and additional sampling is continuing. Results to date show that the produced water is a high-salinity (~150,000 mg/L total dissolved solids) Na-Ca-Cl brine, with relatively high concentrations of Sr, Mg and NH4, but low amounts of SO4 and H2S. With the exception of Fe and Mn, the concentrations of trace metals are low, and the values of dissolved organics are relatively low. As the brine flows from the brine pits through the shallow eolian sand, colluvial and alluvial deposits to the streams and Skiatook Lake, it is diluted by infiltrating water from precipitation. Its chemical composition is modified by sorption, mineral precipitation/dissolution, transpiration, volatilization and oxidation/reduction reactions. Bacteria likely play an important role in many of these reactions.
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Yousif K. 0000-0001-9861-8260 ykharaka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9861-8260","contributorId":1928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kharaka","given":"Yousif","email":"ykharaka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thordsen, James J. jthordsn@usgs.gov","contributorId":3329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thordsen","given":"James J.","email":"jthordsn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kakouros, Evangelos 0000-0002-4778-4039 kakouros@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4778-4039","contributorId":2587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kakouros","given":"Evangelos","email":"kakouros@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Abbott, Marvin M.","contributorId":89106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abbott","given":"Marvin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70159716,"text":"70159716 - 2002 - Rocky road in the Rockies: Challenges to biodiversity","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70159716,"text":"70159716 - 2002 - Rocky road in the Rockies: Challenges to biodiversity","indexId":"70159716","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"chapter":"8","title":"Rocky road in the Rockies: Challenges to biodiversity"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70174912,"text":"70174912 - 2002 - Rocky Mountain futures: An ecological perspective","indexId":"70174912","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Rocky Mountain futures: An ecological perspective"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70174912,"text":"70174912 - 2002 - Rocky Mountain futures: An ecological perspective","indexId":"70174912","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Rocky Mountain futures: An ecological perspective"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T17:57:34","indexId":"70159716","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"8","title":"Rocky road in the Rockies: Challenges to biodiversity","docAbstract":"To people worldwide, the Rocky Mountains of the United States and Canada represent a last bastion of nature in its purest and rawest form-unspoiled forests teeming with elk and deer stalked by mountain lions and grizzly bears; bald eagles nesting near lakes and rivers; fat, feisty native trout in rushing mountain streams; and dazzling arrays of wildflowers in lush meadows. In fact, the total biodiversity of the Rocky Mountains is considerable, with relatively high diversity in birds, mammals, butterflies, reptiles, and conifers (Ricketts et al. 1999) and with geographic variation in the flora and fauna of alpine, forest, foothill, and adjacent shortgrass prairie and shrub communities over more than 20 degrees of latitude and more than 10' of longitude.
Although the biodiversity of most North American regions has declined because of anthropogenic influences, the perception remains that the biodiversity of the Rocky Mountains is intact. This view exists in part because the Rocky Mountains are remote from urban centers, in part because so much of the land comprises protected areas such as national parks and wilderness areas, and in part because of wishful thinking-that nothing bad could happen to the biodiversity that is so much a part of the history, national self-image, legends, nature films, and movies of the United States and Canada. Despite modern technology and the homogenization and globalization of their cities and towns, at heart North Americans still regard their land as the New World, with pristine nature and untamed landscapes epitomized by the Rockies.
The reality is that the biodiversity of the Rocky Mountains has not been free of anthropogenic influences since the West was settled in the 1800s, and in fact it was altered by Native Americans for centuries prior to settlement. A number of escalating problems and consequences of management choices are currently changing Rocky Mountain ecological communities at a dizzying pace. In Order to maintain some degree of natural ecosystem processes and preserve natural biodiversity in light of these challenges, Americans and Canadians are faced with the need for intensive, hands-on management of both ecosystems and selected plant and animal populations.
In this chapter, we first discuss the primary issues regarding the biodiversity of the Rocky Mountains, including the Rocky Mountain portions of Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming, British Columbia, and Alberta. Next, we survey groups of organisms to examine their status and special problems. Finally, we touch on major challenges to biodiversity that loom in the near future. Given that entire books may be written on these issues, the discussion is brief and general, but with case histories for more detailed examples.
In February 2001, the USGS started studies of the impacts of produced water and hydrocarbon releases at 2 research sites adjacent to Skiatook Lake in southeastern Osage County near Tulsa, Oklahoma. Both sites are in a dissected area of modest relief underlain by interbedded shale, siltstone, and sandstone. Thicker resistant sandstone units typically form the hill crests. Hillslopes are underlain by shale, siltstone, and thin sandstone beds. Core drilling during February and March of 2002 indicates that the depth of weathering of the bedrock is about 10-25 m on the ridges and 5-6 m in small stream valleys.
These sites are located in the Cross Timbers ecosystem area of northeastern Oklahoma. Oak forests cover the hillslopes. Grassslands occur on most ridge crests.
Site \"A\" is an area where produced water and hydrocarbon releases occurred primarily 60-85 years ago. The site is located in section 13, T22N, R10E. The entire site is underlain by 1) a surface layer of eolian sand of varying thickness (maximum observed about 80 cm); 2) colluvium that ranges from large boulders of sandstone to thin, granule-pebble conglomerate; 3) weathered shale, siltstone, and sandstone; and 4) underlying unweathered bedrock. Much of the site appears to have been impacted by early salt-water releases that killed the oak forest, however a few oak trees persist as single trees or clumps of trees within the original kill area. The gently sloping upper part of the site is slightly eroded in places and has been mostly revegetated with grasses, forbs, sumac, and a few trees. The lower, steeper, more heavily salt-impacted portion has been eroded to depths of as much as 2 m. This area drains into the Cedar Creek arm of Skiatook Lake. Oil from two redwood tanks at the top of the site was transported via ditch to two roadside pits at mid-site. Oil spills from pipeline breaks and tank batteries (no longer present) are scattered around the site. Most of the oil is highly weathered however, one pit contains what appears to be relatively fresh asphaltic tank bottom material.
Site \"B\" is located in sections 29 and 32, T22N, R10E. It includes an active production tank battery and adjacent large pit, two injection well sites, one with an adjacent small pit, and an old tank battery. All of these sites are within 45 m of the shoreline of the lake (at normal pool elevation). The pit associated with the active tank battery is within 15 m of the lake. Two small creeks cross the northern and southern parts of the site. The upper part of the site is characterized by a thin surface layer of eolian sand mixed with sandstone-clast colluvium underlain by weathered and unweathered shale whereas the lower part of the site is underlain by 1) a surface layer of eolian sand (20-70 cm thick); 2) colluvial apron and alluvial deposits of varying thickness comprised of sandstone pebbles, cobbles, and boulders with a fine sand matrix; 3) weathered shale; and 4) unweathered bedrock. Three salt scars extend downslope from the active tank battery, the injection well/pit, and the old tank battery to the lake edge. The area underlain by shallow saline ground water is substantially larger than the salt-scarred areas. Dissolved hydrocarbons can be detected in the shallow ground water below the active pit.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference","conferenceDate":"October 22-25, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Albuquerque, New Mexico","language":"English","publisher":"Integrated Petroleum Environmental Consortium","usgsCitation":"Otton, J.K., and Zielinski, R.A., 2002, Produced water and hydrocarbon releases at the Osage-Skiatook petroleum environmental research sites, Osage County, Oklahoma: Introduction and geologic setting, in 9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference, Albuquerque, New Mexico, October 22-25, 2002.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380746,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","county":"Osage 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James K. jkotton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otton","given":"James","email":"jkotton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zielinski, Robert A. 0000-0002-4047-5129 rzielinski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":1593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"Robert","email":"rzielinski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70228907,"text":"70228907 - 2002 - Ostracoda and paleoceanography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-23T17:52:13.311334","indexId":"70228907","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T11:44:16","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5371,"text":"Geophysical Monograph","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"Ostracoda and paleoceanography","docAbstract":"This chapter contains sections titled:
Introduction
Brief Summary of Modern Ostracodes in the World's Oceans
Paleoceanography Over 106-107 Year Timescales
Orbital Scale Climate Variability
Millennial Scale Climate
Centennial and Decadal Climate Trends
Future Work
This digital Magnetic Anomaly database and map for the North American continent is the result of a joint effort by the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and Consejo de Recursos Minerales of Mexico (CRM). The database and map represent a substantial upgrade from the previous compilation of Magnetic Anomaly data for North America, now over a decade old (Committee for the Magnetic Anomaly Map of North America, 1987). This integrated, readily accessible, modern digital database of magnetic anomaly data will be a powerful tool for further evaluation of the structure, geologic processes, and tectonic evolution of the continent and may also be used to help resolve societal and scientific issues that span national boundaries. The North American magnetic anomaly map derived from the digital database provides a comprehensive magnetic view of continental-scale trends not available in individual data sets, helps link widely separated areas of outcrop, and unifies disparate geologic studies. This booklet outlines the data processing and compilation procedures used to produce the magnetic anomaly database and map that accompany this booklet.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70211067","usgsCitation":"North American Magnetic Anomaly Group, Bankey, V., Cuevas, A., Daniels, D.L., Finn, C.A., Hernandez, I., Hill, P.L., Kucks, R., Miles, W., Pilkington, M., Roberts, C., Roest, W., Rystrom, V., Shearer, S., Snyder, S.L., Sweeney, R.E., and Velez, J., 2002, Magnetic anomaly map of North America: Special Map, Report: 31 p.; 1 Plate: 56.02 x 40.01 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/70211067.","productDescription":"Report: 31 p.; 1 Plate: 56.02 x 40.01 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":376332,"rank":6,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sm/mag_map/mag_s_copy.jpg"},{"id":376331,"rank":5,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sm/mag_map/mag_book_508.pdf","text":"Booklet (text 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E.","contributorId":89564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweeney","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":792672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Velez, Julio","contributorId":100941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Velez","given":"Julio","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":792673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17}]}} ,{"id":70243111,"text":"70243111 - 2002 - 36 - Implications of crustal strain during conventional, slow, and silent earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-28T16:37:35.626731","indexId":"70243111","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T11:34:13","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5944,"text":"International Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"36 - Implications of crustal strain during conventional, slow, and silent earthquakes","docAbstract":"Uniform block-slip motion consistent with simple shear on locked fault segments is the primary feature apparent in geodetic measurements of strain accumulation along plate boundaries (Savage, 1983). However, almost every aspect of fault failure is nonlinear in character. This premise derives from theoretical models (Kostrov, 1966; Richards, 1976; Andrews, 1976; Freund, 1979; Rice and Rudnicki, 1979; Rice, 1983, 1992; Stuart, 1979, Stuart and Mavko, 1979; Das and Scholz, 1981; Rundle et al., 1984; Tse and Rice, 1986; Lorenzetti and Tullis, 1989; Segall and Rice, 1995; Shaw, 1997; Miller et al., 1999) and laboratory-generated frictional failure of crustal materials (Dieterich, 1979, 1981; Mogi, 1981; Mogi et al., 1982) which predict accelerating deformation will occur before dynamic slip instabilities, better known as earthquakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0074-6142(02)80239-X","usgsCitation":"Johnston, M., and Linde, A.T., 2002, 36 - Implications of crustal strain during conventional, slow, and silent earthquakes: International Geophysics, v. 81, no. Part A, p. 589-605, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-6142(02)80239-X.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"589","endPage":"605","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416511,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"Part A","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnston, M.J.S. 0000-0003-4326-8368","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4326-8368","contributorId":104889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"M.J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Linde, A. T.","contributorId":21700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linde","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70159711,"text":"70159711 - 2002 - The northern Yellowstone elk: density dependence and climatic conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-18T12:09:06","indexId":"70159711","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The northern Yellowstone elk: density dependence and climatic conditions","docAbstract":"We analyzed a time series of estimates of elk (Cervus elaphus) numbers on the northern Yellowstone winter range from 1964 to 1979 and 1986 to 1995 using a variety of discrete time stochastic population dynamic models. These models included adjustments for density, an increase in the area of winter range used by elk, lagged effects of the weather covariates of spring precipitation, snow depth and winter temperature, and the impacts of the 1988 drought and fires. An information-criteria-based model-selection process strongly supported evidence of density dependence. The best model, a Ricker model, distinguished between the 2 time periods. The bulk of the difference between the 2 periods is attributed to an increase in the amount of winter range used by elk. Inclusion of the covariates spring precipitation and spring precipitation squared greatly improved the model fit. We detected a short-lived increase in elk population growth rate following the 1988 drought and fires. Fertility and survivorship of adults appeared to have different density-dependent forms that together result in a biphasic relationships between population growth rate and density. This study confirms the presence of density-dependent regulation in the norther Yellowstone elk herd, and enhances our understanding of population dynamics of these ungulates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.2307/3802877","usgsCitation":"Taper, M.L., and Gogan, P., 2002, The northern Yellowstone elk: density dependence and climatic conditions: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 66, no. 1, p. 106-122, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802877.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"106","endPage":"122","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311498,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.17041015625,\n 43.281204464332745\n ],\n [\n -112.17041015625,\n 45.81348649679971\n ],\n [\n -108.3197021484375,\n 45.81348649679971\n ],\n [\n -108.3197021484375,\n 43.281204464332745\n ],\n [\n -112.17041015625,\n 43.281204464332745\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564daf55e4b0112df6c62e3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taper, Mark L.","contributorId":105192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taper","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gogan, Peter J.P.","contributorId":91205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gogan","given":"Peter J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70229422,"text":"70229422 - 2002 - Techniques for collection and study of ostracoda","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-07T17:37:41.682638","indexId":"70229422","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T11:22:12","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5371,"text":"Geophysical Monograph","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"Techniques for collection and study of ostracoda","docAbstract":"This chapter contains sections titled:
Introduction
Collecting Modern Ostracoda
Sample Processing
Analysis of Ostracod Data
Culturing Ostracods
Concluding Comments
The strength of active fault zones, i.e., the shear stress level required to cause fault slip, is fundamental to understanding the physics of earthquakes and to assessing earthquake hazard. Although many researchers have concluded that fault zones are weak (shear stresses 10 MPa or less averaged between 0 and ˜20 km depth), others maintain that faults are strong (˜100 MPa average of an approximate linear increase with depth). Thus, despite 30 y of dedicated research, relevant data remain inconclusive and fault strength remains uncertain by an order of magnitude. In part, this is because the main source of energy release in earthquakes is at depths greater than 5 km, inaccessible to direct instrumental observation. Very large earthquakes rupture to the Earth's surface where direct observation of the shallow rupture process is possible. However, the rupture characteristics at shallow depth may differ from those at seismogenic depths. To date no great (M ≥ 7.75) earthquakes have occurred within a network of modern strong-motion instruments, but the large, well-recorded 1999 earthquakes in Turkey and Taiwan, both M = 7.6, show that this data gap is rapidly being filled. Furthermore, shear stress changes at the earthquake source (and the resulting seismic waves) are nearly linear perturbations of the absolute stress field. Thus, an unknown absolute background stress does not greatly affect the basic characteristics of the observed low frequency seismic waves and the observed geodetic deformation. Other, less-direct data must then be used to infer the physical state and ambient stress levels on active faults.
This chapter discusses available evidence and current ideas about fault zone strength and energetics. In our review we begin by outlining the general physical conditions prevailing in the Earth around active faults and summarize the generally agreed upon observational features of faulting and earthquake occurrence (Section 2). In doing so we make as few assumptions as possible, because making uncertain assumptions may lead to logical inconsistencies and apparent paradoxes. For example, the absence of a measurable, frictionally generated heat flow anomaly near active faults, the so-called stress-heat flow paradox, rests upon assumptions that must somehow be incorrect. We wish to avoid such inconsistencies and to begin we introduce the observations and briefly state what they imply about fault zones. Subsequently, in Sections 3–8, we place these observations in an interpretative context and show how they have been used to infer various measures of fault shear stress. Section 9 summarizes our assessment of the average shear stress state near faults, argues for the general importance of stress heterogeneity in faulting processes, and discusses its implications.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0074-6142(02)80238-8","usgsCitation":"Brune, J.N., and Thatcher, W.R., 2002, 35 - Strength and energetics of active fault zones: International Geophysics, v. 81, no. Part A, p. 569-588, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-6142(02)80238-8.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"569","endPage":"588","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416506,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"Part A","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brune, James N.","contributorId":76304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brune","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thatcher, Wayne R. 0000-0001-6324-545X thatcher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6324-545X","contributorId":2599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"Wayne","email":"thatcher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70199478,"text":"70199478 - 2002 - Plasticity in vertical migration by native and exotic estuarine fishes in a dynamic low‐salinity zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T10:40:17","indexId":"70199478","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T10:39:31","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Plasticity in vertical migration by native and exotic estuarine fishes in a dynamic low‐salinity zone","docAbstract":"We investigated the degree of flexibility in retention strategies of young fishes in the low‐salinity zone (LSZ) of the San Francisco Estuary during years of highly variable river flow. We conducted depth‐stratified sampling over three full tidal cycles in each year from 1994 to 1996. In 1994, exotic striped bass (Morone saxatilis), native longfin smelt (Spirinchus thaleichthys), and exotic yellowfin goby (Acanthogobus flavimanus) migrated tidally, occurring near the surface on flood tides and near the bottom on ebb tides. This strategy may have facilitated retention, because landward residual currents were absent in this drought year. During 1995, this behavior persisted for striped bass and yellowfin goby, even though landward residual currents were present under high river‐flow conditions. In moderate river‐flow conditions (1996), longfin smelt again migrated tidally, whereas at another station adjacent to shallow bays, longfin smelt, striped bass, and native delta smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus) migrated on a reverse diel cycle, occurring near the surface by day and at depth by night. Reverse diel migration may facilitate horizontal transport and retention. Therefore, young fishes appeared to be behaviorally flexible in different environmental conditions to maximize retention. Vertical migrations may also enhance feeding success because zooplankton prey similarly migrated in the LSZ. Our study underscores the value of interdisciplinary studies in a variety of environmental conditions to decipher the range of organism behaviors promoting transport and retention in optimal habitats.
","language":"English","publisher":"Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc.","doi":"10.4319/lo.2002.47.5.1496","usgsCitation":"Bennett, W.A., Kimmerer, W.J., and Burau, J.R., 2002, Plasticity in vertical migration by native and exotic estuarine fishes in a dynamic low‐salinity zone: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 47, no. 5, p. 1496-1507, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2002.47.5.1496.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1496","endPage":"1507","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478610,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2002.47.5.1496","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":357473,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Francisco County","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Estuary","volume":"47","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-09-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10f1cfe4b034bf6a80616d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennett, William A.","contributorId":88988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kimmerer, Wim J.","contributorId":59169,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kimmerer","given":"Wim","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6690,"text":"San Francisco State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":745539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burau, Jon R. 0000-0002-5196-5035 jrburau@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-5035","contributorId":1500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burau","given":"Jon","email":"jrburau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70229419,"text":"70229419 - 2002 - Palynology of Eocene strata in the Sagavanirktok and Canning Formations on the North Slope of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-07T16:43:13.699234","indexId":"70229419","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T10:05:57","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3006,"text":"Palynology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Palynology of Eocene strata in the Sagavanirktok and Canning Formations on the North Slope of Alaska","docAbstract":"This paper describes, illustrates, and interprets Eocene palynomorph assemblages from the North Slope of Alaska, mainly from 31 outcrop samples from seven stratigraphic sections at Franklin Bluffs on the Sagavanirktok River. The top of the Sagwon Member of the Sagavanirktok Formation is shown to be a thin, coaly, apparently nonmarine sequence almost certainly of early Eocene age; the remainder of the member has long been known to be Paleocene in age. The remaining six sections at Franklin Bluffs contain silty, sandy, and clayey strata and are in the Franklin Bluffs Member of the Sagavanirktok Formation in the type area of this member. Dinocyst and pollen data from the Franklin Bluffs Member suggest mainly an early Eocene age, but some strata might be middle Eocene. In all samples from the type Franklin Bluffs Member that contained reasonably well preserved dinocyst assemblages, the environment of deposition was nearshore marine or estuarine. The Franklin Bluffs Member is the temporal equivalent of the marine Mikkelsen Tongue of the Canning Formation, whose type locality is approximately 90 km to the east–northeast. Previous pollen and plant megafossil data from the Arctic showed that the early to middle Eocene climate of the North Slope of Alaska was warm temperate, perhaps nearly subtropical. At least 20 pollen taxa present in the Eocene of the North Slope also occurred as far south in North America as the Gulf Coast and therefore had enormous latitudinal ranges. Several of these taxa appear to have migrated north to the Arctic Coast, probably mainly in the latest Paleocene, at the beginning of the climatic thermal maximum for the Tertiary. However, there is also evidence that plants producing modern-looking grains of Carya, Juglans, and Liquidambar migrated southward from the Arctic to the Gulf Coast after the early Eocene.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.2113/0260059","usgsCitation":"Frederiksen, N.O., Edwards, L.E., Ager, T.A., and Sheehan, T.P., 2002, Palynology of Eocene strata in the Sagavanirktok and Canning Formations on the North Slope of Alaska: Palynology, v. 26, no. 1, p. 59-93, https://doi.org/10.2113/0260059.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"59","endPage":"93","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":396789,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, Northwest Territories","otherGeospatial":"Amund Ringnes Island, Axel Heiberg Island, Banks Island, Cornwall Island, Death Valley, Ellesmere Island, Franklin Bluffs, Jago River, Mackenzie Delta, North Slope, Sagavanirktok River, Seward Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": 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","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Methods in soil analysis: Part 4 physical methods","language":"English","publisher":"Soil Science Society of America","publisherLocation":"Madison, Wisconsin","usgsCitation":"Haverkamp, R., Nimmo, J.R., and Reggiani, P., 2002, Property-transfer models, chap. of Methods in soil analysis: Part 4 physical methods, p. 759-761.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"759","endPage":"761","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358049,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10f1cfe4b034bf6a80616f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haverkamp, R.","contributorId":208423,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Haverkamp","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nimmo, John R. 0000-0001-8191-1727 jrnimmo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"John","email":"jrnimmo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reggiani, P.","contributorId":208424,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reggiani","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70170390,"text":"70170390 - 2002 - A model to predict the occurrence of surviving butternut trees in the southern Appalachian region: Chapter 43","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-19T14:45:09","indexId":"70170390","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T01:15:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"title":"A model to predict the occurrence of surviving butternut trees in the southern Appalachian region: Chapter 43","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Predicting species occurrences: Issues of scale and accuracy","language":"English","publisher":"Island Press","isbn":"9781559637879","usgsCitation":"van Manen, F.T., Clark, J.D., Schlarbaum, S.E., Johnson, K.D., and Taylor, G., 2002, A model to predict the occurrence of surviving butternut trees in the southern Appalachian region: Chapter 43, chap. of Predicting species occurrences: Issues of scale and accuracy, p. 491-497.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"491","endPage":"497","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320188,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571756ade4b0ef3b7caa5f8b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Scott, J. 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FY 2001 Annual Report (Res. Rept. No. 94)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-22T17:55:13","indexId":"96248","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Comparative effects of climate on ecosystem nitrogen and soil biogeochemistry in U.S. national parks. FY 2001 Annual Report (Res. Rept. No. 94)","docAbstract":"In 1998, the USGS Global Change program funded research for a network of Long-Term Reference Ecosystems initially established in national parks and funded by the National Park Service. The network included Noland Divide, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee; Pine Canyon, Big Ben National park, Texas; West Twin Creek, Olympic National Park, Washingtona?? Wallace Lake, Isle Royale National Park, Michigan; and the Asik watershed, Noatak National Preserve, Alaska. The watershed ecosystem model was used since this approach permits additional statistical power in detection of trends among variables, and the watershed in increasingly a land unit used in resource management and planning. The ecosystems represent a major fraction of lands administered by the National Park Service, and were chosen generally for the contrasts among sites. For example, tow of the site, Noland and West Twin, are characterized by high precipitation amounts, but Noland receives some of the highest atmospheric nitrogen (N) inputs in North America. In contrast, Pine Canyon and Asik are warm and cold desert sites respectively. The Asik watershed receives <1% the atmospheric N inputs Noland receives. The Asik site is at the northern extent (treeline) of the boreal biome in the North America while Wallace is at the southern ecotone between boreal and northern hardwoods. The research goal for these sites is to gain a basic understanding of ecosystem structure and function, and the response to global change especially atmospheric inputs and climate.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","doi":"10.3133/96248","usgsCitation":"Stottlemyer, R., Edmonds, R., Scherbarth, L., Urbanczyk, K., Van Miegroet, H., and Zak, J., 2002, Comparative effects of climate on ecosystem nitrogen and soil biogeochemistry in U.S. national parks. FY 2001 Annual Report (Res. Rept. No. 94), 18 pp., https://doi.org/10.3133/96248.","productDescription":"18 pp.","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128489,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae4f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stottlemyer, R.","contributorId":44493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stottlemyer","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edmonds, R.","contributorId":91807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edmonds","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scherbarth, L.","contributorId":15956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scherbarth","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Urbanczyk, K.","contributorId":40151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Urbanczyk","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Van Miegroet, H.","contributorId":47723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Miegroet","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zak, J.","contributorId":74329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zak","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":1000957,"text":"1000957 - 2002 - Field estimate of net trophic transfer efficiency of PCBs to Lake Michigan chinook salmon from their prey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T10:04:41","indexId":"1000957","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field estimate of net trophic transfer efficiency of PCBs to Lake Michigan chinook salmon from their prey","docAbstract":"Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) has been the predominant piscivore in Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Ontario since the 1970s, and therefore accurate quantification of its energy budget is needed for effective management of Great Lakes fisheries. A new approach of evaluating a fish bioenergetics model in the field involves field estimation of the efficiency with which the fish retains PCBs from its food. We used diet information, PCB determinations in both chinook salmon and their prey, and bioenergetics modeling to generate a field estimate of the efficiency with which Lake Michigan chinook salmon retain PCBs from their food. Our field estimate is the most reliable field estimate to date because (a) the estimate was based on a relatively high number (N = 142) of PCB determinations for chinook salmon from Wisconsin waters of Lake Michigan in 1985, (b) a relatively long time series (1978−1988) of detailed observations on chinook salmon diet in Lake Michigan was available, and (c) the estimate incorporated new information from analyses of chinook salmon age and growth during the 1980s and 1990s in Lake Michigan. We estimated that chinook salmon from Lake Michigan retain 53% of the PCBs that are contained within their food.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es0206036","usgsCitation":"Madenjian, C.P., O’Connor, D.V., Stewart, D.J., Miller, M.A., and Masnado, R.G., 2002, Field estimate of net trophic transfer efficiency of PCBs to Lake Michigan chinook salmon from their prey: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 36, no. 23, p. 5029-5033, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0206036.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"5029","endPage":"5033","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133534,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-11-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ade4b07f02db5c71d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madenjian, Charles P. 0000-0002-0326-164X cmadenjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-164X","contributorId":2200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"Charles","email":"cmadenjian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Connor, Daniel V.","contributorId":73950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Connor","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stewart, Donald J.","contributorId":33660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, Michael A.","contributorId":85920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6913,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":309989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Masnado, Robert G.","contributorId":103238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masnado","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1002724,"text":"1002724 - 2002 - High-precision measurements of wetland sediment elevation. I. Recent improvements to the sedimentation--erosion table","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:50","indexId":"1002724","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-precision measurements of wetland sediment elevation. I. Recent improvements to the sedimentation--erosion table","docAbstract":"The sedimentation-erosion table (SET) developed by Boumans and Day (1993) is herein renamed the surface elevation table (SET) to better reflect the conceptual view of the processes being measured. The SET was designed for making high-resolution measurements of small-scale changes in elevation of loose, unconsolidated sediments in shallow water and mudflat habitats. The SET has undergone three major improvements to increase precision and so that it can be used to measure sediment elevation in vegetated wetlands as well as shallow water habitats. The remote-release 'sliding plate' mechanism has been replaced with a single plate, collars (first 2.5 cm then 7.5 cm in length) have been attached to the plate to reduce play in the placement of the measuring pins, and the brass measuring pins have been replaced with fiberglass pins to reduce bending and consequent loss of precision. Under ideal laboratory conditions, the 95% confidence limit for individual pin measurements averaged about A? 1.4 mm (range A? 0.7 to A? 1.9 mm). These modifications have resulted in a reduction of error by about 50%. \r\n","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1306/020702720730","usgsCitation":"Cahoon, D.R., Lynch, J., Hensel, P., Boumans, R., Perez, B., Segura, B., and Day, J., 2002, High-precision measurements of wetland sediment elevation. I. Recent improvements to the sedimentation--erosion table: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 72, no. 5, p. 730-733, https://doi.org/10.1306/020702720730.","productDescription":"p. 730-733","startPage":"730","endPage":"733","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":15421,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1306/020702720730","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"7006.000000000000000"},{"id":134402,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a59e4b07f02db62fa31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cahoon, Donald R. 0000-0002-2591-5667","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2591-5667","contributorId":65424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahoon","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":312166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lynch, J.C.","contributorId":25104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lynch","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hensel, P.","contributorId":57814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hensel","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boumans, R.","contributorId":48932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boumans","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Perez, B.C.","contributorId":104017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perez","given":"B.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Segura, B.","contributorId":73562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Segura","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Day, J.W. Jr.","contributorId":41792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"J.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":1002933,"text":"1002933 - 2002 - Improved method for quantifying the avicide 3-chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride in bird tissues using a deuterated surrogate/GC/MS method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-20T14:27:17.666582","indexId":"1002933","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2149,"text":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improved method for quantifying the avicide 3-chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride in bird tissues using a deuterated surrogate/GC/MS method","docAbstract":"A method using a deuterated surrogate of the avicide 3-chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride (CPTH) was developed to quantify the CPTH residues in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and breast muscle tissues in birds collected in CPTH-baited sunflower and rice fields. This method increased the range of a previous surrogate/gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy method from 0−2 to 0−20 μg/g in tissue samples and greatly simplified the extraction procedure. The modified method also sought to increase recoveries over a range of matrix effects introduced by analyzing tissues from birds collected in the field, where the GI tract contents would be affected by varying diet. The new method was used to determine the CPTH concentration in GI tract samples fortified with CPTH-treated rice bait to simulate the consumption of varying amounts of treated bait by two nontargeted bird species, pigeon (Columbia livia) and house sparrow (Passer domesticus). The new method was then used to examine the CPTH concentrations in the gizzard contents of the targeted bird species, red-winged black bird (Agelaius phoeniceus) and brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater), that were collected after feeding at a treated bait site. The method proved sufficiently sensitive to quantify CPTH in the breast muscle tissues and the gizzard contents of red-winged blackbirds and brown-headed cowbirds during an operational baiting program. The levels of CPTH determined for these birds in both tissue samples were determined to be highly correlated. The appearance of CPTH in the breast muscle tissue immediately after feeding was not anticipated. The potential secondary hazard posed by the targeted birds to potential scavengers and predators was also evaluated.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/jf011003d","usgsCitation":"Stahl, R.S., Custer, T.W., Pochop, P.A., and Johnston, J.J., 2002, Improved method for quantifying the avicide 3-chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride in bird tissues using a deuterated surrogate/GC/MS method: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, v. 50, no. 4, p. 732-738, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf011003d.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"732","endPage":"738","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198492,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fde4b07f02db5f5d6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stahl, Randal S.","contributorId":27390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stahl","given":"Randal","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Custer, Thomas W. 0000-0003-3170-6519 tcuster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-6519","contributorId":2835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"Thomas","email":"tcuster@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":312368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pochop, P. A.","contributorId":73715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pochop","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnston, J. J.","contributorId":17339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1001791,"text":"1001791 - 2002 - Computer simulation of wolf-removal strategies for animal-damage control","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-16T10:01:49","indexId":"1001791","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Computer simulation of wolf-removal strategies for animal-damage control","docAbstract":"Because of the sustained growth of the gray wolf (Canis lupus) population in the western Great Lakes region of the United States, management agencies are anticipating gray wolf removal from the federal endangered species list and are proposing strategies for wolf management. Strategies are needed that would balance public demand for wolf conservation with demand for protection against wolf depredation on livestock, poultry, and pets. We used a stochastic, spatially structured, individually based simulation model of a hypothetical wolf population, representing a small subset of the western Great Lakes wolves, to predict the relative performance of 3 wolf-removal strategies. Those strategies included reactive management (wolf removal occurred in summer after depredation), preventive management (wolves removed in winter from territories with occasional depredation), and population-size management (wolves removed annually in winter from all territories near farms). Performance measures included number of depredating packs and wolves removed, cost, and population size after 20 years. We evaluated various scenarios about immigration, trapping success, and likelihood of packs engaging in depredation. Four robust results emerged from the simulations: 1) each strategy reduced depredation by at least 40% compared with no action, 2) preventive and population-size management removed fewer wolves than reactive management because wolves were removed in winter before pups were born, 3)population-size management was least expensive because repeated annual removal kept most territories near farms free of wolves, and 4) none of the strategies threatened wolf populations unless they were isolated because wolf removal took place near farms and not in wild areas. For isolated populations, reactive management alone ensured conservation and reduced depredation. Such results can assist decision makers in managing gray wolves in the western Great Lakes states.","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","usgsCitation":"Haight, R., Travis, L., Nimerfro, K., and Mech, L., 2002, Computer simulation of wolf-removal strategies for animal-damage control: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 30, no. 3, p. 844-852.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"844","endPage":"852","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133684,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b14e4b07f02db6a4798","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haight, R.G.","contributorId":75493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haight","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Travis, L.E.","contributorId":98695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Travis","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nimerfro, K.","contributorId":55396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimerfro","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mech, L.D. 0000-0003-3944-7769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":75466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mech","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1001749,"text":"1001749 - 2002 - Assemblages of breeding birds as indicators of grassland condition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-29T19:20:59.623464","indexId":"1001749","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1456,"text":"Ecological Indicators","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assemblages of breeding birds as indicators of grassland condition","docAbstract":"We developed a measure of biological integrity for grasslands (GI) based on the most influential habitat types in the Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota. GI is based on proportions of habitat types and the relationships of these habitat types to breeding birds. Habitat types were identified by digital aerial photography, verified on the ground, and quantified using GIS. We then developed an index to GI based on the presence or abundance of breeding bird species. Species abundance data were obtained from 3 min roadside point counts at 889 points in 44, 4050 ha study plots over a 2-year period. Using a modified North American Breeding Bird Survey protocol, species were recorded in each of four quadrants at each point. Fifty species selected for analysis included all grassland species that occurred in at least 15 quadrants and all other bird species that occurred in at least 1% of quadrants. We constructed preliminary models using data from each of the 2 years, then tested their predictive ability by cross-validation with data from the other year. These cross-validation tests indicated that the index consistently predicted grassland integrity. The final four models (presence and abundance models at 200 and 400 m scales) included only those species that were statistically significant (P 0.05) in all preliminary models. Finally we interpreted the components of the indices by examining associations between individual species and habitat types. Logistic regression identified 386 statistically significant relationships between species and habitat types at 200 and 400 m scales. This method, though labor-intensive, successfully uses the presence of grassland-dependent species and absence of species associated with woody vegetation or cropland to provide an index to grassland integrity. Once regional associations of species with habitat types have been identified, such indices can be applied relatively inexpensively to monitor grassland integrity over large geographic areas. Indices like the ones presented here could be applied widely using bird abundance data that are currently being collected across the United States and southern Canada through the North American Breeding Bird Survey.","language":"English","publisher":"ScienceDirect","doi":"10.1016/S1470-160X(02)00060-2","usgsCitation":"Browder, S., Johnson, D.H., and Ball, I., 2002, Assemblages of breeding birds as indicators of grassland condition: Ecological Indicators, v. 2, no. 3, p. 257-270, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-160X(02)00060-2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"270","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134056,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Prairie Pothole Region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -101.8212890625,\n 45.85941212790755\n ],\n [\n -99.1845703125,\n 45.85941212790755\n ],\n [\n -99.1845703125,\n 47.100044694025215\n ],\n [\n -101.8212890625,\n 47.100044694025215\n ],\n [\n -101.8212890625,\n 45.85941212790755\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672b05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Browder, S.F.","contributorId":12405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Browder","given":"S.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":70327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ball, I.J.","contributorId":104427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"I.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1001709,"text":"1001709 - 2002 - Perspectives on trans-Pacific biological invasions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-16T09:46:11","indexId":"1001709","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":645,"text":"Acta Phytoecologica Sinica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Perspectives on trans-Pacific biological invasions","docAbstract":"Trans-Pacific biological invasion is one of the most striking and influential biological phenomena occurring in modern times and the process is still accelerating, and the associated invasives form neo-disjuncts (cf. many well-known paleo-disjuncts) between eastern Asia and North America. To better understand this phenomenon and the related taxa, I address the following questions: 1) what types of species (e.g., life/growth form) have been, or are likely to be, associated with trans-Pacific (eastern Asia, North America) invasions; 2) what has happened or may happen to these species after their remote geographic separation, and 3) what aspects of these species and their native and non-native habitats should be better understood for improved control. To answer these questions, comparisons of the invasive species' characteristics in their native and invaded habitats need to be examined, including: l) genetics, 2) life history/morphology (e.g., plant size, seed size, etc.), 3) ecology (e.g., life/growth forms, pollinators, competitors), 4) distributions (e.g., range size, shape, latitude) in their native (source) and introduced (target) ranges or habitats, and 5) physical factors such as soil, water, and climate. The purpose of these studies is 1) to identify the limiting factors that restrict the distributions of exotic species in native ranges, 2) to understand why invasive species are successful in the introduced ranges, 3) to predict possible future invasions, and, ultimately, 4) to provide information for more efficient and effective management.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Acta Phytoecologica Sinica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Guo, Q., 2002, Perspectives on trans-Pacific biological invasions: Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, v. 26, no. 6, p. 724-730.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"724","endPage":"730","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133719,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db6883b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guo, Q.","contributorId":67039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guo","given":"Q.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1001694,"text":"1001694 - 2002 - Invertebrate biomass: associations with lesser prairie-chicken habitat use and sand sagebrush density in southwestern Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:05","indexId":"1001694","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Invertebrate biomass: associations with lesser prairie-chicken habitat use and sand sagebrush density in southwestern Kansas","docAbstract":"Invertebrates are important food sources for lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) adults and broods. We compared invertebrate biomass in areas used and not used by lesser prairie-chicken adults and broods. We used radiotelemetry to determine use and non-use areas in sand sagebrush (Artemisia filifolia) prairie in southwestern Kansas and sampled invertebrate populations during summer 1998 and 1999. Sweepnet-collected biomass of short-horned grasshoppers (Acrididae) and total invertebrate biomass generally were greater in habitats used by lesser prairie-chickens than in paired non-use areas. We detected no differences in pitfall-collected biomass of Acrididae (P=0.81) or total invertebrate biomass (P=0.93) among sampling areas with sand sagebrush canopy cover of 0 to 10%, 11 to 30%, and >30%. Results of multivariate analysis and regression model selection suggested that forbs were more strongly associated with invertebrate biomass than shrubs, grasses, or bare ground. We could not separate lesser prairie-chicken selection for areas of forb cover from selection of areas with greater invertebrate biomass associated with forb cover. Regardless of whether the effects of forbs were direct or indirect, their importance in sand sagebrush habitat has management implications. Practices that maintain or increase forb cover likely will increase invertebrate biomass and habitat quality in southwestern Kansas.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Jamison, B., Robel, R., Pontius, J., and Applegate, R., 2002, Invertebrate biomass: associations with lesser prairie-chicken habitat use and sand sagebrush density in southwestern Kansas: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 30, p. 517-526.","productDescription":"p. 517-526","startPage":"517","endPage":"526","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134055,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48c4e4b07f02db53f123","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jamison, B.","contributorId":91071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jamison","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robel, R.J.","contributorId":20297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robel","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pontius, J.S.","contributorId":69523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pontius","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Applegate, R.D.","contributorId":15581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Applegate","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1001676,"text":"1001676 - 2002 - Responses of dabbling ducks to wetland conditions in the Prairie Pothole Region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-18T16:58:13.958419","indexId":"1001676","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Responses of dabbling ducks to wetland conditions in the Prairie Pothole Region","docAbstract":"The relationships between wetland water conditions and breeding numbers of Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), Northern Pintail (A. acuta), Blue-winged Teal (A. discors), and Northern Shoveler (A. clypeata) during May of 1992-1995, were examined on twelve study areas in the eastern Prairie Pothole Region. Data were collected on water levels (by wetland class [temporary, seasonal, semipermanent]), pond density (density of wet basins), and numbers of indicated pairs for each species from weekly roadside transect surveys. Comparison of models relating duck numbers to wetlands using Akaike’s Information Criterion indicated that measures of water condition generally were of similar value for explaining duck numbers. The model containing effects of semipermanent wetland water levels was among the best in explaining duck numbers for all species. Inclusion of temporary and seasonal wetland water levels in models for Mallard and Northern Pintail was not strongly supported by the data. Variation in duck numbers was much higher among areas than among years. Water conditions accounted for nearly all among-year variation for individual sites, but a large proportion of residual variation remained unexplained. Water condition measures (excluding spatial and temporal factors) explained 9-49% of variation in duck numbers, leaving 51-91% unexplained. Comparisons of these results to those of studies conducted at local or regional scale indicated that the relationship between duck numbers and pond numbers varied with scale, and suggested that other area-related factors should be considered at smaller landscape scales.
","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.1675/1524-4695(2002)025[0465:RODDTW]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Austin, J.E., 2002, Responses of dabbling ducks to wetland conditions in the Prairie Pothole Region: Waterbirds, v. 25, no. 4, p. 465-473, https://doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2002)025[0465:RODDTW]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"465","endPage":"473","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133671,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, MInnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -100.2392578125,\n 42.13082130188811\n ],\n [\n -92.96630859375,\n 42.13082130188811\n ],\n [\n -92.96630859375,\n 47.931066347509784\n ],\n [\n -100.2392578125,\n 47.931066347509784\n ],\n [\n -100.2392578125,\n 42.13082130188811\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db6283c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Austin, J. E.","contributorId":5999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Austin","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}