{"pageNumber":"1139","pageRowStart":"28450","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40871,"records":[{"id":70024601,"text":"70024601 - 2002 - Molecular analysis of a 11 700-year-old rodent midden from the Atacama Desert, Chile","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:07","indexId":"70024601","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2774,"text":"Molecular Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Molecular analysis of a 11 700-year-old rodent midden from the Atacama Desert, Chile","docAbstract":"DNA was extracted from an 11 700-year-old rodent midden from the Atacama Desert, Chile and the chloroplast and animal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene sequences were analysed to investigate the floral environment surrounding the midden, and the identity of the midden agent. The plant sequences, together with the macroscopic identifications, suggest the presence of 13 plant families and three orders that no longer exist today at the midden locality, and thus point to a much more diverse and humid climate 11 700 years ago. The mtDNA sequences suggest the presence of at least four different vertebrates, which have been putatively identified as a camelid (vicuna), two rodents (Phyllotis and Abrocoma), and a cardinal bird (Passeriformes). To identify the midden agent, DNA was extracted from pooled faecal pellets, three small overlapping fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene were amplified and multiple clones were sequenced. These results were analysed along with complete cytochrome b sequences for several modern Phyllotis species to place the midden sequence phylogenetically. The results identified the midden agent as belonging to an ancestral P. limatus. Today, P. limatus is not found at the midden locality but it can be found 100 km to the north, indicating at least a small range shift. The more extensive sampling of modern Phyllotis reinforces the suggestion that P. limatus is recently derived from a peripheral isolate.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Molecular Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01492.x","issn":"09621083","usgsCitation":"Kuch, M., Rohland, N., Betancourt, J., Latorre, C., Steppan, S., and Poinar, H., 2002, Molecular analysis of a 11 700-year-old rodent midden from the Atacama Desert, Chile: Molecular Ecology, v. 11, no. 5, p. 913-924, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01492.x.","startPage":"913","endPage":"924","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207779,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01492.x"},{"id":232982,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-04-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5cefe4b0c8380cd7004d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuch, M.","contributorId":68502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuch","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rohland, N.","contributorId":56420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rohland","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Betancourt, J.L. 0000-0002-7165-0743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":87505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":401857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Latorre, C.","contributorId":101797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Latorre","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Steppan, S.","contributorId":90503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steppan","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Poinar, H.N.","contributorId":25730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poinar","given":"H.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70025020,"text":"70025020 - 2002 - Zoned chondrules in Semarkona: Evidence for high-and low-temperature processing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-12T15:58:33.316638","indexId":"70025020","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2715,"text":"Meteoritics and Planetary Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Zoned chondrules in Semarkona: Evidence for high-and low-temperature processing","docAbstract":"<p>At least 15% of the low-FeO chondrules in Semarkona (LL3.0) have mesostases that are concentrically zoned in Na, with enrichments near the outer margins. We have studied zoned chondrules using electron microprobe methods (x-ray mapping plus quantitative analysis), ion microprobe analysis for trace elements and hydrogen isotopes, cathodoluminescence imaging, and transmission electron microscopy in order to determine what these objects can tell us about the environment in which chondrules formed and evolved.</p><p>Mesostases in these chondrules are strongly zoned in all moderately volatile elements and H (interpreted as water). Calcium is depleted in areas of volatile enrichment. Titanium and Cr generally decrease toward the chondrule surfaces, whereas Al and Si may either increase or decrease, generally in opposite directions to one another; Mn follows Na in some chondrules but not in others; Fe and Mg are unzoned. D/H ratios increase in the water-rich areas of zoned chondrules. Mesostasis shows cathodoluminescence zoning in most zoned chondrules, with the brightest yellow color near the outside. Mesostasis in zoned chondrules appears to be glassy, with no evidence for devitrification.</p><p>Systematic variations in zoning patterns among pyroxene- and olivine-rich chondrules may indicate that fractionation of low- and high-Ca pyroxene played some role in Ti, Cr, Mn, Si, Al, and some Ca zoning. But direct condensation of elements into hot chondrules, secondary melting of late condensates into the outer portions of chondrules, and subsolidus diffusion of elements into warm chondrules cannot account for the sub-parallel zoning profiles of many elements, the presence of H<sub>2</sub>O, or elemental abundance patterns.</p><p>Zoning of moderately volatile elements and Ca may have been produced by hydration of chondrule glass without devitrification during aqueous alteration on the parent asteroid. This could have induced structural changes in the glass allowing rapid diffusion and exchange of elements between altered glass and surrounding matrix and rim material. Calcium was mainly lost during this process, and other nonvolatile elements may have been mobile as well. Some unzoned, low-FeO chondrules appear to have fully altered mesostasis.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1945-5100.2002.tb00795.x","usgsCitation":"Grossman, J.N., Alexander, C.M., Wang, J., and Brearley, A.J., 2002, Zoned chondrules in Semarkona: Evidence for high-and low-temperature processing: Meteoritics and Planetary Science, v. 37, no. 1, p. 49-73, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2002.tb00795.x.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"73","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478788,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2002.tb00795.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233261,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-01-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd295e4b08c986b32f8d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grossman, Jeffrey N. 0000-0001-9099-9628","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9099-9628","contributorId":37317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grossman","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alexander, C. M. O’D.","contributorId":105418,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alexander","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M. O’D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wang, Jianhua","contributorId":294838,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Jianhua","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brearley, Adrian J.","contributorId":211911,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brearley","given":"Adrian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36307,"text":"University of New Mexico","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":403465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024789,"text":"70024789 - 2002 - The 1999 Mw 7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake: A test of the stress shadow hypothesis?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-24T15:23:12.08291","indexId":"70024789","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 1999 Mw 7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake: A test of the stress shadow hypothesis?","docAbstract":"<p>We test the stress shadow hypothesis for large earthquake interactions by examining the relationship between two large earthquakes that occurred in the Mojave Desert of southern California, the 1992 <i>M<sub>w</sub></i> 7.3 Landers and 1999 <i>M<sub>w</sub></i> 7.1 Hector Mine earthquakes. We want to determine if the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake occurred at a location where the Coulomb stress was increased (earthquake advance, stress trigger) or decreased (earthquake delay, stress shadow) by the previous large earthquake. Using four models of the Landers rupture and a range of possible hypocentral planes for the Hector Mine earthquake, we discover that most scenarios yield a Landers-induced relaxation (stress shadow) on the Hector Mine hypocentral plane. Although this result would seem to weigh against the stress shadow hypothesis, the results become considerably more uncertain when the effects of a nearby Landers aftershock, the 1992 <i>M<sub>L</sub></i> 5.4 Pisgah earthquake, are taken into account. We calculate the combined static Coulomb stress changes due to the Landers and Pisgah earthquakes to range from -0.3 to +0.3 MPa (- 3 to +3 bars) at the possible Hector Mine hypocenters, depending on choice of rupture model and hypocenter. These varied results imply that the Hector Mine earthquake does not provide a good test of the stress shadow hypothesis for large earthquake interactions. We use a simple approach, that of static dislocations in an elastic half-space, yet we still obtain a wide range of both negative and positive Coulomb stress changes. Our findings serve as a caution that more complex models purporting to explain the triggering or shadowing relationship between the 1992 Landers and 1999 Hector Mine earthquakes need to also consider the parametric and geometric uncertainties raised here.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120000913","usgsCitation":"Harris, R., and Simpson, R., 2002, The 1999 Mw 7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake: A test of the stress shadow hypothesis?: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 4, p. 1497-1512, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000913.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1497","endPage":"1512","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233141,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Hector Mine","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117,\n              35\n            ],\n            [\n              -117,\n              34\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              34\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              35\n            ],\n            [\n              -117,\n              35\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba63fe4b08c986b320fc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, R.A. 0000-0002-9247-0768","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9247-0768","contributorId":41849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simpson, R.W.","contributorId":76738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023946,"text":"70023946 - 2002 - Potential nontarget effects of <i>Metarhizium anisopliae</i> (Deuteromycetes) used for biological control of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-07T12:21:23","indexId":"70023946","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1536,"text":"Environmental Entomology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential nontarget effects of <i>Metarhizium anisopliae</i> (Deuteromycetes) used for biological control of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae)","docAbstract":"<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The potential for nontarget effects of the entomopathogenic fungus <i>Metarhizium anisopliae</i> (Metschnikoff) Sorokin, when used for biological control of ticks, was assessed in laboratory trials. Fungal pathogenicity was studied against convergent ladybird beetles, <i>Hippodamia convergens</i> Guérin-Méneville, house crickets, <i>Acheta domesticus</i> (L.), and the milkweed bugs <i>Oncopeltus fasciatus</i> (Dallas). Fungal spores applied with a spray tower produced significant mortality in <i>H. convergens</i> and <i>A. domesticus</i>, but effects on <i>O. fasciatus</i> were marginal. Placing treated insects with untreated individuals resulted in mortality from horizontal transmission to untreated beetles and crickets, but not milkweed bugs. Spread of fungal infection in the beetles resulted in mortality on days 4–10 after treatment, while in crickets mortality was on day 2 after treatment, suggesting different levels of pathogenicity and possibly different modes of transmission. Therefore, <i>M. anisopliae</i> varies in pathogenicity to different insects. Inundative applications can potentially affect nontarget species, but <i>M. anisopliae</i> is already widely distributed in North America, so applications for tick control generally would not introduce a novel pathogen into the environment. Pathogenicity in lab trials does not, by itself, demonstrate activity under natural conditions, so field trials are needed to confirm these results and to assess methods to minimize nontarget exposure.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Entomological Society of America","doi":"10.1603/0046-225X-31.6.1191","issn":"0046225X","usgsCitation":"Ginsberg, H.S., LeBrun, R., Heyer, K., and Zhioua, E., 2002, Potential nontarget effects of <i>Metarhizium anisopliae</i> (Deuteromycetes) used for biological control of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae): Environmental Entomology, v. 31, no. 6, p. 1191-1196, https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225X-31.6.1191.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1191","endPage":"1196","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":501691,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cels_past_depts_facpubs/98","text":"External Repository"},{"id":231975,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7f4de4b0c8380cd7aa52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ginsberg, Howard S. hginsberg@usgs.gov","contributorId":140901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ginsberg","given":"Howard","email":"hginsberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":399460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LeBrun, Roger A.","contributorId":89820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBrun","given":"Roger A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heyer, Klaus","contributorId":28338,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heyer","given":"Klaus","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":399461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zhioua, Elyes","contributorId":177231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhioua","given":"Elyes","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":399459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024936,"text":"70024936 - 2002 - Investigations of potential bias in the estimation of lambda using Pradel's (1996) model for capture-recapture data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-14T10:18:20","indexId":"70024936","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2173,"text":"Journal of Applied Statistics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Investigations of potential bias in the estimation of lambda using Pradel's (1996) model for capture-recapture data","docAbstract":"<p><span>Pradel's (1996) temporal symmetry model permitting direct estimation and modelling of population growth rate, u i , provides a potentially useful tool for the study of population dynamics using marked animals. Because of its recent publication date, the approach has not seen much use, and there have been virtually no investigations directed at robustness of the resulting estimators. Here we consider several potential sources of bias, all motivated by specific uses of this estimation approach. We consider sampling situations in which the study area expands with time and present an analytic expression for the bias in u i We next consider trap response in capture probabilities and heterogeneous capture probabilities and compute large-sample and simulation-based approximations of resulting bias in u i . These approximations indicate that trap response is an especially important assumption violation that can produce substantial bias. Finally, we consider losses on capture and emphasize the importance of selecting the estimator for u i that is appropriate to the question being addressed. For studies based on only sighting and resighting data, Pradel's (1996) u i ' is the appropriate estimator.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02664760120108872","issn":"02664763","usgsCitation":"Hines, J., and Nichols, J., 2002, Investigations of potential bias in the estimation of lambda using Pradel's (1996) model for capture-recapture data: Journal of Applied Statistics, v. 29, no. 1-4, p. 573-587, https://doi.org/10.1080/02664760120108872.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"573","endPage":"587","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233218,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207922,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02664760120108872"}],"volume":"29","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3ec1e4b0c8380cd63fea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hines, James E. jhines@usgs.gov","contributorId":3506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James E.","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":403178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James D.","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":403177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025010,"text":"70025010 - 2002 - Model-based estimation of individual fitness","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-20T14:38:46.657453","indexId":"70025010","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2173,"text":"Journal of Applied Statistics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Model-based estimation of individual fitness","docAbstract":"<p><span>Fitness is the currency of natural selection, a measure of the propagation rate of genotypes into future generations. Its various definitions have the common feature that they are functions of survival and fertility rates. At the individual level, the operative level for natural selection, these rates must be understood as latent features, genetically determined propensities existing at birth. This conception of rates requires that individual fitness be defined and estimated by consideration of the individual in a modelled relation to a group of similar individuals; the only alternative is to consider a sample of size one, unless a clone of identical individuals is available. We present hierarchical models describing individual heterogeneity in survival and fertility rates and allowing for associations between these rates at the individual level. We apply these models to an analysis of life histories of Kittiwakes ( Rissa tridactyla ) observed at several colonies on the Brittany coast of France. We compare Bayesian estimation of the population distribution of individual fitness with estimation based on treating individual life histories in isolation, as samples of size one (e.g. McGraw &amp; Caswell, 1996).</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02664760120108700a","usgsCitation":"Link, W., Cooch, E.G., and Cam, E., 2002, Model-based estimation of individual fitness: Journal of Applied Statistics, v. 29, no. 1-4, p. 207-224, https://doi.org/10.1080/02664760120108700a.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"207","endPage":"224","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233117,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"France","otherGeospatial":"Brittany Coast","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      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Emmanuelle","contributorId":78069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cam","given":"Emmanuelle","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024171,"text":"70024171 - 2002 - Distinguishing palagonitized from pedogenically-altered basaltic Hawaiian tephra: Mineralogical and geochemical criteria","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-04T10:29:59","indexId":"70024171","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1785,"text":"Geological Society Special Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distinguishing palagonitized from pedogenically-altered basaltic Hawaiian tephra: Mineralogical and geochemical criteria","docAbstract":"<p>Palagonitization is a common, but imperfectly defined process that greatly modifies the physical and chemical properties of glassy basaltic tephra deposited in subaquatic/subglacial environments on Earth and perhaps Mars. It also results in textures and mineralogies that are distinct from other forms of (mainly pedogenic) low temperature alteration. Specifically, the process of palagonitization (1) initially results in the formation of 'palaginitized glass', a quasi- or nano-crystalline, rind-like material that contains smectite, as well as lesser amounts of other clays (e.g. serpentine), and (2) eventually results in consolidation of tephra, mediated through the accretion of palagonitized glass and later- formed authigenic cements. Conversely, pedogenic weathering of glassy basaltic tephra is characterized by disaggregation of tephra, and formation of a wide range of pedogenic products, including layer silicates (although not primarily smectite), short-range-order aluminosilicates and oxyhydroxides, whose composition reflects the intensity of the weathering environment. These mineralogical and textural properties can be readily recognized through a variety of techniques including electron microscopy/microprobe analysis, reflectance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and soil chemistry. Analyses of samples collected from the summit regions of Kilauea and Mauna Kea volcanoes on the island of Hawaii are presented here in order to illustrate differences between palagonitization and pedogenic weathering of glassy basaltic tephra. In the young Hawaiian tephras studied, palagonitization has occurred in response to hydrothermal activity shortly after deposition. Although some, non-hydrothermally affected tephras may eventually become palagonitized, those that have been strongly desilicated by intense pedogenic weathering will probably never become palagonitized.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of London","doi":"10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.202.01.20","issn":"03058719","usgsCitation":"Schiffmant, P., Southard, R., Eberl, D.D., and Bishop, J., 2002, Distinguishing palagonitized from pedogenically-altered basaltic Hawaiian tephra: Mineralogical and geochemical criteria: Geological Society Special Publication, no. 202, p. 393-405, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.202.01.20.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"393","endPage":"405","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231838,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"202","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-02-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0251e4b0c8380cd4ffd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schiffmant, Peter","contributorId":51016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schiffmant","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Southard, R.J.","contributorId":83703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Southard","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eberl, D. D.","contributorId":66282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberl","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bishop, J.L.","contributorId":83244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bishop","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024673,"text":"70024673 - 2002 - Influence of fracture anisotropy on ground water ages and chemistry, Valley and Ridge province, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-28T10:23:23","indexId":"70024673","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of fracture anisotropy on ground water ages and chemistry, Valley and Ridge province, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Model ground water ages based on chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and tritium/helium-3 (3H/3He) data were obtained from two arrays of nested piezometers located on the north limb of an anticline in fractured sedimentary rocks in the Valley and Ridge geologic province of Pennsylvania. The fracture geometry of the gently east plunging fold is very regular and consists predominately of south dipping to subhorizontal to north dipping bedding-plane parting and east striking, steeply dipping axial-plane spaced cleavage. In the area of the piezometer arrays, which trend north-south on the north limb of the fold, north dipping bedding-plane parting is a more dominant fracture set than is steeply south dipping axial-plane cleavage. The dating of ground water from the piezometer arrays reveals that ground water traveling along paths parallel to the dip direction of bedding-plane parting has younger 3H/3He and CFC model ages, or a greater component of young water, than does ground water traveling along paths opposite to the dip direction. In predominantly unmixed samples there is a strong positive correlation between age of the young fraction of water and dissolved sodium concentration. The travel times inferred from the model ages are significantly longer than those previously calculated by a ground water flow model, which assumed isotropically fractured layers parallel to topography. A revised model factors in the directional anisotropy to produce longer travel times. Ground water travel times in the watershed therefore appear to be more influenced by anisotropic fracture geometry than previously realized. This could have significant implications for ground water models in other areas underlain by similarly tilted or folded sedimentary rock, such as elsewhere in the Valley and Ridge or the early Mesozoic basins.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02652.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Burton, W., Plummer, N., Busenberg, E., Lindsey, B., and Gburek, W., 2002, Influence of fracture anisotropy on ground water ages and chemistry, Valley and Ridge province, Pennsylvania: Ground Water, v. 40, no. 3, p. 242-257, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02652.x.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"242","endPage":"257","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233096,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Valley and Ridge Province","volume":"40","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b3ae4b0c8380cd6233c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burton, W.C.","contributorId":41439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":402189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Busenberg, E.","contributorId":56796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lindsey, B.D.","contributorId":89696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gburek, W.J.","contributorId":76098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gburek","given":"W.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70024351,"text":"70024351 - 2002 - Aftershock triggering by complete Coulomb stress changes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-02T15:37:27.819557","indexId":"70024351","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aftershock triggering by complete Coulomb stress changes","docAbstract":"<p><span>We examine the correlation between seismicity rate change following the 1992,&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><span>7.3, Landers, California, earthquake and characteristics of the complete Coulomb failure stress (CFS) changes (ΔCFS(</span><i>t</i><span>)) that this earthquake generated. At close distances the time-varying “dynamic” portion of the stress change depends on how the rupture develops temporally and spatially and arises from radiated seismic waves and from permanent coseismic fault displacement. The permanent “static” portion (ΔCFS) depends only on the final coseismic displacement. ΔCFS diminishes much more rapidly with distance than the transient, dynamic stress changes. A common interpretation of the strong correlation between ΔCFS and aftershocks is that load changes can advance or delay failure. Stress changes may also promote failure by physically altering properties of the fault or its environs. Because it is transient, ΔCFS(</span><i>t</i><span>) can alter the failure rate only by the latter means. We calculate both ΔCFS and the maximum positive value of ΔCFS(</span><i>t</i><span>) (peak ΔCFS(</span><i>t</i><span>)) using a reflectivity program. Input parameters are constrained by modeling Landers displacement seismograms. We quantify the correlation between maps of seismicity rate changes and maps of modeled ΔCFS and peak ΔCFS(</span><i>t</i><span>) and find agreement for both models. However, rupture directivity, which does not affect ΔCFS, creates larger peak ΔCFS(</span><i>t</i><span>) values northwest of the main shock. This asymmetry is also observed in seismicity rate changes but not in ΔCFS. This result implies that dynamic stress changes are as effective as static stress changes in triggering aftershocks and may trigger earthquakes long after the waves have passed.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB000202","usgsCitation":"Kilb, D., Gomberg, J., and Bodin, P., 2002, Aftershock triggering by complete Coulomb stress changes: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 107, no. B4, p. ESE 2-1-ESE 2-14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000202.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"ESE 2-1","endPage":"ESE 2-14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478773,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jb000202","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231777,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"107","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-04-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8d2e4b0c8380cd47ec8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kilb, Debi","contributorId":90892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilb","given":"Debi","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gomberg, J.","contributorId":95994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bodin, P.","contributorId":29554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodin","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024790,"text":"70024790 - 2002 - Transport and fate of nitrate in a glacial outwash aquifer in relation to ground water age, land use practices, and redox processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-28T16:57:10.078582","indexId":"70024790","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport and fate of nitrate in a glacial outwash aquifer in relation to ground water age, land use practices, and redox processes","docAbstract":"<p><span>A combination of ground water modeling, chemical and dissolved gas analyses, and chlorofluorocarbon age dating of water was used to determine the relation between changes in agricultural practices, and NO</span><sup>−</sup><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;concentrations in ground water of a glacial outwash aquifer in west-central Minnesota. The results revealed a redox zonation throughout the saturated zone with oxygen reduction occurring near the water table, NO</span><sup>−</sup><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;reduction immediately below it, and then a large zone of ferric iron reduction, with a small area of sulfate (SO</span><sup>2−</sup><sub>4</sub><span>) reduction and methanogenesis (CH</span><sub>4</sub><span>) near the end of the transect. Analytical and NETPATH modeling results supported the hypothesis that organic carbon served as the electron donor for the redox reactions. Denitrification rates were quite small, 0.005 to 0.047 mmol NO</span><sup>−</sup><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, and were limited by the small amounts of organic carbon, 0.01 to 1.45%. In spite of the organic carbon limitation, denitrification was virtually complete because residence time is sufficient to allow even slow processes to reach completion. Ground water sample ages showed that maximum residence times were on the order of 50 to 70 yr. Reconstructed NO</span><sup>−</sup><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;concentrations, estimated from measured NO</span><sup>−</sup><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;and dissolved N gas showed that NO</span><sup>−</sup><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;concentrations have been increasing in the aquifer since the 1940s, and have been above the 714 μmol L</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;maximum contaminant level at most sites since the mid- to late-1960s. This increase in NO</span><sup>−</sup><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;has been accompanied by a corresponding increase in agricultural use of fertilizer, identified as the major source of NO</span><sup>−</sup><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;to the aquifer.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America","doi":"10.2134/jeq2002.7820","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Puckett, L., and Cowdery, T.K., 2002, Transport and fate of nitrate in a glacial outwash aquifer in relation to ground water age, land use practices, and redox processes: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 31, no. 3, p. 782-796, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2002.7820.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"782","endPage":"796","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233142,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Big Pine Lake, Little Pine Lake, Otter Tail River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.65727233886717,\n              46.5607488448596\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.43960571289062,\n              46.5607488448596\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.43960571289062,\n              46.68666038407398\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.65727233886717,\n              46.68666038407398\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.65727233886717,\n              46.5607488448596\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb742e4b08c986b32715a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Puckett, Larry J. lpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":31739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Larry J.","email":"lpuckett@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":402631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cowdery, Timothy K. 0000-0001-9402-6575 cowdery@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9402-6575","contributorId":456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowdery","given":"Timothy","email":"cowdery@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":402632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024289,"text":"70024289 - 2002 - Subsidence at Kiska volcano, Western Aleutians, detected by satellite radar interferometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-25T14:48:46","indexId":"70024289","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subsidence at Kiska volcano, Western Aleutians, detected by satellite radar interferometry","docAbstract":"<p>Sequential interferometric synthetic aperture radar images of Kiska, the westernmost historically active volcano in the Aleutian arc, show that a circular area about 3 km in diameter centered near the summit subsided by as much as 10 cm from 1995 to 2001, mostly during 1999 and 2000. An elastic Mogi-type deformation model suggests that the source is within 1 km of the surface. Based on the shallow source depth, the copious amounts of steam during recent eruptions, and recent field reports of vigorous steaming and persistent ground shaking near the summit area, we attribute the subsidence to decreased pore-fluid pressure within a shallow hydrothermal system beneath the summit area.</p>","language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2002GL014948","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Lu, Z., Masterlark, T., Power, J., Dzurisin, D., and Wicks, C., 2002, Subsidence at Kiska volcano, Western Aleutians, detected by satellite radar interferometry: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 29, no. 18, p. 2-1-2-4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL014948.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"2-1","endPage":"2-4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478764,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.725.2579","text":"External Repository"},{"id":231920,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-09-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d49e4b08c986b31d75c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lu, Z.","contributorId":106241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Masterlark, Timothy","contributorId":92829,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Masterlark","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":35607,"text":"South Dakota School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":400735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Power, J.","contributorId":48699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dzurisin, D.","contributorId":76067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wicks, Charles 0000-0002-0809-1328","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0809-1328","contributorId":9023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wicks","given":"Charles","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":400732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1016310,"text":"1016310 - 2002 - American white pelican soaring flight times and altitudes relative to changes in thermal depth and intensity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:50","indexId":"1016310","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3551,"text":"The Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"American white pelican soaring flight times and altitudes relative to changes in thermal depth and intensity","docAbstract":"We compared American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) soaring flight times and altitudes to model-produced estimates of thermal depth and intensity. These data showed that pelican soaring flight was confined to the thermal layer, and that the vertical extent of the soaring flight envelope increased with increases in thermal depth. Pelicans soaring cross-country between foraging and breeding sites flew mainly within the middle of the thermal layer, regardless of its depth. In contrast, pelicans engaged in wandering flight near foraging sites typically confined their flight to the lower thermal layer. Pelicans soaring cross-country likely flew higher in the thermal layer to maximize cross-country soaring performance, while pelicans soaring locally presumably flew lower because additional altitude was unneeded for gliding short distances. An analysis of pelican flight times relative to model-produced estimates of thermal intensity suggested that pelicans began soaring as soon as sufficiently strong thermals developed daily.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Condor","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Shannon, H., Young, G., Yates, M., Fuller, M.R., and Seegar, W., 2002, American white pelican soaring flight times and altitudes relative to changes in thermal depth and intensity: The Condor, v. 104, no. 3, p. 679-683.","productDescription":"p. 679-683","startPage":"679","endPage":"683","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134369,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6868cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shannon, H.D.","contributorId":30593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shannon","given":"H.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Young, G.S.","contributorId":42569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yates, M.","contributorId":39750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yates","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fuller, Mark R. 0000-0001-7459-1729 mark_fuller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7459-1729","contributorId":2296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"Mark","email":"mark_fuller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Seegar, W.","contributorId":29375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seegar","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70024756,"text":"70024756 - 2002 - Source properties of earthquakes near the Salton Sea triggered by the 16 October 1999 M 7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:07","indexId":"70024756","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Source properties of earthquakes near the Salton Sea triggered by the 16 October 1999 M 7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake","docAbstract":"We analyze the source properties of a sequence of triggered earthquakes that occurred near the Salton Sea in southern California in the immediate aftermath of the M 7.1 Hector Mine earthquake of 16 October 1999. The sequence produced a number of early events that were not initially located by the regional network, including two moderate earthquakes: the first within 30 sec of the P-wave arrival and a second approximately 10 minutes after the mainshock. We use available amplitude and waveform data from these events to estimate magnitudes to be approximately 4.7 and 4.4, respectively, and to obtain crude estimates of their locations. The sequence of small events following the initial M 4.7 earthquake is clustered and suggestive of a local aftershock sequence. Using both broadband TriNet data and analog data from the Southern California Seismic Network (SCSN), we also investigate the spectral characteristics of the M 4.4 event and other triggered earthquakes using empirical Green's function (EGF) analysis. We find that the source spectra of the events are consistent with expectations for tectonic (brittle shear failure) earthquakes, and infer stress drop values of 0.1 to 6 MPa for six M 2.1 to M 4.4 events. The estimated stress drop values are within the range observed for tectonic earthquakes elsewhere. They are relatively low compared to typically observed stress drop values, which is consistent with expectations for faulting in an extensional, high heat flow regime. The results therefore suggest that, at least in this case, triggered earthquakes are associated with a brittle shear failure mechanism. This further suggests that triggered earthquakes may tend to occur in geothermal-volcanic regions because shear failure occurs at, and can be triggered by, relatively low stresses in extensional regimes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120000910","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Hough, S., and Kanamori, H., 2002, Source properties of earthquakes near the Salton Sea triggered by the 16 October 1999 M 7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 4, p. 1281-1289, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000910.","startPage":"1281","endPage":"1289","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478724,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20140115-154238987","text":"External Repository"},{"id":207914,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120000910"},{"id":233208,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b933be4b08c986b31a3a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hough, S. E. 0000-0002-5980-2986","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5980-2986","contributorId":7316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kanamori, H.","contributorId":55438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kanamori","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70185172,"text":"70185172 - 2002 - Relating net nitrogen input in the Mississippi River Basin to nitrate flux in the Lower Mississippi River--A comparison of approaches","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T09:01:50","indexId":"70185172","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relating net nitrogen input in the Mississippi River Basin to nitrate flux in the Lower Mississippi River--A comparison of approaches","docAbstract":"<p><span>A quantitative understanding of the relationship between terrestrial N inputs and riverine N flux can help guide conservation, policy, and adaptive management efforts aimed at preserving or restoring water quality. The objective of this study was to compare recently published approaches for relating terrestrial N inputs to the Mississippi River basin (MRB) with measured nitrate flux in the lower Mississippi River. Nitrogen inputs to and outputs from the MRB (1951 to 1996) were estimated from state-level annual agricultural production statistics and NO</span><i> <sub>y</sub> </i><span>(inorganic oxides of N) deposition estimates for 20 states that comprise 90% of the MRB. A model with water yield and gross N inputs accounted for 85% of the variation in observed annual nitrate flux in the lower Mississippi River, from 1960 to 1998, but tended to underestimate high nitrate flux and overestimate low nitrate flux. A model that used water yield and net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs (NANI) accounted for 95% of the variation in riverine N flux. The NANI approach accounted for N harvested in crops and assumed that crop harvest in excess of the nutritional needs of the humans and livestock in the basin would be exported from the basin. The U.S. White House Committee on Natural Resources and Environment (CENR) developed a more comprehensive N budget that included estimates of ammonia volatilization, denitrification, and exchanges with soil organic matter. The residual N in the CENR budget was weakly and negatively correlated with observed riverine nitrate flux. The CENR estimates of soil N mineralization and immobilization suggested that there were large (2000 kg N ha</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) net losses of soil organic N between 1951 and 1996. When the CENR N budget was modified by assuming that soil organic N levels have been relatively constant after 1950, and ammonia volatilization losses are redeposited within the basin, the trend of residual N closely matched temporal variation in NANI and was positively correlated with riverine nitrate flux in the lower Mississippi River. Based on results from applying these three modeling approaches, we conclude that although the NANI approach does not address several processes that influence the N cycle, it appears to focus on the terms that can be estimated with reasonable certainty and that are correlated with riverine N flux.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2134/jeq2002.1610","usgsCitation":"McIsaac, G.F., David, M.B., Gertner, G.Z., and Goolsby, D.A., 2002, Relating net nitrogen input in the Mississippi River Basin to nitrate flux in the Lower Mississippi River--A comparison of approaches: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 31, no. 5, p. 1610-1622, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2002.1610.","productDescription":"13 p. ","startPage":"1610","endPage":"1622","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337677,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca52d5e4b0849ce97c870a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McIsaac, Gregory F.","contributorId":189364,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McIsaac","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"David, Mark B.","contributorId":43255,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"David","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":35161,"text":"University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":684604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gertner, George Z.","contributorId":189365,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gertner","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goolsby, Donald A.","contributorId":46083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024092,"text":"70024092 - 2002 - The utility of estimating net primary productivity over Alaska using baseline AVHRR data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-06T16:40:09.750879","indexId":"70024092","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The utility of estimating net primary productivity over Alaska using baseline AVHRR data","docAbstract":"Net primary productivity (NPP) is a fundamental ecological variable that provides information about the health and status of vegetation communities. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, or NDVI, derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) is increasingly being used to model or predict NPP, especially over large remote areas. In this article, seven seasonally based metrics calculated from a seven-year baseline NDVI dataset were used to model NPP over Alaska, USA. For each growing season, they included maximum, mean and summed NDVI, total days, product of total days and maximum NDVI, an integral estimate of NDVI and a summed product of NDVI and solar radiation. Field (plot) derived NPP estimates were assigned to 18 land cover classes from an Alaskan statewide land cover database. Linear relationships between NPP and each NDVI metric were analysed at four scales: plot, 1-km, 10-km and 20-km pixels. Results show moderate to poor relationship between any of the metrics and NPP estimates for all data sets and scales. Use of NDVI for estimating NPP may be possible, but caution is required due to data seasonality, the scaling process used and land surface heterogeneity.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/01431160110113926","usgsCitation":"Markon, C., and Peterson, K.M., 2002, The utility of estimating net primary productivity over Alaska using baseline AVHRR data: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 23, no. 21, p. 4571-4596, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160110113926.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"4571","endPage":"4596","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231762,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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C. J.","contributorId":66729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markon","given":"C. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, Kim M.","contributorId":58806,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peterson","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2002788,"text":"2002788 - 2002 - Sea otter studies in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-19T19:37:52","indexId":"2002788","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesTitle":{"id":396,"text":"Annual Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":9}},"title":"Sea otter studies in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve","docAbstract":"Following translocations to the outer coast of Southeast Alaska in 1965, sea otters have been expanding their range and increasing in abundance. We began conducting surveys for sea otters in Cross Sound, Icy Strait, and Glacier Bay, Alaska in 1994, following initial reports (in 1993) of their presence in Glacier Bay. Since 1995, the number of sea otters in Glacier Bay proper has increased from around 5 to more than 1500. Between 1993 and 1997 sea otters were apparently only occasional visitors to Glacier Bay, but in 1998 long-term residence was established as indicated by the presence of adult females and their dependent pups. Sea otter distribution is limited to the Lower Bay, south of Sandy Cove, and is not continuous within that area. Concentrations occur in the vicinity of Sita Reef and Boulder Island and between Pt. Carolus and Rush Pt. on the west side of the Bay (Figure 1). \r\n\r\nWe describe the diet of sea otters during 2001 in Glacier Bay based on visual observations of prey during 456 successful forage dives. In Glacier Bay, diet consisted of 62% clam, 15% mussel, 9% crab, 7% unidentified, 4& urchins, and 4% other. Most prey recovered by sea otters are commercially, socially, or ecologically important species. Species of clam include Saxidomus gigantea, Protothaca staminea, and Mya truncata. Urchins are primarily Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis and the mussel is Modiolus modiolus. Crabs include species of three genera: Cancer, Chinoecetes, and Telmessus. Although we characterize diet at broad geographic scales, we found diet to vary between sites separated by as little as several hundred meters. Dietary variation among and within sites can reflect differences in prey availability and individual specialization. \r\n\r\nWe estimated species composition, density, biomass, and sizes of subtidal clams, urchins, and mussels at 9 sites in lower Glacier Bay. All sites were selected based on the presence of abundant clam siphons. Sites were not selected to allow inference to any area larger than the sampling area (approx 400 m^2). Sites were selected to achieve a broad geographic sample of dense subtidal clam beds within Glacier Bay prior to occupation and foraging by sea otters. There was no direct evidence of otter foraging at any of our clam sampling sites. We sampled 11,568 bivalves representing 14 speces of clam and 2 species of mussel. We sampled 4,981 urchins, all Strongylocentrotus droeobachiensis. Only four species of clam (littleneck clams, Protothaca staminea; butter clams, Saxidomus gigantea; soft-shell claims, Mya truncata; and Macoma sp.) accounted for 91.6% of all clams sampled. Mean total clam density (#/0.25 m^2) across the 9 sites was 62.3. Densities (and se ) of P. staminea averaged 22.6 (1.6) and ranged from 0 to 97. Densities of S. gigantea averaged 14.4 (1.0) and ranged from 0 to 63. Densities of Macoma sp. averaged 14.5 (1.2) and ranged from 0 to 78. Densities of S. droebachiensis averaged 27.3 (1.7) and ranged from 0 to 109. Mean S. droebachiensis sizes ranged from 16 to 30 mm by site. Mean P. staminea sizes ranged from 30 to 53 mm, mean S. gigantea sizes ranged from 51 to 85 mm, and mean Macoma sp. sizes ranged from 14 to 19 mm. Although not the most abundant clam, S. gigantea contributed the greatest proportion to total clam biomass (63%), followed by P. staminea (24%).\r\n\r\nSea otters are now well established in limited areas of the lower portions of Glacier Bay. It is likely that distribution and numbers of sea otters will continue to increase in Glacier Bay in the near future. Glacier Bay supports large and diverse populations of clams that are largely unexploited by sea otters presently. It is predictable that the density and sizes of clam populations will decline in response to otter predation. This will result in fewer opportunities for human harvest, but will also trigger ecosystem level changes, as prey for other predators, such as octopus, sea stars, fishes, birds and mammals are modified. Sea ott","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, Alaska","usgsCitation":"Bodkin, J.L., Kloecker, K.A., Esslinger, G.G., Monson, D., DeGroot, J., and Doherty, J., 2002, Sea otter studies in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve: Annual Report.","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199334,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc587","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":326662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kloecker, Kimberly A. 0000-0002-2461-968X kkloecker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2461-968X","contributorId":3442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kloecker","given":"Kimberly","email":"kkloecker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":326661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Esslinger, George G. 0000-0002-3459-0083 gesslinger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3459-0083","contributorId":131009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esslinger","given":"George","email":"gesslinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":326664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Monson, Daniel H. 0000-0002-4593-5673 dmonson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-5673","contributorId":140480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monson","given":"Daniel H.","email":"dmonson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":326663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"DeGroot, J.D.","contributorId":98844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeGroot","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Doherty, J.","contributorId":98425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doherty","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70024208,"text":"70024208 - 2002 - Concordant paleolatitudes for Neoproterozoic ophiolitic rocks of the Trinity Complex, Klamath Mountains, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-02T16:05:19.804273","indexId":"70024208","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Concordant paleolatitudes for Neoproterozoic ophiolitic rocks of the Trinity Complex, Klamath Mountains, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>New paleomagnetic results from the eastern Klamath Mountains of northern California show that Neoproterozoic rocks of the Trinity ophiolitic complex and overlying Middle Devonian volcanic rocks are latitudinally concordant with cratonal North America. Combining paleomagnetic data with regional geologic and faunal evidence suggests that the Trinity Complex and related terranes of the eastern Klamath plate were linked in some fashion to the North American craton throughout that time, but that distance between them may have varied considerably. A possible model that is consistent with our paleomagnetic results and the geologic evidence is that the Trinity Complex formed and migrated parallel to paleolatitude in the basin between Laurasia and Australia–East Antarctica as the Rodinian supercontinent began to break up. It then continued to move parallel to paleolatitude at least through Middle Devonian time. Although the eastern Klamath plate served as a nucleus against which more western components of the Klamath Mountains province amalgamated, the Klamath superterrane was not accreted to North America until Early Cretaceous time.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB001623","usgsCitation":"Mankinen, E., Lindsley-Griffin, N., and Griffin, J.R., 2002, Concordant paleolatitudes for Neoproterozoic ophiolitic rocks of the Trinity Complex, Klamath Mountains, California: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 107, no. B10, p. EPM 11-1-EPM 11-18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB001623.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"EPM 11-1","endPage":"EPM 11-18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478736,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jb001623","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231804,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Klamath Mountains, Trinity Complex","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123,\n              41.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.5,\n              41.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.5,\n              41.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -123,\n              41.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -123,\n              41.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-10-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f9b0e4b0c8380cd4d722","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mankinen, E. A. 0000-0001-7496-2681","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7496-2681","contributorId":31786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mankinen","given":"E. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lindsley-Griffin, N.","contributorId":33884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsley-Griffin","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Griffin, J. R.","contributorId":37500,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Griffin","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1015273,"text":"1015273 - 2002 - Beyond theories of plant invasions: Lessons from natural landscapes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-30T10:45:58","indexId":"1015273","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1276,"text":"Comments on Theoretical Biology","printIssn":"0894-8550","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Beyond theories of plant invasions: Lessons from natural landscapes","docAbstract":"<p>There are a growing number of contrasting theories about plant invasions, but most are only weakly supported by small-scale field experiments, observational studies, and mathematical models. Among the most contentious theories is that species-rich habitats should be less vulnerable to plant invasion than species-poor sites, stemming from earlier theories that competition is a major force in structuring plant communities. Early ecologists such as Charles Darwin (1859) and Charles Elton (1958) suggested that a lack of intense interspecific competition on islands made these low-diversity habitats vulnerable to invasion. Small-scale field experiments have supported and contradicted this theory, as have various mathematical models. In contrast, many large-scale observational studies and detailed vegetation surveys in continental areas often report that species-rich areas are more heavily invaded than species-poor areas, but there are exceptions here as well. In this article, I show how these seemingly contrasting patterns converge once appropriate spatial and temporal scales are considered in complex natural environments. I suggest ways in which small-scale experiments, mathematical models, and large- scale observational studies can be improved and better integrated to advance a theoretically based understanding of plant invasions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/08948550290022385","usgsCitation":"Stohlgren, T.J., 2002, Beyond theories of plant invasions: Lessons from natural landscapes: Comments on Theoretical Biology, v. 7, no. 6, p. 355-379, https://doi.org/10.1080/08948550290022385.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"355","endPage":"379","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132438,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62ae15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stohlgren, Thomas J. 0000-0001-9696-4450 stohlgrent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9696-4450","contributorId":2902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"Thomas","email":"stohlgrent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70024027,"text":"70024027 - 2002 - Parameter estimation using carbon-14 ages: Lessons from the Danube-Tisza interfluvial region of Hungary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:02","indexId":"70024027","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":649,"text":"Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Geologica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Parameter estimation using carbon-14 ages: Lessons from the Danube-Tisza interfluvial region of Hungary","docAbstract":"Parameter estimation was conducted on a groundwater model of the Danube-Tisza interfluvial region of Hungary. The model was calibrated using 300 water levels and 48 14C ages. The model provided a test of regression methods for a system with a large number of observations. Up to 103 parameters representing horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivities and boundary conductances were assigned using point values and bilinear interpolation between points. The lowest errors were obtained using an iterative approach with groups of parameters, rather than estimating all of the parameters simultaneously. The model with 48 parameters yielded the lowest standard error of regression.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Geologica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"Czech","issn":"00017132","usgsCitation":"Sanford, W., Deak, J., and Revesz, K., 2002, Parameter estimation using carbon-14 ages: Lessons from the Danube-Tisza interfluvial region of Hungary: Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Geologica, v. 46, no. 2-3, p. 373-376.","startPage":"373","endPage":"376","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231978,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a74cee4b0c8380cd7783c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanford, W. E. 0000-0002-6624-0280","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-0280","contributorId":102112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"W. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deak, J.","contributorId":63184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deak","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Revesz, K.","contributorId":95202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Revesz","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023955,"text":"70023955 - 2002 - Snow, topography, and the diurnal cycle in streamflow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:01","indexId":"70023955","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Snow, topography, and the diurnal cycle in streamflow","docAbstract":"Because snowmelt processes are spatially complex, point measurements, particularly in mountainous regions, are often inadequate to resolve basin-scale characteristics. Satellite measurements provide good spatial sampling but are often infrequent in time, particularly during cloudy weather. Fortunately, hourly measurements of river discharge provide another widely available, but as yet underutilized, source of information, providing direct information on basin output at a fine temporal scale. The hour of maximum discharge recorded each day reflects the travel time between peak melt and the time most water reaches the gauge. Traditional theories, based on numerical models of melt-water percolation through a snowpack and localized, small-basin observations, report that the hour of daily maximum flow becomes earlier as the snowpack thins and matures, reflecting shorter travel times for surface melt to reach the base of the snowpack. However, an examination of hourly discharge from 100 basins in the Western United States, ranging in size from 1.3 km2 to 10,813 km2, reveals a more complex situation. The sequences of seasonal evolution of the hour of maximum discharge are unique to each basin, but within a given basin are remarkably consistent between years, regardless of the size of the snowpack. This seems to imply that basin topography strongly influences the timing of peak flow. In most of the basins examined, at the end of the melt season, the hour of maximum discharge shifts to later in the day, reflecting increased travel times as the snowline retreats to higher elevations.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of The Western Snow Conference","conferenceTitle":"70th Annual Meeting Western Snow Conference","conferenceDate":"20 May 2002 through 23 May 2002","conferenceLocation":"Granby, CO","language":"English","issn":"01610589","usgsCitation":"Lundquist, J., Knowles, N., Dettinger, M., and Cayan, D., 2002, Snow, topography, and the diurnal cycle in streamflow, <i>in</i> Proceedings of The Western Snow Conference, Granby, CO, 20 May 2002 through 23 May 2002, p. 153-156.","startPage":"153","endPage":"156","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232093,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b91b5e4b08c986b319a53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lundquist, J.D.","contributorId":93243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lundquist","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knowles, N.","contributorId":61212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knowles","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dettinger, M. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":78909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettinger","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cayan, D.","contributorId":49563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayan","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024206,"text":"70024206 - 2002 - Coastal geoindicators of environmental change in the humid tropics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70024206","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1539,"text":"Environmental Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coastal geoindicators of environmental change in the humid tropics","docAbstract":"The primary geoindicators appropriate for monitoring environmental changes in the humid tropics are transitory surface water levels, shoreline position, wetlands distribution, coral reefs, landforms, and sediment sequence and composition. Lateral zonations and temporal successions of vegetation also can be used as geoindicators of riverine and shoreline changes. All of these coastal geoindicators are sensitive to regional tectonic processes and anthropogenic alterations and they typically reflect significant changes in coastal conditions such as fluvial processes, coastal energy, water quality, relative sea level, and sediment supply. Where humid tropical coasts coincide with active tectonic margins, indicators of seismic activity are critical to understanding Coastal changes associated with co-seismic subsidence or uplift, tsunamis, and liquefaction of coastal sediments. Coastal landforms and sedimentary deposits that record late Quaternary environmental changes include perched fluvial and marine terraces, delta-plain morphologies, crevassesplay deposits, peats and other paleosols, beach ridges, mud capes, and mud volcanoes. Although these features and deposits typically reflect environmental changes spanning more than 100 years, they are relevant to modern processes, management of coastal lands and resources, and prediction of future conditions. In some regions of the humid tropics, large coastal areas are unaffected by hurricanes or typhoons. Nevertheless, these tropical coasts are vulnerable to other non-storm processes, such as El Nin??o events, tsunamis, and monsoons that increase water levels, and cause widespread flooding and beach erosion. The environmental and political significance of coastal geoindicators increases when they are integrated and applied to issues of human safety and health such as hazards mapping, risk assessment, and dispersion of contaminated sediments. However, to be relevant, those socio-environmental applications demand accurate predictions of future trends and rates of change.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00254-002-0549-4","issn":"09430105","usgsCitation":"Morton, R., 2002, Coastal geoindicators of environmental change in the humid tropics: Environmental Geology, v. 42, no. 7, p. 711-724, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-002-0549-4.","startPage":"711","endPage":"724","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207119,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00254-002-0549-4"},{"id":231768,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f782e4b0c8380cd4cb60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morton, R.A.","contributorId":53849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023953,"text":"70023953 - 2002 - Assemblages of breeding birds as indicators of grassland condition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:01","indexId":"70023953","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1456,"text":"Ecological Indicators","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assemblages of breeding birds as indicators of grassland condition","docAbstract":"We developed a measure of biological integrity for grasslands (GI) based on the most influential habitat types in the Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota. GI is based on proportions of habitat types and the relationships of these habitat types to breeding birds. Habitat types were identified by digital aerial photography, verified on the ground, and quantified using GIS, We then developed an index to GI based on the presence or abundance of breeding bird species. Species abundance data were obtained from 3 min roadside point counts at 889 points in 44, 4050 ha study plots over a 2-year period. Using a modified North American Breeding Bird Survey protocol, species were recorded in each of four quadrants at each point. Fifty species selected for analysis included all grassland species that occurred in at least 15 quadrants and all other bird species that occurred in at least 1 % of quadrants. We constructed preliminary models using data from each of the 2 years, then tested their predictive ability by cross-validation with data from the other year. These cross-validation tests indicated that the index consistently predicted grassland integrity. The final four models (presence and abundance models at 200 and 400 m scales) included only those species that were statistically significant (P ??? 0.05) in all preliminary models. Finally, we interpreted the components of the indices by examining associations between individual species and habitat types. Logistic regression identified 386 statistically significant relationships between species and habitat types at 200 and 400m scales. This method, though labor-intensive, successfully uses the presence of grassland-dependent species and absence of species associated with woody vegetation or cropland to provide an index to grassland integrity. Once regional associations of species with habitat types have been identified, such indices can be applied relatively inexpensively to monitor grassland integrity over large geographic areas. Indices like the ones presented here could be applied widely using bird abundance data that are currently being collected across the United States and southern Canada through the North American Breeding Bird Survey. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Indicators","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S1470-160X(02)00060-2","issn":"1470160X","usgsCitation":"Browder, S., Johnson, D.H., and Ball, I., 2002, Assemblages of breeding birds as indicators of grassland condition: Ecological Indicators, v. 2, no. 3, p. 257-270, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-160X(02)00060-2.","startPage":"257","endPage":"270","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232091,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207275,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-160X(02)00060-2"}],"volume":"2","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059edc5e4b0c8380cd499c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Browder, S.F.","contributorId":12405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Browder","given":"S.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":70327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ball, I.J.","contributorId":104427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"I.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024177,"text":"70024177 - 2002 - Seasonal changes in androgen levels in stream- and hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon parr and their relationship to smolting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:03","indexId":"70024177","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2285,"text":"Journal of Fish Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal changes in androgen levels in stream- and hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon parr and their relationship to smolting","docAbstract":"In stream-reared Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, plasma androgens were significantly greater in mature male parr than immature males and females in October, but had declined by January and did not differ significantly from immature fish throughout the spring. Immature fish in March were significantly larger and had greater gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity than their previously mature counterparts. Bimodal growth distribution was seen in hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon and a proportion of the male fish in the lower mode matured. Plasma testosterone (T) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) were significantly elevated from September to December in mature male (1+ year) parr. In January, plasma androgens had declined in mature males and did not differ significantly from immature fish. By May all the hatchery fish were large enough to smolt and a proportion of the previously mature males had increased gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity. Therefore elevated androgens in the previous autumn do not prevent smolting. Parr with higher plasma T and 11-KT in April and May, that are presumably beginning to mature, had lower gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity, indicating that future maturation and associated increases in androgens may inhibit smolting. ?? 2002 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Fish Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1095-8649.2002.tb02472.x","issn":"00221112","usgsCitation":"Shrimpton, J., and McCormick, S., 2002, Seasonal changes in androgen levels in stream- and hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon parr and their relationship to smolting: Journal of Fish Biology, v. 61, no. 5, p. 1294-1304, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2002.tb02472.x.","startPage":"1294","endPage":"1304","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207187,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2002.tb02472.x"},{"id":231913,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-04-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8881e4b08c986b3169da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shrimpton, J. M.","contributorId":10362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shrimpton","given":"J. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCormick, S. D. 0000-0003-0621-6200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-6200","contributorId":20278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"S. D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":400279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023949,"text":"70023949 - 2002 - High-resolution characterization of chemical heterogeneity in an alluvial aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:01","indexId":"70023949","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":649,"text":"Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Geologica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-resolution characterization of chemical heterogeneity in an alluvial aquifer","docAbstract":"The high-resolution capabilities of direct-push technology were exploited to develop new insights into the hydrochemistry at the margin of an alluvial aquifer. Hydrostratigraphic controls on groundwater flow and contaminant loading were revealed through the combined use of direct-push electrical conductivity (EC) logging and geochemical profiling. Vertical and lateral variations in groundwater chemistry were consistent with sedimentary features indicated by EC logs, and supported a conceptual model of recharge along the floodplain margin.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Geologica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"Czech","issn":"00017132","usgsCitation":"Schulmeister, M., Healey, J., McCall, G., Birk, S., and Butler, J., 2002, High-resolution characterization of chemical heterogeneity in an alluvial aquifer: Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Geologica, v. 46, no. 2-3, p. 353-355.","startPage":"353","endPage":"355","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232015,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a30fde4b0c8380cd5db39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schulmeister, M.K.","contributorId":24526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulmeister","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Healey, J.M.","contributorId":61199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healey","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCall, G.W.","contributorId":35096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCall","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Birk, S.","contributorId":41182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Birk","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Butler, J.J.","contributorId":55605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"J.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70024170,"text":"70024170 - 2002 - Strontium isotopic signatures of the streams and lakes of Taylor Valley, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica: Chemical weathering in a polar climate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:04","indexId":"70024170","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":866,"text":"Aquatic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strontium isotopic signatures of the streams and lakes of Taylor Valley, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica: Chemical weathering in a polar climate","docAbstract":"We have collected and analyzed a series of water samples from three closed-basin lakes (Lakes Bonney, Fryxell, and Hoare) in Taylor Valley, Antarctica, and the streams that flow into them. In all three lakes, the hypolimnetic waters have different 87Sr/86Sr ratios than the surface waters, with the deep water of Lakes Fryxell and Hoare being less radiogenic than the surface waters. The opposite occurs in Lake Bonney. The Lake Fryxell isotopic ratios are lower than modern-day ocean water and most of the whole-rock ratios of the surrounding geologic materials. A conceivable source of Sr to the system could be either the Cenozoic volcanic rocks that make up a small portion of the till deposited in the valley during the Last Glacial Maximum or from marble derived from the local basement rocks. The more radiogenic ratios from Lake Bonney originate from ancient salt deposits that flow into the lake from Taylor Glacier and the weathering of minerals with more radiogenic Sr isotopic ratios within the tills. The Sr isotopic data from the streams and lakes of Taylor Valley strongly support the notion documented by previous investigators that chemical weathering has been, and is currently, a major process in determining the overall aquatic chemistry of these lakes in this polar desert environment.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquatic Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1021339622515","issn":"13806165","usgsCitation":"Lyons, W., Nezat, C., Benson, L.V., Bullen, T., Graham, E., Kidd, J., and Welch, K., 2002, Strontium isotopic signatures of the streams and lakes of Taylor Valley, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica: Chemical weathering in a polar climate: Aquatic Geochemistry, v. 8, no. 2, p. 75-95, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021339622515.","startPage":"75","endPage":"95","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207154,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021339622515"},{"id":231837,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9bbae4b08c986b31d05a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lyons, W.B.","contributorId":71319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyons","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nezat, C.A.","contributorId":32328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nezat","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Benson, L. V.","contributorId":50159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bullen, T.D.","contributorId":79911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullen","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Graham, E.Y.","contributorId":24130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"E.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kidd, J.","contributorId":10952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kidd","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Welch, K.A.","contributorId":44315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
]}