This report documents the computer codes UCODE_2005 and six post-processors. Together the codes can be used with existing process models to perform sensitivity analysis, data needs assessment, calibration, prediction, and uncertainty analysis. Any process model or set of models can be used; the only requirements are that models have numerical (ASCII or text only) input and output files, that the numbers in these files have sufficient significant digits, that all required models can be run from a single batch file or script, and that simulated values are continuous functions of the parameter values. Process models can include pre-processors and post-processors as well as one or more models related to the processes of interest (physical, chemical, and so on), making UCODE_2005 extremely powerful. An estimated parameter can be a quantity that appears in the input files of the process model(s), or a quantity used in an equation that produces a value that appears in the input files. In the latter situation, the equation is user-defined.
UCODE_2005 can compare observations and simulated equivalents. The simulated equivalents can be any simulated value written in the process-model output files or can be calculated from simulated values with user-defined equations. The quantities can be model results, or dependent variables. For example, for ground-water models they can be heads, flows, concentrations, and so on. Prior, or direct, information on estimated parameters also can be considered. Statistics are calculated to quantify the comparison of observations and simulated equivalents, including a weighted least-squares objective function. In addition,
UCODE_2005 can be used fruitfully in model calibration through its sensitivity analysis capabilities and its ability to estimate parameter values that result in the best possible fit to the observations. Parameters are estimated using nonlinear regression: a weighted least-squares objective function is minimized with respect to the parameter values using a modified Gauss-Newton method or a double-dogleg technique. Sensitivities needed for the method can be read from files produced by process models that can calculate sensitivities, such as MODFLOW-2000, or can be calculated by UCODE_2005 using a more general, but less accurate, forward- or central-difference perturbation technique. Problems resulting from inaccurate sensitivities and solutions related to the perturbation techniques are discussed in the report. Statistics are calculated and printed for use in (1) diagnosing inadequate data and identifying parameters that probably cannot be estimated; (2) evaluating estimated parameter values; and (3) evaluating how well the model represents the simulated processes.
Results from UCODE_2005 and codes RESIDUAL_ANALYSIS and RESIDUAL_ANALYSIS_ADV can be used to evaluate how accurately the model represents the processes it simulates. Results from LINEAR_UNCERTAINTY can be used to quantify the uncertainty of model simulated values if the model is sufficiently linear. Results from MODEL_LINEARITY and MODEL_LINEARITY_ADV can be used to evaluate model linearity and, thereby, the accuracy of the LINEAR_UNCERTAINTY results.
UCODE_2005 can also be used to calculate nonlinear confidence and predictions intervals, which quantify the uncertainty of model simulated values when the model is not linear. CORFAC_PLUS can be used to produce factors that allow intervals to account for model intrinsic nonlinearity and small-scale variations in system characteristics that are not explicitly accounted for in the model or the observation weighting.
The six post-processing programs are independent of UCODE_2005 and can use the results of other programs that produce the required data-exchange files.
UCODE_2005 and the other six codes are intended for use on any computer operating system. The programs consist of algorithms programmed in Fortran 90/95, which efficiently performs numerical calculations. The model runs required to obtain perturbation sensitivities can be performed using multiple processors. The programs are constructed in a modular fashion using JUPITER API conventions and modules. For example, the data-exchange files and input blocks are JUPITER API conventions and many of those used by UCODE_2005 are read or written by JUPITER API modules. UCODE-2005 includes capabilities likely to be required by many applications (programs) constructed using the JUPITER API, and can be used as a starting point for such programs.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Book 6: Modeling techniques, Section A. Ground-water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tm6A11","usgsCitation":"Poeter, E.E., Hill, M.C., Banta, E., Mehl, S., and Christensen, S., 2005, UCODE_2005 and six other computer codes for universal sensitivity analysis, calibration, and uncertainty evaluation constructed using the JUPITER API: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A11, xiv, 283 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6A11.","productDescription":"xiv, 283 p.","numberOfPages":"299","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186267,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":384889,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm6a11/pdf/TM6-A11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":7013,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm6a11/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db697edd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poeter, Eileen E.","contributorId":101324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poeter","given":"Eileen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Banta, Edward R.","contributorId":49820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banta","given":"Edward R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mehl, Steffen","contributorId":31058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehl","given":"Steffen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Christensen, Steen","contributorId":13316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"Steen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":74633,"text":"sir20055229 - 2005 - Water quality and ground-water/surface-water interactions along the John River near Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska, 2002-2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-20T15:24:08","indexId":"sir20055229","displayToPublicDate":"2006-02-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5229","title":"Water quality and ground-water/surface-water interactions along the John River near Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska, 2002-2003","docAbstract":"The headwaters of the John River are located near the village ofAnaktuvuk Pass in the central Brooks Range of interior Alaska. With the recent construction of a water-supply system and a wastewater-treatment plant, most homes in Anaktuvuk Pass now have modern water and wastewater systems. The effluent from the treatment plant discharges into a settling pond near a tributary of the John River. The headwaters of the John River are adjacent to Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, and the John River is a designated Wild River. Due to the concern about possible water-quality effects from the wastewater effluent, the hydrology of the John River near Anaktuvuk Pass was studied from 2002 through 2003. Three streams form the John River atAnaktuvuk Pass: Contact Creek, Giant Creek, and the John RiverTributary. These streams drain areas of 90.3 km (super 2) , 120 km (super 2) , and 4.6 km (super 2) , respectively. Water-qualitydata collected from these streams from 2002-03 indicate that the waters are a calcium-bicarbonate type and that Giant Creek adds a sulfate component to the John River. The highest concentrations of bicarbonate, calcium, sodium, sulfate, and nitrate were found at the John River Tributary below the wastewater-treatment lagoon. These concentrations have little effect on the water quality of the John River because the flow of the John River Tributary is only about 2 percent of the John River flow. To better understand the ground-water/surface-water interactions of the upper John River, a numerical groundwater-flow model of the headwater area of the John River was constructed. Processes that occur during spring break-up, such as thawing of the active layer and the frost table and the resulting changes of storage capacity of the aquifer, were difficult to measure and simulate. Application and accuracy of the model is limited by the lack of specific hydrogeologic data both spatially and temporally. However, during the mid-winter and open-water periods, the model provided acceptable results and was coupled with a particle-movement model to simulate the movement and possible extent of conservative particles from the wastewater-treatment-plant lagoon.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geosciences Institute","doi":"10.3133/sir20055229","issn":"2328-031X","usgsCitation":"Moran, E.H., and Brabets, T.P., 2005, Water quality and ground-water/surface-water interactions along the John River near Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska, 2002-2003 (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5229, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055229.","productDescription":"39 p.","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193065,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7588,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5229/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9c22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moran, Edward H. emoran@usgs.gov","contributorId":5445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"Edward","email":"emoran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brabets, Timothy P. tbrabets@usgs.gov","contributorId":2087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabets","given":"Timothy","email":"tbrabets@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":286674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":74403,"text":"tm6A13 - 2005 - Documentation of the Streamflow-Routing (SFR2) Package to Include Unsaturated Flow Beneath Streams - A Modification to SFR1","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:18","indexId":"tm6A13","displayToPublicDate":"2006-02-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"6-A13","title":"Documentation of the Streamflow-Routing (SFR2) Package to Include Unsaturated Flow Beneath Streams - A Modification to SFR1","docAbstract":"Many streams in the United States, especially those in semiarid regions, have reaches that are hydraulically disconnected from underlying aquifers. Ground-water withdrawals have decreased water levels in valley aquifers beneath streams, increasing the occurrence of disconnected streams and aquifers. The U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model (MODFLOW-2000) can be used to model these interactions using the Streamflow-Routing (SFR1) Package. However, the approach does not consider unsaturated flow between streams and aquifers and may not give realistic results in areas with significantly deep unsaturated zones. This documentation describes a method for extending the capabilities of MODFLOW-2000 by incorporating the ability to simulate unsaturated flow beneath streams.\r\n\r\nA kinematic-wave approximation to Richards' equation was solved by the method of characteristics to simulate unsaturated flow beneath streams in SFR1. This new package, called SFR2, includes all the capabilities of SFR1 and is designed to be used with MODFLOW-2000. Unlike SFR1, seepage loss from the stream may be restricted by the hydraulic conductivity of the unsaturated zone. Unsaturated flow is simulated independently of saturated flow within each model cell corresponding to a stream reach whenever the water table (head in MODFLOW) is below the elevation of the streambed. The relation between unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and water content is defined by the Brooks-Corey function. Unsaturated flow variables specified in SFR2 include saturated and initial water contents; saturated vertical hydraulic conductivity; and the Brooks-Corey exponent. These variables are defined independently for each stream reach. Unsaturated flow in SFR2 was compared to the U.S. Geological Survey's Variably Saturated Two-Dimensional Flow and Transport (VS2DT) Model for two test simulations. For both test simulations, results of the two models were in good agreement with respect to the magnitude and downward progression of a wetting front through an unsaturated column. A third hypothetical simulation is presented that includes interaction between a stream and aquifer separated by an unsaturated zone. This simulation is included to demonstrate the utility of unsaturated flow in SFR2 with MODFLOW-2000. This report includes a description of the data input requirements for simulating unsaturated flow in SFR2.\r\n","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chapter 13 of Section A, Ground Water, of Book 6, Modeling Techniques","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tm6A13","collaboration":"A Product of the Ground-Water Resources Program","usgsCitation":"Niswonger, R., and Prudic, D.E., 2005, Documentation of the Streamflow-Routing (SFR2) Package to Include Unsaturated Flow Beneath Streams - A Modification to SFR1 (Version 1.2, revised Aug 2009): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A13, vi, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6A13.","productDescription":"vi, 51 p.","numberOfPages":"57","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118598,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_6_a13.jpg"},{"id":7374,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm6A13/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.2, revised Aug 2009","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db636149","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Niswonger, Richard G.","contributorId":45402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niswonger","given":"Richard G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":73503,"text":"sir20055223 - 2005 - Framework for regional synthesis of water-quality data for the glacial aquifer system in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:18","indexId":"sir20055223","displayToPublicDate":"2006-02-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5223","title":"Framework for regional synthesis of water-quality data for the glacial aquifer system in the United States","docAbstract":"The glacial aquifer system is the largest principal aquifer in aerial extent and ground-water use for public supply in the United States. A principal aquifer is defined as a regionally extensive aquifer or aquifer system that has the potential to be used as a source of potable water (U.S. Geological Survey, 2003). Multiple aquifers often are grouped into large, extensive aquifer systems such as the glacial aquifer system.\r\n\r\nThe glacial aquifer system is considered here to include all unconsolidated aquifers above bedrock north of the line of continental glaciation throughout the country (fig. 1). Total withdrawals from the glacial aquifer system were 3,560 million gallons per day in 2000, which constitutes almost 5 percent of total withdrawals from all aquifers in the United States (Maupin and Barber, 2005). Approximately 41 million people relied on the glacial aquifer for public supply and domestic use in 2000.\r\n\r\nThe U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program began assessing the glacial aquifer system in 1991. The assessment of water-quality data on a regional scale, such as the glacial aquifer system, is coincident with the regional framework established by the Regional Aquifer-System Analysis Program (RASA) (Sun and others, 1997). From 1978 to 1995, the RASA Program systematically evaluated 25 of the Nation's most important groundwater systems including studies in the glacial aquifer system in the northeast, Midwest, and northern Midwest United States. The NAWQA Program is building on the work of the RASA Program to study the water quality of 16 of the most important ground-water systems (Lapham and others, 2005). Over 1,700 water-quality samples have been collected by the NAWQA Program from 1991 to 2004 to assess the glacial aquifer system. This large data set is unique in that the samples have been collected using a consistent sampling protocol, and multiple nested samples. The nested samples address the recently recharged shallow ground water, deeper water from principal aquifers often used for domestic supply, and source water used for public supplies within the glacial aquifer system. Information concerning the NAWQA Program including study unit boundaries is shown in figure 1 (Lapham and others, 2005).\r\n\r\nA framework for comparison of water quality across the glacial aquifer system has been developed based on two primary characteristics: intrinsic susceptibility and vulnerability. Intrinsic susceptibility, which is a measure of the ease at which water enters and moves through aquifer material, is a characteristic of the aquifer and overlying material and of the hydrologic conditions. Intrinsic susceptibility is independent of the chemical characteristics of the contaminant and its sources. In this way, intrinsic susceptibility assessments do not target specific natural or anthropogenic sources of contamination but instead consider only the physical factors affecting the flow of water to, and through the ground-water resource (Focazio and others, 2002). On a regional scale, intrinsic susceptibility is represented by the spatial distribution of fine- or coarse-grained material at the land surface, and the physical setting of the aquifer system. Vulnerability, which is a function of both intrinsic susceptibility and the proximity and characteristics of contaminant sources, includes consideration of features related to anthropogenic sources of contaminants, such as the character of the upgradient land use (for example, urban, agricultural, undeveloped, and others); as well as features related to natural sources of contaminants, such as the mineralogy of the aquifer material or the geochemical conditions within the aquifer system. The framework helps categorize this large region into areas of similar hydrogeologic characteristics for which water quality can be compared. The purpose of this report is to describe this framework and how it will be used for regional synthesis of water-quality da","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055223","collaboration":"Online version now corrected","usgsCitation":"Warner, K., and Arnold, T., 2005, Framework for regional synthesis of water-quality data for the glacial aquifer system in the United States (Revised May 2006): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5223, 1 folded sheet (6 p.) : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055223.","productDescription":"1 folded sheet (6 p.) : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm.","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192907,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7931,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5223/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -160,37 ], [ -160,61 ], [ -50,61 ], [ -50,37 ], [ -160,37 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Revised May 2006","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a86ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warner, Kelly L. klwarner@usgs.gov","contributorId":655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"Kelly L.","email":"klwarner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arnold, Terri 0000-0003-1406-6054 tlarnold@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1406-6054","contributorId":1598,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arnold","given":"Terri","email":"tlarnold@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35680,"text":"Illinois-Iowa-Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":286423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":73563,"text":"sir20055234 - 2005 - Sediment-transport investigations of the upper Yellowstone River, Montana, 1999 through 2001: Data collection, analysis, and simulation of sediment transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-30T19:37:54.569338","indexId":"sir20055234","displayToPublicDate":"2006-02-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5234","title":"Sediment-transport investigations of the upper Yellowstone River, Montana, 1999 through 2001: Data collection, analysis, and simulation of sediment transport","docAbstract":"The upper Yellowstone River in Montana is an important State and national water resource, providing recreational, agricultural, and commercial benefits. Floods in 1996 and 1997, with recorded peak discharges having recurrence intervals close to 100 years, caused substantial streambank erosion and hill- slope mass wasting. Large quantities of sand-, gravel-, and cobble-sized material entrained by the flood flows became flood-bar deposits, creating a source of sediment available for transport during future floods. The flood damage and resulting sedimentation raised concerns about potential streambank-stabilization projects and how the river and riparian corridor might be managed in the future. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Park Conservation District, the Montana Department of Transportation, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, investigated sediment transport in the upper Yellowstone River near Livingston from 1999 through 2001 as part of a cumulative effects study to provide a scientific basis for future river management decisions. The purpose of this report is to present the results of data collection, analysis, and simulation of sediment transport for the upper Yellowstone River.
The study area included a 13.5-mile study reach of the upper Yellowstone River where substantial sediment transport occurred in 1996 and 1997. In this study area, the upper Yellowstone River is a high gradient, coarse-bed stream having a slope of about 0.0028 foot per foot or more than 14 feet per mile. The study area drains about 3,551 square miles, and runoff results primarily from snowmelt during the spring and summer months. As part of sediment-transport investigations, the U.S. Geological Survey surveyed river cross sections, characterized streambed-material particle size using particle counts and sieve analyses, and collected bedload- and suspended-sediment data during three runoff seasons (1999-2001). Data were collected for stream discharges that ranged from 2,220 cubic feet per second (typical of pre- and post-runoff discharge) to 25,100 cubic feet per second (about 125 percent of bankfull discharge).
The distribution of streambed-material particle size was determined, and sediment-transport curves for bedload discharge, suspended-sediment discharge, and total-sediment discharge were developed. The threshold values of streamflow and average stream velocity needed for initiation of bedload transport for selected sediment-size classes showed that little to no bedload was transported for an average stream velocity below about 3 feet per second, and the only particle size transported as bedload at that velocity was sand. Over the range of stream discharges sampled and with silt- and finer-sized particles excluded, bedload discharge averaged about 18 percent of the total-sediment discharge, equal to bedload discharge plus suspended-sediment discharge. At the lowest and highest stream discharges sampled, bedload was, respectively, less than about 2 percent and about 30 percent of the total-sediment discharge. Over the range of stream discharges sampled, the sand-sized part of the total suspended-sediment discharge averaged about 48 percent, where the total suspended-sediment discharge included sand-, silt- and finer-sized particles. At the lowest and highest stream discharges sampled, the sand-sized part of the total suspended-sediment discharge was, respectively, less than about 16 percent and about 50 percent of the total suspended-sediment discharge. The sediment-transport curves were compared to curves for selected sites in the western United States having drainage areas ranging from 21 square miles to over 20,000 square miles. Daily sediment loads transported at bankfull discharge were calculated for each site and results were plotted in relation to drainage area. Results based on the 1999-2001 data-collection period indicate that the estimated daily bedload transported at bankfull discharge in the upper Yellowstone River exceeded the envelope line that bounds the upper end of the data for other selected sites in the Northern Rocky Mountains and is similar in magnitude to that for selected sites in Alaska having braided channels and glacial and snowmelt runoff. Similar comparisons for suspended sediment indicate that daily suspended-sediment load at bankfull discharge is relatively high in the upper Yellowstone River, plotting slightly above the envelope line that bounds the upper end of the data for other selected sites in the Northern Rocky Mountains.
Sediment data were used to develop individual transport equations for seven size classes of sediment ranging from small cobbles to very fine sand. A step-wise regression procedure relating sediment discharge to important hydraulic variables showed that average stream velocity was the only significant variable at the 95-percent confidence level. Bedload and suspended-sediment data and equations indicate that more sand is transported for a given velocity than any other particle size, and very little sand-size sediment load is transported below an average stream velocity of about 2.5 feet per second. Transport of coarser-sized sediment (limited to bedload) becomes very little for an average velocity less than about 3.5 feet per second. Results for the 1999-2001 data-collection period indicate that sediment transport in the upper Yellowstone River tends to be limited more by the transport capacity of the stream (capacity or transport limited), than to the availability of sediment in the watershed (supply limited).
Sediment data collected and analyzed were used to simulate sediment transport in the study reach using the BRIdge Stream Tube model for Alluvial River Simulation, or BRI-STARS computer model. The model was calibrated and verified using selected data from historical runoff periods. Simulated total-sediment loads, on a reach-averaged basis, were in good agreement with the total-sediment loads determined from the transport curve for the 2-year flood hydrograph but were considerably smaller for the total-sediment loads determined from the transport curve for the 50-, 100-, and 500-year flood hydrographs. The differences probably were largely due to the inability of the model to simulate streambank erosion, hillslope mass-wasting, and other channel-widening processes, which had supplied substantial quantities of sediment to the channel during the 1996 and 1997 floods, and probably continued to contribute to the sediment load in the subsequent years (1999-2001) when the data were collected. Furthermore, the transport curve was applied beyond the measured data for the highest discharges, and may thus be unreliable. Also, the transport curve derived from only limited data may not apply over the full duration of the hydrograph and sediment might be transported over only a portion of the hydrograph, especially for rivers like the upper Yellowstone where snowmelt runoff predominates. The true sediment discharge is, therefore, unknown and might be closer to the simulated values than to the values calculated from the transport curve.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055234","usgsCitation":"Holnbeck, S.R., 2005, Sediment-transport investigations of the upper Yellowstone River, Montana, 1999 through 2001: Data collection, analysis, and simulation of sediment transport: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5234, viii, 69 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055234.","productDescription":"viii, 69 p.","numberOfPages":"69","temporalStart":"1999-01-01","temporalEnd":"2001-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123026,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2005_5234.jpg"},{"id":7752,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5234/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":463444,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76518.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"upper Yellowstone River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.65,45.25 ], [ -110.65,45.63333333333333 ], [ -110.55,45.63333333333333 ], [ -110.55,45.25 ], [ -110.65,45.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbdf4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holnbeck, Stephen R. 0000-0001-7313-9298 holnbeck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7313-9298","contributorId":1724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holnbeck","given":"Stephen","email":"holnbeck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":286431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":73983,"text":"ofr20041435 - 2005 - Early to middle Jurassic salt in Baltimore Canyon trough","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-20T21:47:04.028552","indexId":"ofr20041435","displayToPublicDate":"2006-02-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1435","title":"Early to middle Jurassic salt in Baltimore Canyon trough","docAbstract":"A pervasive, moderately deep (5-6 s two-way traveltime), high-amplitude reflection is traced on multichannel seismic sections over an approximately 7500 km² area of Baltimore Canyon Trough. The layer associated with the reflection is about 25 km wide, about 60 m thick in the center, and thins monotonically laterally, though asymmetrically, at the edges. Geophysical characteristics are compatible with an interpretation of this negative-polarity reflector as a salt lens deposited on the top of a synrift evaporite sequence. However, alternative interpretations of the layer as gas-saturated sediments, an overpressured shale, or a weathered igneous intrusion are also worthy of consideration.
Geophysical analyses were made on three wavelet- and true-amplitude processed multichannel seismic dip lines. The lens-shaped layer demarked by the reflection has a velocity of 4.4 km/s; the lens lies within strata having velocities of 5.3 to 5.7 km/s. A trough marking the onset of the lens has an amplitude that is 10 to 20 db greater than reflections from the encasing layers and an apparent reflection coefficient of -0.24. Using amplitude versus offset analysis methods, we determined that observed reflection coefficients, though variable, decrease consistently with respect to increasing offset. Linear inversion yields a low density, about 2.2 g/cc. Integration of one of the true-amplitude-processed lines and one-dimensional modeling of the layer provide data on the impedance contrast and interference patterns that further reinforce the salt lens interpretation.
The thin, horizontal salt lens was probably deposited or precipitated during the Jurassic in a shallow, narrow (peripheral) rift basin, as rifting progressed down the North Atlantic margin. Unlike thicker deposits in other areas that deformed and flowed, often into diapir structures, this thin lens has remained relatively undisturbed since deposition.
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) provides information to the public and to policy-makers concerning the current use and flow of minerals and materials in the United States economy. The USGS collects, analyzes, and disseminates minerals information on most nonfuel mineral commodities.
This USGS digital database is an online compilation of historical U.S. statistics on mineral and material commodities. The database contains information on approximately 90 mineral commodities, including production, imports, exports, and stocks; reported and apparent consumption; and unit value (the real and nominal price in U.S. dollars of a metric ton of apparent consumption). For many of the commodities, data are reported as far back as 1900. Each commodity file includes a document that describes the units of measure, defines terms, and lists USGS contacts for additional information.
End-use tables complement these statistics by supplying, for most of these commodities, information about the distribution of apparent consumption.
This publication draws on more than 125 years of minerals information experience. At the request of the 47th Congress of the United States (1882; 22 Stat. 329), the U.S. Government began the collection and public distribution of these types of data. The Federal agencies responsible for the collection of the data have changed through time. For the years 1882-1924, the USGS collected and published these data; the U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) performed these tasks from 1925-95; and in 1996, the responsibilities once again passed to the USGS (following the closure of the USBM) (Mlynarski, 1998).
The USGS collects data on a monthly, quarterly, semiannual, and annual basis from more than 18,000 minerals-related producer and consumer establishments that cooperate with the USGS. These companies voluntarily complete about 40,000 canvass forms that survey production, consumption, recycling, stocks, shipments, and other essential information. Data are also gathered from site visits, memberships on domestic and international minerals-related committees, and coordination with other government organizations and trade associations.
The USGS makes this information available through published products, including monthly, quarterly, and annual Mineral Industry Surveys, the annual Minerals Yearbook (MYB), the annual Mineral Commodity Summaries (MCS), and special mineral commodity studies, including the history of metal prices and materials flow studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds140","usgsCitation":"Kelly, T., Matos, G., Buckingham, D.A., DiFrancesco, C.A., Porter, K.E., Berry, C., Crane, M., Goonan, T., and Sznopek, J., 2005, Historical statistics for mineral and material commodities in the United States (2014 Version): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 140, HTML, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds140.","productDescription":"HTML","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191936,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds140.PNG"},{"id":363357,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/historical-statistics-mineral-and-material-commodities-united-states","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"2014 Version","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c62c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelly, Thomas","contributorId":93032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"Thomas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matos, Grecia R. 0000-0002-3285-3070 gmatos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3285-3070","contributorId":195499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matos","given":"Grecia R.","email":"gmatos@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":286375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buckingham, David A.","contributorId":57947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buckingham","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DiFrancesco, Carl A.","contributorId":105400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DiFrancesco","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Porter, Kenneth E.","contributorId":12558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Berry, Cyrus","contributorId":83622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"Cyrus","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Crane, Melissa","contributorId":31068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crane","given":"Melissa","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Goonan, Thomas","contributorId":99236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goonan","given":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Sznopek, John","contributorId":22049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sznopek","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":73223,"text":"sir20055214 - 2005 - Surface water-quality and water-quantity data from selected urban runoff-monitoring sites at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Commerce City, Colorado, water years 1988-2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-22T09:08:57","indexId":"sir20055214","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5214","title":"Surface water-quality and water-quantity data from selected urban runoff-monitoring sites at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Commerce City, Colorado, water years 1988-2004","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey has monitored the quality and quantity of streamflow at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal (RMA) northeast of Denver, Colorado, since the early 1990s in cooperation with the U.S. Army. This report, prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, documents existing surface-water-quality conditions on the RMA. All RMA water-quality data for the Irondale Gulch and First Creek Basins adjacent to and on the RMA were reviewed. Where applicable, water-quality data were compared to State standards established by the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. At both the Havana Interceptor below 56th Avenue gaging station and the Uvalda Interceptor below 56th Avenue gaging station, all of the dissolved-oxygen concentrations met the State standard requiring at least 5.0 milligrams per liter (mg/L) of dissolved oxygen for the protection of aquatic life. In contrast, the dissolved-oxygen concentrations at the Peoria Interceptor below 56th Avenue gage commonly were less than 5.0 mg/L. Excluding one suspect concentration of 1.6 mg/L, the dissolved-oxygen concentrations for the First Creek Basin ranged from 4.2 to 12.6 mg/L. Excluding the one suspect value, three dissolved-oxygen concentrations failed to meet the State standard of 5.0 mg/L at the First Creek below Buckley Road site. At the Peoria Interceptor below 56th Avenue site, all pH values were within the range specified by the State standard (6.50-8.99). Results of seven sampling events at the Havana Interceptor below 56th Avenue gaging station indicated a pH greater than or equal to 9 (pH values of 9 or greater exceed the upper limit of the standard). No sampling events indicated a pH less than 6.50. Results from one sampling event at the Uvalda Interceptor below 56th Avenue indicated pH values outside the range specified by the State standard. The concentrations obtained for chloride, magnesium, and sodium generally were below 200 mg/L at all three Irondale Gulch monitoring stations for the entire period of record, but there were a few sampling events at each of these sites where much higher concentrations for these analytes were obtained. The median concentrations for calcium, magnesium, and sodium generally were higher at the First Creek below Buckley Road site than in the three Irondale Gulch sites, while the 90th percentile and maximum concentrations for magnesium and sodium generally were higher at the three Irondale Gulch sites than at the First Creek below Buckley Road site. The urban runoff flowing onto the RMA had low concentrations and few, if any, detections for most organic contaminants. Part of the reason for low detections of organic contaminants may be in how the samples are collected. The existing surface-water sampling program was not designed specifically to target storm runoff and therefore does not characterize water quality for all hydrologic regimes, most notably storm runoff. As a result, the existing data may not adequately represent potential contaminant transport onto the RMA. In addition, during stormwater-runoff events, the sites examined for this report frequently are subject to sharp increases in discharge, and just as quickly the discharge rapidly recedes. These types of transient flow events make water-quality sampling difficult, and none of the sites have a safe place to sample the higher flows that occur in any given year. As a result, most of the surface-water-quality samples were collected after the flow had decreased substantially from the peak flow, which may have transported much of the chemical contaminant load through the system. Thus, little is known about the water quality during the critical initial stormwater-runoff period when contaminants are most likely to be mobilized and transported through the stormwater conveyances past the locations where gaging stations are located.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055214","usgsCitation":"Gordon, J.D., Schild, D.E., Capesius, J.P., and Slaughter, C.B., 2005, Surface water-quality and water-quantity data from selected urban runoff-monitoring sites at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Commerce City, Colorado, water years 1988-2004 (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5214, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055214.","productDescription":"29 p.","numberOfPages":"29","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121052,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2005_5214.jpg"},{"id":7469,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5214/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Commerce City, Rocky Mountain Arsenal","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.02655029296875,\n 39.69979076426969\n ],\n [\n -104.65919494628908,\n 39.69979076426969\n ],\n [\n -104.65507507324219,\n 39.91447633139619\n ],\n [\n -105.02655029296876,\n 39.91026292816486\n ],\n [\n -105.02655029296875,\n 39.69979076426969\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af1e4b07f02db6917fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gordon, John D. 0000-0001-8396-8524 jgordon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8396-8524","contributorId":347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"John","email":"jgordon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schild, Donald E. deschild@usgs.gov","contributorId":1637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schild","given":"Donald","email":"deschild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":286341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Capesius, Joseph P. capesius@usgs.gov","contributorId":698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capesius","given":"Joseph","email":"capesius@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":286340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Slaughter, Cecil B.","contributorId":82005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slaughter","given":"Cecil","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":73233,"text":"sir20055249 - 2005 - Occurrence of organic wastewater compounds in wastewater effluent and the Big Sioux River in the Upper Big Sioux River basin, South Dakota, 2003-2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-29T21:31:25.259815","indexId":"sir20055249","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5249","title":"Occurrence of organic wastewater compounds in wastewater effluent and the Big Sioux River in the Upper Big Sioux River basin, South Dakota, 2003-2004","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the East Dakota Water Development District conducted a reconnaissance study to determine the occurrence of organic wastewater compounds (OWCs) in wastewater effluent and the Big Sioux River at or near the cities of Watertown, Volga, and Brookings in the upper Big Sioux River Basin during August 2003 through June 2004. For each city, samples were collected from the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent and from Big Sioux River sites upstream and downstream from where the wastewater effluent discharges to the Big Sioux River. For Watertown and Brookings, samples were collected during a low-flow period (August 2003) and a runoff period (June 2004). For Volga, samples were collected during two low-flow periods (August 2003 and October 2003) and a runoff period (June 2004).
A total of 125 different OWCs were analyzed for and were classified into six compound classes-human pharmaceutical compounds (HPCs), human and veterinary antibiotic compounds (HVACs), major agricultural herbicides (MAHs), household, industrial, and minor agricultural compounds (HIACs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and sterol compounds (SCs). Of the 125 different OWCs, 45 had acceptable analytical method performance, were detected at concentrations greater than the study reporting levels, and were included in analyses and discussion related to occurrence of OWCs in wastewater effluents and the Big Sioux River.
OWCs in all six compound classes were detected in water samples from sampling sites in the Watertown area. The Watertown WWTP discharged continuously to the Big Sioux River during both the low-flow August 2003 and runoff June 2004 sampling periods. Total OWC concentrations for Big Sioux River sites upstream from the Watertown WWTP discharge generally were small, less than 6 micrograms per liter (µg/L) for both sampling periods. SCs accounted for nearly all of the total OWC concentrations for upstream Big Sioux River sites for the low-flow August 2003 sampling period, and MAHs accounted for nearly all of the total OWC concentrations for the runoff June 2004 sampling period. Total OWC concentrations for samples collected from the Watertown wastewater effluent were relatively large for both sampling periods (estimated concentrations ranged from 20 to 41 µg/L), and primarily consisted of HIACs, SCs, and HVACs. Total OWC concentrations for Big Sioux River sites downstream from the Watertown WWTP discharge were relatively large for the low-flow August 2003 sampling period (estimated concentrations ranged from 6.9 to 19 µg/L) and smaller for the runoff June 2004 sampling period (estimated concentrations ranged from 3.3 to 6.5 µg/L), a pattern that probably reflects a greater fraction of the total flow of the Big Sioux River being derived from WWTP discharge during the low-flow sampling period. Major OWC classes contributing to total OWC concentrations for Big Sioux River sites downstream from the Watertown WWTP were HIACs, SCs, and HVACs. Total OWC concentrations decreased substantially between the two downstream Big Sioux River sites. Although confident conclusions could not be made primarily due to possible effects of non-Lagrangian sampling, OWC results for the Watertown area might indicate that (1) OWCs for upstream Big Sioux River sites probably were primarily contributed by nonpoint agricultural sources, with livestock agriculture accounting for most of the total OWC concentration for the low-flow August 2003 sampling period, and crop agriculture accounting for most of the total OWC concentration for the runoff June 2004 sampling period; (2) OWCs for downstream Big Sioux River sites were substantially influenced by contributions from the Watertown WWTP during both the low-flow and runoff sampling periods; and (3) contributions of OWCs that might be derived from nonpoint livestock agricultural sources increased in proportion for the most downstream site for both the low-flow and runoff sampling periods. Suspected endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) were detected in all Big Sioux River samples in the Watertown area. For both the low-flow and runoff sampling periods, the numbers of EDCs detected, and EDC concentrations and loads generally were larger for downstream Big Sioux River sites than for upstream Big Sioux River sites. Combined EDC concentrations for downstream Big Sioux River sites consisted mostly of HIACs for the low-flow sampling period and both HIACs and MAHs for the runoff sampling period.
OWCs in all compound classes except PAHs were detected in samples from sites in the Volga area. The Volga WWTP was not discharging to the Big Sioux River during the low-flow August 2003 and runoff June 2004 sampling periods, but was discharging continuously to the Big Sioux River during the low-flow October 2003 sampling period. For the low-flow August 2003 sampling period, the upstream Big Sioux River site had larger total OWC concentrations and loads than downstream Big Sioux River sites, and SCs accounted for most of the total OWC concentration for all Big Sioux River sites. For the low-flow October 2003 sampling period, when the Volga WWTP was discharging to the Big Sioux River, total OWC concentrations and loads were larger for the downstream Big Sioux River site than for the upstream site, and the increase in load corresponded well with the load contributed by the Volga wastewater effluent discharge, especially for HIACs. HIACs and SCs accounted for most of the total OWC concentrations for Big Sioux River sites for the October 2003 sampling period. For the June 2004 runoff sampling period, the upstream Big Sioux River site had smaller total OWC concentrations and loads than downstream Big Sioux River sites, and MAHs accounted for most of the total OWC concentrations for all Big Sioux River sites. Although confident conclusions could not be made due to possible effects of non-Lagrangian sampling, the data might indicate that (1) for the low-flow August 2003 sampling period, nonpoint livestock agricultural and/or human wastewater sources might have been the primary contributors to occurrence of OWCs at Big Sioux River sampling sites; (2) for the low-flow October 2003 sampling period, nonpoint livestock sources and upstream human wastewater sources primarily contributed to occurrence of OWCs at Big Sioux River sampling sites; (3) for the runoff June 2004 sampling period, nonpoint crop agricultural sources primarily contributed to occurrence of OWCs at Big Sioux River sampling sites; (4) for the low-flow August 2003 and runoff June 2004 sampling periods, seepage of water from the Volga WWTP had little effect on downstream OWC concentrations; and (5) for the low-flow October 2003 sampling period, the Volga wastewater effluent discharge contributed to downstream OWC concentrations. EDCs were detected in all samples collected from sampling sites in the Volga area. For all sampling periods, total EDC concentrations generally were similar between upstream and downstream Big Sioux River sites and consisted of HIACs and MAHs. HIACs accounted for most of the total EDC concentrations for the low-flow August 2003 and October 2003 sampling periods, and MAHs accounted for most of the total EDC concentrations for the runoff June 2004 sampling period for all Big Sioux River sites.
OWCs in all compound classes except PAHs were detected in water samples from sampling sites in the Brookings area. The Brookings WWTP discharged continuously to the Big Sioux River during all sampling periods. For the low-flow August 2003 sampling period, the upstream site had slightly smaller total OWC concentrations and loads compared to the downstream Big Sioux River sites. SCs and HIACs accounted for most of the total OWC concentration in all Big Sioux River sampling sites, but the proportion of SCs increased at the most downstream site. For the runoff June 2004 sampling period, the upstream site generally had smaller total OWC concentrations and loads than downstream Big Sioux River sites. MAHs accounted for most of the total OWC concentration for all Big Sioux River sites, but the proportion of SCs increased at the most downstream site. Although confident conclusions could not be made due to possible effects of non-Lagrangian sampling, the data might indicate that (1) for the low-flow August 2003 sampling period, nonpoint livestock agricultural sources probably primarily contributed to occurrence of OWCs at all Big Sioux River sampling sites, and the Brookings WWTP wastewater effluent discharge contributed but did not have a substantial effect on concentrations at downstream sites; and (2) for the runoff June 2004 sampling period, nonpoint crop agricultural sources primarily contributed to occurrence of OWCs at all Big Sioux River sites, contributions of OWCs that might be derived from nonpoint livestock agricultural sources increased in proportion to other sources for the most downstream site, and the Brookings WWTP wastewater effluent discharge probably did not substantially contribute to total OWC concentrations at downstream sampling sites. EDCs were detected in all samples collected from sampling sites in the Brookings area. Total EDC concentrations for the upstream site consisted entirely of MAHs. Total EDC concentrations for downstream sites consisted of MAHs and HIACs. HIACs accounted for most of the total EDC concentrations for the low-flow August 2003 sampling period, and MAHs accounted for most of the total EDC concentrations for the runoff June 2004 sampling period for downstream Big Sioux River sites.
The city of Watertown is located near the upstream part of the Big Sioux River Basin, where the mean annual flow of the Big Sioux River is less than 100 cubic feet per second (ft3/s). Watertown WWTP discharges can account for a substantial part of the flow in the Big Sioux River, especially during low-flow periods. Effects of the Watertown WWTP wastewater effluent discharges on the occurrence of OWCs in the Big Sioux River downstream were apparent during both the low-flow and runoff sampling periods. For Volga and Brookings, which are farther downstream and where the mean annual flow of the Big Sioux River exceeds 400 ft3/s, wastewater effluent discharges from the Volga and Brookings WWTPs probably influenced the occurrence of OWCs in the Big Sioux River, but probably did not substantially contribute to total OWC concentrations, especially during the runoff sampling period.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055249","usgsCitation":"Sando, S.K., Furlong, E.T., Gray, J.L., Meyer, M.T., and Bartholomay, R.C., 2005, Occurrence of organic wastewater compounds in wastewater effluent and the Big Sioux River in the Upper Big Sioux River basin, South Dakota, 2003-2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5249, 108 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055249.","productDescription":"108 p.","numberOfPages":"108","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191832,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7470,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5249/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":463372,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86771.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Upper Big Sioux River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.974609375,\n 43.004647127794435\n ],\n [\n -96.5478515625,\n 43.004647127794435\n ],\n [\n -96.5478515625,\n 45.9511496866914\n ],\n [\n -103.974609375,\n 45.9511496866914\n ],\n [\n -103.974609375,\n 43.004647127794435\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af5e4b07f02db69231f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sando, Steven K. 0000-0003-1206-1030 sksando@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1206-1030","contributorId":1016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sando","given":"Steven","email":"sksando@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Furlong, Edward T. 0000-0002-7305-4603 efurlong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"Edward","email":"efurlong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gray, James L. 0000-0002-0807-5635 jlgray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0807-5635","contributorId":1253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"James","email":"jlgray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meyer, Michael T. 0000-0001-6006-7985 mmeyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6006-7985","contributorId":866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Michael","email":"mmeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bartholomay, Roy C. 0000-0002-4809-9287 rcbarth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-9287","contributorId":1131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholomay","given":"Roy","email":"rcbarth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":73153,"text":"sir20055188 - 2005 - Hydrologic and water-quality conditions in the Kansas River, northeast Kansas, November 2001–August 2002, and simulation of ammonia assimilative capacity and bacteria transport during low flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-20T19:31:00.004636","indexId":"sir20055188","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5188","title":"Hydrologic and water-quality conditions in the Kansas River, northeast Kansas, November 2001–August 2002, and simulation of ammonia assimilative capacity and bacteria transport during low flow","docAbstract":"Large concentrations of ammonia and densities of bacteria have been detected in reaches of the Kansas River in northeast Kansas during low streamflow conditions, prompting the Kansas Department of Health and Environment (KDHE) to list these reaches as water-quality limited with respect to ammonia and fecal coliform bacteria. Sources for ammonia and bacteria in the watershed consist of wastewater-treatment facilities (WWTFs) and agricultural and urban runoff. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with KDHE, conducted an investigation of the Kansas River to characterize hydrologic and water-quality conditions and to simulate ammonia assimilative capacity and bacteria transport during low streamflow. This report characterizes the water-quality conditions, documents the calibration of a two-dimensional water-quality model, and presents results of hypothetical simulations of existing and future WWTFs discharging to the Kansas River during low streamflow.
\nWater samples were collected during low streamflow conditions at 50 sampling sites along and near the Kansas River between Wamego and Kansas City, Kansas, during three synoptic surveys conducted between November 2001 and August 2002. The analytical results from these samples indicated that ammonia and other nutrient concentrations and fecal coliform bacteria densities increased in the Kansas River from Wamego to Kansas City. Point sources were the primary contributors of ammonia and fecal coliform bacteria during low-flow conditions. Generally, ammonia concentrations in the Kansas River were largest at sampling sites just downstream from WWTFs. Overall, ammonia concentrations in the Kansas River, tributaries, and WWTF effluent were larger in the winter than during the summer. None of the main-stem sample concentrations exceeded the State of Kansas pH- and temperature-dependent chronic aquatic-life criteria for ammonia during the sampling periods. Other nutrients, such as total nitrogen and total phosphorus, indicated a similar, but less variable, spatial pattern along the main stem of the Kansas River, with concentrations increasing slightly downstream from major WWTFs. The temporal variance defined by the results of synoptic survey III (July 22–August 8, 2002) indicated that ammonia concentrations in the Kansas River sometimes varied daily by as much as 155 percent at a single site.
\nSamples analyzed for densities of fecal coliform bacteria illustrated a seasonal, spatial, and temporal pattern slightly different from that of nutrients. Overall, the bacteria densities measured during the summer were larger than the densities measured in the winter. The only fecal coliform bacteria density to exceed the former State water-quality, single-sample criteria of 2,000 col/100 mL (colonies per 100 milliliters of water) was measured at 4,000 col/100 mL during synoptic III (summer 2002) on the main stem of the Kansas River at Kansas City. Temporal variability measured during synoptic survey III indicated up to a 263-percent difference in bacteria density over a 12-day period.
\nInstantaneous loads of ammonia and bacteria were computed to determine primary inputs to the Kansas River and ammonia and bacteria decay rates in the river. The Oakland WWTF in Topeka was the largest contributor of both ammonia and bacteria on the basis of samples collected during the three synoptic surveys, except for fecal coliform bacteria collected during synoptic survey III when the DeSoto WWTF was discharging the largest concentration of bacteria. The ammonia assimilative process was about twice as effective during the summer synoptic survey than it was during the winter survey. Decay of fecal coliform bacteria density was less evident and appeared to have little seasonal effect on the basis of data collected for this report. The summer low-streamflow water-quality conditions were suitable for nitrification, algae that consume ammonia, and consequently, decaying organic matter that consume oxygen. The consumption of dissolved oxygen due to nitrification and decaying algae contributed to three measurements of dissolved oxygen that were less than the State of Kansas aquatic-life-support use criteria of 5.0 milligrams per liter.
\nCE–QUAL–W2, a two-dimensional, hydrodynamic and water-quality model, was used to simulate ammonia and bacteria transport in the Kansas River from Topeka to Kansas City. The model was calibrated and verified using data from the three synoptic surveys. The calibrated model successfully simulated the hydrodynamics, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, and fecal coliform bacteria in the Kansas River. Simulated in-stream ammonia concentrations were compared to measured concentrations upstream to downstream along the Kansas River. The simulated in-stream ammonia concentrations mostly overestimated the measured values for both winter and summer, with a few exceptions. Comparisons between measured and simulated in-stream ammonia concentrations indicated ammonia assimilation was simulated more accurately in the summer than during the winter.
\nFour hypothetical simulations of varied effluent discharges from existing WWTFs and addition of a proposed WWTF near DeSoto were simulated to better understand future water-quality conditions in the Kansas River. Results indicated that ammonia and dissolved-oxygen concentrations in the Kansas River will decrease from the conditions observed during synoptic surveys II (February 25 through March 1, 2002) and III (July 22 through August 8, 2002) except near the proposed WWTF where concentrations of ammonia would be near or exceed criteria for waterborne species. Effects of the proposed WWTF on dissolved oxygen would result in concentrations less than the State of Kansas aquatic-life-support use criteria of 5.0 milligrams per liter for 1 to 2 miles downstream from either of the proposed sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20055188","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Kansas Department of Health and Environment","usgsCitation":"Rasmussen, P.P., and Christensen, V.G., 2005, Hydrologic and water-quality conditions in the Kansas River, northeast Kansas, November 2001–August 2002, and simulation of ammonia assimilative capacity and bacteria transport during low flow: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5188, viii, 111 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055188.","productDescription":"viii, 111 p.","numberOfPages":"120","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319755,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20055188.JPG"},{"id":394604,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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vglenn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4166-7461","contributorId":2354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"Victoria","email":"vglenn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":72983,"text":"sir20055213 - 2005 - Effects of Surface-Water Diversions on Habitat Availability for Native Macrofauna, Northeast Maui, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:18","indexId":"sir20055213","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5213","title":"Effects of Surface-Water Diversions on Habitat Availability for Native Macrofauna, Northeast Maui, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Effects of surface-water diversions on habitat availability for native stream fauna (fish, shrimp, and snails) are described for 21 streams in northeast Maui, Hawaii. Five streams (Waikamoi, Honomanu, Wailuanui, Kopiliula, and Hanawi Streams) were chosen as representative streams for intensive study. On each of the five streams, three representative reaches were selected: (1) immediately upstream of major surface-water diversions, (2) midway to the coast, and (3) near the coast. This study focused on five amphidromous native aquatic species (alamoo, nopili, nakea, opae, and hihiwai) that are abundant in the study area.\r\n\r\nThe Physical Habitat Simulation (PHABSIM) System, which incorporates hydrology, stream morphology and microhabitat preferences to explore relations between streamflow and habitat availability, was used to simulate habitat/discharge relations for various species and life stages, and to provide quantitative habitat comparisons at different streamflows of interest. Hydrologic data, collected over a range of low-flow discharges, were used to calibrate hydraulic models of selected transects across the streams. The models were then used to predict water depth and velocity (expressed as a Froude number) over a range of discharges up to estimates of natural median streamflow. The biological importance of the stream hydraulic attributes was then assessed with the statistically derived suitability criteria for each native species and life stage that were developed as part of this study to produce a relation between discharge and habitat availability. The final output was expressed as a weighted habitat area of streambed for a representative stream reach.\r\n\r\nPHABSIM model results are presented to show the area of estimated usable bed habitat over a range of streamflows relative to natural conditions. In general, the models show a continuous decrease in habitat for all modeled species as streamflow is decreased from natural conditions.\r\n\r\nThe PHABSIM modeling results from the intensively studied streams were normalized to develop relations between the relative amount of diversion from a stream and the resulting relative change in habitat in the stream. These relations can be used to estimate changes in habitat for diverted streams in the study area that were not intensively studied. The relations indicate that the addition of even a small amount of water to a dry stream has a significant effect on the amount of habitat available. Equations relating stream base-flow changes to habitat changes can be used to provide an estimate of the relative habitat change in the study area streams for which estimates of diverted and natural median base flow have been determined but for which detailed habitat models were not developed.\r\n\r\nStream water temperatures, which could have an effect on stream ecology and taro cultivation, were measured in five streams in the study area. In general, the stream temperatures measured at any of the monitoring sites were not elevated enough, based on currently available information, to adversely effect the growth or mortality of native aquatic macrofauna or to cause wetland taro to be susceptible to fungi and associated rotting diseases.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20055213","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources Commission on Water Resource Management","usgsCitation":"Gingerich, S.B., and Wolff, R.H., 2005, Effects of Surface-Water Diversions on Habitat Availability for Native Macrofauna, Northeast Maui, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5213, Report: vi, 94 p.; Plate: 17 x 20 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055213.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 94 p.; Plate: 17 x 20 inches","numberOfPages":"103","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193107,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7355,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5213/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -156.20083333333332,20.784166666666668 ], [ -156.20083333333332,20.95 ], [ -156.08333333333334,20.95 ], [ -156.08333333333334,20.784166666666668 ], [ -156.20083333333332,20.784166666666668 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624f0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gingerich, Stephen B. 0000-0002-4381-0746 sbginger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4381-0746","contributorId":1426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gingerich","given":"Stephen","email":"sbginger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolff, Reuben H.","contributorId":35020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolff","given":"Reuben","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79005,"text":"wdrNY042 - 2005 - Water Resources Data New York Water Year 2004, Volume 2: Long Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-30T15:47:59","indexId":"wdrNY042","displayToPublicDate":"2005-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NY-04-2","title":"Water Resources Data New York Water Year 2004, Volume 2: Long Island","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 2004 water year for Long Island New York consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; stage and water quality of estuaries; and water levels and water quality of ground-water wells. This volume contains records for water discharge at 15 gaging stations; lake stage at 7 gaging stations; tide stage at 6 gaging stations; and water levels at 478 observation wells. Also included are data for 10 low-flow partial record stations. Additional water data were collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data-collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements and analyses. These data, together with the data in volumes 1 and 3 represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with State, Federal, and other agencies in New York.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrNY042","usgsCitation":"GeSpinello, A., Busciolano, R., Pena-Cruz, G., and Winowitch, R., 2005, Water Resources Data New York Water Year 2004, Volume 2: Long Island: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report NY-04-2, 286 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrNY042.","productDescription":"286 p.","numberOfPages":"286","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192919,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2004/wdr-ny-04-2/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":325547,"rank":4,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov//wdr/2004/wdr-ny-04-2/05.report.introduction.2004.pdf","text":"Introduction","size":"164 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WDR 2004-NY042"},{"id":8520,"rank":1,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2004/wdr-ny-04-2/wdrny042.contents.pdf","text":"Contents","size":"315 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WDR 2004-NY042"},{"id":325671,"rank":7,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2004/wdr-ny-04-2/15.report.index.2004.pdf","text":"Index","size":"79 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WDR 2004-NY042"},{"id":325670,"rank":6,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2004/wdr-ny-04-2/08.figure6a.2004.pdf","text":"Map Showing Location of Data Collection Stations","size":"141 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WDR 2004-NY042"},{"id":325548,"rank":5,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov//wdr/2004/wdr-ny-04-2/06.report.definitions.2004.pdf","text":"Explanation Text/ Definitions/Lists of Reports","size":"227 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WDR 2004-NY042"},{"id":325546,"rank":3,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov//wdr/2004/wdr-ny-04-2/04.disc.list.2004.pdf","text":"Discontinued Surface-Water Discharge Stations","size":"174 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WDR 2004-NY042"}],"contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
Lake Houston is a major source of public water supply and recreational resource for the Houston metropolitan area, Texas. Water-quality issues of potential concern for the lake have included nutrient enrichment (orthophosphorus, total phosphorus, nitrite plus nitrate) and aquatic life use (dissolved oxygen). The , in cooperation with the City of Houston, collected water samples from three sites in Lake Houston and from two streams that discharge to the lake during 2000–2004. Nitrogen compounds, phosphorus, suspended sediment, organic carbon, turbidity, chlorophyll-a, and selected pesticide compounds in water were assessed for all sites. Waterquality conditions of the lake and inflow streams were assessed, and loads and yields were computed for selected constituents in the streams. Selected constituents from samples collected in Lake Houston during 1990–2004 were tested for trends. The three sites sampled in Lake Houston characterized water available to the City of Houston pumping station (site AC), water entering the lake from the largely rural eastern subbasin (site EC), and water entering the lake from the more urbanized, western subbasin (site FC). Most constituent concentrations were largest at site FC, smallest at site EC, and intermediate at site AC. Organic nitrogen was the dominant form of nitrogen in samples collected at all sites. Nitrite plus nitrate concentrations were largest at site FC. Total phosphorus concentrations in all samples were larger than that recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to limit aquatic growth in reservoirs. There was a wide range in suspended-sediment concentrations and turbidity in the lake. Twelve pesticides were detected. Atrazine and its breakdown product, 2-chloro-4-isopropylamino-6-amino-s-triazine (CIAT), were the most commonly detected pesticides; concentrations of atrazine were larger than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level of 3.0 micrograms per liter in two samples at site FC. The relative contributions to the water quality of Lake Houston from the eastern and western subbasins were examined by collecting water samples in Cypress Creek and East Fork San Jacinto River. Nitrate and pesticide concentrations were larger in Cypress Creek than in East Fork San Jacinto River. In Cypress Creek, nitrate was the primary form of nitrogen at low flows. Atrazine exceeded 3.0 micrograms per liter in three of 17 samples, with the maximum measured concentration of 21.3 micrograms per liter. In East Fork San Jacinto River, organic nitrogen was the primary form of nitrogen. Atrazine was detected in six of 15 samples. The maximum atrazine concentration was 0.233 microgram per liter. Constituent yields allowed direct comparison of loads from Cypress Creek and East Fork San Jacinto River. In Cypress Creek, storm yields of nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen for high flows ranged from 8 to 45 pounds per square mile per day; in East Fork San Jacinto River, the maximum storm yield for high flows was 1.47 pounds per square mile per day. At low flows, the median daily yield of dissolved phosphorus from Cypress Creek was 84 times larger than the median daily yield from East Fork San Jacinto River; at high flows, it was 16 times larger. At high flows, the maximum daily yield of atrazine from Cypress Creek was 460 times larger than the maximum daily yield at high flows from East Fork San Jacinto River. The concentrations of most constituents at Lake Houston sites showed no trend during 1990–2004; however, significant trends overall or for particular seasons, or both, were detected at some sites for nitrite plus nitrate, dissolved phosphorus, dissolved organic carbon, chlorophyll-a, and diazinon (2000–2004 data only for diazinon).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055241","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Houston","usgsCitation":"Sneck-Fahrer, D.A., Milburn, M.S., East, J., and Oden, J.H., 2005, Water-quality assessment of Lake Houston near Houston, Texas, 2000-2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5241, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055241.","productDescription":"64 p.","numberOfPages":"64","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193095,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20055241.PNG"},{"id":415302,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86770.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":7300,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5241/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Lake Houston","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.9167,\n 29.9022\n ],\n [\n -94.9167,\n 30.7667\n ],\n [\n -95.9733,\n 30.7667\n ],\n [\n -95.9733,\n 29.9022\n ],\n [\n -94.9167,\n 29.9022\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688d08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sneck-Fahrer, Debra A.","contributorId":43844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sneck-Fahrer","given":"Debra","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Milburn, Matthew S.","contributorId":53896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milburn","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"East, Jeffery W. jweast@usgs.gov","contributorId":1683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"East","given":"Jeffery W.","email":"jweast@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oden, Jeannette H. 0000-0002-6473-1553 jhoden@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6473-1553","contributorId":1152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oden","given":"Jeannette","email":"jhoden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":72788,"text":"sir20055217 - 2005 - Base flow in the Great Lakes Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-20T12:55:17","indexId":"sir20055217","displayToPublicDate":"2005-12-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5217","title":"Base flow in the Great Lakes Basin","docAbstract":"Hydrograph separations were performed using the PART, HYSEP 1, 2, and 3, BFLOW and UKIH methods on 104,293 years of daily streamflow records from 3,936 streamflow-gaging stations in Ontario, Canada and the eight Great Lakes States of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin to estimate base-flow index (BFI) and base flow. BFI ranged an average of 0.24 BFI depending on which hydrograph-separation method was used. BFI data from 959 selected streamflow-gaging stations with a combined 28,784 years of daily streamflow data were used to relate BFI to surficial geology and the proportion of surface water within the gaged watersheds. This relation was then used to derive estimates of BFI throughout the Great Lakes, Ottawa River, and upper St. Lawrence River Basins at a scale of 8-digit hydrologic unit code (HUC) watersheds for the U.S. and tertiary watersheds in Canada. This process was repeated for each of the six hydrograph-separation methods used. When applied to gaged watersheds, model results predicted observed base flow within 0.2 BFI up to 94 percent of the time. Estimates of long-term (length of streamflow record) average annual streamflow in each HUC and tertiary watershed were calculated and used to determine average annual base flow from BFI estimates. Possibilities for future study based on results from this study include long-term trend analysis of base flow and improving the scale at which base-flow estimates can be made.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Suvey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20055217","usgsCitation":"Neff, B., Day, S., Piggott, A., and Fuller, L.M., 2005, Base flow in the Great Lakes Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5217, iv, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055217.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192939,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20055217.JPG"},{"id":7284,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5217/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes 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-74.794921875,\n 44.98034238084973\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6492a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neff, B.P.","contributorId":92759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neff","given":"B.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Day, S.M.","contributorId":41425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Piggott, A.R.","contributorId":34600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piggott","given":"A.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fuller, L. M.","contributorId":97987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":72787,"text":"sir20055273 - 2005 - Simulation of conservative-constituent transport in the Red River of the North Basin, North Dakota and Minnesota, 2003-04","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-09T13:33:42","indexId":"sir20055273","displayToPublicDate":"2005-12-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5273","title":"Simulation of conservative-constituent transport in the Red River of the North Basin, North Dakota and Minnesota, 2003-04","docAbstract":"Population growth along with possible future droughts in the Red River of the North (Red River) Basin will create an increasing need for reliable water supplies. Therefore, as a result of the Dakota Water Resources Act of 2000, the Bureau of Reclamation identified eight water-supply alternatives (including a no-action alternative) to meet future water needs in the basin. Because of concerns about the possible effects of the alternatives on water quality in the Red River and the Sheyenne River and in Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, the Bureau of Reclamation needs to prepare an environmental impact statement that describes the specific environmental effects of each alternative. To provide information for the environmental impact statement, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation, conducted a study to develop and apply a water-quality model, hereinafter referred to as the Red River water-quality model, to part of the Red River and the Sheyenne River to simulate conservative-constituent transport in the Red River Basin. The Red River water-quality model is a one-dimensional, steady-state flow and transport model for selected constituents in the Red River and the Sheyenne River. The model simulates the flow and transport of total dissolved solids, sulfate, and chloride during steady-state conditions. The physical model domain includes the Red River from the confluence of the Bois de Sioux and Otter Tail Rivers to the Red River at Emerson, Manitoba, and the Sheyenne River from above Harvey, N. Dak., to the confluence with the Red River.
The Red River water-quality model was calibrated and tested using data collected at 34 sites from September 15 through 16, 2003, and from May 10 through 13, 2004. Water-quality samples were collected during low, steady-flow conditions from September 15 through 16, 2003, and during medium, unsteady-flow conditions from May 10 through 13, 2004. The simulated total dissolved-solids, sulfate, and chloride concentrations generally were within 5 percent of the measured concentrations.
The Red River water-quality model was used to simulate conservative-constituent transport in the Red River and the Sheyenne River for the eight water-supply alternatives identified by the Bureau of Reclamation. For the first set of eight simulations, September 2003 streamflows were used with projected 2050 return flows and withdrawals. For the second set of eight simulations, the September 2003 streamflows were reduced by 25 percent. The simulated concentrations for three of the alternatives generally were lower than for the no-action alternative. Of those alternatives, one would result in a decrease in concentrations for two constituents, one would result in a decrease in concentrations for all three constituents, and one would result in a decrease in concentrations for one constituent and an increase in concentrations for another constituent. For four of the alternatives, the differences between the mean simulated concentrations were less than calibration errors, indicating the effects of those alternatives on water quality in the rivers is uncertain. The effects of reduced streamflow on simulated total dissolved-solids, sulfate, and chloride concentrations were greatest for alternative 2. Reduced streamflow probably has an effect on simulated total dissolved-solids concentrations for alternatives 2, 3, 5, and 7 and on simulated sulfate concentrations for alternatives 2 and 5. Except for alternative 2, reduced streamflow had little effect on simulated chloride concentrations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20055273","usgsCitation":"Nustad, R.A., and Bales, J.D., 2005, Simulation of conservative-constituent transport in the Red River of the North Basin, North Dakota and Minnesota, 2003-04 (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5273, 89 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055273.","productDescription":"89 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192842,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":352373,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5273/pdf/sir20055273.pdf"},{"id":7282,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5273/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -100,45.833333333333336 ], [ -100,49 ], [ -94.83333333333333,49 ], [ -94.83333333333333,45.833333333333336 ], [ -100,45.833333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49a2e4b07f02db5bebb0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nustad, Rochelle A. 0000-0002-4713-5944 ranustad@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4713-5944","contributorId":1811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nustad","given":"Rochelle","email":"ranustad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bales, Jerad D. 0000-0001-8398-6984 jdbales@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8398-6984","contributorId":683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bales","given":"Jerad","email":"jdbales@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":5058,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":72793,"text":"sir20055226 - 2005 - Effects of removing Good Hope Mill Dam on selected physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of Conodoguinet Creek, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-02T18:54:09.381205","indexId":"sir20055226","displayToPublicDate":"2005-12-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5226","title":"Effects of removing Good Hope Mill Dam on selected physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of Conodoguinet Creek, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The implications of dam removal on channel characteris-tics, water quality, benthic invertebrates, and fish are not well understood because of the small number of removals that have been studied. Comprehensive studies that document the effects of dam removal are just beginning to be published, but most research has focused on larger dams or on the response of a sin-gle variable (such as benthic invertebrates). This report, pre-pared in cooperation with the Conodoguinet Creek Watershed Association, provides an evaluation of how channel morphol-ogy, bed-particle-size distribution, water quality, benthic inver-tebrates, fish, and aquatic habitat responded after removal of Good Hope Mill Dam (a small 'run of the river' dam) from Conodoguinet Creek in Cumberland County, Pa.\r\n\r\nGood Hope Mill Dam was a 6-foot high, 220-foot wide concrete structure demolished and removed over a 3-day period beginning with the initial breach on November 2, 2001, at 10:00 a.m. eastern standard time. To isolate the effects of dam removal, data were collected before and after dam removal at five monitoring stations and over selected reaches upstream, within, and downstream of the impoundment. Stations 1, 2, and 5 were at free-flowing control locations 4.9 miles upstream, 2.5 miles upstream, and 5 miles downstream of the dam, respec-tively. Stations 3 and 4 were located where the largest responses were anticipated, 115 feet upstream and 126 feet downstream of the dam, respectively\r\n\r\nGood Hope Mill Dam was not an effective barrier to sedi-ment transport. Less than 3 inches of sediment in the silt/clay-size range (less than 0.062 millimeters) coated bedrock within the 7,160-foot (1.4-mile) impoundment. The bedrock within the impoundment was not incised during or after dam removal, and the limited sediment supply resulted in no measurable change in the thalweg elevation downstream of the dam. The cross-sec-tional areas at stations 3 and 4, measured 17 days and 23 months after dam removal, were within 3 percent of the area measured before removal. \r\n\r\nSome of the impounded silt/clay at station 3 and other sed-iment in the work area downstream of the dam were initially entrained over the 3-day removal period and deposited on sub-strate at station 4. Remaining silt/clay at station 3 and deposits at station 4 were transported downstream by the flows mea-sured over the 23 months after removal (daily mean flow ranged from 38 to 5,180 cubic feet per second). The median bed-parti-cle size at station 3 increased by approximately 32 millimeters in the 23-month period after removal. Bed-particle-size distri-bution at station 4 became finer when silt/clay was initially deposited but coarsened as high flows flushed it downstream; median bed-particle size was 77.7 millimeters before removal compared to 31.3 millimeters 17 days after removal and 99 mil-limeters 23 months after removal. \r\n\r\nGood Hope Mill Dam had either no effect on water-quality characteristics or the effect was so small it was masked by sea-sonal and periodic variability. Measurements of daily mean temperature, dissolved-oxygen concentration, pH, and specific conductance on a short time scale (every 15 minutes) indicate the daily range of temperature was suppressed under impounded conditions and daily extremes of temperature, dis-solved-oxygen concentration, pH, and specific conductance at station 2 were out of phase by approximately 12 hours with station 3. Once the dam was removed, the pattern at station 3 shifted and converged with the pattern at station 2. The offset before removal may be related to a lag time resulting from a decrease in velocity through the impoundment. \r\n\r\nTotal nitrogen and suspended-sediment concentrations increased upon the initial dam breach but were within the range of concentrations measured from March 2001 through April 2002 over varying flow conditions at station 1. Total nitrogen concentration at station 4 was 4.66 milligrams per liter upon the initial breach of the dam,","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055226","usgsCitation":"Chaplin, J.J., Brightbill, R.A., and Bilger, M.D., 2005, Effects of removing Good Hope Mill Dam on selected physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of Conodoguinet Creek, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5226, vi, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055226.","productDescription":"vi, 37 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":422351,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_75446.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":7289,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5226/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":193341,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Cumberland County","otherGeospatial":"Conodoguinet Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.01244410668107,\n 40.26968434104131\n ],\n [\n -77.01244410668107,\n 40.23238079367178\n ],\n [\n -76.92239289126732,\n 40.23238079367178\n ],\n [\n -76.92535510230088,\n 40.28550398189944\n ],\n [\n -77.01244410668107,\n 40.26968434104131\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6117a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chaplin, Jeffrey J. 0000-0002-0617-5050 jchaplin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0617-5050","contributorId":147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaplin","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jchaplin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brightbill, Robin A. 0000-0003-4683-9656 rabright@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4683-9656","contributorId":618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brightbill","given":"Robin","email":"rabright@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bilger, Michael D.","contributorId":13589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bilger","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":72795,"text":"sir20045164 - 2005 - Using the tracer-dilution discharge method to develop streamflow records for ice-affected streams in Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:04","indexId":"sir20045164","displayToPublicDate":"2005-12-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5164","title":"Using the tracer-dilution discharge method to develop streamflow records for ice-affected streams in Colorado","docAbstract":"Accurate ice-affected streamflow records are difficult to obtain for several reasons, which makes the management of instream-flow water rights in the wintertime a challenging endeavor. This report documents a method to improve ice-affected streamflow records for two gaging stations in Colorado. In January and February 2002, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board, conducted an experiment using a sodium chloride tracer to measure streamflow under ice cover by the tracer-dilution discharge method. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of obtaining accurate ice-affected streamflow records by using a sodium chloride tracer that was injected into the stream. The tracer was injected at two gaging stations once per day for approximately 20 minutes for 25 days. Multiple-parameter water-quality sensors at the two gaging stations monitored background and peak chloride concentrations. These data were used to determine discharge at each site. A comparison of the current-meter streamflow record to the tracer-dilution streamflow record shows different levels of accuracy and precision of the tracer-dilution streamflow record at the two sites. At the lower elevation and warmer site, Brandon Ditch near Whitewater, the tracer-dilution method overestimated flow by an average of 14 percent, but this average is strongly biased by outliers. At the higher elevation and colder site, Keystone Gulch near Dillon, the tracer-dilution method experienced problems with the tracer solution partially freezing in the injection line. The partial freezing of the tracer contributed to the tracer-dilution method underestimating flow by 52 percent at Keystone Gulch. In addition, a tracer-pump-reliability test was conducted to test how accurately the tracer pumps can discharge the tracer solution in conditions similar to those used at the gaging stations. Although the pumps were reliable and consistent throughout the 25-day study period, the pumps underdischarged the tracer by 5.8-15.9 percent as compared to the initial pumping rate setting, which may explain some of the error in the tracer-dilution streamflow record as compared to current-meter streamflow record. \r\n\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045164","usgsCitation":"Capesius, J.P., Sullivan, J.R., O’Neill, G.B., and Williams, C.A., 2005, Using the tracer-dilution discharge method to develop streamflow records for ice-affected streams in Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5164, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045164.","productDescription":"14 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124836,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2004_5164.jpg"},{"id":7290,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5164/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ace4b07f02db5c68c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Capesius, Joseph P. capesius@usgs.gov","contributorId":698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capesius","given":"Joseph","email":"capesius@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":286108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sullivan, Joseph R.","contributorId":64351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Neill, Gregory B.","contributorId":104994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neill","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Williams, Cory A. 0000-0003-1461-7848 cawillia@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1461-7848","contributorId":689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Cory","email":"cawillia@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":72765,"text":"sir20055230 - 2005 - Simulation of flow and sediment mobility using a multidimensional flow model for the White Sturgeon critical-habitat reach, Kootenai River near Bonners Ferry, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:59","indexId":"sir20055230","displayToPublicDate":"2005-12-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5230","title":"Simulation of flow and sediment mobility using a multidimensional flow model for the White Sturgeon critical-habitat reach, Kootenai River near Bonners Ferry, Idaho","docAbstract":"In 1994, the Kootenai River white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) was listed as an Endangered Species as a direct result of two related observations. First, biologists observed that the white sturgeon population in the Kootenai River was declining. Second, they observed a decline in recruitment of juvenile sturgeon beginning in the 1950s with an almost total absence of recruitment since 1974, following the closure of Libby Dam in 1972. This second observation was attributed to changes in spawning and (or) rearing habitat resulting from alterations in the physical habitat, including flow regime, sediment-transport regime, and bed morphology of the river. The Kootenai River White Sturgeon Recovery Team was established to find and implement ways to improve spawning and rearing habitat used by white sturgeon. They identified the need to develop and apply a multidimensional flow model to certain reaches of the river to quantify physical habitat in a spatially distributed manner. The U.S. Geological Survey has addressed these needs by developing, calibrating, and validating a multidimensional flow model used to simulate streamflow and sediment mobility in the white sturgeon critical-habitat reach of the Kootenai River. This report describes the model and limitations, presents the results of a few simple simulations, and demonstrates how the model can be used to link physical characteristics of streamflow to biological or other habitat data. This study was conducted in cooperation with the Kootenai Tribe of Idaho along a 23-kilometer reach of the Kootenai River, including the white sturgeon spawning reach near Bonners Ferry, Idaho that is about 108 to 131 kilometers below Libby Dam.\r\n\r\nU.S. Geological Survey's MultiDimensional Surface-Water Modeling System was used to construct a flow model for the critical-habitat reach of the Kootenai River white sturgeon, between river kilometers 228.4 and 245.9. Given streamflow, bed roughness, and downstream water-surface elevation, the model computes the velocity field, water-surface elevations, and boundary shear stress throughout the modeled reach. The 17.5 kilometer model reach was subdivided into two segments on the basis of predominant grain size: a straight reach with a sand, gravel, and cobble substrate located between the upstream model boundary at river kilometer 245.9 and the upstream end of Ambush Rock at river kilometer 244.6, and a meandering reach with a predominately sand substrate located between upstream end of Ambush Rock and the downstream model boundary at river kilometer 228.4. Model cell size in the x and y (horizontal) dimensions is 5 meters by 5 meters along the computational grid centerline with 15 nodes in the z (vertical) dimension. The model was calibrated to historical streamflows evenly distributed between 141.6 and 2,548.9 cubic meters per second. The model was validated by comparing simulated velocities with velocities measured at 15 cross sections during steady streamflow. These 15 cross sections were each measured multiple (7-13) times to obtain velocities suitable for comparison to the model results. Comparison of modeled and measured velocities suggests that the model does a good job of reproducing flow patterns in the river, although some discrepancies were noted.\r\n\r\nThe model was used to simulate water-surface elevation, depth, velocity, bed shear stress, and sediment mobility for Kootenai River streamflows of 170, 566, 1,130, 1,700, and 2,270 cubic meters per second (6,000, 20,000, 40,000, 60,000, and 80,000 cubic feet per second). The three lowest streamflow simulations represent a range of typical river conditions before and since the construction of Libby Dam, and the highest streamflow simulation (2,270 cubic meters per second) is approximately equal to the annual median peak streamflow prior to emplacement of Libby Dam in 1972. Streamflow greater than 566 cubic meters per second were incrementally increased by 570 cubic meters per second. For each ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055230","usgsCitation":"Barton, G., McDonald, R.R., Nelson, J.M., and Dinehart, R.L., 2005, Simulation of flow and sediment mobility using a multidimensional flow model for the White Sturgeon critical-habitat reach, Kootenai River near Bonners Ferry, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5230, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055230.","productDescription":"64 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":193026,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7234,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5230/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f2e60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barton, Gary J. gbarton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"Gary J.","email":"gbarton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDonald, Richard R. 0000-0002-0703-0638 rmcd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0703-0638","contributorId":2428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"Richard","email":"rmcd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-7632-8526 jmn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7632-8526","contributorId":2812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Jonathan","email":"jmn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dinehart, Randal L.","contributorId":21151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinehart","given":"Randal","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":72768,"text":"cir1196U - 2005 - Mercury recycling in the United States in 2000","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70911,"text":"ofr20051236 - 2005 - Mercury recycling in the United States in 2000","indexId":"ofr20051236","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"title":"Mercury recycling in the United States in 2000"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":72768,"text":"cir1196U - 2005 - Mercury recycling in the United States in 2000","indexId":"cir1196U","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"chapter":"U","title":"Mercury recycling in the United States in 2000"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:59","indexId":"cir1196U","displayToPublicDate":"2005-12-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1196","chapter":"U","title":"Mercury recycling in the United States in 2000","docAbstract":"Reclamation and recycling of mercury from used mercury- containing products and treatment of byproduct mercury from gold mining is vital to the continued, though declining, use of this metal. Mercury is reclaimed from mercury-containing waste by treatment in multistep high-temperature retorts-the mercury is volatized and then condensed for purification and sale. Some mercury-containing waste, however, may be landfilled, and landfilled material represents loss of a recyclable resource and a threat to the environment. Related issues include mercury disposal and waste management, toxicity and human health, and regulation of mercury releases in the environment.\r\n\r\nEnd-users of mercury-containing products may face fines and prosecution if these products are improperly recycled or not recycled. Local and State environmental regulations require adherence to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act to regulate generation, treatment, and disposal of mercury-containing products. In the United States, several large companies and a number of smaller companies collect these products from a variety of sources and then reclaim and recycle the mercury.\r\n\r\nBecause mercury has not been mined as a principal product in the United States since 1992, mercury reclamation from fabricated products has become the main source of mercury. Principal product mercury and byproduct mercury from mining operations are considered to be primary materials. Mercury may also be obtained as a byproduct from domestic or foreign gold-processing operations. \r\n\r\nIn the early 1990s, U.S. manufacturers used an annual average that ranged from 500 to 600 metric tons of recycled and imported mercury for fabrication of automobile convenience switches, dental amalgam, fluorescent lamps, medical uses and thermometers, and thermostats. The amount now used for fabrication is estimated to be 200 metric tons per year or less. Much of the data on mercury is estimated because it is a low-volume commodity and its production, use, and disposal is difficult to track. The prices and volumes of each category of mercury-containing material may change dramatically from year to year. For example, the average price of mercury was approximately $150 per flask from 2000 until 2003 and then rose sharply to $650 per flask in fall 2004 and approximately $850 per flask in spring 2005. Since 1927, the common unit for measuring and pricing mercury has been the flask in order to conform to the system used at Almaden, Spain (Meyers, 1951). One flask weighs 34.5 kilograms, and 29 flasks of mercury are contained in a metric ton.\r\n\r\nIn the United States, the chlorine-caustic soda industry, which is the leading end-user of elemental mercury, recycles most of its mercury in-plant as home scrap. Annual purchases of replacement mercury by the chlorine-caustic soda industry indicate that some mercury may be lost through evaporation to the environment, put into a landfill as industrial waste, or trapped within pipes in the plant. Impending closure of domestic and foreign mercury-cell chlorine-caustic soda plants and the shift to nonmercury technology for chlorine-caustic soda production could ultimately result in a significant volume of elemental mercury for recycling, sale, or storage. Globally, mercury is widely used in artisanal, or small-scale, gold mining. Most of that mercury is lost to the environment and is not recycled. The recycling rate for mercury was not available owing to insufficient data in 2000, and the efficiency of mercury recycling was estimated to be 62 percent.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Flow Studies for Recycling Metal Commodities in the United States","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/cir1196U","collaboration":"Supersedes OFR 2005-1236","usgsCitation":"Brooks, W.E., and Matos, G.R., 2005, Mercury recycling in the United States in 2000 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1196, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1196U.","productDescription":"26 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2000-01-01","temporalEnd":"2000-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":193086,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7237,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/c1196u/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624d80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, William E.","contributorId":104061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matos, Grecia R. 0000-0002-3285-3070 gmatos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3285-3070","contributorId":2656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matos","given":"Grecia","email":"gmatos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":286059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":72767,"text":"sir20045127 - 2005 - Aquifer properties, stream base flow, water use, and water levels in the Pohatcong Valley, Warren County, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:59","indexId":"sir20045127","displayToPublicDate":"2005-12-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5127","title":"Aquifer properties, stream base flow, water use, and water levels in the Pohatcong Valley, Warren County, New Jersey","docAbstract":"A study was conducted to define the hydrogeology and describe the ground-water flow in the Pohatcong Valley in Warren County, N.J. near the Pohatcong Valley Ground Water Contamination Site. The area is underlain by glacial till and alluvial sediments and weathered and competent carbonate bedrock. The northwest and southeast valley boundaries are regional-scale thrust faults and ridges underlain by crystalline rocks. The unconsolidated sediments and weathered bedrock form a minor surficial aquifer. The carbonate rocks form a highly transmissive fractured-rock aquifer with well yields commonly as high as 500 gallons per minute. Ground-water recharge and flow in the crystalline-rock aquifer bordering the valley is minor compared to flow in the carbonate-rock aquifer, and little ground water flows into the carbonate-rock aquifer directly from the crystalline-rock aquifer. The thrust faults separating the carbonate and crystalline rocks may further impede flow between the two rock types.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nInterpretations of water-level and transmissivity data collected during 2000 to 2003 indicate that the carbonate formations generally can be considered to be one aquifer. The transmissivity of the carbonate-rock aquifer was estimated from the results of four aquifer tests conducted with two public supply wells. The transmissivity estimated from aquifer tests at a well located in Washington Borough is about 8,600 square feet per day. An aquifer test at a well located near the southwest border of Washington Borough was conducted to estimate transmissivity and the direction and magnitude of anisotropy. The estimated direction of maximum horizontal transmissivity near the second well is about 58? east of north and the magnitude is 7,600 square feet per day. The minimum horizontal transmissivity is 3,500 square feet per day and the ratio of anisotropy (maximum transmissivity to minimum transmissivity) is 2.2 to 1.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nStream base-flow data indicate that Pohatcong Creek steadily gains flow, but most of the gain is from tributaries originating in the crystalline rock areas (valley walls). Therefore, it is concluded there are no major heterogeneities (such as karst springs) in ground-water discharge to surface water. During periods of low ground-water levels, it is likely that, within the study area, Pohatcong Creek gains no flow from the carbonate-rock aquifer and may even lose flow to the surficial aquifer (which then recharges the carbonate-rock aquifer).\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nThere are few sites in the Pohatcong Valley with large-scale (greater than 10 million gallons per year) ground- or surface-water withdrawals. The only substantial withdrawals in the valley are from two public supply wells and from two industrial facilities. Average annual withdrawals during 1997-2002 at these four locations totaled 298 million gallons per year. About 95 percent of the water withdrawn by the large industrial user (108 million gallons per year) is re-injected into the aquifer.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nIn some locations throughout the valley, water levels in the shallow surficial deposits were substantially higher than those in underlying carbonate-rock aquifer. Water levels in the deep part of the surficial aquifer and underlying carbonate-rock aquifer were similar, although the gradients were often (but not always) downward. Furthermore, data collected during aquifer tests at a public supply well in Washington Borough and a public-supply well west of Washington Borough show that the deep part of the surficial aquifer is hydraulically well connected to the underlying carbonate-rock aquifer at these two locations. The shallow surficial deposits, however, are not well connected to the deep surficial deposits and carbonate rock at these two locations. \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nThe overall ground-water-flow pattern in the valley appears to be that precipitation recharges the surficial aquifer and is discharged from the surficial aquifer to the underlying bedrock aquifer and the Pohatcong Creek and its tri","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045127","usgsCitation":"Carleton, G., Gordon, A., and Wieben, C., 2005, Aquifer properties, stream base flow, water use, and water levels in the Pohatcong Valley, Warren County, New Jersey (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5127, NA, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045127.","productDescription":"NA","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":193085,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7236,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5127/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a61bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carleton, G.B.","contributorId":107729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carleton","given":"G.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gordon, A.D.","contributorId":103711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wieben, C.M. 0000-0001-5825-5119","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5825-5119","contributorId":100491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieben","given":"C.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70253054,"text":"pp1688A - 2005 - Studies of the Chesapeake Bay impact structure - Introduction and discussion","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70253054,"text":"pp1688A - 2005 - Studies of the Chesapeake Bay impact structure - Introduction and discussion","indexId":"pp1688A","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Studies of the Chesapeake Bay impact structure - Introduction and discussion"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":69857,"text":"pp1688 - 2005 - Studies of the Chesapeake Bay impact structure: The USGS-NASA Langley corehole, Hampton, Virginia, and related coreholes and geophysical surveys","indexId":"pp1688","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"title":"Studies of the Chesapeake Bay impact structure: The USGS-NASA Langley corehole, Hampton, Virginia, and related coreholes and geophysical surveys"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":69857,"text":"pp1688 - 2005 - Studies of the Chesapeake Bay impact structure: The USGS-NASA Langley corehole, Hampton, Virginia, and related coreholes and geophysical surveys","indexId":"pp1688","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"title":"Studies of the Chesapeake Bay impact structure: The USGS-NASA Langley corehole, Hampton, Virginia, and related coreholes and geophysical surveys"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-17T16:05:24.680947","indexId":"pp1688A","displayToPublicDate":"2005-12-01T11:00:52","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1688","chapter":"A","title":"Studies of the Chesapeake Bay impact structure - Introduction and discussion","docAbstract":"The late Eocene Chesapeake Bay impact structure on the Atlantic margin of Virginia is the largest known impact crater in the United States, and it may be the Earth's best preserved example of a large impact crater that formed on a predominantly siliciclastic continental shelf. The 85-kilometer-wide (53-milewide) crater also coincides with a region of saline ground water. It has a profound influence on ground-water quality and flow in an area of urban growth. The USGS-NASA Langley corehole at Hampton, Va., is the first in a series of new coreholes being drilled in the crater, and it is the first corehole to penetrate the entire crater-fill section and uppermost crystalline basement rock. The Langley corehole is located in the southwestern part of the crater's annular trough. A comprehensive effort to understand the crater's materials, architecture, geologic history, and formative processes, as well as its influence on ground water, includes the drilling of coreholes accompanied by high-resolution seismic-reflection and seismic-refraction surveys, audio-magnetotelluric surveys, and related multidisciplinary research. The studies of the core presented in this volume provide detailed information on the outer part of the crater, including the crystalline basement, the overlying impact-modified and impact-generated sediments (physical geology, paleontology, shocked minerals, and crystalline ejecta), and the upper Eocene to Quaternary postimpact sedimentary section (stratigraphy, paleontology, and paleoenvironments). The USGS-NASA Langley corehole has a total depth below land surface of 635.1 meters (m; 2,083.8 feet (ft)). The deepest unit in the corehole is the Neoproterozoic Langley Granite. The top of this granite at 626.3 m (2,054.7 ft) depth is overlain by 390.6 m (1,281.6 ft) of impact-modified and impact-generated siliciclastic sediments. These crater-fill materials are preserved beneath a 235.6-m-thick (773.12-ft-thick) blanket of postimpact sediments. A high-resolution seismic-reflection and seismic-refraction profile that crosses the Langley drill site is tied to the core by borehole geophysical logs, and it reveals the details of extensional collapse structures in the western annular trough. Electrical cross sections based on audio-magnetotelluric (AMT) soundings image a nearly vertical zone of high resistivity at the outer margin of the annular trough, possibly indicating fresh ground water at that location, and they show impedance trends that match the curvature of the structure. They also image the subsurface contact between conductive sediments and resistive crystalline basement, showing that the depth to crystalline basement is relatively constant in the western part of the annular trough. Chemical and isotopic data indicate that saline ground water of the Virginia inland saltwater wedge or bulge is a mixture of freshwater and seawater, and evidence for a mixing zone at the crater's outer margin supports the concept of differential flushing of residual seawater to create the bulge. Ground-water brine in the central part of the crater was produced by evaporation, and brine production from the heat of the impact is at least theoretically possible.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Studies of the Chesapeake Bay impact structure: The USGS-NASA Langley corehole, Hampton, Virginia, and related coreholes and geophysical surveys (Professional Paper 1688)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1688A","usgsCitation":"Horton,, J., Powars, D.S., and Gohn, G., 2005, Studies of the Chesapeake Bay impact structure - Introduction and discussion: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1688, iv, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1688A.","productDescription":"iv, 24 p.","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":427847,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":427846,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/2005/1688/ak/PP1688_chapA.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.63787841796875,\n 36.9806150652861\n ],\n [\n -76.26708984375,\n 36.9806150652861\n ],\n [\n -76.26708984375,\n 37.293720520228696\n ],\n [\n -76.63787841796875,\n 37.293720520228696\n ],\n [\n -76.63787841796875,\n 36.9806150652861\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horton,, J. Wright Jr. 0000-0001-6756-6365","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-6365","contributorId":219824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton,","given":"J. Wright","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":899033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powars, David S. 0000-0002-6787-8964 dspowars@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6787-8964","contributorId":1181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powars","given":"David","email":"dspowars@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":899034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gohn, Gregory 0000-0003-2000-479X ggohn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2000-479X","contributorId":219822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gohn","given":"Gregory","email":"ggohn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":899035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":72740,"text":"sir20055179 - 2005 - Hydrogeology and quality of ground water in the upper Arkansas River basin from Buena Vista to Salida, Colorado, 2000-2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:59","indexId":"sir20055179","displayToPublicDate":"2005-11-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5179","title":"Hydrogeology and quality of ground water in the upper Arkansas River basin from Buena Vista to Salida, Colorado, 2000-2003","docAbstract":"The upper Arkansas River Basin between Buena Vista and Salida, Colorado, is a downfaulted basin, the Buena Vista-Salida structural basin, located between the Sawatch and Mosquito Ranges. The primary aquifers in the Buena Vista-Salida structural basin consist of poorly consolidated to unconsolidated Quaternary-age alluvial and glacial deposits and Tertiary-age basin-fill deposits. Maximum thickness of the alluvial, glacial, and basin-fill deposits is about 5,000 feet, but 95 percent of the water-supply wells in Chaffee County are no more than 300 feet deep. Hydrologic conditions in the 149-square mile study area are described on the basis of hydrologic and geologic data compiled and collected during September 2000 through September 2003. The principal aquifers described in this report are the alluvial-outwash and basin-fill aquifers. \r\n\r\nAn estimated 3,443 wells pumped about 690 to 1,240 acre-feet for domestic and household use in Chaffee County during 2003. By 2030, projected increases in the population of Chaffee County, Colorado, may require use of an additional 4,000 to 5,000 wells to supply an additional 800 to 1,800 acre-feet per year of ground water for domestic and household supply. \r\n\r\nThe estimated specific yield of the upper 300 feet of the alluvial-outwash and basin-fill aquifers ranged from about 0.02 to 0.2. Current (2003) and projected (2030) ground-water withdrawals by domestic and household wells are less than 1 percent of the estimated 472,000 acre-feet of drainable ground water in the upper 300 feet of the subsurface. Locally, little water is available in the upper 300 feet. In densely populated areas, well interference could result in decreased water levels and well yields, which may require deepening or replacement of wells. \r\n\r\nInfiltration of surface water diverted for irrigation and from losing streams is the primary source of ground-water recharge in the semiarid basin. Ground-water levels in the alluvial-outwash and basin-fill aquifers vary seasonally with maximum water levels occurring in the early summer after snowmelt runoff peaks. Because of the drought during 2002, relatively large declines in ground-water levels occurred in about one-half of the monitored wells. Differences in water-level altitudes in shallow and deep wells indicate the potential for downward flow in upland areas and support results of preliminary cross-sectional models of ground-water flow. The apparent mean age of ground-water recharge ranged from about 1 to more than 48 years before 2001. The older (pre-1953) water was from wells that were located in ground-water discharge areas. Ground-water flow in the Buena Vista-Salida structural basin drains eastward toward the Arkansas River and, locally, toward the South Arkansas River. \r\n\r\nGround water in the alluvial-outwash and basin-fill aquifers generally is calcium-bicarbonate water type with less than 250 milligrams per liter dissolved solids. Nitrate concentrations generally were less than 1 to 2 milligrams per liter and do not indicate widespread contamination of ground water from surface sources.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055179","usgsCitation":"Watts, K.R., 2005, Hydrogeology and quality of ground water in the upper Arkansas River basin from Buena Vista to Salida, Colorado, 2000-2003 (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5179, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055179.","productDescription":"61 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":193207,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7177,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5179/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a34d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watts, Kenneth R. krwatts@usgs.gov","contributorId":1647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"Kenneth","email":"krwatts@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":72733,"text":"sir20055227 - 2005 - Compilation of geologic, hydrologic, and ground-water flow modeling information for the Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie aquifer, Spokane County, Washington, and Bonner and Kootenai Counties, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:58","indexId":"sir20055227","displayToPublicDate":"2005-11-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5227","title":"Compilation of geologic, hydrologic, and ground-water flow modeling information for the Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie aquifer, Spokane County, Washington, and Bonner and Kootenai Counties, Idaho","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Idaho Department of Water Resources and Washington Department of Ecology compiled and described geologic, hydrologic, and ground-water flow modeling information about the Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie (SVRP) aquifer in northern Idaho and northeastern Washington. Descriptions of the hydrogeologic framework, water-budget components, ground- and surface-water interactions, computer flow models, and further data needs are provided. The SVRP aquifer, which covers about 370 square miles including the Rathdrum Prairie, Idaho and the Spokane valley and Hillyard Trough, Washington, was designated a Sole Source Aquifer by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1978. Continued growth, water management issues, and potential effects on water availability and water quality in the aquifer and in the Spokane and Little Spokane Rivers have illustrated the need to better understand and manage the region's water resources. \r\n\r\nThe SVRP aquifer is composed of sand, gravel, cobbles, and boulders primarily deposited by a series of catastrophic glacial outburst floods from ancient Glacial Lake Missoula. The material deposited in this high-energy environment is coarser-grained than is typical for most basin-fill deposits, resulting in an unusually productive aquifer with well yields as high as 40,000 gallons per minute. In most places, the aquifer is bounded laterally by bedrock composed of granite, metasedimentary rocks, or basalt. The lower boundary of the aquifer is largely unknown except along the margins or in shallower parts of the aquifer where wells have penetrated its entire thickness and reached bedrock or silt and clay deposits. Based on surface geophysics, the thickness of the aquifer is about 500 ft near the Washington-Idaho state line, but more than 600 feet within the Rathdrum Prairie and more than 700 feet in the Hillyard trough based on drilling records. Depth to water in the aquifer is greatest in the northern Rathdrum Prairie (about 500 feet) and least near the city of Spokane along the Spokane River (less than about 50 feet). Ground-water flow is south from near the southern end of Lake Pend Oreille and Hoodoo Valley, through the Rathdrum Prairie, then west toward Spokane. In Spokane, the aquifer splits and water moves north through the Hillyard Trough as well as west through the Trinity Trough. From the Trinity Trough water flows north along the western arm of the aquifer. The aquifer's discharge area is along the Little Spokane River and near Long Lake, Washington. \r\n\r\nA compilation of estimates of water-budget components, including recharge (precipitation, irrigation, canal leakage, septic tank effluent, inflow from tributary basins, and flow from the Spokane River) and discharge (withdrawals from wells, flow to the Spokane and Little Spokane Rivers, evapotranspiration, and underflow to Long Lake) illustrates that these estimated values should be compared with caution due to several variables including the area and time period of interest as well as methods employed in making the estimates. \r\n\r\nNumerous studies have documented the dynamic ground-water and surface-water interaction between the SVRP aquifer and the Spokane and Little Spokane Rivers. Gains and losses vary throughout the year, as well as the locations of gains and losses. September 2004 streamflow measurements indicated that the upper reach of the Spokane River between Post Falls and downstream at Flora Road lost 321 cubic feet per second. A gain of 736 cubic feet per second was measured between the Flora Road site and downstream at Green Street Bridge. A loss of 124 cubic feet per second was measured for the reach between the Green Street Bridge and the Spokane River at Spokane gaging station. The river gained about 87 cubic feet per second between the Spokane River at Spokane gaging station and the TJ Meenach Bridge. Overall, the Spokane River gained about 284 cubic feet per second between the Post Falls,","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055227","usgsCitation":"Kahle, S.C., Caldwell, R.R., and Bartolino, J.R., 2005, Compilation of geologic, hydrologic, and ground-water flow modeling information for the Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie aquifer, Spokane County, Washington, and Bonner and Kootenai Counties, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5227, 76 p., 2 plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055227.","productDescription":"76 p., 2 plates","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192767,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7170,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5227/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6a9f4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kahle, Sue C. 0000-0003-1262-4446 sckahle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1262-4446","contributorId":3096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kahle","given":"Sue","email":"sckahle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Caldwell, Rodney R. 0000-0002-2588-715X caldwell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2588-715X","contributorId":2577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caldwell","given":"Rodney","email":"caldwell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":685,"text":"Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bartolino, James R. 0000-0002-2166-7803 jrbartol@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2166-7803","contributorId":2548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartolino","given":"James","email":"jrbartol@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}