The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has produced a 1-year seismic hazard forecast for 2016 for the Central and Eastern United States (CEUS) that includes contributions from both induced and natural earthquakes. The model assumes that earthquake rates calculated from several different time windows will remain relatively stationary and can be used to forecast earthquake hazard and damage intensity for the year 2016. This assessment is the first step in developing an operational earthquake forecast for the CEUS, and the analysis could be revised with updated seismicity and model parameters. Consensus input models consider alternative earthquake catalog durations, smoothing parameters, maximum magnitudes, and ground motion estimates, and represent uncertainties in earthquake occurrence and diversity of opinion in the science community. Ground shaking seismic hazard for 1-percent probability of exceedance in 1 year reaches 0.6 g (as a fraction of standard gravity [g]) in northern Oklahoma and southern Kansas, and about 0.2 g in the Raton Basin of Colorado and New Mexico, in central Arkansas, and in north-central Texas near Dallas. Near some areas of active induced earthquakes, hazard is higher than in the 2014 USGS National Seismic Hazard Model (NHSM) by more than a factor of 3; the 2014 NHSM did not consider induced earthquakes. In some areas, previously observed induced earthquakes have stopped, so the seismic hazard reverts back to the 2014 NSHM. Increased seismic activity, whether defined as induced or natural, produces high hazard. Conversion of ground shaking to seismic intensity indicates that some places in Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, and Arkansas may experience damage if the induced seismicity continues unabated. The chance of having Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) VI or greater (damaging earthquake shaking) is 5–12 percent per year in north-central Oklahoma and southern Kansas, similar to the chance of damage caused by natural earthquakes at sites in parts of California.
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U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS 966
Denver, CO 80225-0046
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/
","tableOfContents":"The fisher was extirpated from much of the Pacific Northwestern United States during the mid- to late-1900s and is now proposed for federal listing as a threatened species in all or part of its west coast range. Following the translocation of 90 fishers from central British Columbia, Canada, to the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State from 2008 to 2010, we investigated the landscape-scale habitat selection of reintroduced fishers across a broad range of forest ages and disturbance histories, providing the first information on habitat relationships of newly reintroduced fishers in coastal coniferous forests in the Pacific Northwest. We developed 17 a priori models to evaluate several habitat-selection hypotheses based on premises of habitat models used to forecast habitat suitability for the reintroduced population. Further, we hypothesized that female fishers, because of their smaller body size than males, greater vulnerability to predation, and specific reproductive requirements, would be more selective than males for mid- to late-seral forest communities, where complex forest structural elements provide secure foraging, resting, and denning sites. We assessed 11 forest structure and landscape characteristics within the home range core-areas used by 19 females and 12 males and within randomly placed pseudo core areas that represented available habitats. We used case-controlled logistic regression to compare the characteristics of used and pseudo core areas and to assess selection by male and female fishers. Females were more selective of core area placement than males. Fifteen of 19 females (79%) and 5 of 12 males (42%) selected core areas within federal lands that encompassed primarily forests with an overstory of mid-sized or large trees. Male fishers exhibited only weak selection for core areas dominated by forests with an overstory of small trees, primarily on land managed for timber production or at high elevations. The amount of natural open area best distinguished the use of core areas between males and females, with females using substantially less natural open area than males. Although sex-specific selection has been suspected for fishers, we identified factors that distinguish the selection of core areas by females from those of males, information which will be valuable to managers planning reintroductions or providing suitable habitat to promote fisher recovery in the Pacific Northwest.
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Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-28T08:40:41","indexId":"sir20165019","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-25T17:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-5019","title":"Social-value maps for Arapaho, Roosevelt, Medicine Bow, Routt, and White River National Forests, Colorado and Wyoming","docAbstract":"The continued pressures of population growth on the life-sustaining, economic, and cultural ecosystem services provided by our national forests, particularly those located near rapidly growing urban areas, present ongoing challenges to forest managers. Achieving an effective assessment of these ecosystem services includes a proper accounting of the ecological, economic, and social values attributable to them. However, assessments of ecosystem goods and services notably lack information describing the spatial distribution and relative intensity of social values—the perceived, nonmarket values derived particularly from cultural ecosystem services. A geographic information system (GIS) tool developed to fill this need, Social Values for Ecosystem Services (SolVES; http://solves.cr.usgs.gov), now provides the capability to generate social-value maps at a range of spatial scales. This report presents some of the methods behind SolVES, procedures needed to apply the tool, the first formal map products resulting from its application at a regional scale, and a discussion of the management implications associated with this type of information.
In this study, we use SolVES to identify the location and relative intensity of social values as derived from survey responses gathered from residents living in counties adjacent to Arapaho, Roosevelt, Medicine Bow, Routt, and White River National Forests. The results, presented as a series of social-value maps, represent the first publicly available spatial data on social-value intensity for the southern Rocky Mountain region. Our analysis identified high-value areas for social values including aesthetic, biodiversity, and life sustaining within wilderness areas. Other values, like recreation, show high-value areas both within wilderness and throughout the general forest areas, which can be attributed to people using the forests for a diverse set of recreational activities. The economic social-value type was lower within wilderness areas, which was an expected outcome because of the restrictions inside wilderness areas that preclude resource extraction, development, and motorized or mechanized recreation.
Providing spatially explicit social-value information collected from residents in counties adjacent to these national forests can assist in facilitating the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service’s Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act of 1960 (16 U.S.C. 528) note and the 2012 Forest Service Planning Rule (36 CFR Part 219), which encourage public participation in planning and management. By making these maps available to the public, we hope to encourage exploration of potential uses of these data for resource management and planning.
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Box 25046, Mail Stop 980
Denver, CO 80225
Production of organic chemicals (OCs) is increasing exponentially, and some OCs biomagnify through food webs to potentially toxic levels. Biomagnification under field conditions is best described by trophic magnification factors (TMFs; per trophic level change in log-concentration of a chemical) which have been measured for more than two decades. Syntheses of TMF behavior relative to chemical traits and ecosystem properties are lacking. We analyzed >1500 TMFs to identify OCs predisposed to biomagnify and to assess ecosystem vulnerability. The highest TMFs were for OCs that are slowly metabolized by animals (metabolic rate kM < 0.01 day–1) and are moderately hydrophobic (log KOW 6–8). TMFs were more variable in marine than freshwaters, unrelated to latitude, and highest in food webs containing endotherms. We modeled the probability that any OC would biomagnify as a combined function of KOW and kM. Probability is greatest (∼100%) for slowly metabolized compounds, regardless of KOW, and lowest for chemicals with rapid transformation rates (kM > 0.2 day–1). This probabilistic model provides a new global tool for screening existing and new OCs for their biomagnification potential.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.6b00201","usgsCitation":"Walters, D., Jardine, T., Cade, B.S., Kidd, K., Muir, D., and Leipzig-Scott, P.C., 2016, Trophic magnification of organic chemicals: A global synthesis: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 50, no. 9, p. 4650-4658, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b00201.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"4650","endPage":"4658","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-071917","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320332,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"9","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-04-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5718a852e4b0ef3b7caba67d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walters, David 0000-0002-4237-2158 waltersd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4237-2158","contributorId":147135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"David","email":"waltersd@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jardine, T.D.","contributorId":168698,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jardine","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13248,"text":"University of Saskatchewan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":627032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cade, Brian S. 0000-0001-9623-9849 cadeb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9623-9849","contributorId":1278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cade","given":"Brian","email":"cadeb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kidd, K.A.","contributorId":168699,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kidd","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":18889,"text":"University of New Brunswick","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":627034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Muir, D.C.G.","contributorId":168700,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Muir","given":"D.C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6779,"text":"Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":627035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Leipzig-Scott, Peter C. pleipzig-scott@usgs.gov","contributorId":5661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leipzig-Scott","given":"Peter","email":"pleipzig-scott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70169223,"text":"ofr20161049 - 2016 - Evaluation of Caspian tern (Hydroprogne caspia) and snowy plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) nesting on modified islands at the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge, California—2015 Annual Report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-01T17:15:17","indexId":"ofr20161049","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-24T19:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-1049","title":"Evaluation of Caspian tern (Hydroprogne caspia) and snowy plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) nesting on modified islands at the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge, California—2015 Annual Report","docAbstract":"In order to address the 2008/10 NOAA Fisheries Biological Opinion for operation of the Federal Columbia River Power System, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) have developed and begun implementation of Caspian tern (Hydroprogne caspia) management plans. This implementation includes relocating nesting Caspian terns out of the Columbia River estuary and the mid-Columbia River region to reduce predation on salmonids listed under the Endangered Species Act. USACE and Reclamation developed Caspian tern nesting habitat at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge (DENWR), California prior to the 2015 nesting season. Further, to reduce or eliminate potential conflicts between nesting Caspian terns and threatened western snowy plovers (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus), nesting habitat for snowy plovers also was developed. Seven recently constructed islands within two managed ponds (Ponds A16 and SF2) of DENWR were modified to provide habitat attractive to nesting Caspian terns (5 islands), and snowy plovers (2 islands). These seven islands were a subset of 46 islands recently constructed in Ponds A16 and SF2 to provide waterbird nesting habitat as part of the South Bay Salt Pond (SBSP) Restoration Project.
\nWe used social attraction methods (decoys and electronic call systems) to attract Caspian terns and snowy plovers to these seven modified islands, and conducted surveys between March and September 2015 to evaluate nest numbers, nest density, and productivity. Results from the 2015 nesting season indicate that island modifications and social attraction measures were successful in establishing Caspian tern breeding colonies at Ponds A16 and SF2 of DENWR. Caspian terns nested on three of the five islands modified for Caspian terns (1 island in Pond A16 and 2 islands in Pond SF2). Caspian terns initiated at least 224 nests, fledged at least 174 chicks, and exhibited a breeding success rate of 0.78 fledged chicks/breeding pair. These results are promising considering it was the first year of the study and there was no prior history of Caspian terns nesting at Ponds A16 and SF2. In contrast, snowy plovers did not attempt to nest on any island in Ponds A16 and SF2. These results demonstrate the potential of social attraction measures to help establish tern nesting colonies in San Francisco Bay. Social attraction measures similar to those used in this study, but targeting other species such as Forster’s terns and American avocets, may help to establish waterbird breeding colonies at wetlands enhanced as part of the SBSP Restoration Project.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161049","collaboration":"Prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Hartman, C.A., Ackerman, J.T., Herzog, M.P., Strong, C., Trachtenbarg, D., Sawyer, K.A., and Shore, C.A., 2016, Evaluation of Caspian tern (Hydroprogne caspia) and snowy plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) nesting on modified islands at the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge, California—2015 Annual Report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016-1049, 36 p., http//dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161049.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-072856","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research 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U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive East
Sacramento, California 95819
http://www.werc.usgs.gov/
The terminus of a stream flowing into a larger river, pond, lake, or reservoir is referred to as the stream-mouth reach or simply the stream mouth. The terminus is often characterized by rapidly changing thermal and hydraulic conditions that result in abrupt shifts in surface water/groundwater (sw/gw) exchange patterns, creating the potential for unique biogeochemical processes and ecosystems. Worldwide shoreline development is changing stream-lake interfaces through channelization of stream mouths, i.e., channel straightening and bank stabilization to prevent natural meandering at the shoreline. In the central Sierra Nevada (USA), Lake Tahoe's shoreline has an abundance of both “unmodified” (i.e., not engineered though potentially impacted by broader watershed engineering) and channelized stream mouths. Two representative stream mouths along the lake's north shore, one channelized and one unmodified, were selected to compare and contrast water and heat exchanges. Hydraulic and thermal properties were monitored during separate campaigns in September 2012 and 2013 and sw/gw exchanges were estimated within the stream mouth-shoreline continuum. Heat-flow and water-flow patterns indicated clear differences in the channelized versus the unmodified stream mouth. For the channelized stream mouth, relatively modulated, cool-temperature, low-velocity longitudinal streambed flows discharged offshore beneath warmer buoyant lakeshore water. In contrast, a seasonal barrier bar formed across the unmodified stream mouth, creating higher-velocity subsurface flow paths and higher diurnal temperature variations relative to shoreline water. As a consequence, channelization altered sw/gw exchanges potentially altering biogeochemical processing and ecological systems in and near the stream mouth.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1002/2015WR017013","usgsCitation":"Constantz, J., Naranjo, R.C., Niswonger, R.G., Allander, K.K., Neilson, B., Rosenberry, D.O., Smith, D.W., Rosecrans, C., and Stonestrom, D.A., 2016, Groundwater exchanges near a channelized versus unmodified stream mouth discharging to a subalpine lake: Water Resources Research, v. 52, no. 3, p. 2157-2177, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017013.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"2157","endPage":"2177","numberOfPages":"21","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061592","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319737,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":471125,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index 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State Waters Map Series — Offshore of Santa Cruz, California","docAbstract":"In 2007, the California Ocean Protection Council initiated the California Seafloor Mapping Program (CSMP), designed to create a comprehensive seafloor map of high-resolution bathymetry, marine benthic habitats, and geology within the limit of California’s State Waters. The CSMP approach is to create highly detailed seafloor maps through collection, integration, interpretation, and visualization of swath sonar data, acoustic backscatter, seafloor video, seafloor photography, high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, and bottom-sediment sampling data. The map products display seafloor morphology and character, identify potential marine benthic habitats, and illustrate both the surficial seafloor geology and shallow subsurface geology.
The Offshore of Santa Cruz map area is located in central California, on the Pacific Coast about 98 km south of San Francisco. The city of Santa Cruz (population, about 63,000), the largest incorporated city in the map area and the county seat of Santa Cruz County, lies on uplifted marine terraces between the shoreline and the northwest-trending Santa Cruz Mountains, part of California’s Coast Ranges. All of California’s State Waters in the map area is part of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary.
The map area is cut by an offshore section of the San Gregorio Fault Zone, and it lies about 20 kilometers southwest of the San Andreas Fault Zone. Regional folding and uplift along the coast has been attributed to a westward bend in the San Andreas Fault Zone and to right-lateral movement along the San Gregorio Fault Zone. Most of the coastal zone is characterized by low, rocky cliffs and sparse, small pocket beaches backed by low, terraced hills. Point Santa Cruz, which forms the north edge of Monterey Bay, provides protection for the beaches in the easternmost part of the map area by sheltering them from the predominantly northwesterly waves.
The shelf in the map area is underlain by variable amounts (0 to 25 m) of upper Quaternary shelf, estuarine, and fluvial sediments deposited as sea level fluctuated in the late Pleistocene. The inner shelf is characterized by bedrock outcrops that have local thin sediment cover, the result of regional uplift, high wave energy, and limited sediment supply. The midshelf occupies part of an extensive, shore-parallel mud belt. The thickest sediment deposits, inferred to consist mainly of lowstand nearshore deposits, are found in the southeastern and northwestern parts of the map area.
Coastal sediment transport in the map area is characterized by northwest-to-southeast littoral transport of sediment that is derived mainly from ephemeral streams in the Santa Cruz Mountains and also from local coastal-bluff erosion. During the last approximately 300 years, as much as 18 million cubic yards (14 million cubic meters) of sand-sized sediment has been eroded from the area between Año Nuevo Island and Point Año Nuevo and transported south; this mass of eroded sand is now enriching beaches in the map area. Sediment transport is within the Santa Cruz littoral cell, which terminates in the submarine Monterey Canyon.
Benthic species observed in the Offshore of Santa Cruz map area are natives of the cold-temperate biogeographic zone that is called either the “Oregonian province” or the “northern California ecoregion.” This biogeographic province is maintained by the long-term stability of the southward-flowing California Current, the eastern limb of the North Pacific subtropical gyre that flows from southern British Columbia to Baja California. At its midpoint off central California, the California Current transports subarctic surface (0–500 m deep) waters southward, about 150 to 1,300 km from shore. Seasonal northwesterly winds that are, in part, responsible for the California Current, generate coastal upwelling. The south end of the Oregonian province is at Point Conception (about 300 km south of the map area), although its associated phylogeographic group of marine fauna may extend beyond to the area offshore of Los Angeles in southern California. The ocean off of central California has experienced a warming over the last 50 years that is driving an ecosystem shift away from the productive subarctic regime towards a depopulated subtropical environment.
Biological productivity resulting from coastal upwelling supports populations of Sooty Shearwater, Western Gull, Common Murre, Cassin’s Auklet, and many other less populous bird species. In addition, an observable recovery of Humpback and Blue Whales has occurred in the area; both species are dependent on coastal upwelling to provide nutrients. The large extent of exposed inner shelf bedrock supports large forests of “bull kelp,” which is well adapted for high-wave-energy environments. The kelp beds are the northernmost known habitat for the population of southern sea otters. Common fish species found in the kelp beds and rocky reefs include lingcod and various species of rockfish and greenling.
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Cochran, eds.), 2016, California State Waters Map Series — Offshore of Santa Cruz, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1024, pamphlet 40 p., 10 sheets, scale 1:24,000, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161024.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: iv, 40 p.; 10 Sheets: 60.0 x 36.0 inches or smaller; Data Catalog; Metadata","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-058743","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438627,"rank":21,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7TM785G","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series Data Catalog--Offshore of Santa Cruz, California"},{"id":318983,"rank":19,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20161025","text":"Open-File Report 2016–1025","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of Aptos, California, by Guy R. Cochrane and others."},{"id":318982,"rank":18,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20151191","text":"Open-File Report 2015–1191","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of Scott Creek, California, by Guy R. Cochrane and others."},{"id":318981,"rank":17,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20151232","text":"Open-File Report 2015–1232","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of Pigeon Point, California, by Guy R. Cochrane and others."},{"id":318978,"rank":14,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7TM785G","text":"Data Catalog","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"linkHelpText":"The GIS data layers for this map are accessible from “Data Catalog—Offshore of Santa Cruz, California,” which is part of California State Waters Map Series Data Catalog. Each GIS data file is listed with a brief description, a small image, and links to the metadata files and the downloadable data files."},{"id":318971,"rank":9,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1024/ofr20161024_sheet9.pdf","text":"Sheet 9","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1024 Sheet 9 PDF","linkHelpText":"Local (Offshore of Santa Cruz Map Area) and Regional (Offshore from Pigeon Point to Southern Monterey Bay) Shallow-Subsurface Geology and Structure, California By Samuel Y. Johnson, Stephen R. Hartwell, Janet T. Watt, Ray W. Sliter, and Katherine L. Maier"},{"id":318969,"rank":7,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1024/ofr20161024_sheet7.pdf","text":"Sheet 7","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1024 Sheet 7 PDF","linkHelpText":"Potential Marine Benthic Habitats, Offshore of Santa Cruz Map Area, California By Bryan E. Dieter, Charles A. Endris, H. Gary Greene, and Mercedes D. Erdey"},{"id":318968,"rank":6,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1024/ofr20161024_sheet6.pdf","text":"Sheet 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1024 Sheet 6 PDF","linkHelpText":"Ground-Truth Studies, Offshore of Santa Cruz Map Area, California By Nadine E. Golden, Guy R. Cochrane, and Lisa M. Krigsman"},{"id":318967,"rank":5,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1024/ofr20161024_sheet5.pdf","text":"Sheet 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1024 Sheet 5 PDF","linkHelpText":"Seafloor Character, Offshore of Santa Cruz Map Area, California By Mercedes D. Erdey and Guy R. 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Pacific Coastal & Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Pacific Science Center
2885 Mission St.
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http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/
Two groundwater plumes in north central Minnesota with residual crude oil sources have 20 to 50 mg/L of nonvolatile dissolved organic carbon (NVDOC). These values are over 10 times higher than benzene and two to three times higher than Diesel Range Organics in the same wells. On the basis of previous work, most of the NVDOC consists of partial transformation products from the crude oil. Monitoring data from 1988 to 2015 at one of the sites located near Bemidji, MN show that the plume of metabolites is expanding toward a lakeshore located 335 m from the source zone. Other mass balance studies of the site have demonstrated that the plume expansion is driven by the combined effect of continued presence of the residual crude oil source and depletion of the electron accepting capacity of solid phase iron oxide and hydroxides on the aquifer sediments. These plumes of metabolites are not covered by regulatory monitoring and reporting requirements in Minnesota and other states. Yet, a review of toxicology studies indicates that polar metabolites of crude oil may pose a risk to aquatic and mammalian species. Together the results suggest that at sites where residual sources are present, monitoring of NVDOC may be warranted to evaluate the fates of plumes of hydrocarbon transformation products.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/gwat.12419","usgsCitation":"Bekins, B.A., Cozzarelli, I.M., Erickson, M., Steenson, R., and Thorn, K.A., 2016, Crude oil metabolites in groundwater at two spill sites: Groundwater, v. 54, no. 5, p. 681-691, https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12419.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"681","endPage":"691","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-072648","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325698,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"54","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-03-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5799db43e4b0589fa1c7e7d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bekins, Barbara A. 0000-0002-1411-6018 babekins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1411-6018","contributorId":1348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bekins","given":"Barbara","email":"babekins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cozzarelli, Isabelle M. 0000-0002-5123-1007 icozzare@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-1007","contributorId":1693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cozzarelli","given":"Isabelle","email":"icozzare@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Erickson, Melinda L. 0000-0002-1117-2866 merickso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1117-2866","contributorId":3671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erickson","given":"Melinda L.","email":"merickso@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Steenson, Ross","contributorId":173174,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Steenson","given":"Ross","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27173,"text":"San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board, Oakland, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":643547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thorn, Kevin A. 0000-0003-2236-5193 kathorn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2236-5193","contributorId":3288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorn","given":"Kevin","email":"kathorn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70169333,"text":"70169333 - 2016 - Improving the ecological relevance of toxicity tests on scleractinian corals: Influence of season, life stage, and seawater temperature","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-25T11:11:27","indexId":"70169333","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-24T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improving the ecological relevance of toxicity tests on scleractinian corals: Influence of season, life stage, and seawater temperature","docAbstract":"Metal pollutants in marine systems are broadly acknowledged as deleterious: however, very little data exist for tropical scleractinian corals. We address this gap by investigating how life-history stage, season and thermal stress influence the toxicity of copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) in the coral Pocillopora damicornis. Our results show that under ambient temperature, adults and larvae appear to tolerate exposure to unusually high levels of copper (96 h-LC50 ranging from 167 to 251 μg Cu L−1) and lead (from 477 to 742 μg Pb L−1). Our work also highlights that warmer conditions (seasonal and experimentally manipulated) reduce the tolerance of adults and larvae to Cu toxicity. Despite a similar trend observed for the response of larvae to Pb toxicity to experimentally induced increase in temperature, surprisingly adults were more resistant in warmer condition to Pb toxicity. In the summer adults were less resistant to Cu toxicity (96 h-LC50 = 175 μg L−1) than in the winter (251 μg L−1). An opposite trend was observed for the Pb toxicity on adults between summer and winter (96 h-LC50 of 742 vs 471 μg L−1, respectively). Larvae displayed a slightly higher sensitivity to Cu and Pb than adults. An experimentally induced 3 °C increase in temperature above ambient decreased larval resistance to Cu and Pb toxicity by 23–30% (96 h-LC50 of 167 vs 129 μg Cu L−1 and 681 vs 462 μg Pb L−1).
\nOur data support the paradigm that upward excursions in temperature influence physiological processes in corals that play key roles in regulating metal toxicity. These influences are more pronounced in larva versus adult corals. These findings are important when contextualized climate change-driven warming in the oceans and highlight that predictions of ecological outcomes to metal pollutants will be improved by considering environmental context and the life stages of organism under study.
","language":"English","publisher":"Applied Science Publishers","publisherLocation":"Barking, Essex, England","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.086","collaboration":"Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, 46-007 Lilipuna road, 96744, Hawai‘i, United States ; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands, 300 Ala Moana Blvd, Room 3-122, Honolulu, HI 96850","usgsCitation":"Hedouin, L., Wolf, R.E., Phillips, J., and Gates, R.D., 2016, Improving the ecological relevance of toxicity tests on scleractinian corals: Influence of season, life stage, and seawater temperature: Environmental Pollution, v. 213, p. 240-253, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.086.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"240","endPage":"253","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-069356","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319395,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"213","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f66175e4b07d796bf7708f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hedouin, Laetitia","contributorId":167852,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hedouin","given":"Laetitia","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24838,"text":"Laboratoire d'Excellence \"CORAIL\", Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":623819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolf, Ruth E. rwolf@usgs.gov","contributorId":903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"Ruth","email":"rwolf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Phillips, Jeff","contributorId":32560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Jeff","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gates, Ruth D.","contributorId":167853,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gates","given":"Ruth","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":24839,"text":"Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, Hawaii","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":623821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70169339,"text":"70169339 - 2016 - Passage of downstream migrant American eels through an airlift-assisted deep bypass","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-25T10:21:54","indexId":"70169339","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-24T11:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1454,"text":"Ecological Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Passage of downstream migrant American eels through an airlift-assisted deep bypass","docAbstract":"Traditional downstream guidance and bypass facilities for anadromous fishes (i.e., surface bypasses, surface guidance structures, and behavioral barriers) have frequently been ineffective for anguillid eels. Because eels typically spend the majority of their time near the bottom in the vicinity of intake structures, deep bypass structures with entrances near the bottom hold promise for increased effectiveness, thereby aiding in the recovery of this important species. A new design of a deep bypass system that uses airlift technology (the Conte Airlift Bypass) to induce flow in a bypass pipe was tested in a simulated intake entrance environment under controlled laboratory conditions. Water velocities of 0.9–1.5 m s−1 could be generated at the bypass entrance (opening with 0.073 m2 area), with corresponding flows through the bypass pipe of 0.07–0.11 m3 s−1. Gas saturation and hydrostatic pressure within the bypass pipe did not vary appreciably from a control (no air) condition under tested airflows. Migratory silver-phase American eels (Anguilla rostrata) tested during dark conditions readily located, entered, and passed through the bypass; initial avoidance rates (eels approaching but not entering the bypass entrance) were lower at higher entrance velocities. Eels that investigated the bypass pipe entrance tended to enter headfirst, but those that then exited the pipe upstream did so more frequently at lower entrance velocities. Eels appeared to swim against the flow while being transported downstream through the pipe; median transit times through the bypass for each test velocity ranged from 5.8 to 12.2 s, with transit time decreasing with increasing entrance velocity. Eels did not show strong avoidance of the vertical section of the pipe which contained injected air. No mortality or injury of bypassed eels was observed, and individual eels repeatedly passed through the bypass at rates of up to 40 passes per hour, suggesting that individuals do not avoid repeated entrainment through the bypass. Airlift technology appears to be a viable method for increasing passage effectiveness for American eels through a deep bypass system.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.02.028","collaboration":"None","usgsCitation":"Haro, A.J., Watten, B.J., and Noreika, J., 2016, Passage of downstream migrant American eels through an airlift-assisted deep bypass: Ecological Engineering, v. 91, p. 545-552, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.02.028.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"545","endPage":"552","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-068556","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319390,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f66191e4b07d796bf770ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haro, Alexander J. 0000-0002-7188-9172 aharo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7188-9172","contributorId":2917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haro","given":"Alexander","email":"aharo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":623845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watten, Barnaby J. 0000-0002-2227-8623 bwatten@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2227-8623","contributorId":2002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watten","given":"Barnaby","email":"bwatten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Noreika, John 0000-0002-6637-5812 jnoreika@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6637-5812","contributorId":167858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noreika","given":"John","email":"jnoreika@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70169089,"text":"ofr20161025 - 2016 - California State Waters map series — Offshore of Aptos, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-18T21:53:25.984625","indexId":"ofr20161025","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-23T15:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-1025","title":"California State Waters map series — Offshore of Aptos, California","docAbstract":"In 2007, the California Ocean Protection Council initiated the California Seafloor Mapping Program (CSMP), designed to create a comprehensive seafloor map of high-resolution bathymetry, marine benthic habitats, and geology within California’s State Waters. The CSMP approach is to create highly detailed seafloor maps through collection, integration, interpretation, and visualization of swath sonar bathymetric data (the undersea equivalent of satellite remote-sensing data in terrestrial mapping), acoustic backscatter, seafloor video, seafloor photography, high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, and bottom-sediment sampling data. The map products display seafloor morphology and character, identify potential marine benthic habitats, and illustrate both the surficial seafloor geology and shallow subsurface geology.
\nThe Offshore of Aptos map area is located on the Pacific Coast, on the north side of Monterey Bay, about 105 km southeast of San Francisco. The largest incorporated city in the map area, Capitola, and numerous unincorporated towns including Aptos, lie on uplifted marine terraces between the shoreline, and the northwest-trending Santa Cruz Mountains, part of California’s Coast Ranges. The map area includes the northernmost part of Santa Cruz Harbor, and Moss Landing Harbor is located about 10 km south of the map area. The offshore part of the map area is entirely within California’s State Waters and is also part of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. In the southern part of the map area, the Soquel Canyon State Marine Conservation Area extends eastward from the limit of California’s State Waters across Soquel Canyon.
\nThe Offshore of Aptos map area is on the western margin of North American Plate—the only continental margin in the world delineated largely by transform faults. The San Andreas Fault Zone cuts through the Santa Cruz Mountains just 3.5 km northeast of the map area. The San Gregorio Fault Zone, another major plate-boundary structure, cuts through Monterey Canyon about 13 km southwest of the map area. Ongoing deformation associated with and between these major fault zones has uplifted the Santa Cruz Mountains and formed well-developed sets of marine terraces that characterize almost the entire coastal zone of the map area.
\nThe offshore part of the map area consists of relatively flat and shallow continental shelf which is underlain by variable amounts (0 to 30 m) of upper Quaternary shelf, estuarine, and fluvial sediments deposited as sea level fluctuated in the late Pleistocene. Along the southern edge of the map area, the shelf is incised by the head of Soquel Canyon, a northeast-trending tributary to the west-trending Monterey Canyon. During the last sea-level lowstand (the Last Glacial Maximum [LGM], about 21,000 years ago) Soquel Creek flowed through a paleochannel across the emergent shelf into the head of Soquel Canyon. This canyon was disconnected from its onshore watershed during the post-LGM sea-level rise of about 125 m; the abandoned paleochannel was subsequently filled with marine sediment. Coastal sediment in the Offshore of Aptos map area is supplied by coastal watersheds and bluff erosion. Sediment transport in this part of the Santa Cruz littoral cell is primarily from the northwest to the southeast and terminates in the submarine Monterey Canyon. Longshore drift is impeded by jetties at Santa Cruz Harbor, resulting in high beach erosion rates east of the harbor. Sediment dredged from the harbor mouth (estimated 300,000 yds3/yr) is currently being used to nourish beaches directly to the east. Farther downcoast, the rapidly eroding beach at Capitola was stabilized by construction of an about 75-m-long groin.
\nThis part of central California is exposed to large North Pacific swells from the northwest throughout the year. North Pacific swell heights range from 2 to 10 meters, with larger swells occurring from October to May. During El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, winter storms track farther south than they do in normal (non-ENSO) years, thereby impacting the map area more frequently and with waves of larger heights. Bedrock exposed in coastal cliffs is relatively erosion-resistant, and significant erosional events primarily are restricted to storm-wave activity that also erodes the overlying unconsolidated marine-terrace sediments.
\nThe Offshore of Aptos map area lies within the cold-temperate biogeographic zone that is called either the “Oregonian” province or the “northern California ecoregion.” This biogeographic province is maintained by the long-term stability of the southward-flowing California Current, the eastern limb of the North Pacific subtropical gyre that flows from southern British Columbia to Baja California. At its midpoint off central California, the California Current transports subarctic surface (0–500 m deep) waters southward, about 150 to 1,300 km from shore. Seasonal northwesterly winds that are, in part, responsible for the California Current, generate coastal upwelling. The south end of the Oregonian province is at Point Conception (about 310 km southeast of the map area), although its associated phylogeographic group of marine fauna may extend beyond to the area offshore of Los Angeles in southern California. The ocean off of central California has experienced a warming over the last 50 years that is driving an ecosystem shift away from the productive subarctic regime towards a depopulated subtropical environment.
\nSeafloor habitats in the Offshore of Aptos map area lie within the “Shelf” Megahabitat class and include patchy rocky habitats, gravel-rich scour depressions, minor bedrock habitat, and predominantly sandy inner shelf. Sandy shelf habitats grade offshore to mud-dominated habitats on the midshelf in deeper water. Biological productivity resulting from coastal upwelling supports populations of Sooty Shearwater, Western Gull, Common Murre, Cassin’s Auklet, and many other less populous bird species. In addition, an observable recovery of Humpback and Blue Whales has occurred in the area; both species are dependent on coastal upwelling to provide nutrients. California sea lions and Pacific harbor seals are abundant in the map area. Common bottlenose dolphins are often observed very close to shore and in the surf zone. The large extent of exposed inner shelf bedrock supports large forests of “bull kelp,” which is well adapted for high-wave-energy environments. The kelp beds are the northernmost known habitat for the population of southern sea otters. Common fish species found in the kelp beds and rocky reefs include blue rockfish, black rockfish, olive rockfish, kelp rockfish, gopher rockfish, black-and-yellow rockfish, painted greenling, kelp greenling, and lingcod.
\n","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161025","usgsCitation":"Cochrane, G.R., Johnson, S.Y., Dartnell, P., Greene, H.G., Erdey, M.D., Dieter, B.E., Golden, N.E., Hartwell, S.R., Ritchie, A.C., Kvitek, R.G., Maier, K.L., Endris, C.A., Davenport, C.W., Watt, J.T., Sliter, R.W., Finlayson, D.P., and Krigsman, L.M. (G.R. Cochrane and S.A. Cochran, eds.), 2016, California State Waters Map Series — Offshore of Aptos, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1025, pamphlet 43 p., 10 sheets, scale 1:24,000, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161025.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: iv, 43 p.; 10 Sheets: 55.0 x 36.0 inches or smaller; Data Catalog; Metadata","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-059274","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438628,"rank":21,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7K35RQB","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series Data Catalog--Offshore of Aptos, California"},{"id":318989,"rank":6,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20151191","text":"Open-File Report 2015–1191,","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of Scott Creek, California, by Guy R. 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Each GIS data file is listed with a brief description, a small image, and links to the metadata files and the downloadable data files."},{"id":318988,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/","text":"Data Series 781","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series Data Catalog"},{"id":319000,"rank":17,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1025/ofr20161025_sheet8.pdf","text":"Sheet 8","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1025 Sheet 8 PDF","linkHelpText":"Seismic-Reflection Profiles, Offshore of Aptos Map Area, California By Samuel Y. Johnson, Stephen R. Hartwell, and Ray W. Sliter"},{"id":318990,"rank":7,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151232","text":"Open-File Report 2015–1232,","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of Pigeon Point, California, by Guy R. 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Kvitek"},{"id":318996,"rank":13,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1025/ofr20161025_sheet4.pdf","text":"Sheet 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1025 Sheet 4 PDF","linkHelpText":"Data Integration and Visualization, Offshore of Aptos Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell"},{"id":318997,"rank":14,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1025/ofr20161025_sheet5.pdf","text":"Sheet 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1025 Sheet 5 PDF","linkHelpText":"Seafloor Character, Offshore of Aptos Map Area, California By Mercedes D. Erdey and Guy R. Cochrane"},{"id":318998,"rank":15,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1025/ofr20161025_sheet6.pdf","text":"Sheet 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1025 Sheet 6 PDF","linkHelpText":"Ground-Truth Studies, Offshore of Aptos Map Area, California By Nadine E. Golden, Guy R. Cochrane, and Lisa M. Krigsman"},{"id":318999,"rank":16,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1025/ofr20161025_sheet7.pdf","text":"Sheet 7","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1025 Sheet 7 PDF","linkHelpText":"Potential Marine Benthic Habitats, Offshore of Aptos Map Area, California By Bryan E. Dieter, Charles A. Endris, H. Gary Greene, and Mercedes D. Erdey"},{"id":319001,"rank":18,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1025/ofr20161025_sheet9.pdf","text":"Sheet 9","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1025 Sheet 9 PDF","linkHelpText":"Local (Offshore of Aptos Map Area) and Regional (Offshore from Pigeon Point to Southern Monterey Bay) Shallow-Subsurface Geology and Structure, California By Samuel Y. Johnson, Stephen R. Hartwell, Janet T. Watt, Ray W. Sliter, and Katherine L. 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Contact Information
Pacific Coastal & Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Pacific Science Center
2885 Mission St.
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/
Habitat quality plays an important role in the dynamics and stability of wildlife metapopulations. However, the benefits of high-quality habitat may be modulated by the presence of an environmentally persistent pathogen. In some cases, the presence of environmental pathogen reservoirs on high-quality habitat may lead to the creation of ecological traps, wherein host individuals preferentially colonize high-quality habitat, but are then exposed to increased infection risk and disease-induced mortality. We explored this possibility through the development of a stochastic patch occupancy model, where we varied the pathogen’s virulence, transmission rate and environmental persistence as well as the distribution of habitat quality in the host metapopulation. This model suggests that for pathogens with intermediate levels of spread, high-quality habitat can serve as an ecological trap, and can be detrimental to host persistence relative to low-quality habitat. This inversion of the relative roles of high- and low-quality habitat highlights the importance of considering the interaction between spatial structure and pathogen transmission when managing wildlife populations exposed to an environmentally persistent pathogen.
","language":"English","publisher":"Royal Society Publishing","publisherLocation":"London","doi":"10.1098/rsos.160051","usgsCitation":"Leach, C., Webb, C.T., and Cross, P.C., 2016, When environmentally persistent pathogens transform good habitat into ecological traps: Royal Society Open Science, v. 3, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160051.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"Article 160051","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-070786","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471126,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160051","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":319404,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f661cce4b07d796bf77131","chorus":{"doi":"10.1098/rsos.160051","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160051","publisher":"The Royal Society","authors":"Leach Clinton B., Webb Colleen T., Cross Paul C.","journalName":"Royal Society Open Science","publicationDate":"3/2016","auditedOn":"9/12/2016"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leach, Clint","contributorId":167886,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leach","given":"Clint","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6621,"text":"Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":623893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Webb, Colleen T.","contributorId":52471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"Colleen","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cross, Paul C. 0000-0001-8045-5213 pcross@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8045-5213","contributorId":2709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cross","given":"Paul","email":"pcross@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70169316,"text":"70169316 - 2016 - Variability of the internal tide on the southern Monterey Bay continental shelf and associated bottom boundary layer sediment transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-24T11:22:39","indexId":"70169316","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-23T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variability of the internal tide on the southern Monterey Bay continental shelf and associated bottom boundary layer sediment transport","docAbstract":"A 6-month deployment of instrumentation from April to October 2012 in 90 m water depth near the outer edge of the mid-shelf mud belt in southern Monterey Bay, California, reveals the importance regional upwelling on water column density structure, potentially accounting for the majority of the variability in internal tidal energy flux across the shelf. Observations consisted of time-series measurements of water-column currents, temperature and salinity, and near-bed currents and suspended matter. The internal tide accounted for 15–25% of the water-column current variance and the barotropic tide accounted for up to 35%. The subtidal flow showed remarkably little shear and was dominated by the 7–14 day band, which is associated with relaxations in the dominant equatorward winds typical of coastal California in the spring and summer. Upwelling and relaxation events resulted in strong near-bed flows and accounted for almost half of the current stress on the seafloor (not accounting for wave orbital velocities), and may have driven along-shelf geostrophic flow during steady state conditions. Several elevated suspended particulate matter (SPM) events occurred within 3 m of the bed and were generally associated with higher, long-period surface waves. However, these peaks in SPM did not coincide with the predicted resuspension events from the modeled combined wave–current shear stress, indicating that the observed SPM at our site was most likely resuspended elsewhere and advected along-isobath. Sediment flux was almost equal in magnitude in the alongshore and cross-shore directions. Instances of wave–current shear stress that exceeded the threshold of resuspension for the silty-clays common at these water depths only occurred when near-bed orbital velocities due to long-period surface waves coincided with vigorous near-bed currents associated with the internal tide or upwelling/relaxation events. Thus upwelling/relaxation dynamics are primarily responsible for variability in the internal tide, as well as transport of near-bottom sediment in the mid-self mud belt during the relatively quiescent summer months.
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Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Storlazzi, Curt D. 0000-0001-8057-4490 cstorlazzi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-4490","contributorId":140584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storlazzi","given":"Curt","email":"cstorlazzi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cheriton, Olivia 0000-0003-3011-9136 ocheriton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3011-9136","contributorId":149003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheriton","given":"Olivia","email":"ocheriton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70169146,"text":"70169146 - 2016 - Negative effects of excessive soil phosphorus on floristic quality in Ohio wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-23T11:12:55","indexId":"70169146","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-23T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Negative effects of excessive soil phosphorus on floristic quality in Ohio wetlands","docAbstract":"Excessive soil nutrients, often from agricultural runoff, have been shown to negatively impact some aspects of wetland plant communities. We measured plant-available phosphorus (Mehlich-3: MeP) in soil samples, and assessed the vascular plant community and habitat degradation at 27 emergent and 13 forested wetlands in Ohio, USA. We tested two hypotheses: (1) that an index of vegetation biological integrity based on floristic quality was lower in wetlands with higher concentrations of MeP in the soil, and (2) that higher concentrations of MeP occurred in wetlands with more habitat degradation (i.e., lower quality), as estimated by a rapid assessment method. Hypothesis (1) was supported for emergent, but not for forested wetlands. Hypothesis (2) was marginally supported (P = 0.09) for emergent, but not supported for forested wetlands. The results indicate that the effect of concentration of phosphorus in wetland soils and the quality of plant species assemblages in wetlands is more complex than shown in site-specific studies and may depend in part on degree of disturbance in the surrounding watershed and dominant wetland vegetation type. Woody plants in forested wetlands are typically longer lived than herbaceous species in the understory and emergent wetlands, and may persist despite high inputs of phosphorus. Further, the forested wetlands were typically surrounded by a wide band of forest vegetation, which may provide a barrier against sedimentation and the associated phosphorus inputs to the wetland interior. Our results indicate that inferences about soil nutrient conditions made from rapid assessment methods for assessing wetland habitat condition may not be reliable.
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Brian","contributorId":52061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gara","given":"Brian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Monteith, Steve","contributorId":167706,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Monteith","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":5108,"text":"U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, Montana 59","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":623212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70169147,"text":"70169147 - 2016 - Evaluating lidar point densities for effective estimation of aboveground biomass","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-16T16:09:50","indexId":"70169147","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-23T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5064,"text":"International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating lidar point densities for effective estimation of aboveground biomass","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) was recently established to provide airborne lidar data coverage on a national scale. As part of a broader research effort of the USGS to develop an effective remote sensing-based methodology for the creation of an operational biomass Essential Climate Variable (Biomass ECV) data product, we evaluated the performance of airborne lidar data at various pulse densities against Landsat 8 satellite imagery in estimating above ground biomass for forests and woodlands in a study area in east-central Arizona, U.S. High point density airborne lidar data, were randomly sampled to produce five lidar datasets with reduced densities ranging from 0.5 to 8 point(s)/m2, corresponding to the point density range of 3DEP to provide national lidar coverage over time. Lidar-derived aboveground biomass estimate errors showed an overall decreasing trend as lidar point density increased from 0.5 to 8 points/m2. Landsat 8-based aboveground biomass estimates produced errors larger than the lowest lidar point density of 0.5 point/m2, and therefore Landsat 8 observations alone were ineffective relative to airborne lidar for generating a Biomass ECV product, at least for the forest and woodland vegetation types of the Southwestern U.S. While a national Biomass ECV product with optimal accuracy could potentially be achieved with 3DEP data at 8 points/m2, our results indicate that even lower density lidar data could be sufficient to provide a national Biomass ECV product with accuracies significantly higher than that from Landsat observations alone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cloud Publications","usgsCitation":"Wu, Z., Dye, D.G., Stoker, J.M., Vogel, J.M., Velasco, M.G., and Middleton, B.R., 2016, Evaluating lidar point densities for effective estimation of aboveground biomass: International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS, v. 5, no. 1, p. 1483-1499.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1483","endPage":"1499","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-068758","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":323961,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":319210,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://technical.cloud-journals.com/index.php/IJARSG/article/view/Tech-559"}],"volume":"5","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"576913b9e4b07657d19ff045","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wu, Zhuoting 0000-0001-7393-1832 zwu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7393-1832","contributorId":4953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"Zhuoting","email":"zwu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":498,"text":"Office of Land Remote Sensing (Geography)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dye, Dennis G. 0000-0002-7100-272X ddye@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7100-272X","contributorId":4233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dye","given":"Dennis","email":"ddye@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stoker, Jason M. 0000-0003-2455-0931 jstoker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2455-0931","contributorId":3021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoker","given":"Jason","email":"jstoker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vogel, John M. 0000-0002-8226-1188 jvogel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8226-1188","contributorId":3167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogel","given":"John","email":"jvogel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Velasco, Miguel G. 0000-0003-2559-7934 mvelasco@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2559-7934","contributorId":2103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Velasco","given":"Miguel","email":"mvelasco@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Middleton, Barry R. 0000-0001-8924-4121 bmiddleton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8924-4121","contributorId":3947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Middleton","given":"Barry","email":"bmiddleton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70169151,"text":"70169151 - 2016 - Nest survival is influenced by parental behaviour and heterospecifics in a mixed-species colony","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-06T15:58:07","indexId":"70169151","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-23T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1961,"text":"Ibis","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nest survival is influenced by parental behaviour and heterospecifics in a mixed-species colony","docAbstract":"Studies of avian nest success often focus on examining influences of variation in environmental and seasonal factors. However, in-depth evaluations can also incorporate variation in individual incubation behaviour to further advance our understanding of avian reproductive ecology. We examined these relationships in colonially nesting Black-crowned Night-Herons Nycticorax nycticorax using intensive video-monitoring methods to quantify incubation behaviours. We modelled nest survival as a function of both extrinsic factors and incubation behaviours over a 3-year period (2010–12) on Alcatraz Island, USA. Model-averaged parameter estimates indicated that nest survival increased as a function of greater incubation constancy (% of time spent incubating eggs within a 24-h period), and average daily precipitation throughout the nesting stage. Common Ravens Corvus corax are the only known nest predator of Night-Herons on Alcatraz Island, as on many other coastal Pacific islands. We also investigated the effects of heterospecific nesting of California Gulls Larus californicus and Western Gulls Larus occidentalis in a mixed-species colony with Night-Herons, based on nesting proximity data collected over a 2-year period (2011–12). This second analysis indicated that, in addition to incubation behaviours, nesting heterospecifics are an important factor for explaining variation in Night-Heron nest survival. However, contrary to our original expectation, we found that Night-Herons experienced increased nest survival with increasing distance from gull colony boundaries. These results may apply to other areas with multiple colonial nesting species and similar predator communities and climatic patterns.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/ibi.12351","usgsCitation":"Brussee, B.E., Coates, P.S., Hothem, R.L., Howe, K., Casazza, M.L., and Eadie, J.M., 2016, Nest survival is influenced by parental behaviour and heterospecifics in a mixed-species colony: Ibis, v. 158, no. 2, p. 315-326, https://doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12351.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"315","endPage":"326","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-073084","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319208,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"158","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-03-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3b01ce4b0f59b85dfca20","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brussee, Brianne E. 0000-0002-2452-7101 bbrussee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2452-7101","contributorId":4249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brussee","given":"Brianne","email":"bbrussee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coates, Peter S. 0000-0003-2672-9994 pcoates@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2672-9994","contributorId":3263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coates","given":"Peter","email":"pcoates@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hothem, Roger L. roger_hothem@usgs.gov","contributorId":1721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hothem","given":"Roger","email":"roger_hothem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Howe, Kristy khowe@usgs.gov","contributorId":167379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howe","given":"Kristy","email":"khowe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Casazza, Michael L. 0000-0002-5636-735X mike_casazza@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-735X","contributorId":2091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casazza","given":"Michael","email":"mike_casazza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Eadie, John M.","contributorId":65219,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eadie","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":7082,"text":"University of California - Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":623237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70169153,"text":"70169153 - 2016 - Temporal bird community dynamics are strongly affected by landscape fragmentation in a Central American tropical forest region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-23T10:30:44","indexId":"70169153","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-23T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1006,"text":"Biodiversity and Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal bird community dynamics are strongly affected by landscape fragmentation in a Central American tropical forest region","docAbstract":"Habitat loss and fragmentation are considered the main causes of species extinctions, particularly in tropical ecosystems. The objective of this work was to evaluate the temporal dynamics of tropical bird communities in landscapes with different levels of fragmentation in eastern Guatemala. We evaluated five bird community dynamic parameters for forest specialists and generalists: (1) species extinction, (2) species turnover, (3) number of colonizing species, (4) relative species richness, and (5) a homogeneity index. For each of 24 landscapes, community dynamic parameters were estimated from bird point count data, for the 1998–1999 and 2008–2009 periods, accounting for species’ detection probability. Forest specialists had higher extinction rates and a smaller number of colonizing species in landscapes with higher fragmentation, thus having lower species richness in both time periods. Alternatively, forest generalists elicited a completely different pattern, showing a curvilinear association to forest fragmentation for most parameters. Thus, greater community dynamism for forest generalists was shown in landscapes with intermediate levels of fragmentation. Our study supports general theory regarding the expected negative effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on the temporal dynamics of biotic communities, particularly for forest specialists, providing strong evidence from understudied tropical bird communities.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10531-016-1049-2","usgsCitation":"Blandon, A., Perelman, S., Ramírez, M., Lopez, A., Javier, O., and Robbins, C.S., 2016, Temporal bird community dynamics are strongly affected by landscape fragmentation in a Central American tropical forest region: Biodiversity and Conservation, v. 25, no. 2, p. 311-330, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-016-1049-2.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"311","endPage":"330","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-073420","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319206,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Guatemala","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.18289184570312,\n 15.436472173319213\n ],\n [\n -89.18289184570312,\n 15.887376009908698\n ],\n [\n -88.50036621093749,\n 15.887376009908698\n ],\n [\n -88.50036621093749,\n 15.436472173319213\n ],\n [\n -89.18289184570312,\n 15.436472173319213\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-01-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3b01fe4b0f59b85dfca28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blandon, A.C.","contributorId":167717,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blandon","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24814,"text":"Quantitative Methods and Information Systems Department, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires, Argentina","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":623244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perelman, S.B.","contributorId":167718,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Perelman","given":"S.B.","affiliations":[{"id":24814,"text":"Quantitative Methods and Information Systems Department, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires, Argentina","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":623245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ramírez, M.","contributorId":167719,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ramírez","given":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":24815,"text":"Foundation for Ecodevelopment and Conservation (FUNDAECO), 25 Calle, 2-39, Zona 1, Guatemala City, Guatemala","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":623246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lopez, A.","contributorId":167720,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lopez","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24815,"text":"Foundation for Ecodevelopment and Conservation (FUNDAECO), 25 Calle, 2-39, Zona 1, Guatemala City, Guatemala","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":623247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Javier, O.","contributorId":167721,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Javier","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24815,"text":"Foundation for Ecodevelopment and Conservation (FUNDAECO), 25 Calle, 2-39, Zona 1, Guatemala City, Guatemala","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":623248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Robbins, Chandler S. crobbins@usgs.gov","contributorId":4275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"Chandler","email":"crobbins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70168820,"text":"fs20163010 - 2016 - Groundwater contaminant science activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in New England","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-30T10:06:13","indexId":"fs20163010","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-23T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-3010","title":"Groundwater contaminant science activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in New England","docAbstract":"Aquifers in New England provide water for human needs and natural ecosystems. In some areas, however, aquifers have been degraded by contaminants from geologic and human sources. In recent decades, the U.S. Geological Survey has been a leader in describing contaminant occurrence in the bedrock and surficial aquifers of New England. In cooperation with Federal, State, and local agencies, the U.S. Geological Survey has also studied the vulnerability of groundwater to contaminants, the factors affecting the geographic distribution of contaminants, and the geochemical processes controlling contaminant transport and fate. This fact sheet describes some of the major science needs in the region related to groundwater contaminants and highlights recent U.S. Geological Survey studies that provide a foundation for future investigations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20163010","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 2016, Groundwater contaminant science activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in New England: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2016–3010, 4 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20163010.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-071183","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319028,"rank":5,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/fs20163011","text":"Fact Sheet 2016-3011","size":"713 KB","description":"FS 2016-3010"},{"id":319026,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/fs20163008","text":"Fact Sheet 2016-3008","size":"1.08 MB","description":"FS 2016-3010"},{"id":319027,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/fs20163009","text":"Fact Sheet 2016-3009","size":"1.10 MB","description":"FS 2016-3010"},{"id":319025,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2016/3010/fs20163010.pdf","text":"Report","size":"871 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":319024,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2016/3010/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":319029,"rank":6,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/fs20163012","text":"Fact Sheet 2016-3012","size":"1 MB","description":"FS 2016-3010"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"New England","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.6630859375,\n 44.96479793033101\n ],\n [\n -76.81640625,\n 43.67581809328341\n ],\n [\n -79.1455078125,\n 43.54854811091286\n ],\n [\n -74.8388671875,\n 38.685509760012\n ],\n [\n -69.60937499999999,\n 41.934976500546604\n ],\n [\n -70.2685546875,\n 42.61779143282346\n ],\n [\n -69.873046875,\n 43.29320031385282\n ],\n [\n -66.5771484375,\n 44.62175409623324\n ],\n [\n -67.67578124999999,\n 45.706179285330855\n ],\n [\n -67.67578124999999,\n 47.010225655683485\n ],\n [\n -67.939453125,\n 47.27922900257082\n ],\n [\n -69.4775390625,\n 47.487513008956554\n ],\n [\n -71.015625,\n 45.27488643704891\n ],\n [\n -71.4990234375,\n 45.02695045318546\n ],\n [\n -74.6630859375,\n 44.96479793033101\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
331 Commerce Way, Suite 2
Pembroke, NH 03275
Or visit our Web site at
http://newengland.water.usgs.gov/
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has many ongoing and recent water-related natural hazard activities in New England that can be used to help mitigate the effects of natural hazards in cooperation with other agencies. The themes related to potential hazards and the tools and science to better understand and address them include the following:
\nErosion and landslides
• Fluvial erosion (sediment transport, bridge scour, and bankfull channel geometry characterization)
• Current and historic landslide mapping
Flood documentation and assessment
• Flood high-water marks
• Flood modeling and frequency analysis
• Flood inundation mapping
• Peak-flow regression equations
Drought documentation and assessment
• Drought frequency analysis
• Low-flow frequency and flow duration statistics
• Water use and availability during drought
Hydrologic monitoring
• Streamflow monitoring network
• Groundwater monitoring network
• Tidal monitoring network
• Snow surveys and ice jam monitoring
Tools for natural hazard assessment and mitigation
• Light detection and ranging (lidar) remote sensing technology
• StreamStats Web-based tool for streamflow statistics
• Flood inundation mapper
Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
331 Commerce Way, Suite 2
Pembroke, NH 03275
Or visit our Web site at
http://newengland.water.usgs.gov/
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has actively pursued research in the effects of climate change on the hydrology of New England. Ongoing focus areas of climate change science activities of the USGS in New England include the following:
\n• Hydrologic climate-response data (initiating or expanding long-term hydrologic climate-response data collection networks to detect and monitor climate-related changes in hydrology)
• Relations between historical climatic and hydrologic variation (investigating historic relations between long-term climatic variation and hydrologic variation and connecting these relations to future conditions as forecasted by the Interagency Panel on Climate Change (Nakićenović and others, 2000)
• Hydrologic change on natural and human (incorporating climate change scenarios into assessments of how flows in streams or water levels in aquifers may change)
• Relations between climatic and hydrologic variation (characterizing impacts of climate change on floods and droughts, the long-term availability of water supplies for societal and natural uses in response to climate changes)
• Developing tools to forecast ecosystem change and water resources management (developing regionally consistent tools for forecasting ecosystem change and resource management)
This fact sheet presents recent climate change investigations of the USGS in New England using selected recent publications. These publications highlight the broad spectrum of expertise and commitment to understanding the relations of climate change and water resources in New England.
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\"}}]}","contact":"Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
331 Commerce Way, Suite 2
Pembroke, NH 03275
Or visit our Web site at
http://newengland.water.usgs.gov/
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has a long history of working with the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and State transportation agencies to provide data and information to address various issues related to water resources and the Nation’s transportation infrastructure. These issues include the following:
\n• Streamgaging data networks
• Flow frequencies and flow statistics
• Water-quality investigations
• Bridge scour and sediment transport
• Hydrologic and hydraulic flood modeling
In New England, the USGS is conducting investigations to improve flood flow estimation techniques, to define channel characteristics at bankfull discharge, and to document storm tide as a result of major coastal storms. Current locally focused investigations include examination of flow frequency in rural, urban, and small watersheds; documentation of extreme inland floods along with flood-frequency updates; examination of the effects of roadway blasting on groundwater quality; and determinations of the effects of road salting on the quality of runoff and receiving waters.
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\"}}]}","contact":"Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
331 Commerce Way, Suite 2
Pembroke, NH 03275
Or visit our Web site at
http://newengland.water.usgs.gov/
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) collaborates with a variety of Federal, State, local, and tribal partners on scientific projects to provide reliable and impartial water-quality data and interpretation to resource managers, planners, stakeholders, and the general public. The themes related to surface water quality include the following:
\n• Water quality monitoring networks
• Effects of best management practices and low impact development on water quality
• Load estimation techniques and total maximum daily load assistance
• Mercury studies
• Toxics and emerging contaminants
• Eutrophication and nuisance algal blooms
Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
331 Commerce Way, Suite 2
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Using water column temperature records collected since 1968, we analyzed the impacts of climate change on thermal properties, stability intensity, length of stratification, and deep mixing dynamics of Lake Tahoe using a modified stability index (SI). This new SI is easier to produce and is a more informative measure of deep lake stability than commonly used stability indices. The annual average SI increased at 16.62 kg/m2/decade although the summer (May–October) average SI increased at a higher rate (25.42 kg/m2/decade) during the period 1968–2014. This resulted in the lengthening of the stratification season by approximately 24 d. We simulated the lake thermal structure over a future 100 yr period using a lake hydrodynamic model driven by statistically downscaled outputs of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Model (GFDL) for two different green house gas emission scenarios (the A2 in which greenhouse-gas emissions increase rapidly throughout the 21st Century, and the B1 in which emissions slow and then level off by the late 21st Century). The results suggest a continuation and intensification of the already observed trends. The length of stratification duration and the annual average lake stability are projected to increase by 38 d and 12 d and 30.25 kg/m2/decade and 8.66 kg/m2/decade, respectively for GFDLA2 and GFDLB1, respectively during 2014–2098. The consequences of this change bear the hallmarks of climate change induced lake warming and possible exacerbation of existing water quality, quantity and ecosystem changes. The developed methodology could be extended and applied to other lakes as a tool to predict changes in stratification and mixing dynamics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley & Sons Ltd.","doi":"10.1002/lno.10228","usgsCitation":"Sahoo, G.B., Forrest, A.L., Schladow, S., Reuter, J.E., Coats, R., and Dettinger, M.D., 2016, Climate change impacts on lake thermal dynamics and ecosystem vulnerabilities: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 61, p. 496-507, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10228.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"496","endPage":"507","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057124","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471128,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10228","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":325694,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Lake 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E","contributorId":173178,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reuter","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E","affiliations":[{"id":27174,"text":"UC Davis, Tahoe Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":643558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Coats, R.","contributorId":9540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coats","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dettinger, Michael D. 0000-0002-7509-7332 mddettin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":149896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettinger","given":"Michael","email":"mddettin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70160548,"text":"sir20105090AA - 2016 - Geology and undiscovered resource assessment of the potash-bearing Central Asia Salt Basin, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Afghanistan: Chapter AA in Global mineral resource assessment","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70160548,"text":"sir20105090AA - 2016 - Geology and undiscovered resource assessment of the potash-bearing Central Asia Salt Basin, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Afghanistan: Chapter AA in Global mineral resource assessment","indexId":"sir20105090AA","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"chapter":"AA","title":"Geology and undiscovered resource assessment of the potash-bearing Central Asia Salt Basin, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Afghanistan: Chapter AA in Global mineral resource assessment"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70040436,"text":"sir20105090 - 2010 - Global mineral resource assessment","indexId":"sir20105090","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Global mineral resource assessment"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70040436,"text":"sir20105090 - 2010 - Global mineral resource assessment","indexId":"sir20105090","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Global mineral resource assessment"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-23T15:14:43","indexId":"sir20105090AA","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-23T09:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5090","chapter":"AA","title":"Geology and undiscovered resource assessment of the potash-bearing Central Asia Salt Basin, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Afghanistan: Chapter AA in Global mineral resource assessment","docAbstract":"Undiscovered potash resources in the Central Asia Salt Basin (CASB) of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Afghanistan were assessed as part of a global mineral resource assessment led by the U.S. Geological Survey. The term “potash” refers to potassium-bearing, water-soluble salts derived from evaporite basins, where seawater dried up and precipitated various salt compounds; the word for the element “potassium” is derived from potash. Potash is produced worldwide at amounts exceeding 30 million metric tons per year, mostly for use in fertilizers. The term “potash” is used by industry to refer to potassium chloride, as well as potassium in sulfate, nitrate, and oxide forms. For the purposes of this assessment, the term “potash” refers to potassium ores and minerals and potash ore grades. Resource and production values are usually expressed by industry in terms of K2O (potassium oxide) or muriate of potash (KCl, potassium chloride).
\nThe CASB hosts significant discovered potash resources and originated in an inland sea during Late Jurassic time. Seawater flowed into the CASB, mostly from its extreme northwestern margin near the modern Caspian Sea, during several evaporation episodes that deposited at least five different packages of evaporites, with virtually all potash in the second and fourth packages. In this study, the CASB was subdivided into three tracts (permissive areas) for evaluation: the Amu Darya tract in the west, the Gissar tract in the center, and the Afghan-Tajik tract in the east. The Gissar and Amu Darya tracts were quantitatively assessed, whereas the Afghan‑Tajik tract was only qualitatively assessed because of the commonly extreme depth (as deep as 7 km) of the Jurassic salt, extensive deformation, and a lack of known potash deposits.
\nTwo approaches were used to estimate amounts of undiscovered potash in the CASB. Stratabound evaporite deposits in the Amu Darya tract were evaluated using an Adaptive Geometric Estimation (AGE) approach, which estimates in-place potash volumes and tonnages. The Gissar tract was evaluated by using the AGE approach for stratabound deposits and the three-part form of assessment of Singer and Menzie (2005) for discrete halokinetic deposits. In the three-part form of assessment, numbers of undiscovered deposits were estimated and combined with grade and tonnage models to probabilistically forecast the amount of undiscovered potash. The Amu Darya tract is estimated to contain 38 billion metric tons of undiscovered potash as K2O by using the AGE approach for stratabound deposits. The hybrid stratabound-halokinetic Gissar tract is estimated to contain between 1 and 16 billion metric tons of undiscovered potash as K2O.
\nChapter 1 of this report provides an overview of the history of the CASB and summarizes evaporite potash deposition, halokinesis, and dissolution processes that have affected the current distribution of potash-bearing salt in the CASB. Chapter 2 describes the Gissar tract, an uplifted region that contains a mix of stratabound and halokinetic potash deposits and all of the discovered and exploited potash deposits of the CASB. Chapter 3 describes the Amu Darya tract, where evaporite deposits remain flat-lying and undeformed since their original deposition. Chapter 4 describes the highly deformed and compressed Afghan-Tajik tract and what is known of the deeply-buried Jurassic salt. Chapter 5 describes the spatial databases included with this report, which contain a collection of CASB potash information. Appendixes A and B summarize descriptive models for stratabound and halokinetic potash-bearing salt deposits, respectively. Appendix C summarizes the AGE method used to evaluate the Gissar and Amu Darya tracts. Appendixes D and E contain grade and thickness data for the Gissar and Amu Darya tracts. Appendix F provides the SYSTAT script used to estimate undiscovered K2 O in a CASB tract. Appendix G provides a potash glossary, and appendix H provides biographies of assessment participants.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global mineral resource assessment (Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5090)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20105090AA","usgsCitation":"Wynn, Jeff, Orris, G.J., Dunlap, Pamela, Cocker, M.D., and Bliss, J.D., 2016, Geology and undiscovered resource assessment of the potash-bearing Central Asia Salt Basin, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Afghanistan: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report SIR 2010–5090–AA, 106 p., and spatial data, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20105090AA.","productDescription":"Report: xi, 106 p.; GIS Data","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-053583","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318376,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5090/aa/sir20105090aa.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2010-5090-AA report PDF"},{"id":318377,"rank":3,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5090/aa/sir20105090aa_gis.zip","text":"GIS Data","size":"4.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"SIR 2010-5090-AA GIS Data"},{"id":318375,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5090/aa/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 62.38037109374999,\n 40.094882122321174\n ],\n [\n 60.3369140625,\n 40.01078714046552\n ],\n [\n 61.14990234374999,\n 36.89719446989036\n ],\n [\n 70.07080078125,\n 35.94243575255426\n ],\n [\n 70.24658203125,\n 37.94419750075404\n ],\n [\n 70.9716796875,\n 38.94232097947902\n ],\n [\n 62.38037109374999,\n 40.094882122321174\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Contact Information, Mineral Resources Program
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12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
913 National Center
Reston, VA 20192
http://minerals.usgs.gov/
This report describes two software tools that, when used as front ends for the three-dimensional backward Monte Carlo atmospheric-radiative-transfer model (RTM) McArtim, facilitate the generation of lookup tables of volcanic-plume optical-transmittance characteristics in the ultraviolet/visible-spectral region. In particular, the differential optical depth and derivatives thereof (that is, weighting functions), with regard to a change in SO2 column density or aerosol optical thickness, can be simulated for a specific measurement geometry and a representative range of plume conditions. These tables are required for the retrieval of SO2 column density in volcanic plumes, using the simulated radiative-transfer/differential optical-absorption spectroscopic (SRT-DOAS) approach outlined by Kern and others (2012). This report, together with the software tools published online, is intended to make this sophisticated SRT-DOAS technique available to volcanologists and gas geochemists in an operational environment, without the need for an indepth treatment of the underlying principles or the low-level interface of the RTM McArtim.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161045","usgsCitation":"Kern, Christoph, 2016, An interface for simulating radiative transfer in and around volcanic plumes with the Monte Carlo radiative transfer model McArtim: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1045, 18 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161045.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p.","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-046306","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319193,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1045/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":319194,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1045/ofr20161045.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1045"}],"contact":"Contact CVO
Volcano Science Center, Cascades Volcano Observatory
U.S. Geological Survey
1300 SE Cardinal Court, Building 10, Suite 100
Vancouver, WA 98683-9589
http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/