{"pageNumber":"1142","pageRowStart":"28525","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40871,"records":[{"id":70024796,"text":"70024796 - 2002 - Maturation and fecundity of a stock-enhanced population of striped bass in the Savannah River Estuary, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:07","indexId":"70024796","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2285,"text":"Journal of Fish Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Maturation and fecundity of a stock-enhanced population of striped bass in the Savannah River Estuary, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"The striped bass Morone saxatilis population in the Savannah River (south-eastern U.S.A.) collapsed in the 1980s, and recent efforts to restore the population have resulted in increased catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) of striped bass in the Savannah River Estuary (SRE). The abundance of eggs and larvae, however, remain well below historic levels. The primary cause of the population decline was remedied, and environmental conditions seem suitable for striped bass spawning. Regression analysis of data derived from ultrasonic imaging of 31 striped bass resulted in a statistical model that predicted ovary volume well (r2=0.95). The enumeration of oocytes from ovarian tissue samples and the prediction of ovary volume allowed fecundity to be estimated without sacrificing the fish. Oocyte maturation in Savannah River striped bass seemed to progress normally, with oocytes developing to final stages of maturity in larger fish (>750 mm LT). Additionally, fecundity estimates were comparable to a neighbouring striped bass population. The environmental cues needed to trigger development and release of striped bass oocytes into the SRE appeared to be present. If most of the striped bass females in the SRE are still young (<7 years), the ability to produce large numbers of eggs will be limited. As these young fish mature, egg production probably will increase and the density of striped bass eggs eventually will approach historic levels, provided suitable habitat and water quality are maintained. ?? 2002 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Fish Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/jfbi.2002.1870","issn":"00221112","usgsCitation":"Will, T., Reinert, T., and Jennings, C., 2002, Maturation and fecundity of a stock-enhanced population of striped bass in the Savannah River Estuary, U.S.A.: Journal of Fish Biology, v. 60, no. 3, p. 532-544, https://doi.org/10.1006/jfbi.2002.1870.","startPage":"532","endPage":"544","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207936,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jfbi.2002.1870"},{"id":233247,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5293e4b0c8380cd6c508","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Will, T.A.","contributorId":44326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Will","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reinert, T.R.","contributorId":28043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reinert","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jennings, Cecil A.","contributorId":38504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"Cecil A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024791,"text":"70024791 - 2002 - Deformation associated with the 1997 eruption of Okmok volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-25T15:56:23","indexId":"70024791","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deformation associated with the 1997 eruption of Okmok volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"

Okmok volcano, located on Umnak Island in the Aleutian chain, Alaska, is the most eruptive caldera system in North America in historic time. Its most recent eruption occurred in 1997. Synthetic aperture radar interferometry shows deflation of the caldera center of up to 140 cm during this time, preceded and followed by inflation of smaller magnitude. The main part of the observed deformation can be modeled using a pressure point source model. The inferred source is located between 2.5 and 5.0 km beneath the approximate center of the caldera and ???5 km from the eruptive vent. We interpret it as a central magma reservoir. The preeruptive period features inflation accompanied by shallow localized subsidence between the caldera center and the vent. We hypothesize that this is caused by hydrothermal activity or that magma moved away from the central chamber and toward the later vent. Since all historic eruptions at Okmok have originated from the same cone, this feature may be a precursor that indicates an upcoming eruption. The erupted magma volume is ???9 times the volume that can be accounted for by the observed preeruptive inflation. This indicates a much longer inflation interval than we were able to observe. The observation that reinflation started shortly after the eruption suggests that inflation spans the whole time interval between eruptions. Extrapolation of the average subsurface volume change rate is in good agreement with the long-term eruption frequency and eruption volumes of Okmok.

","language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2001JB000163","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Mann, D., Freymueller, J., and Lu, Z., 2002, Deformation associated with the 1997 eruption of Okmok volcano, Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 107, no. 4, p. ETG 7-1-ETG 7-12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000163.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"ETG 7-1","endPage":"ETG 7-12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478644,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jb000163","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233174,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"107","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-04-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe44e4b0c8380cd4ec1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mann, Dorte","contributorId":66876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mann","given":"Dorte","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freymueller, Jeffrey T.","contributorId":96841,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Freymueller","given":"Jeffrey T.","affiliations":[{"id":26875,"text":"Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":402634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lu, Z.","contributorId":106241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024790,"text":"70024790 - 2002 - Transport and fate of nitrate in a glacial outwash aquifer in relation to ground water age, land use practices, and redox processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-28T16:57:10.078582","indexId":"70024790","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport and fate of nitrate in a glacial outwash aquifer in relation to ground water age, land use practices, and redox processes","docAbstract":"

A combination of ground water modeling, chemical and dissolved gas analyses, and chlorofluorocarbon age dating of water was used to determine the relation between changes in agricultural practices, and NO−3 concentrations in ground water of a glacial outwash aquifer in west-central Minnesota. The results revealed a redox zonation throughout the saturated zone with oxygen reduction occurring near the water table, NO−3 reduction immediately below it, and then a large zone of ferric iron reduction, with a small area of sulfate (SO2−4) reduction and methanogenesis (CH4) near the end of the transect. Analytical and NETPATH modeling results supported the hypothesis that organic carbon served as the electron donor for the redox reactions. Denitrification rates were quite small, 0.005 to 0.047 mmol NO−3 yr−1, and were limited by the small amounts of organic carbon, 0.01 to 1.45%. In spite of the organic carbon limitation, denitrification was virtually complete because residence time is sufficient to allow even slow processes to reach completion. Ground water sample ages showed that maximum residence times were on the order of 50 to 70 yr. Reconstructed NO−3 concentrations, estimated from measured NO−3 and dissolved N gas showed that NO−3 concentrations have been increasing in the aquifer since the 1940s, and have been above the 714 μmol L−1 maximum contaminant level at most sites since the mid- to late-1960s. This increase in NO−3 has been accompanied by a corresponding increase in agricultural use of fertilizer, identified as the major source of NO−3 to the aquifer.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America","doi":"10.2134/jeq2002.7820","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Puckett, L., and Cowdery, T.K., 2002, Transport and fate of nitrate in a glacial outwash aquifer in relation to ground water age, land use practices, and redox processes: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 31, no. 3, p. 782-796, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2002.7820.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"782","endPage":"796","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233142,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Big Pine Lake, Little Pine Lake, Otter Tail River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.65727233886717,\n 46.5607488448596\n ],\n [\n -95.43960571289062,\n 46.5607488448596\n ],\n [\n -95.43960571289062,\n 46.68666038407398\n ],\n [\n -95.65727233886717,\n 46.68666038407398\n ],\n [\n -95.65727233886717,\n 46.5607488448596\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb742e4b08c986b32715a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Puckett, Larry J. lpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":31739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Larry J.","email":"lpuckett@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":402631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cowdery, Timothy K. 0000-0001-9402-6575 cowdery@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9402-6575","contributorId":456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowdery","given":"Timothy","email":"cowdery@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":402632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024789,"text":"70024789 - 2002 - The 1999 Mw 7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake: A test of the stress shadow hypothesis?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-24T15:23:12.08291","indexId":"70024789","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 1999 Mw 7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake: A test of the stress shadow hypothesis?","docAbstract":"

We test the stress shadow hypothesis for large earthquake interactions by examining the relationship between two large earthquakes that occurred in the Mojave Desert of southern California, the 1992 Mw 7.3 Landers and 1999 Mw 7.1 Hector Mine earthquakes. We want to determine if the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake occurred at a location where the Coulomb stress was increased (earthquake advance, stress trigger) or decreased (earthquake delay, stress shadow) by the previous large earthquake. Using four models of the Landers rupture and a range of possible hypocentral planes for the Hector Mine earthquake, we discover that most scenarios yield a Landers-induced relaxation (stress shadow) on the Hector Mine hypocentral plane. Although this result would seem to weigh against the stress shadow hypothesis, the results become considerably more uncertain when the effects of a nearby Landers aftershock, the 1992 ML 5.4 Pisgah earthquake, are taken into account. We calculate the combined static Coulomb stress changes due to the Landers and Pisgah earthquakes to range from -0.3 to +0.3 MPa (- 3 to +3 bars) at the possible Hector Mine hypocenters, depending on choice of rupture model and hypocenter. These varied results imply that the Hector Mine earthquake does not provide a good test of the stress shadow hypothesis for large earthquake interactions. We use a simple approach, that of static dislocations in an elastic half-space, yet we still obtain a wide range of both negative and positive Coulomb stress changes. Our findings serve as a caution that more complex models purporting to explain the triggering or shadowing relationship between the 1992 Landers and 1999 Hector Mine earthquakes need to also consider the parametric and geometric uncertainties raised here.

","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120000913","usgsCitation":"Harris, R., and Simpson, R., 2002, The 1999 Mw 7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake: A test of the stress shadow hypothesis?: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 4, p. 1497-1512, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000913.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1497","endPage":"1512","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233141,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Hector Mine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 35\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba63fe4b08c986b320fc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, R.A. 0000-0002-9247-0768","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9247-0768","contributorId":41849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simpson, R.W.","contributorId":76738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024786,"text":"70024786 - 2002 - Diffusion model validation and interpretation of stable isotopes in river and lake ice","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:08","indexId":"70024786","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diffusion model validation and interpretation of stable isotopes in river and lake ice","docAbstract":"The stable isotope stratigraphy of river- and lake-ice archives winter hydroclimatic conditions, and can potentially be used to identify changing water sources or to provide important insights into ice formation processes and growth rates. However, accurate interpretations rely on known isotopic fractionation during ice growth. A one-dimensional diffusion model of the liquid boundary layer adjacent to an advancing solid interface, originally developed to simulate solute rejection by growing crystals, has been used without verification to describe non-equilibrium fractionation during congelation ice growth. Results are not in agreement, suggesting the presence of important uncertainties. In this paper we seek validation of the diffusion model for this application using large-scale laboratory experiments with controlled freezing rates and frequent sampling. We obtained consistent, almost constant, isotopic boundary layer thicknesses over a representative range of ice growth rates on both quiescent and well-mixed water. With the 18O boundary layer thickness from the laboratory, the model successfully quantified reduced river-ice growth rates relative to those of a nearby lake. These results were more representative and easier to obtain than those of a conventional thermal ice-growth model. This diffusion model validation and boundary layer thickness determination provide a powerful tool for interpreting the stable isotope stratigraphy of floating ice. The laboratory experiment also replicated successive fractionation events in response to a freeze-thaw-refreeze cycle, providing a mechanism for apparent ice fractionation that exceeds equilibrium. Analysis of the composition of snow ice and frazil ice in river and lake cores indicated surprising similarities between these ice forms. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.374","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Ferrick, M., Calkins, D., Perron, N., Cragin, J., and Kendall, C., 2002, Diffusion model validation and interpretation of stable isotopes in river and lake ice: Hydrological Processes, v. 16, no. 4, p. 851-872, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.374.","startPage":"851","endPage":"872","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207855,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.374"},{"id":233102,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-02-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0110e4b0c8380cd4faa4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferrick, M.G.","contributorId":46731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrick","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calkins, D.J.","contributorId":82896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calkins","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perron, N.M.","contributorId":78122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perron","given":"N.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cragin, J.H.","contributorId":60819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cragin","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70024781,"text":"70024781 - 2002 - Transient stress-coupling between the 1992 Landers and 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T10:15:54","indexId":"70024781","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transient stress-coupling between the 1992 Landers and 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquakes","docAbstract":"

A three-dimensional finite-element model (FEM) of the Mojave block region in southern California is constructed to investigate transient stress-coupling between the 1992 Landers and 1999 Hector Mine earthquakes. The FEM simulates a poroelastic upper-crust layer coupled to a viscoelastic lower-crust layer, which is decoupled from the upper mantle. FEM predictions of the transient mechanical behavior of the crust are constrained by global positioning system (GPS) data, interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) images, fluid-pressure data from water wells, and the dislocation source of the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake. Two time-dependent parameters, hydraulic diffusivity of the upper crust and viscosity of the lower crust, are calibrated to 10–2 m2·sec–1 and 5 × 1018 Pa·sec respectively. The hydraulic diffusivity is relatively insensitive to heterogeneous fault-zone permeability specifications and fluid-flow boundary conditions along the elastic free-surface at the top of the problem domain. The calibrated FEM is used to predict the evolution of Coulomb stress during the interval separating the 1992 Landers and 1999 Hector Mine earthquakes. The predicted change in Coulomb stress near the hypocenter of the Hector Mine earthquake increases from 0.02 to 0.05 MPa during the 7-yr interval separating the two events. This increase is primarily attributed to the recovery of decreased excess fluid pressure from the 1992 Landers coseismic (undrained) strain field. Coulomb stress predictions are insensitive to small variations of fault-plane dip and hypocentral depth estimations of the Hector Mine rupture.

","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120000905","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Masterlark, T., and Wang, H., 2002, Transient stress-coupling between the 1992 Landers and 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquakes: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 4, p. 1470-1486, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000905.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1470","endPage":"1486","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232996,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207787,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120000905"}],"volume":"92","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb705e4b08c986b326ff6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masterlark, Timothy","contributorId":92829,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Masterlark","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":35607,"text":"South Dakota School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":402600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wang, H.F.","contributorId":51950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"H.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024779,"text":"70024779 - 2002 - Dynamic interpretation of slug tests in highly permeable aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T11:30:20","indexId":"70024779","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dynamic interpretation of slug tests in highly permeable aquifers","docAbstract":"

Considerable progress has been made in developing a theoretical framework for modeling slug test responses in formations with high hydraulic conductivity K. However, several questions of practical significance remain unresolved. Given the rapid and often oscillatory nature of test responses, the traditional hydrostatic relationship between the water level and the transducer‐measured head in the water column may not be appropriate. A general dynamic interpretation is proposed that describes the relationship between water level response and transducer‐measured head. This theory is utilized to develop a procedure for transforming model‐generated water level responses to transducer readings. The magnitude of the difference between the actual water level position and the apparent position based on the transducer measurement is a function of the acceleration and velocity of the water column, test geometry, and depth of the transducer. The dynamic approach explains the entire slug test response, including the often‐noted discrepancy between the actual initial water level displacement and that measured by a transducer in the water column. Failure to use this approach can lead to a significant underestimation of K when the transducer is a considerable distance below the static water level. Previous investigators have noted a dependence of test responses on the magnitude of the initial water level displacement and have developed various approximate methods for analyzing such data. These methods are re‐examined and their limitations clarified. Practical field guidelines are proposed on the basis of findings of this work. The soundness of the dynamic approach is demonstrated through a comparison of K profiles from a series of multilevel slug tests with those from dipole‐flow tests performed in the same wells.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001WR000354","usgsCitation":"Zurbuchen, B.R., Zlotnik, V.A., and Butler, J.J., 2002, Dynamic interpretation of slug tests in highly permeable aquifers: Water Resources Research, v. 38, no. 3, p. 7-1-7-18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR000354.","productDescription":"Article 1025; 18 p.","startPage":"7-1","endPage":"7-18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478727,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001wr000354","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232961,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-03-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0426e4b0c8380cd507fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zurbuchen, Brian R.","contributorId":81531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zurbuchen","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zlotnik, Vitaly A.","contributorId":19985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zlotnik","given":"Vitaly","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Butler, James J. Jr.","contributorId":199860,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Butler","given":"James","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024777,"text":"70024777 - 2002 - Status and trends in atmospheric deposition and emissions near Atlanta, Georgia, 1986-99","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-24T12:34:33","indexId":"70024777","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":924,"text":"Atmospheric Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Status and trends in atmospheric deposition and emissions near Atlanta, Georgia, 1986-99","docAbstract":"

Wet and dry atmospheric deposition were investigated from weekly data, 1986-99 (1986-97 for dry deposition) at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed (PMRW), a forested research site 25 km, southeast of Atlanta, Georgia. Furthermore, the wet deposition was compared to that at three adjacent National Atmospheric Deposition Program's National Trends Network (NTN) sites (GA41, 50 km south of PMRW; AL99, 175 km northwest; NC25, 175 km north-northeast) and dry deposition was compared to that at adjacent Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNET) sites, co-located at the NTN sites. The pH of precipitation is acidic and the dominant acid anion is SO4; the pH (derived from the volume-weighted mean H concentration) averages 4.44 for 1986-99, and varies seasonally with average lowest values in summer (4.19) and highest in winter (4.63). From 1986-99, the annual wet deposition of sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) averaged 400 and 300 eq ha-1 (6.4 and 4.2 kg ha-1), respectively. Inferential model estimates of annual dry S and N deposition from 1986-97 averaged 130 and 150 eq ha-1 (2.1 and 2.1 kg ha-1), respectively. From 1993-99, net S deposition (dry deposition plus canopy interactions) for coniferous and deciduous throughfall (throughfall minus wet-only deposition) averaged 400 and 150 eq ha-1 (6.4 and 2.1 kg ha-1), respectively. The annual wet deposition of S and N species at PMRW was comparable to that at NTN sites, with the exception of higher N species deposition at AL99 and relatively lower H, SO4 and NO3 deposition at GA41. Dry S deposition at PMRW differed markedly from the CASTNET sites despite similarity in S concentrations for all but NC25; the differences are attributed to differences in model parameters associated with the landscape and vegetation characteristics at the sites. At PMRW, atmospheric deposition trends were not detected for the entire sampling period, but were detected for shorter periods (4-5yr). Annual S and N deposition increased from 1986 to 1991, decreased to 1995 and then increased to 1999. SO2 emissions from seven major point sources within 120 km of PMRW decreased markedly from the late 1980s to 1995 and have remained relatively constant or increased slightly from 1995 to 1998 Annual wet and dry S deposition at PMRW significantly correlates (p < 0.01) with SO2 emissions, and the correlation is dominated by the large SO2 emissions decreases in the early 1990s, consistent with the implementation of Phase I of Title IV of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Atmospheric Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00080-8","issn":"13522310","usgsCitation":"Peters, N., Meyers, T., and Aulenbach, B., 2002, Status and trends in atmospheric deposition and emissions near Atlanta, Georgia, 1986-99: Atmospheric Environment, v. 36, no. 10, p. 1577-1588, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00080-8.","startPage":"1577","endPage":"1588","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232925,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207743,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00080-8"}],"volume":"36","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9793e4b08c986b31bb41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, N.E.","contributorId":33332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyers, T.P.","contributorId":14592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyers","given":"T.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aulenbach, Brent T.","contributorId":62766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aulenbach","given":"Brent T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024773,"text":"70024773 - 2002 - Stress triggering of the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake by transient deformation following the 1992 Landers earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-24T14:52:50.056554","indexId":"70024773","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stress triggering of the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake by transient deformation following the 1992 Landers earthquake","docAbstract":"The M 7.3 June 28, 1992 Landers and M 7.1 October 16, 1999 Hector Mine earthquakes, California, both right lateral strike-slip events on NNW-trending subvertical faults, occurred in close proximity in space and time in a region where recurrence times for surface-rupturing earthquakes are thousands of years. This suggests a causal role for the Landers earthquake in triggering the Hector Mine earthquake. Previous modeling of the static stress change associated with the Landers earthquake shows that the area of peak Hector Mine slip lies where the Coulomb failure stress promoting right-lateral strike-slip failure was high, but the nucleation point of the Hector Mine rupture was neutrally to weakly promoted, depending on the assumed coefficient of friction. Possible explanations that could account for the 7-year delay between the two ruptures include background tectonic stressing, dissipation of fluid pressure gradients, rate- and state-dependent friction effects, and post-Landers viscoelastic relaxation of the lower crust and upper mantle. By employing a viscoelastic model calibrated by geodetic data collected during the time period between the Landers and Hector Mine events, we calculate that postseismic relaxation produced a transient increase in Coulomb failure stress of about 0.7 bars on the impending Hector Mine rupture surface. The increase is greatest over the broad surface that includes the 1999 nucleation point and the site of peak slip further north. Since stress changes of magnitude greater than or equal to 0.1 bar are associated with documented causal fault interactions elsewhere, viscoelastic relaxation likely contributed to the triggering of the Hector Mine earthquake. This interpretation relies on the assumption that the faults occupying the central Mojave Desert (i.e., both the Landers and Hector Mine rupturing faults) were critically stressed just prior to the Landers earthquake.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120000918","usgsCitation":"Pollitz, F., and Sacks, I.S., 2002, Stress triggering of the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake by transient deformation following the 1992 Landers earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 4, p. 1487-1496, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000918.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1487","endPage":"1496","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232890,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Hector Mine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 33.5\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 33.5\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 35\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b6be4b08c986b31ce8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pollitz, F. F.","contributorId":108280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollitz","given":"F. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sacks, I. S.","contributorId":58038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sacks","given":"I.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024771,"text":"70024771 - 2002 - Simulation of broadband ground motion including nonlinear soil effects for a magnitude 6.5 earthquake on the Seattle fault, Seattle, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-25T15:45:04","indexId":"70024771","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of broadband ground motion including nonlinear soil effects for a magnitude 6.5 earthquake on the Seattle fault, Seattle, Washington","docAbstract":"

The Seattle fault poses a significant seismic hazard to the city of Seattle, Washington. A hybrid, low-frequency, high-frequency method is used to calculate broadband (0-20 Hz) ground-motion time histories for a M 6.5 earthquake on the Seattle fault. Low frequencies (1 Hz) are calculated by a stochastic method that uses a fractal subevent size distribution to give an ω-2 displacement spectrum. Time histories are calculated for a grid of stations and then corrected for the local site response using a classification scheme based on the surficial geology. Average shear-wave velocity profiles are developed for six surficial geologic units: artificial fill, modified land, Esperance sand, Lawton clay, till, and Tertiary sandstone. These profiles together with other soil parameters are used to compare linear, equivalent-linear, and nonlinear predictions of ground motion in the frequency band 0-15 Hz. Linear site-response corrections are found to yield unreasonably large ground motions. Equivalent-linear and nonlinear calculations give peak values similar to the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake and those predicted by regression relationships. Ground-motion variance is estimated for (1) randomization of the velocity profiles, (2) variation in source parameters, and (3) choice of nonlinear model. Within the limits of the models tested, the results are found to be most sensitive to the nonlinear model and soil parameters, notably the over consolidation ratio.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Stanford","doi":"10.1785/0120010114","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Hartzell, S., Leeds, A., Frankel, A., Williams, R.A., Odum, J., Stephenson, W., and Silva, W., 2002, Simulation of broadband ground motion including nonlinear soil effects for a magnitude 6.5 earthquake on the Seattle fault, Seattle, Washington: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 2, p. 831-853, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120010114.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"831","endPage":"853","numberOfPages":"23","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232855,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207696,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120010114"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.47970581054688,\n 47.44248559830201\n ],\n [\n -122.47970581054688,\n 47.561237406927596\n ],\n [\n -122.20985412597656,\n 47.561237406927596\n ],\n [\n -122.20985412597656,\n 47.44248559830201\n ],\n [\n -122.47970581054688,\n 47.44248559830201\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9014e4b08c986b3192eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hartzell, S.","contributorId":12603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartzell","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leeds, A.","contributorId":6603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leeds","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frankel, A. 0000-0001-9119-6106","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9119-6106","contributorId":41593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Williams, R. A.","contributorId":82323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Odum, J.","contributorId":7849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stephenson, W.","contributorId":37910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Silva, W.","contributorId":52693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silva","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70024766,"text":"70024766 - 2002 - The hydrothermolysis of the picrate anion: Kinetics and mechanism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:10","indexId":"70024766","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3595,"text":"Thermochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The hydrothermolysis of the picrate anion: Kinetics and mechanism","docAbstract":"The hydrothermolysis of the picrate anion in aqueous solution has been studied at 260-325??C in liquid water. At starting pH values above 12, the disappearance of picrate begins immediately and is first order in OH-. At lower pH, there is an induction period preceding the disappearance, and over the pH range 6.7-11.9 there is no pH dependence in the developed reaction phase. Added borate and silicate salts promote the reaction, suggesting their acting as nucleophiles at hydrothermal conditions. Nitrite is an initial product, while acetate is a final product and reflective of a vigorous oxidative sequence consuming the intermediate products. A reaction sequence consistent with the results at the lower pH includes initiation of a chain process by displacement of nitrite by water, followed by nucleophilic displacement of nitrite by nitrite such that a nitro group is replaced by an O-N=O group. The ester then rapidly hydrolyzes, and the net reaction is the production of an additional nitrite with each cycle. A simple modeling of this system satisfactorily fits the experimental findings. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Thermochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0040-6031(01)00789-4","issn":"00406031","usgsCitation":"Ross, D., and Jayaweera, I., 2002, The hydrothermolysis of the picrate anion: Kinetics and mechanism: Thermochimica Acta, v. 384, no. 1-2, p. 155-162, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6031(01)00789-4.","startPage":"155","endPage":"162","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232781,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207648,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6031(01)00789-4"}],"volume":"384","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bacd2e4b08c986b32377b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, D.S.","contributorId":33867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jayaweera, I.","contributorId":46730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jayaweera","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024764,"text":"70024764 - 2002 - Relationship of the 1999 Hector Mine and 1992 Landers fault ruptures to offsets on neogene faults and distribution of late Cenozoic basins in the eastern California shear zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:07","indexId":"70024764","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationship of the 1999 Hector Mine and 1992 Landers fault ruptures to offsets on neogene faults and distribution of late Cenozoic basins in the eastern California shear zone","docAbstract":"This report examines the Hector Mine and Landers earthquakes in the broader context of faults and fault-related basins of the eastern California shear zone (ECSZ). We compile new estimates of total strike-slip offset (horizontal separation) at nearly 30 fault sites based on offset magnetic anomaly pairs. We also present a map of the depth to pre-Cenozoic basement rock (thickness of basin-filling late Cenozoic deposits) for the region, based on an inversion of gravity and geologic data. Our estimates of total long-term strike-slip offsets on faults that slipped during the 1999 Hector Mine (3.4 km), and the 1992 Landers earthquakes (3.1 ? to 4.6 km) fall within the 3- to 5-km range of total strike-slip offset proposed for most faults of the western ECSZ. Faults having offsets as great as 20 km are present in the eastern part of the ECSZ. Although the Landers rupture followed sections of a number of faults that had been mapped as independent structures, the similarity in total strike-slip offset associated with these faults is compatible with one of the following hypotheses: (1) the Landers multistrand rupture is a typical event for this linked fault system or (2) this complex rupture path has acted as a coherent entity when viewed over some characteristic multiearthquake cycle. The second hypothesis implies that, for each cycle, slip associated with smaller earthquakes on individual fault segments integrates to a uniform slip over the length of the linked faults. With one exception, the region surrounding the Hector Mine and Landers ruptures is devoid of deep late Cenozoic basins. In particular, no deep basins are found immediately north of the Pinto Mountain fault, a place where a number of kinematic models for development of the ECSZ have predicted basins. In contrast, some basins exist near Barstow and along the eastern part of the ECSZ, where the model of Dokka et al. (1998) predicts basins.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120000915","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Jachens, R., Langenheim, V., and Matti, J.C., 2002, Relationship of the 1999 Hector Mine and 1992 Landers fault ruptures to offsets on neogene faults and distribution of late Cenozoic basins in the eastern California shear zone: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 4, p. 1592-1605, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000915.","startPage":"1592","endPage":"1605","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207982,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120000915"},{"id":233318,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a77de4b0e8fec6cdc4a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jachens, R.C.","contributorId":55433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jachens","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langenheim, V.E. 0000-0003-2170-5213","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":54956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"V.E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":402550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Matti, J. C.","contributorId":51712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matti","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024759,"text":"70024759 - 2002 - Identification of lithofacies using Kohonen self-organizing maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:07","indexId":"70024759","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identification of lithofacies using Kohonen self-organizing maps","docAbstract":"Lithofacies identification is a primary task in reservoir characterization. Traditional techniques of lithofacies identification from core data are costly, and it is difficult to extrapolate to non-cored wells. We present a low-cost automated technique using Kohonen self-organizing maps (SOMs) to identify systematically and objectively lithofacies from well log data. SOMs are unsupervised artificial neural networks that map the input space into clusters in a topological form whose organization is related to trends in the input data. A case study used five wells located in Appleton Field, Escambia County, Alabama (Smackover Formation, limestone and dolomite, Oxfordian, Jurassic). A five-input, one-dimensional output approach is employed, assuming the lithofacies are in ascending/descending order with respect to paleoenvironmental energy levels. To consider the possible appearance of new logfacies not seen in training mode, which may potentially appear in test wells, the maximum number of outputs is set to 20 instead of four, the designated number of lithosfacies in the study area. This study found eleven major clusters. The clusters were compared to depositional lithofacies identified by manual core examination. The clusters were ordered by the SOM in a pattern consistent with environmental gradients inferred from core examination: bind/boundstone, grainstone, packstone, and wackestone. This new approach predicted lithofacies identity from well log data with 78.8% accuracy which is more accurate than using a backpropagation neural network (57.3%). The clusters produced by the SOM are ordered with respect to paleoenvironmental energy levels. This energy-related clustering provides geologists and petroleum engineers with valuable geologic information about the logfacies and their interrelationships. This advantage is not obtained in backpropagation neural networks and adaptive resonance theory neural networks. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0098-3004(01)00067-X","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Chang, H., Kopaska-Merkel, D., and Chen, H., 2002, Identification of lithofacies using Kohonen self-organizing maps: Computers & Geosciences, v. 28, no. 2, p. 223-229, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(01)00067-X.","startPage":"223","endPage":"229","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207935,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(01)00067-X"},{"id":233246,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3831e4b0c8380cd6149b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chang, H.-C.","contributorId":80463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"H.-C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kopaska-Merkel, D. C.","contributorId":21314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kopaska-Merkel","given":"D. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chen, H.-C.","contributorId":9815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"H.-C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024757,"text":"70024757 - 2002 - Historical and projected carbon balance of mature black spruce ecosystems across north america: The role of carbon-nitrogen interactions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:07","indexId":"70024757","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Historical and projected carbon balance of mature black spruce ecosystems across north america: The role of carbon-nitrogen interactions","docAbstract":"The role of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) interactions on sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in black spruce ecosystems across North America was evaluated with the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) by applying parameterizations of the model in which C-N dynamics were either coupled or uncoupled. First, the performance of the parameterizations, which were developed for the dynamics of black spruce ecosystems at the Bonanza Creek Long-Term Ecological Research site in Alaska, were evaluated by simulating C dynamics at eddy correlation tower sites in the Boreal Ecosystem Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) for black spruce ecosystems in the northern study area (northern site) and the southern study area (southern site) with local climate data. We compared simulated monthly growing season (May to September) estimates of gross primary production (GPP), total ecosystem respiration (RESP), and net ecosystem production (NEP) from 1994 to 1997 to available field-based estimates at both sites. At the northern site, monthly growing season estimates of GPP and RESP for the coupled and uncoupled simulations were highly correlated with the field-based estimates (coupled: R2= 0.77, 0.88 for GPP and RESP; uncoupled: R2 = 0.67, 0.92 for GPP and RESP). Although the simulated seasonal pattern of NEP generally matched the field-based data, the correlations between field-based and simulated monthly growing season NEP were lower (R2 = 0.40, 0.00 for coupled and uncoupled simulations, respectively) in comparison to the correlations between field-based and simulated GPP and RESP. The annual NEP simulated by the coupled parameterization fell within the uncertainty of field-based estimates in two of three years. On the other hand, annual NEP simulated by the uncoupled parameterization only fell within the field-based uncertainty in one of three years. At the southern site, simulated NEP generally matched field-based NEP estimates, and the correlation between monthly growing season field-based and simulated NEP (R2 = 0.36, 0.20 for coupled and uncoupled simulations, respectively) was similar to the correlations at the northern site. To evaluate the role of N dynamics in C balance of black spruce ecosystems across North America, we simulated historical and projected C dynamics from 1900 to 2100 with a global-based climatology at 0.5?? resolution (latitude ?? longitude) with both the coupled and uncoupled parameterizations of TEM. From analyses at the northern site, several consistent patterns emerge. There was greater inter-annual variability in net primary production (NPP) simulated by the uncoupled parameterization as compared to the coupled parameterization, which led to substantial differences in inter-annual variability in NEP between the parameterizations. The divergence between NPP and heterotrophic respiration was greater in the uncoupled simulation, resulting in more C sequestration during the projected period. These responses were the result of fundamentally different responses of the coupled and uncoupled parameterizations to changes in CO2 and climate. Across North American black spruce ecosystems, the range of simulated decadal changes in C storage was substantially greater for the uncoupled parameterization than for the coupled parameterization. Analysis of the spatial variability in decadal responses of C dynamics revealed that C fluxes simulated by the coupled and uncoupled parameterizations have different sensitivities to climate and that the climate sensitivities of the fluxes change over the temporal scope of the simulations. The results of this study suggest that uncertainties can be reduced through (1) factorial studies focused on elucidating the role of C and N interactions in the response of mature black spruce ecosystems to manipulations of atmospheric CO2 and climate, (2) establishment of a network of continuous, long-term measurements of C dynamics across the range of mature black spruce ecosystems in North America, and (3) ancillary measureme","largerWorkTitle":"Plant and Soil","language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1019673420225","issn":"0032079X","usgsCitation":"Clein, J.S., McGuire, A., Zhang, X., Kicklighter, D., Melillo, J.M., Wofsy, S., Jarvis, P., and Massheder, J., 2002, Historical and projected carbon balance of mature black spruce ecosystems across north america: The role of carbon-nitrogen interactions, in Plant and Soil, v. 242, no. 1, p. 15-32, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019673420225.","startPage":"15","endPage":"32","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207933,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019673420225"},{"id":233244,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"242","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a317de4b0c8380cd5df88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clein, Joy S.","contributorId":83697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clein","given":"Joy","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGuire, A. D.","contributorId":16552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhang, X.","contributorId":30193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kicklighter, D. W.","contributorId":31537,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kicklighter","given":"D. W.","affiliations":[{"id":13627,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":402520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Melillo, J. M.","contributorId":73139,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Melillo","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wofsy, S.C.","contributorId":44699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wofsy","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Jarvis, P.G.","contributorId":41189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarvis","given":"P.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Massheder, J.M.","contributorId":18545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Massheder","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70024756,"text":"70024756 - 2002 - Source properties of earthquakes near the Salton Sea triggered by the 16 October 1999 M 7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:07","indexId":"70024756","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Source properties of earthquakes near the Salton Sea triggered by the 16 October 1999 M 7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake","docAbstract":"We analyze the source properties of a sequence of triggered earthquakes that occurred near the Salton Sea in southern California in the immediate aftermath of the M 7.1 Hector Mine earthquake of 16 October 1999. The sequence produced a number of early events that were not initially located by the regional network, including two moderate earthquakes: the first within 30 sec of the P-wave arrival and a second approximately 10 minutes after the mainshock. We use available amplitude and waveform data from these events to estimate magnitudes to be approximately 4.7 and 4.4, respectively, and to obtain crude estimates of their locations. The sequence of small events following the initial M 4.7 earthquake is clustered and suggestive of a local aftershock sequence. Using both broadband TriNet data and analog data from the Southern California Seismic Network (SCSN), we also investigate the spectral characteristics of the M 4.4 event and other triggered earthquakes using empirical Green's function (EGF) analysis. We find that the source spectra of the events are consistent with expectations for tectonic (brittle shear failure) earthquakes, and infer stress drop values of 0.1 to 6 MPa for six M 2.1 to M 4.4 events. The estimated stress drop values are within the range observed for tectonic earthquakes elsewhere. They are relatively low compared to typically observed stress drop values, which is consistent with expectations for faulting in an extensional, high heat flow regime. The results therefore suggest that, at least in this case, triggered earthquakes are associated with a brittle shear failure mechanism. This further suggests that triggered earthquakes may tend to occur in geothermal-volcanic regions because shear failure occurs at, and can be triggered by, relatively low stresses in extensional regimes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120000910","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Hough, S., and Kanamori, H., 2002, Source properties of earthquakes near the Salton Sea triggered by the 16 October 1999 M 7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 4, p. 1281-1289, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000910.","startPage":"1281","endPage":"1289","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478724,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20140115-154238987","text":"External Repository"},{"id":207914,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120000910"},{"id":233208,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b933be4b08c986b31a3a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hough, S. E. 0000-0002-5980-2986","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5980-2986","contributorId":7316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kanamori, H.","contributorId":55438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kanamori","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024747,"text":"70024747 - 2002 - Strong interseismic coupling, fault afterslip, and viscoelastic flow before and after the Oct. 9, 1995 Colima-Jalisco earthquake: continuous GPS measurements from Colima, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T13:59:49","indexId":"70024747","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strong interseismic coupling, fault afterslip, and viscoelastic flow before and after the Oct. 9, 1995 Colima-Jalisco earthquake: continuous GPS measurements from Colima, Mexico","docAbstract":"

Continuous GPS measurements from Colima, Mexico during 4/93-6/01, bracketing the Oct. 9, 1995 M = 8.0 Colima-Jalisco earthquake, provide new constraints on Rivera plate subduction mechanics. Modeling of margin-normal strain accumulation before the earthquake suggests the Rivera-North America subduction interface was fully locked. Transient postseismic motion from 10/ 95-6/97 is well fit by a model that includes logarithmically-decaying fault afterslip, elastic strain from shallow fault relocking, and possibly a minor viscoelastic response, but is fit poorly by models that assume a dominant Maxwell viscoelastic response of the lower crust and upper mantle, independent of the assumed viscosities. Landward, margin-normal motion since mid-1997 is parallel to but ??? 75% slower than the pre-seismic velocity. Afterslip alone fails to account for this slowdown. The viscoelastic response predicted by a FEM correctly resolves the remaining velocity difference within the uncertainties. Both processes thus offset elastic strain accumulating from the relocked subduction interface.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2002GL014702","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Azua, B., DeMets, C., and Masterlark, T., 2002, Strong interseismic coupling, fault afterslip, and viscoelastic flow before and after the Oct. 9, 1995 Colima-Jalisco earthquake: continuous GPS measurements from Colima, Mexico: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 29, no. 8, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL014702.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478649,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2002gl014702","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233065,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","state":"Colima","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.710693359375,\n 18.70348862833483\n ],\n [\n -104.710693359375,\n 19.51319789966427\n ],\n [\n -103.46923828124999,\n 19.51319789966427\n ],\n [\n -103.46923828124999,\n 18.70348862833483\n ],\n [\n -104.710693359375,\n 18.70348862833483\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-04-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b87e4b08c986b31cf4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Azua, B.M.","contributorId":69332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Azua","given":"B.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeMets, C.","contributorId":19308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeMets","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Masterlark, Timothy","contributorId":92829,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Masterlark","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":35607,"text":"South Dakota School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":402487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024746,"text":"70024746 - 2002 - Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: Global seismicity, 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:08","indexId":"70024746","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: Global seismicity, 2000","docAbstract":"Moment-tensor solutions, estimated using optimal filter theory, are listed for 324 moderate-to-large size earthquakes that occurred during the year 2000. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0031-9201(02)00002-X","issn":"00319201","usgsCitation":"Sipkin, S., Bufe, C., and Zirbes, M., 2002, Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: Global seismicity, 2000: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 130, no. 1-2, p. 129-142, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9201(02)00002-X.","startPage":"129","endPage":"142","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207808,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9201(02)00002-X"},{"id":233032,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"130","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5d42e4b0c8380cd70275","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sipkin, S.A.","contributorId":9399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sipkin","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bufe, C. G.","contributorId":79443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bufe","given":"C. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zirbes, M.D.","contributorId":27620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zirbes","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024739,"text":"70024739 - 2002 - Preliminary comparison of landscape pattern-normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) relationships to central plains stream conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-22T16:08:14.104924","indexId":"70024739","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preliminary comparison of landscape pattern-normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) relationships to central plains stream conditions","docAbstract":"

We explored relationships of water quality parameters with landscape pattern metrics (LPMs), land use–land cover (LULC) proportions, and the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) or NDVI-derived metrics. Stream sites (271) in Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri were sampled for water quality parameters, the index of biotic integrity, and a habitat index in either 1994 or 1995. Although a combination of LPMs (interspersion and juxtaposition index, patch density, and percent forest) within Ozark Highlands watersheds explained >60% of the variation in levels of nitrite–nitrate nitrogen and conductivity, in most cases the LPMs were not significantly correlated with the stream data. Several problems using landscape pattern metrics were noted: small watersheds having only one or two patches, collinearity with LULC data, and counterintuitive or inconsistent results that resulted from basic differences in land use–land cover patterns among ecoregions or from other factors determining water quality. The amount of variation explained in water quality parameters using multiple regression models that combined LULC and LPMs was generally lower than that from NDVI or vegetation phenology metrics derived from time-series NDVI data. A comparison of LPMs and NDVI indicated that NDVI had greater promise for monitoring landscapes for stream conditions within the study area.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America","doi":"10.2134/jeq2002.8460","usgsCitation":"Griffith, J.A., Martinko, E.A., Whistler, J.L., and Price, K.P., 2002, Preliminary comparison of landscape pattern-normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) relationships to central plains stream conditions: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 31, no. 3, p. 846-859, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2002.8460.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"846","endPage":"859","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232959,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"Central Plains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.54833984375,\n 37.09023980307208\n ],\n [\n -92.48291015625,\n 38.13455657705411\n ],\n [\n -91.64794921875,\n 39.690280594818034\n ],\n [\n -91.58203125,\n 40.48038142908172\n ],\n [\n -95.69091796875,\n 40.58058466412761\n ],\n [\n -96.52587890625,\n 42.52069952914966\n ],\n [\n -100.48095703125,\n 42.97250158602597\n ],\n [\n -103.5791015625,\n 42.90816007196054\n ],\n [\n -103.6669921875,\n 41.60722821271717\n ],\n [\n -101.90917968749999,\n 41.178653972331674\n ],\n [\n -101.6015625,\n 38.95940879245423\n ],\n [\n -101.90917968749999,\n 37.19533058280065\n ],\n [\n -94.54833984375,\n 37.09023980307208\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8359e4b0c8380cd7bef1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffith, J. A.","contributorId":84118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffith","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martinko, E. A.","contributorId":13784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martinko","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whistler, J. L.","contributorId":74171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whistler","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Price, K. P.","contributorId":16615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024738,"text":"70024738 - 2002 - Regional estimates of radiated seismic energy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-24T15:03:59.108845","indexId":"70024738","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional estimates of radiated seismic energy","docAbstract":"

We revise the spectral technique for estimating radiated energy from recordings of large earthquakes at regional distances (Δ < 200 km) by correcting for geometric spreading and for site amplification as explicit functions of frequency. We analyze 65 recordings of the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake as functions of frequency, distance, and azimuth. For r > 27.5 km from the source, we model the geometrical spreading of the regional wavefield as r–γ where γ = 0.5 for f ≤ 0.2 Hz and γ = 0.7 for f ≥ 0.25 Hz. We fit the spectral falloff with distance using a frequency-dependent attenuation Q = 400(f /1.5)0.6, where Q = 400 for f ≤ 1.5 Hz. There is little directivity apparent in the corrected velocity spectra: the velocity spectra observed to the northwest along strike are amplified by a factor of 2.5 from 0.3 to 1.0 Hz and those to the southeast are amplified by a factor of 1.6 from 0.3 to 0.7 Hz. We group the stations in NEHRP site classes, using average 1-D velocity structures to estimate site amplification as a function of frequency and assuming 0.40 ≤ κ ≤ 0.55 sec for the near-surface attenuation. We increase the amplification of the soft-soil sites from 0.1 to 1.0 Hz by a factor that reaches 1.7 at 0.3 Hz because they are more strongly amplified than the NEHRP-D velocity structure predicts. We combine the 65 single-station estimates of radiated energy using an equal-azimuth weighting scheme that compensates for station distribution and incorporates the observed directivity, yielding a regional estimate of Es = 3.4 ± 0.7 × 1022 dyne cm. This regional estimate of radiated energy corresponds closely to the teleseismic estimate of Es = 3.2 × 1022 dyne cm.

","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120000932","usgsCitation":"Boatwright, J., Choy, G.L., and Seekins, L.C., 2002, Regional estimates of radiated seismic energy: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 4, p. 1241-1255, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000932.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1241","endPage":"1255","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232958,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a4c5e4b0e8fec6cdbc5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boatwright, J.","contributorId":87297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boatwright","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Choy, G. L. 0000-0002-0217-5555","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0217-5555","contributorId":78322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choy","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seekins, L. C.","contributorId":99561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seekins","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024736,"text":"70024736 - 2002 - A statistical evaluation of non-ergodic variogram estimators","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:14","indexId":"70024736","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1573,"text":"Environmental and Ecological Statistics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A statistical evaluation of non-ergodic variogram estimators","docAbstract":"Geostatistics is a set of statistical techniques that is increasingly used to characterize spatial dependence in spatially referenced ecological data. A common feature of geostatistics is predicting values at unsampled locations from nearby samples using the kriging algorithm. Modeling spatial dependence in sampled data is necessary before kriging and is usually accomplished with the variogram and its traditional estimator. Other types of estimators, known as non-ergodic estimators, have been used in ecological applications. Non-ergodic estimators were originally suggested as a method of choice when sampled data are preferentially located and exhibit a skewed frequency distribution. Preferentially located samples can occur, for example, when areas with high values are sampled more intensely than other areas. In earlier studies the visual appearance of variograms from traditional and non-ergodic estimators were compared. Here we evaluate the estimators' relative performance in prediction. We also show algebraically that a non-ergodic version of the variogram is equivalent to the traditional variogram estimator. Simulations, designed to investigate the effects of data skewness and preferential sampling on variogram estimation and kriging, showed the traditional variogram estimator outperforms the non-ergodic estimators under these conditions. We also analyzed data on carabid beetle abundance, which exhibited large-scale spatial variability (trend) and a skewed frequency distribution. Detrending data followed by robust estimation of the residual variogram is demonstrated to be a successful alternative to the non-ergodic approach.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental and Ecological Statistics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1013771109591","issn":"13528505","usgsCitation":"Curriero, F., Hohn, M., Liebhold, A., and Lele, S., 2002, A statistical evaluation of non-ergodic variogram estimators: Environmental and Ecological Statistics, v. 9, no. 1, p. 89-110, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013771109591.","startPage":"89","endPage":"110","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207740,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1013771109591"},{"id":232922,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5afe4b0c8380cd46efe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curriero, F.C.","contributorId":95237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curriero","given":"F.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hohn, M.E.","contributorId":98470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hohn","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Liebhold, A.M.","contributorId":91663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liebhold","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lele, S.R.","contributorId":49959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lele","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024735,"text":"70024735 - 2002 - Tectonics and distribution of gold deposits in China - An overview","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-15T14:41:44.358289","indexId":"70024735","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonics and distribution of gold deposits in China - An overview","docAbstract":"

Gold exploration in China has expanded rapidly during the last two decades since a modern approach to economic development has become a national priority. China currently produces 180 tonnes (t) of gold annually, which is still significantly less than South Africa, USA, and Australia. However, China is now recognized as possessing significant gold resources in a wide range of mineral deposit types. Present estimates of gold resources in China exceed 4,500 t, which comprise 60% in gold-only deposits, more than 25% in base metal-rich skarn, porphyry, and vein deposits, and more than 10% in placer accumulations. The major gold provinces in China formed during the main episodes of Phanerozoic tectonism. Such tectonism involved interaction of China's three major Precambrian cratons, North China, Tarim, and Yangtze (or South China when combined with Cathaysia block), with the Angara (or Siberian), Kazakhstan–Kyrgyzstan, and Indian cratons. Resulting collisions included deformation of accreted oceanic sequences between the cratonic blocks. The most important ore-forming orogenies were (1) the late Paleozoic Variscan (405–270 Ma), which led to amalgamation of the Angara, North China and Yangtze cratons, (2) the Indosinian (270–208 Ma), which led to the collision of North China and South China cratons, (3) the Yanshanian (208–90 Ma), which was largely influenced by the subduction of the Izanagi–Pacific plates beneath eastern China, and (4) the Himalayan (<90 Ma) indentation of the Indian continent into Eurasia. No important Precambrian gold systems are recognized in China, mainly because of reworking of exposed Precambrian rocks by these younger orogenies, but there are a few Caledonian (600–405 Ma) gold-bearing systems in northern Xinjiang. Most of China's orogenic, epithermal, and Carlin-like gold deposits are in the reworked margins of major cratonic blocks and in metasedimentary rock-dominated fold belts adjacent to these margins. Accordingly, the major gold provinces are present along the northern, southeastern and southern margins of the North China craton, along the southwestern and northwestern margins of the Yangtze craton, in the Tianshan and Altayshan orogenic belts in northern Xinjiang, and throughout the southeastern China fold belt. Gold-placer deposits derived from these primary deposits are concentrated in the northernmost part of northeastern China and along the northwestern margin of the Yangtze craton. The major provinces with significant gold in porphyry-related copper systems and base metal skarns are present in the Yangtze River area along the northeastern and southeastern margin of the Yangtze craton, in the fold belt in southwestern China, and scattered through northern China. Three-quarters of the Chinese gold-only deposits occur within the North China craton margins. Half are located in the uplifted Precambrian metamorphic rocks and most of the remainder are hosted in the Phanerozoic granitoids that intruded the reworked Precambrian terranes. The abundance of granite-hosted gold contrasts the North China craton with other Precambrian cratons, such as those in Western Australia, central Canada, and Zimbabwe, where gold is mainly hosted in the Archean greenstone belts. This difference may be explained by the multiple episodes of Phanerozoic tectonism along the North China craton margins resulting from the collision of the Angara, North China, and South China cratons, and from subduction of the Izanagi–Pacific oceanic plates underneath the eastern China continent.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/s00126-001-0237-4","usgsCitation":"Zhou, T., Goldfarb, R.J., and Phillips, N.G., 2002, Tectonics and distribution of gold deposits in China - An overview: Mineralium Deposita, v. 37, no. 3-4, p. 249-282, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-001-0237-4.","productDescription":"34 p.","startPage":"249","endPage":"282","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232888,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"China","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[110.33919,18.6784],[109.47521,18.1977],[108.65521,18.50768],[108.62622,19.36789],[109.11906,19.82104],[110.2116,20.10125],[110.78655,20.07753],[111.01005,19.69593],[110.57065,19.25588],[110.33919,18.6784]]],[[[127.65741,49.76027],[129.39782,49.4406],[130.58229,48.72969],[130.98728,47.79013],[132.50667,47.78897],[133.3736,48.18344],[135.02631,48.47823],[134.50081,47.57844],[134.11236,47.21247],[133.76964,46.11693],[133.09713,45.14407],[131.88345,45.32116],[131.02521,44.96795],[131.28856,44.11152],[131.14469,42.92999],[130.63387,42.90301],[130.64002,42.39501],[129.99427,42.98539],[129.59667,42.42498],[128.05222,41.99428],[128.20843,41.46677],[127.34378,41.50315],[126.86908,41.81657],[126.18205,41.10734],[125.07994,40.56982],[124.26562,39.92849],[122.86757,39.63779],[122.13139,39.17045],[121.05455,38.89747],[121.58599,39.36085],[121.37676,39.75026],[122.1686,40.42244],[121.64036,40.94639],[120.76863,40.59339],[119.6396,39.89806],[119.02346,39.25233],[118.04275,39.20427],[117.5327,38.73764],[118.0597,38.06148],[118.87815,37.89733],[118.91164,37.44846],[119.7028,37.15639],[120.82346,37.87043],[121.71126,37.48112],[122.35794,37.45448],[122.51999,36.93061],[121.10416,36.65133],[120.63701,36.11144],[119.66456,35.60979],[119.15121,34.90986],[120.22752,34.36033],[120.62037,33.37672],[121.22901,32.46032],[121.90815,31.69217],[121.89192,30.94935],[121.26426,30.67627],[121.50352,30.14291],[122.09211,29.83252],[121.93843,29.01802],[121.68444,28.22551],[121.12566,28.13567],[120.39547,27.05321],[119.5855,25.74078],[118.65687,24.54739],[117.28161,23.6245],[115.89074,22.78287],[114.76383,22.66807],[114.15255,22.22376],[113.80678,22.54834],[113.24108,22.05137],[111.84359,21.55049],[110.78547,21.39714],[110.44404,20.34103],[109.88986,20.28246],[109.62766,21.00823],[109.86449,21.39505],[108.52281,21.71521],[108.05018,21.55238],[107.04342,21.8119],[106.56727,22.2182],[106.7254,22.79427],[105.81125,22.97689],[105.32921,23.35206],[104.47686,22.81915],[103.50451,22.70376],[102.70699,22.7088],[102.17044,22.46475],[101.65202,22.3182],[101.80312,21.17437],[101.27003,21.20165],[101.18001,21.43657],[101.15003,21.84998],[100.41654,21.55884],[99.98349,21.74294],[99.2409,22.11831],[99.53199,22.94904],[98.89875,23.14272],[98.66026,24.06329],[97.60472,23.8974],[97.72461,25.08364],[98.67184,25.9187],[98.71209,26.74354],[98.68269,27.50881],[98.24623,27.74722],[97.91199,28.33595],[97.32711,28.26158],[96.24883,28.41103],[96.58659,28.83098],[96.11768,29.4528],[95.4048,29.03172],[94.56599,29.27744],[93.41335,28.64063],[92.50312,27.89688],[91.69666,27.77174],[91.25885,28.04061],[90.73051,28.06495],[90.01583,28.29644],[89.47581,28.04276],[88.81425,27.29932],[88.73033,28.08686],[88.12044,27.87654],[86.95452,27.97426],[85.82332,28.20358],[85.01164,28.64277],[84.23458,28.83989],[83.89899,29.32023],[83.33712,29.46373],[82.32751,30.11527],[81.5258,30.42272],[81.11126,30.18348],[79.72137,30.88271],[78.73889,31.51591],[78.45845,32.61816],[79.17613,32.48378],[79.20889,32.99439],[78.81109,33.5062],[78.91227,34.32194],[77.83745,35.49401],[76.19285,35.8984],[75.8969,36.66681],[75.15803,37.13303],[74.98,37.41999],[74.82999,37.99001],[74.86482,38.37885],[74.25751,38.60651],[73.92885,38.50582],[73.67538,39.43124],[73.96001,39.66001],[73.82224,39.89397],[74.77686,40.36643],[75.46783,40.56207],[76.52637,40.42795],[76.90448,41.06649],[78.1872,41.18532],[78.54366,41.58224],[80.11943,42.12394],[80.25999,42.35],[80.18015,42.92007],[80.86621,43.18036],[79.96611,44.91752],[81.94707,45.31703],[82.45893,45.53965],[83.18048,47.33003],[85.16429,47.00096],[85.72048,47.45297],[85.76823,48.45575],[86.59878,48.54918],[87.35997,49.21498],[87.75126,49.2972],[88.01383,48.59946],[88.8543,48.06908],[90.28083,47.69355],[90.97081,46.88815],[90.58577,45.71972],[90.94554,45.28607],[92.13389,45.11508],[93.48073,44.97547],[94.68893,44.35233],[95.30688,44.24133],[95.76245,43.31945],[96.3494,42.72564],[97.45176,42.74889],[99.51582,42.52469],[100.84587,42.6638],[101.83304,42.51487],[103.31228,41.90747],[104.52228,41.90835],[104.96499,41.59741],[106.12932,42.13433],[107.74477,42.48152],[109.2436,42.51945],[110.4121,42.87123],[111.12968,43.40683],[111.82959,43.74312],[111.66774,44.07318],[111.34838,44.45744],[111.87331,45.10208],[112.43606,45.01165],[113.46391,44.80889],[114.46033,45.33982],[115.9851,45.72724],[116.71787,46.3882],[117.4217,46.67273],[118.87433,46.80541],[119.66327,46.69268],[119.77282,47.04806],[118.86657,47.74706],[118.06414,48.06673],[117.29551,47.69771],[116.30895,47.85341],[115.74284,47.72654],[115.48528,48.13538],[116.1918,49.1346],[116.6788,49.88853],[117.87924,49.51098],[119.28846,50.14288],[119.27937,50.58291],[120.18205,51.64357],[120.73819,51.96412],[120.72579,52.51623],[120.17709,52.75389],[121.00308,53.2514],[122.24575,53.43173],[123.57151,53.4588],[125.06821,53.16104],[125.94635,52.7928],[126.5644,51.78426],[126.93916,51.35389],[127.28746,50.7398],[127.65741,49.76027]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"China\"}}]}","volume":"37","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba484e4b08c986b3203d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhou, T.","contributorId":93248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhou","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldfarb, Richard J. goldfarb@usgs.gov","contributorId":1205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"Richard","email":"goldfarb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":402451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Phillips, Neil G.","contributorId":295239,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Phillips","given":"Neil","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024733,"text":"70024733 - 2002 - Long-term climate patterns in Alaskan surface temperature and precipitation and their biological consequences","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T09:54:31","indexId":"70024733","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-term climate patterns in Alaskan surface temperature and precipitation and their biological consequences","docAbstract":"

Mean monthly climate maps of Alaskan surface temperature and precipitation produced by the parameter-elevation regression on independent slopes model (PRISM) were analyzed. Alaska is divided into interior and coastal zones with consistent but different climatic variability separated by a transition region; it has maximum interannual variability but low long-term mean variability. Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO)- and El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-type events influence Alaska surface temperatures weakly (1-2/spl deg/C) statewide. PDO has a stronger influence than ENSO on precipitation but its influence is largely localized to coastal central Alaska. The strongest influence of Arctic oscillation (AO) occurs in northern and interior Alaskan precipitation. Four major ecosystems are defined. A major eco-transition zone occurs between the interior boreal forest and the coastal rainforest. Variability in insolation, surface temperature, precipitation, continentality, and seasonal changes in storm track direction explain the mapped ecosystems. Lack of westward expansion of the interior boreal forest into the western shrub tundra is influenced by the coastal marine boundary layer (enhanced cloud cover, reduced insolation, cooler surface and soil temperatures).

","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.2002.1010902","issn":"01962892","usgsCitation":"Simpson, J.J., Hufford, G.L., Fleming, M.D., Berg, J.S., and Ashton, J., 2002, Long-term climate patterns in Alaskan surface temperature and precipitation and their biological consequences: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 40, no. 5, p. 1164-1184, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2002.1010902.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1164","endPage":"1184","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232853,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207694,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2002.1010902"}],"volume":"40","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a497fe4b0c8380cd6866b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simpson, James J.","contributorId":58811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hufford, Gary L.","contributorId":78502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hufford","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fleming, Michael D.","contributorId":98816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Berg, Jared S.","contributorId":78912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berg","given":"Jared","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ashton, J.B.","contributorId":95653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ashton","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70024724,"text":"70024724 - 2002 - Source of solutes to the coastal sabkha of Abu Dhabi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-14T17:15:29.997277","indexId":"70024724","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Source of solutes to the coastal sabkha of Abu Dhabi","docAbstract":"An ascending-brine model is proposed to address the observed isotope geochemistry, solute composition, and solute and water fluxes in the coastal sabkha of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. Mass-balance measurements document that >95% of the solutes are derived from ascending continental brines; minor amounts are derived from rainfall and from groundwater entering from upgradient areas. Nearly 100% of the annual water loss is from evaporation and not lateral discharge. Direct rainfall on the sabkha and subsequent recharge to the underlying aquifer account for ~ 90% of the annual water input to the system; the remaining 10% comes from both lateral and ascending groundwater flow. Thus, the water and solutes in this system are from different sources. Solute concentrations of conservative (i.e., nonreactive) elements in the coastal, sabkha-covered aquifer are consistent with the fluid pore volumes of ascending brine calculated from hydrologic properties. Calcium to sulfate ratios and sulfur isotopes are consistent with this source of solute from the underlying Tertiary formations. Recharging rainwater dissolves halite and other soluble minerals on the surface, causing the solution to become more dense and sink to the bottom of the aquifer where it vertically mixes with less dense ascending brines. Solutes are returned to the surface by capillary forces and recycled or lost from the system by eolian or fluvial processes. Thus, the system becomes vertically mixed, consistent with the presence of tritium throughout the aquifer; but there is essentially no horizontal mixing of seawater with groundwater. The observed seawater solutes in the supratidal zone come from interstitial seawater trapped by the rapid progradation of the sediments into the Arabian Gulf and are not refluxed or laterally mixed. The ascending-brine model contrasts significantly with both the seawater-flooding and evaporative-pumping models previously proposed as a source of solutes to the coastal sabkha of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. Use of these earlier models leads to incorrect conclusions and raises serious questions about their applicability in the evaluation of sabkhat in the geologic record.","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0259:SOSTTC>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wood, W., Sanford, W., and Al Habshi, A., 2002, Source of solutes to the coastal sabkha of Abu Dhabi: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 114, no. 3, p. 259-268, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0259:SOSTTC>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"259","endPage":"268","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233314,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United Arab Emirates","city":"Abu Dhabi","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 54.228515625,\n 24.37712083961039\n ],\n [\n 54.33837890624999,\n 24.367113562651262\n ],\n [\n 55.26123046875,\n 24.926294766395593\n ],\n [\n 55.843505859375,\n 25.72073513441208\n ],\n [\n 55.447998046875,\n 25.562265014427492\n ],\n [\n 54.964599609375,\n 25.16517336866393\n ],\n [\n 54.228515625,\n 24.37712083961039\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"114","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9333e4b08c986b31a362","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, W.W.","contributorId":21974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sanford, W. E. 0000-0002-6624-0280","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-0280","contributorId":102112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"W. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Al Habshi, A.R.S.","contributorId":60416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Al Habshi","given":"A.R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023791,"text":"70023791 - 2002 - Asymptotic approximations to posterior distributions via conditional moment equations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:12","indexId":"70023791","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1040,"text":"Biometrika","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Asymptotic approximations to posterior distributions via conditional moment equations","docAbstract":"We consider asymptotic approximations to joint posterior distributions in situations where the full conditional distributions referred to in Gibbs sampling are asymptotically normal. Our development focuses on problems where data augmentation facilitates simpler calculations, but results hold more generally. Asymptotic mean vectors are obtained as simultaneous solutions to fixed point equations that arise naturally in the development. Asymptotic covariance matrices flow naturally from the work of Arnold & Press (1989) and involve the conditional asymptotic covariance matrices and first derivative matrices for conditional mean functions. When the fixed point equations admit an analytical solution, explicit formulae are subsequently obtained for the covariance structure of the joint limiting distribution, which may shed light on the use of the given statistical model. Two illustrations are given. ?? 2002 Biometrika Trust.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biometrika","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1093/biomet/89.4.755","issn":"00063444","usgsCitation":"Yee, J., Johnson, W., and Samaniego, F., 2002, Asymptotic approximations to posterior distributions via conditional moment equations: Biometrika, v. 89, no. 4, p. 755-767, https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/89.4.755.","startPage":"755","endPage":"767","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207612,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biomet/89.4.755"},{"id":232711,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee99e4b0c8380cd49e5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yee, J.L.","contributorId":25496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yee","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, W.O.","contributorId":32052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"W.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Samaniego, F.J.","contributorId":78212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samaniego","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024715,"text":"70024715 - 2002 - Optimal exploitation of spatially distributed trophic resources and population stability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:07","indexId":"70024715","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Optimal exploitation of spatially distributed trophic resources and population stability","docAbstract":"The relationships between optimal foraging of individuals and population stability are addressed by testing, with a spatially explicit model, the effect of patch departure behaviour on individual energetics and population stability. A factorial experimental design was used to analyse the relevance of the behavioural factor in relation to three factors that are known to affect individual energetics; i.e. resource growth rate (RGR), assimilation efficiency (AE), and body size of individuals. The factorial combination of these factors produced 432 cases, and 1000 replicate simulations were run for each case. Net energy intake rates of the modelled consumers increased with increasing RGR, consumer AE, and consumer body size, as expected. Moreover, through their patch departure behaviour, by selecting the resource level at which they departed from the patch, individuals managed to substantially increase their net energy intake rates. Population stability was also affected by the behavioural factors and by the other factors, but with highly non-linear responses. Whenever resources were limiting for the consumers because of low RGR, large individual body size or low AE, population density at the equilibrium was directly related to the patch departure behaviour; on the other hand, optimal patch departure behaviour, which maximised the net energy intake at the individual level, had a negative influence on population stability whenever resource availability was high for the consumers. The consumer growth rate (r) and numerical dynamics, as well as the spatial and temporal fluctuations of resource density, which were the proximate causes of population stability or instability, were affected by the behavioural factor as strongly or even more strongly than by the others factors considered here. Therefore, patch departure behaviour can act as a feedback control of individual energetics, allowing consumers to optimise a potential trade-off between short-term individual fitness and long-term population stability. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Modelling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00490-2","issn":"03043800","usgsCitation":"Basset, A., Fedele, M., and DeAngelis, D., 2002, Optimal exploitation of spatially distributed trophic resources and population stability: Ecological Modelling, v. 151, no. 2-3, p. 245-260, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00490-2.","startPage":"245","endPage":"260","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207893,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00490-2"},{"id":233172,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"151","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6ee1e4b0c8380cd75850","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Basset, A.","contributorId":39552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Basset","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fedele, M.","contributorId":39553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fedele","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeAngelis, D.L. 0000-0002-1570-4057","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":32470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}