Recent years have seen remarkable advances in sonar technology, positioning capabilities, and computer processing power that have revolutionized the way we image the seafloor. The massive amounts of data produced by these systems present many challenges but also offer tremendous opportunities in terms of visualization and analysis. The authors have developed a suite of interactive 3D visualization and exploration tools specifically designed to facilitate the interpretation and analysis of very large (10s to 100s of megabytes), complex, multi-component spatial data sets. If properly georeferenced and treated, these complex data sets can be presented in a natural and intuitive manner that allows the integration of multiple components each at their inherent level of resolution and without compromising the quantitative nature of the data. Artificial sun-illumination, shading, and 3D rendering can be used with digital bathymetric data (DTMs) to form natural looking and easily interpretable, yet quantitative, landscapes. Color can be used to represent depth or other parameters (like backscatter or sediment properties) which can be draped over the DTM, or high resolution imagery can be texture mapped on bathymetric data. When combined with interactive analytical tools, this environment has facilitated the use of multibeam sonar and other data sets in a range of geologic, environmental, fisheries, and engineering applications.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"OCEANS 2000 MTS/IEEE conference and exhibition. Conference proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"OCEANS 2000 MTS/IEEE Conference and Exhibition","conferenceDate":"September 11-14, 2000","language":"English","publisher":"Marine Technology Society","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881373","usgsCitation":"Mayer, L.A., Paton, M., Gee, L., Gardner, S.V., and Ware, C., 2000, Interactive 3-D visualization: A tool for seafloor navigation, exploration and engineering, in OCEANS 2000 MTS/IEEE conference and exhibition. Conference proceedings, v. 2, September 11-14, 2000, p. 913-919, https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2000.881373.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"913","endPage":"919","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417038,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mayer, L. A.","contributorId":105776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayer","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paton, M.","contributorId":305394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paton","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gee, L.","contributorId":101066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gee","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gardner, S. V.","contributorId":305395,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gardner","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ware, C.","contributorId":305396,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ware","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":29084,"text":"wri20004281 - 2000 - Water quality of lakes in Voyageurs National Park, northern Minnesota, 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T10:48:08","indexId":"wri20004281","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4281","title":"Water quality of lakes in Voyageurs National Park, northern Minnesota, 1999","docAbstract":"Water-quality samples were collected during July 1999 from selected lakes and bays, and the mouths of two rivers that flow into Voyageurs National Park in northern Minnesota. Results of laboratory analyses and field measurements of chemical and physical properties were compared to similar data collected during 1977-83. Water-quality data were evaluated for changes in specific conductance, alkalinity, nutrients, trace metals, bacteria, and trophic state. Specific conductance and alkalinity were similar to the 1977-83 period in much of the Park, but in some lakes and bays these properties may have been influenced by above normal runoff during summer 1999. Fecal-coliform bacteria colony counts were within guidelines for water-contact recreation. Nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen concentrations generally were lower throughout the Park and total phosphorus concentrations were lower in Kabetogama Lake and Black Bay relative to 1977-83. Concentrations of most trace metals were lower compared to 1977-83. Trophic state indices, based on chlorophyll a concentrations, indicated lower algal productivity throughout the Park. The largest changes in algal productivity, relative to 1977-83, were in Kabetogama Lake, Black Bay, and Sullivan Bay.
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Geological Survey sampled snowmelt runoff from 42 stream sites during March and April 1997 in part of the Upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin, to characterize nutrient and suspended-sediment concentrations, yields, and loads. 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-91.28814697265625, 46.11132565729796 ], [ -91.24420166015624, 46.137976523476574 ], [ -91.1370849609375, 46.14939437647686 ], [ -91.0986328125, 46.1665167159516 ], [ -91.08489990234375, 46.22735299655779 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696718","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fallon, James D. jfallon@usgs.gov","contributorId":3417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fallon","given":"James","email":"jfallon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":197415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McNellis, Ryan P.","contributorId":59846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNellis","given":"Ryan","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25821,"text":"wri20004107 - 2000 - Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin - Ground-water quality in an agricultural area of Sherburne County, Minnesota, 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T11:26:44","indexId":"wri20004107","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4107","title":"Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin - Ground-water quality in an agricultural area of Sherburne County, Minnesota, 1998","docAbstract":"The quality of shallow ground water in a 75-mi2 agricultural area of the Anoka Sand Plain aquifer in central Minnesota is described as part of the National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program - a national-scale assessment of the quality of water resources within large study units in various hydrologic settings. Data were collected during 1998 from 29 wells completed in the aquifer, which predominantly consists of surficial glacial sand and gravel sediments.
\nThe depth below land surface to the water table ranged from 3.3 to 44 ft (median of 15.5 ft). Ground water was of the calciummagnesium bicarbonate type. Ionic constituents also included sodium, sulfate, and chloride. Iron and manganese concentrations generally were not greater than their U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels (300 and 50 ug/L, respectively).
\nAbout 38 percent of 29 samples had nitrate-N (nitrogen) concentrations greater than the USEPA Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 10 mg/L. About 72 percent of the samples had nitrate-N concentrations greater than the presumed natural background level of 3 mg/L. The maximum nitrate-N concentration was 47 mg/L. The median nitrate-N concentration of 7.1 mg/L, although not greater than the MCL, exceeded the natural background level. Nitrogen isotope ratios indicate that the sources of nitrate were commercial fertilizer and soil organic matter. Concentrations of total dissolved phosphorus and orthophosphate were generally less than 1 mg/L.
\nAbout 86 percent of 29 samples had detectable concentrations of at least 1 of 13 pesticide compounds. The samples were analyzed for 83 pesticide compounds. Frequencies of detection of these compounds were: deethylatrazine-79 percent; atrazine-76 percent; metolachlor-41 percent; metribuzin and bentazon-21 percent; prometon-10 percent; tebuthiuron-7 percent; and alachlor, 2,6-diethylaniline, dicamba, dinoseb, malathion, and simazine-3 percent. The detected pesticide compounds had concentrations less than 1 ug/L. Detected compounds with USEPA MCLs (atrazine, bentazon, alachlor, dinoseb, and simazine) had concentrations less than their respective MCLs.
\nAbout 50 percent of 20 samples analyzed for 86 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) had detectable concentrations of at least 1 of 7 VOCs. Frequencies of detection of these 7 VOCs were: 1,2,3,4-tetramethylbenzene-40 percent; and trichlorofluoromethane, styrene, chloromethane, benzene, methylbenzene, and trichloromethane-5 percent. The detected VOCs had concentrations less than 0.120 ug/L. Detected VOCs with USEPA MCLs - styrene, benzene, methylbenzene, and trichloromethane - were present at concentrations 2-4 orders of magnitude less than their respective MCLs.
\nTritium concentrations had a range of from 7.5 to 18.8 tritium units (TUs) and a median of 12.5 TUs. These concentrations indicate that the ground water predominantly recharged after testing of thermonuclear weapons during the early 1950's.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri20004107","usgsCitation":"Ruhl, J.F., Fong, A.L., Hanson, P.E., and Andrews, W.J., 2000, Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin - Ground-water quality in an agricultural area of Sherburne County, Minnesota, 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4107, vii, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20004107.","productDescription":"vii, 46 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1998-01-01","temporalEnd":"1998-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158052,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12235,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://mn.water.usgs.gov/publications/pubs/00-4107.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"Sherburne County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94,45.25 ], [ -94,45.5 ], [ -93.58333333333333,45.5 ], [ -93.58333333333333,45.25 ], [ -94,45.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd017","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruhl, James F.","contributorId":103322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fong, Alison L.","contributorId":78366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fong","given":"Alison","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hanson, Paul E.","contributorId":85167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Andrews, William J. 0000-0003-4780-8835 wandrews@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4780-8835","contributorId":328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"William","email":"wandrews@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":32962,"text":"ofr00284 - 2000 - Map and database of Quaternary faults and folds in Colombia and its offshore regions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-07T10:59:29","indexId":"ofr00284","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-284","title":"Map and database of Quaternary faults and folds in Colombia and its offshore regions","docAbstract":"As part of the International Lithosphere Program’s “World Map of Major Active Faults,” the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is assisting in the compilation of a series of digital maps of Quaternary faults and folds in Western Hemisphere countries. The maps show the locations, ages, and activity rates of major earthquake-related features such as faults and fault-related folds. They are accompanied by databases that describe these features and document current information on their activity in the Quaternary. Top date, the project has published fault and fold maps for Costa Rica (Montero and others, 1998), Panama (Cowan and others, 1998), Venezuela (Audemard and others, 2000), Bolovia/Chile (Lavenu, and others, 2000), and Argentina (Costa and others, 2000). The project is a key part of the Global Seismic Hazards Assessment Program (ILP Project II-0) for the International Decade for Natural Hazard Disaster Reduction.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00284","usgsCitation":"Paris, G., Machette, M., Dart, R.L., and Haller, K., 2000, Map and database of Quaternary faults and folds in Colombia and its offshore regions: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-284, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00284.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163629,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3126,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0284/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Colombia","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8be4b07f02db65192e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paris, Gabriel","contributorId":15884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paris","given":"Gabriel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Machette, Michael N.","contributorId":28963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Machette","given":"Michael N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dart, Richard L. dart@usgs.gov","contributorId":1209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dart","given":"Richard","email":"dart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":209537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haller, Kathleen M. haller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haller","given":"Kathleen M.","email":"haller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":209538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":22063,"text":"ofr00490 - 2000 - Principal facts for gravity data collected in the southern Albuquerque Basin area and a regional compilation, central New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:45","indexId":"ofr00490","displayToPublicDate":"2002-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-490","title":"Principal facts for gravity data collected in the southern Albuquerque Basin area and a regional compilation, central New Mexico","docAbstract":"Principal facts for 156 new gravity stations in the southern Albuquerque basin are\r\npresented. These data fill a gap in existing data coverage. The compilation of the new data and\r\ntwo existing data sets into a regional data set of 5562 stations that cover the Albuquerque basin\r\nand vicinity is also described. Bouguer anomaly and isostatic residual gravity data for this\r\nregional compilation are available in digital form from ftp://greenwood.cr.usgs.gov/pub/openfile-\r\nreports/ofr-00-490.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr00490","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Gillespie, C.L., Grauch, V.J., Oshetski, K., and Keller, G.R., 2000, Principal facts for gravity data collected in the southern Albuquerque Basin area and a regional compilation, central New Mexico (Version 1.0.): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-490, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00490.","productDescription":"12 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1226,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0490/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":153033,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667b80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gillespie, Cindy L.","contributorId":77552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillespie","given":"Cindy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grauch, V. J. S. 0000-0002-0761-3489","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0761-3489","contributorId":34125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grauch","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oshetski, Kim","contributorId":15221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oshetski","given":"Kim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keller, Gordon R.","contributorId":90280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":23467,"text":"ofr00379 - 2000 - A filter circuit board for the Earthworm Seismic Data Acquisition System","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-31T14:35:26","indexId":"ofr00379","displayToPublicDate":"2002-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-379","title":"A filter circuit board for the Earthworm Seismic Data Acquisition System","docAbstract":"The Earthworm system is a seismic network data acquisition and processing system used by the Northern California Seismic Network as well as many other seismic networks. The input to the system is comprised of many realtime electronic waveforms fed to a multi-channel digitizer on a PC platform. The digitizer consists of one or more National Instruments Corp. AMUX–64T multiplexer boards attached to an A/D converter board located in the computer. Originally, passive filters were installed on the multiplexers to eliminate electronic noise picked up in cabling. It was later discovered that a small amount of crosstalk occurred between successive channels in the digitizing sequence. Though small, this crosstalk will cause what appear to be small earthquake arrivals at the wrong time on some channels. This can result in erroneous calculation of earthquake arrival times, particularly by automated algorithms. To deal with this problem, an Earthworm filter board was developed to provide the needed filtering while eliminating crosstalk. This report describes the tests performed to find a suitable solution, and the design of the circuit board. Also included are all the details needed to build and install this board in an Earthworm system or any other system using the AMUX–64T board. Available below is the report in PDF format as well as an archive file containing the circuit board manufacturing information.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr00379","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Jensen, E., 2000, A filter circuit board for the Earthworm Seismic Data Acquisition System: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-379, Report: 17 p.; Archive file, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00379.","productDescription":"Report: 17 p.; Archive file","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":1789,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0379/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":157306,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr00379.png"},{"id":281853,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0379/pdf/of00-379.pdf"},{"id":281854,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0379/EWFilter.exe"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aec3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jensen, Edward Gray","contributorId":37372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jensen","given":"Edward Gray","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21855,"text":"ofr00494 - 2000 - High-resolution marine seismic reflection data from the San Francisco Bay area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-27T01:01:43","indexId":"ofr00494","displayToPublicDate":"2002-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-494","title":"High-resolution marine seismic reflection data from the San Francisco Bay area","docAbstract":"Between 1993 and 1997, the U.S. Geological Survey acquired high-resolution, marine seismic-reflection profile data across submerged portions of known and inferred upper crustal fault zones throughout the greater San Francisco Bay area. Surveys were conducted oversouth San Francisco Bay in the vicinity of the San Bruno shoal (roughly between the San Francisco and Oakland airports), over the offshore extension of the San Andreas fault system west of the Golden Gate, over the Hayward fault to Rodgers Creek fault step-over in San Pablo Bay, and over the Kirby Hills fault where it crosses the western Sacramento Delta. Reconnaissance profiles were acquired elsewhere throughout the San Francisco and San Pablo Bays. These data were acquired by the U.S. Geological Survey, Western Coastal and Marine Geology Team, under the auspices of the Central California/San Francisco Bay Earthquake Hazards Project. Analysis and interpretation of some of these profiles has been published by Marlow and others (1996, 1999). Further analysis and interpretation of these data are available in a USGS. Professional Paper Crustal Structure of the Coastal and Marine San Francisco Bay Region, T. Parsons, editor, http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/prof-paper/pp1658/ [link added 2012 mfd].","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr00494","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Childs, J.R., Hart, P., Bruns, T.R., Marlow, M.S., and Sliter, R., 2000, High-resolution marine seismic reflection data from the San Francisco Bay area (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-494, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00494.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154080,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":257886,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0494/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db6888a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Childs, Jonathan R. jchilds@usgs.gov","contributorId":3155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Childs","given":"Jonathan","email":"jchilds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hart, Patrick","contributorId":46691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"Patrick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bruns, Terry R.","contributorId":29420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruns","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marlow, Michael S.","contributorId":72775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marlow","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sliter, Ray","contributorId":46109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sliter","given":"Ray","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":21793,"text":"ofr00244 - 2000 - Geochemical and isotopic data from streambed sediment, Animas River watershed, Colorado, 1995-1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-16T12:44:13","indexId":"ofr00244","displayToPublicDate":"2002-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-244","title":"Geochemical and isotopic data from streambed sediment, Animas River watershed, Colorado, 1995-1999","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr00244","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Church, S.E., Fey, D., Unruh, D., Vaughn, R.B., and Taggart, J., 2000, Geochemical and isotopic data from streambed sediment, Animas River watershed, Colorado, 1995-1999 (Version 1.0.): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-244, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00244.","productDescription":"17 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153690,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1217,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0244/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":308212,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0244/OFR-00-0244.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":308213,"rank":4,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0244/Table1.xls","text":"Table 1","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":308214,"rank":5,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0244/Table2.xls","text":"Table 2","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":308215,"rank":6,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0244/Table3.xls","text":"Table 3","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":308216,"rank":7,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0244/Table4.xls","text":"Table 4","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":308217,"rank":8,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0244/Table5.xls","text":"Table 5","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":308218,"rank":9,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0244/Table6.xls","text":"Table 6","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":308220,"rank":11,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0244/Table8.xls","text":"Table 8","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":308221,"rank":12,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0244/Table9.xls","text":"Table 9","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":308219,"rank":10,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0244/Table7.xls","text":"Table 7","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":308222,"rank":13,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0244/Table10.xls","text":"Table 10","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":308223,"rank":14,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0244/Table11.xls","text":"Table 11","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48b1e4b07f02db53074f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Church, S. E.","contributorId":58260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fey, D.L.","contributorId":44537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fey","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Unruh, D.M.","contributorId":8498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unruh","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vaughn, R. B.","contributorId":27043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaughn","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Taggart, J.E. Jr.","contributorId":51301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taggart","given":"J.E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":24430,"text":"ofr00365 - 2000 - Eastern Aleutian volcanic arc digital model - version 1.0","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:12","indexId":"ofr00365","displayToPublicDate":"2002-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-365","title":"Eastern Aleutian volcanic arc digital model - version 1.0","docAbstract":"A 3-dimensional model (Figure 1) of the interaction of oceanic and continental tectonic plates along the eastern portion of the Aleutian volcanic arc helps in the visualization of basic tectonic, geodetic, and geophysical data in this active plate boundary region. The model is constrained by topographic, bathymetric, and seismic data and by the principle of isostasy. Examination of free-air gravity anomalies over the region indicates where the flexural strength of the down-going oceanic slab disturbs local isostatic balance and where low-density sediments have accumulated in the trench and forearc regions.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr00365","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Saltus, R.W., and Barnett, A., 2000, Eastern Aleutian volcanic arc digital model - version 1.0 (Version 1.0.): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-365, NA, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00365.","productDescription":"NA","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1775,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0365/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":156281,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4fe4b07f02db62874d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saltus, R. W.","contributorId":85588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saltus","given":"R.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnett, Adrienne","contributorId":16820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnett","given":"Adrienne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26614,"text":"wri004117 - 2000 - Ground-water quality in the upper Santa Cruz Basin, Arizona, 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-12T07:17:24","indexId":"wri004117","displayToPublicDate":"2002-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4117","title":"Ground-water quality in the upper Santa Cruz Basin, Arizona, 1998","docAbstract":"Fifty-eight ground-water samples were collected and analyzed in 1998 by the U.S. Geological Survey\nand the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality to assess ground-water quality and to identify\nfactors affecting ground-water quality in the Upper Santa Cruz Basin. In addition, pre-existing groundwater\nquality data for six wells were analyzed to determine changes in the ground-water quality of the\nbasin over time.
\nTwenty-nine percent of the ground-water samples collected had concentrations of at least one\nconstituent that exceeded a Federal or State water-quality standard. The Maximum Contaminant Levels of\nthe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the aquifer water-quality standards of the State of Arizona\nwere exceeded for arsenic, fluoride, and nitrite plus nitrate. The Secondary Maximum Contaminant\nLevels of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency were exceeded for fluoride, iron, manganese, pH,\nsulfate, and dissolved solids.
\nGround-water quality in the basin is affected by natural factors and human activities. The natural\nfactors that have the most effect on ground-water quality in the basin are depth in the aquifer and distance\nfrom major faults. Ground-water temperatures and pH significantly increased with well depth (p≤0.05).\nConcentrations of dissolved solids, alkalinity, calcium, potassium, chloride, and sulfate were significantly\nhigher in samples collected from wells less than 2 kilometers from major faults than in samples from\nwells greater than 2 kilometers from major faults (p≤0.05). Previous studies have attributed this relation to\nthe upward migration through faults of ground water from gypsiferous mudstones. Ground-water quality\nwas not significantly different among the various basin-fill units; between parts of the basin fill that differ\nin thickness, lateral extent, and composition north and south of an inferred fault; or among areas that\ndiffer in distance from stream alluvium (p>0.05).
\nHuman activities have a substantial effect on ground-water quality in the basin. Ground water that\ncontained recent (post-1953) recharge from urban areas had significantly higher concentrations of nitrite\nplus nitrate than ground water that did not contain recent recharge from the land surface (p≤0.05). Ground\nwater that contained recent recharge from present agricultural areas had significantly higher concentrations\nof nitrite plus nitrate, calcium, and potassium than ground water that did not contain recent\nrecharge from the land surface (p≤0.05). Ground water that contained recent recharge from present\nagricultural areas also had significantly higher concentrations of calcium, potassium, alkalinity, and\ndissolved solids than ground water that contained recent recharge from urban areas (p≤0.05).
\nPre-existing ground-water quality data for\nsix wells indicated that from the 1980s to 1998,\nconcentrations of nitrite plus nitrate and dissolved\nsolids significantly increased at a well in an\nagricultural area, concentrations of nitrite plus\nnitrate significantly increased at a well where the\nland use had changed from rangeland to urban,\nand concentrations of nitrite plus nitrate and\ndissolved solids significantly decreased at a well in\nan urban area (p≤0.10). Constituents did not\nsignificantly increase or decrease from the 1980s\nto 1998 at an additional well in an agricultural\narea, at an additional well where the land use had\nchanged from rangeland to urban, and at a well\nwhere the land use had changed from agricultural\nto urban (p≤0.10).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Tucson, AZ","doi":"10.3133/wri004117","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Coes, A., Gellenbeck, D., Towne, D.C., and Freark, M.C., 2000, Ground-water quality in the upper Santa Cruz Basin, Arizona, 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4117, ix, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004117.","productDescription":"ix, 57 p.","numberOfPages":"66","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288392,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288391,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4117/report.pdf"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic projection","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Upper Santa Cruz Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.125,31.5 ], [ -111.125,32.5 ], [ -110.625,32.5 ], [ -110.625,31.5 ], [ -111.125,31.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4994e4b07f02db5b5f9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coes, Alissa 0000-0001-6682-5417","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6682-5417","contributorId":28275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coes","given":"Alissa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gellenbeck, Dorinda J.","contributorId":13228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gellenbeck","given":"Dorinda J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Towne, Douglas C.","contributorId":100887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Towne","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Freark, Maureen C.","contributorId":72827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freark","given":"Maureen","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":23095,"text":"ofr00405 - 2000 - Cruise report R/V Surf Surveyor cruise S1-00-CL, mapping the bathymetry of Crater Lake, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-14T19:07:41.162141","indexId":"ofr00405","displayToPublicDate":"2002-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-405","title":"Cruise report R/V Surf Surveyor cruise S1-00-CL, mapping the bathymetry of Crater Lake, Oregon","docAbstract":"During the Spring of 1999, the US Geological Survey (USGS) Pacific Seafloor Mapping Project (PSMP) was contacted by the US National Park Service Crater Lake National Park (CLNP) to inquire about the plausibility of producing a high-resolution multibeam bathymetric map of Crater Lake. The purpose was to generate a much higher-resolution and more geographically accurate bathymetric map than was produced in 1959, the last time the lake had been surveyed. Scientific interest in various aspects of Crater Lake (aquatic biology, geochemistry, volcanic processes, etc.) has increased during the past decade but the basemap of bathymetry was woefully inadequate. Funds were gathered during the early part of 2000 and the mapping began in late July, 2000. Crater Lake (see fig. 1 in report) is located in south central Oregon (see fig. 2 in report) within the Cascades Range, a chain of volcanoes that stretches from northern California to southern British Columbia. Crater Lake is the collapsed caldera of Mt. Mazama from a climatic eruption about 7700-yr ago (Nelson et al., 1988; Bacon and Lanphere, 1990; Bacon et al., 1997).\n\nThe floor of Crater Lake has only been mapped three times since the lake was first stumbled upon by gold prospectors in the 1853. The first survey was carried by out by William G. Steel during a joint USGS-US Army expedition under the direction of Maj. Clarence E. Dutton in 1886 (Dutton, 1889). Steel�s mapping survey collected 186 soundings using a Millers lead-line sounding machine (see fig.3 in report). The resulting map (see fig.4 in report) shows only soundings and no attempts were made to generate contours. The second survey, conducted in 1959 by the US Coast and Geodetic Survey, mapped the bathymetry of Crater Lake with an acoustic echo sounder using radar navigation and collected 4000 soundings. The data were contoured by Williams (1961) and Byrne (1962) and the result is a fairly detailed map of the large-scale features of Crater Lake (see fig. 5 in report). The third mapping survey, the one of this report, was a joint USGS-NPS project carried out under a Cooperative Agreement with the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping, University of New Hampshire. The 2000 survey used a Kongsberg Simrad EM1002 high-resolution multibeam mapping system owned and operated by C&C Technologies, Inc. of Lafayette, LA.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr00405","usgsCitation":"Gardner, J.V., Mayer, L.A., and Buktenica, M.W., 2000, Cruise report R/V Surf Surveyor cruise S1-00-CL, mapping the bathymetry of Crater Lake, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-405, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00405.","productDescription":"32 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281868,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0405/pdf/of00-405.pdf"},{"id":156003,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1511,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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V.","contributorId":93035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mayer, Larry A.","contributorId":69583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayer","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buktenica, Mark W.","contributorId":47817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buktenica","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29513,"text":"wri004106 - 2000 - Ground-water quality in alluvial aquifers in the eastern Iowa basins, Iowa and Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-10T14:21:07","indexId":"wri004106","displayToPublicDate":"2002-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4106","title":"Ground-water quality in alluvial aquifers in the eastern Iowa basins, Iowa and Minnesota","docAbstract":"The quality of shallow alluvial ground water that is used for domestic supplies in the Wapsipinicon, Cedar, Iowa, and Skunk River Basins (Eastern Iowa Basins) is described. Water samples from 32 domestic-supply wells were collected from June through July 1998. This study of ground-water quality in alluvial aquifers in the Eastern Iowa Basins is part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program.
\nCalcium and bicarbonate were the dominant ions in solution, likely derived from the dissolution of carbonate minerals in the alluvial aquifer material. Concentrations of iron exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level (300 micrograms per liter) for drinking water in 53 percent of the samples, and 50 percent of the samples exceeded the Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level for manganese (50 micrograms per liter). pH and alkalinity increased and sulfate concentrations decreased with increasing well depth.
\nNitrite plus nitrate nitrogen was detected in 53 percent of the samples and exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Maximum Contaminant Level of 10 milligrams per liter for drinking water in 13 percent of the samples. Nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen concentrations were negatively correlated with well depth and positively correlated with percentage of oxygen saturation. Ammonia plus organic nitrogen concentrations were positively correlated with well depth, and ratios of nitrite plus nitrate to ammonia were positively correlated with percentage of oxygen saturation.
\nThe majority of samples, 72 percent, contained water recharged since the early 1950's. The recharge date of water was earlier in deeper wells. Nitrite plus nitrate and total pesticide concentrations were greater in more recently recharged water.
\nEight pesticides and eight pesticide metabolites were detected in ground-water samples. Atrazine was the most commonly detected pesticide, and metolachlor ethanesulfonic acid was the most commonly detected metabolite. No pesticide detections exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water Maximum Contaminant Levels.
\nThe effects of land use on ground-water quality also were examined. There was a positive correlation between percentage of land used for soybean production and concentrations of metolachlor, metolachlor ethanesulfonic acid, and metolachlor oxanilic acid in ground-water samples.
Data from this study and from previous studies in the Eastern Iowa Basins were compared statistically by well type (domestic, municipal, and monitoring wells). Well depths were significantly greater in domestic and municipal wells than in monitoring wells. pH, calcium, sulfate, chloride, and atrazine concentrations were significantly higher in municipal-well samples than in domestic-well samples. pH and sulfate concentrations were significantly higher in municipal-well samples than in monitoring-well samples. Ammonia was significantly higher in domestic-well samples than in monitoring-well samples, chloride was significantly higher in monitoring-well samples than in domestic-well samples, and fluoride was significantly higher in domestic-well samples than in municipal-well samples.
Abstract
Introduction
Purpose and Scope
Previous Studies
Description of Study Unit
Acknowledgments
Study Design and Methods
Well Selection
Sample Collection
Water-Quality Analysis
Quality Assurance
Statistical Analysis
Land-Use Classification
Ground-Water Quality
Physical Properties
Major Ions and Trace Metals
Nutrients and Dissolved Organic Carbon
Tritium
Radon
Pesticides and Pesticide Metabolites
Volatile Organic Compounds
Relations Between Ground-Water Quality and Land Use
Relations Between Ground-Water Quality and Type of Well Sampled
Summary
References
Supplemental Information
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00289","usgsCitation":"Rombach, C., 2000, Alaska resource data file: Kantishna River quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-289, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00289.","productDescription":"22 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":486300,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0289/ofr00289.pdf","text":"Report","size":"169 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 00-289"},{"id":160196,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2722,"rank":2,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P96MMRFD","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":389225,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_50576.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kantishna River quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150,\n 64\n ],\n [\n -153,\n 64\n ],\n [\n -153,\n 65\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 65\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 64\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683486","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rombach, C.S.","contributorId":52228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rombach","given":"C.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":31539,"text":"ofr00290 - 2000 - Alaska resource data file: Charley River quadrangle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-21T17:46:32.526375","indexId":"ofr00290","displayToPublicDate":"2002-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-290","title":"Alaska resource data file: Charley River quadrangle","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00290","usgsCitation":"Cameron, C.E., 2000, Alaska resource data file: Charley River quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-290, 89 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00290.","productDescription":"89 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":400182,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_37209.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":2723,"rank":3,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P96MMRFD","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":160215,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":486303,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0290/ofr00290.pdf","text":"Report","size":"410 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 00-290"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Charley River quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -144,\n 65\n ],\n [\n -141,\n 65\n ],\n [\n -141,\n 66\n ],\n [\n -144,\n 66\n ],\n [\n -144,\n 65\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6834aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cameron, C. E.","contributorId":106168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cameron","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":31540,"text":"ofr00291 - 2000 - Alaska resource data file: Philip Smith Mountains quadrangle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-21T17:35:38.100974","indexId":"ofr00291","displayToPublicDate":"2002-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-291","title":"Alaska resource data file: Philip Smith Mountains quadrangle","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00291","usgsCitation":"Britton, J., 2000, Alaska resource data file: Philip Smith Mountains quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-291, 71 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00291.","productDescription":"71 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":486299,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0291/ofr00291.pdf","text":"Report","size":"364 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 00-291"},{"id":160216,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":400108,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_37210.htm"},{"id":2724,"rank":3,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P96MMRFD","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Philip Smith Mountains quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -147,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -147,\n 69\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 69\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 68\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683495","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Britton, Joe","contributorId":90789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Britton","given":"Joe","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":31541,"text":"ofr00357 - 2000 - Alaska resource data file: Chandalar quadrangle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-21T17:42:48.385475","indexId":"ofr00357","displayToPublicDate":"2002-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-357","title":"Alaska resource data file: Chandalar quadrangle","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00357","usgsCitation":"Britton, J., 2000, Alaska resource data file: Chandalar quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-357, 248 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00357.","productDescription":"248 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":486304,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0357/ofr00357.pdf","text":"Report","size":"909 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 00-357"},{"id":160217,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":400180,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_37213.htm"},{"id":2725,"rank":3,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P96MMRFD","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Chandalar quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -147,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -147,\n 67\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 67\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 68\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6834a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Britton, Joe","contributorId":90789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Britton","given":"Joe","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":31542,"text":"ofr00447A - 2000 - Use of InSAR to identify land-surface displacements caused by aquifer-system compaction in the Paso Robles area, San Luis Obispo County, California, March to August 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:04","indexId":"ofr00447A","displayToPublicDate":"2002-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-447","chapter":"A","title":"Use of InSAR to identify land-surface displacements caused by aquifer-system compaction in the Paso Robles area, San Luis Obispo County, California, March to August 1997","docAbstract":"The population in San Luis Obispo County has grown steadily during the 1990s, and some land use has been converted from dry farming to grazing to irrigated vineyards and urban areas. Because insufficient surface-water supplies are available to meet the growing demand, ground-water pumpage has increased and the resulting water-level declines have raised concern that this water resource may become overstressed. One particular concern is whether the larger ground-water basins within the county function as large individual basins or whether subsurface structures divide these large basins into smaller subbasins, as differences in ground-water-level data suggest. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is used in locating land-surface displacement, which may indicate subsurface structures in ground-water basins by determining seasonal and historical land-surface changes. Owing to the high spatial detail of InSAR imagery, the InSAR-derived displacement maps can be used with ground-water-level data to reveal differential aquifer-system compaction related to the presence of geological structures or the distribution of compressible sediments that may define subbasin boundaries. This report describes InSAR displacement maps of the Paso Robles area of San Luis Obispo County and compares them to maps of seasonal changes in ground-water levels to detect the presence of aquifer-system compaction.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr00447A","usgsCitation":"Valentine, D., Densmore, J., Galloway, D., and Amelung, F., 2000, Use of InSAR to identify land-surface displacements caused by aquifer-system compaction in the Paso Robles area, San Luis Obispo County, California, March to August 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-447, One CD-ROM., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00447A.","productDescription":"One CD-ROM.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160218,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2726,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/ofr00-447/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db6051b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Valentine, D.W.","contributorId":97157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valentine","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Densmore, J.N. 0000-0002-5345-6613","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5345-6613","contributorId":100882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Densmore","given":"J.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Galloway, D. 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L.","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":206342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Amelung, Falk","contributorId":83569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amelung","given":"Falk","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":31537,"text":"ofr00130 - 2000 - Alaska resource data file, Chignik quadrangle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-27T16:18:13.309571","indexId":"ofr00130","displayToPublicDate":"2002-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-130","title":"Alaska resource data file, Chignik quadrangle","docAbstract":"Descriptions of the mineral occurrences can be found in the report. See U.S. Geological Survey (1996) for a description of the information content of each field in the records. The data presented here are maintained as part of a statewide database on mines, prospects and mineral occurrences throughout Alaska.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00130","usgsCitation":"Pilcher, S.H., 2000, Alaska resource data file, Chignik quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-130, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00130.","productDescription":"52 p.","numberOfPages":"53","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":483953,"rank":5,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P96MMRFD","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":281182,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281173,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0130/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":281174,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0130/pdf/of00-130.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":388961,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_37208.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Chignik quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -160.533,56.0 ], [ -160.533,57.0 ], [ -158.0,57.0 ], [ -158.0,56.0 ], [ -160.533,56.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688d99","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pilcher, Steven H.","contributorId":29852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pilcher","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21711,"text":"ofr00262 - 2000 - Data from a thick unsaturated zone underlying Oro Grande and Sheep Creek washes in the western part of the Mojave Desert, near Victorville, San Bernardino County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-23T06:54:34","indexId":"ofr00262","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-262","title":"Data from a thick unsaturated zone underlying Oro Grande and Sheep Creek washes in the western part of the Mojave Desert, near Victorville, San Bernardino County, California","docAbstract":"This report presents data on the physical properties of unsaturated alluvial deposits and on the chemical and isotopic composition of soil water and soil gas collected at 12 monitoring sites in the western part of the Mojave Desert, near Victorville, California. Sites were installed using the ODEX air-hammer method. Seven sites were located in the active channels of Oro Grande and Sheep Creek Washes. The remaining five sites were located away from the active washes. Most sites were drilled to a depth of about 100 feet below land surface; two sites were drilled to the water table almost 650 feet below land surface. Drilling procedures, lithologic and geophysical data, and site construction and instrumentation are described. Core material was analyzed for water content, bulk density, water potential, particle size, and water retention. The chemical composition of leachate from almost 1,000 subsamples of cores and cuttings was determined. Water extracted from selected subsamples of cores was analyzed for tritium and the stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen. Water from suction-cup lysimeters and soil-gas samples also were analyzed for chemical and isotopic composition. In addition, data on the chemical and isotopic composition of bulk precipitation from five sites and on ground water from two water-table wells are reported.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00262","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Izbicki, J., Clark, D.A., Pimental, M.I., Land, M., Radyk, J.C., and Michel, R.L., 2000, Data from a thick unsaturated zone underlying Oro Grande and Sheep Creek washes in the western part of the Mojave Desert, near Victorville, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-262, v, 133 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00262.","productDescription":"v, 133 p. 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I.","contributorId":67912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pimental","given":"Maria","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Land, Michael 0000-0001-5141-0307 mtland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5141-0307","contributorId":1479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"Michael","email":"mtland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":185365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Radyk, John C.","contributorId":14847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Radyk","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Michel, Robert L. rlmichel@usgs.gov","contributorId":823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michel","given":"Robert","email":"rlmichel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":148,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Western Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":22112,"text":"ofr00318 - 2000 - Report for explosion and earthquake data acquired in the 1999 Seismic Hazards Investigation of Puget Sound (SHIPS), Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T12:03:27","indexId":"ofr00318","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-318","title":"Report for explosion and earthquake data acquired in the 1999 Seismic Hazards Investigation of Puget Sound (SHIPS), Washington","docAbstract":"This report describes the acquisition, processing, and quality of seismic reflection and refraction data obtained in the Seattle basin, central Puget Lowland, western Washington, in September 1999 during the Seismic Hazards Investigation of Puget Sound (SHIPS). As a sequel to the 1998 SHIPS air gun experiment (also known as 'Wet SHIPS'), the 1999 experiment, nicknamed 'Dry SHIPS,' acquired a 112-km-long east-west trending multichannel seismic reflection and refraction line in the Seattle basin. One thousand and eight seismographs were deployed at a nominal spacing of 100 meters, and 29 shot points were detonated at approximately 4 km intervals along the seismic line. The wide-angle seismic profile was designed to (1) determine the E-W geometry of Seattle basin, (2) measure the seismic velocities within the basin, and (3) define the basement structure underlying the Seattle basin. In this report, we describe the acquisition of these data, discuss the processing and merging of the data into common shot gathers, and illustrate the acquired profiles. We also describe the format and content of the archival tapes containing the SEGY-formatted, common-shot gathers. Data quality is variable, but useful data were acquired from all 29 shot points fired along the Dry SHIPS seismic line. The data show pronounced travel time delays associated with the low velocity sedimentary rocks filling the Seattle basin.\n Thirty-five REFTEK stations, deployed at 4 km intervals along the Dry SHIPS line, recorded 26 regional earthquakes and blasts and 17 teleseismic events, including the main shock and several aftershocks of the Mw=7.6 Chi-Chi (Taiwan) earthquake of 9/20/1999. The teleseismic recordings of the Chi-Chi (Taiwan) mainshock provide useful signals down to 10 second periods. They document a significant (factor between 5 and 10) focusing of compressional- and shear-wave energy by the Seattle basin at periods between 1 and 2 seconds relative to 'bedrock' sites east and west of the basin. Signal durations in the Seattle basin were also substantially increased relative to 'bedrock' sites in the Olympic peninsula and Cascade foothills.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr00318","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Brocher, T.M., Pratt, T.L., Miller, K.C., Trehu, A.M., Snelson, C.M., Weaver, C.S., Creager, K.C., Crosson, R.S., ten Brink, U., Alvarez, M.G., Harder, S.H., and Asudeh, I., 2000, Report for explosion and earthquake data acquired in the 1999 Seismic Hazards Investigation of Puget Sound (SHIPS), Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-318, iii, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00318.","productDescription":"iii, 81 p.","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":1448,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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tpratt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3131-3141","contributorId":3279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"Thomas","email":"tpratt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":187136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, Kate C.","contributorId":97567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Kate","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Trehu, Anne M.","contributorId":49884,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Trehu","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":187139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Snelson, Catherine M.","contributorId":106369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snelson","given":"Catherine","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Weaver, Craig S. craig@usgs.gov","contributorId":2690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"Craig","email":"craig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":187135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Creager, Ken C.","contributorId":88603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Creager","given":"Ken","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Crosson, Robert S.","contributorId":29816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crosson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":187142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Alvarez, Marcos G.","contributorId":81362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alvarez","given":"Marcos","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Harder, Steven H.","contributorId":21817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harder","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Asudeh, Isa","contributorId":66707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asudeh","given":"Isa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":31455,"text":"ofr00265 - 2000 - Bedrock Geology of the Turkey Creek Drainage Basin, Jefferson County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:59","indexId":"ofr00265","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-265","title":"Bedrock Geology of the Turkey Creek Drainage Basin, Jefferson County, Colorado","docAbstract":"This geospatial data set describes bedrock geology of the Turkey Creek drainage basin in Jefferson County, Colorado. It was digitized from maps of fault locations and geologic map units based on age and lithology. Created for use in the Jefferson County Mountain Ground-Water Resources Study, it is to be used at a scale no more detailed than 1:50,000.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr00265","usgsCitation":"Char, S.J., 2000, Bedrock Geology of the Turkey Creek Drainage Basin, Jefferson County, Colorado (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-265, geospatial data set, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00265.","productDescription":"geospatial data set","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2597,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/ofr00-265_geol.xml"},{"id":160028,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0fe4b07f02db5fecb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Char, Stephen J. sjchar@usgs.gov","contributorId":3982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Char","given":"Stephen","email":"sjchar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":206039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":31453,"text":"ofr00201 - 2000 - Water-surface profile and flood boundaries for the computed 100-year flood, lower Salt River, Lincoln County, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:59","indexId":"ofr00201","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-201","title":"Water-surface profile and flood boundaries for the computed 100-year flood, lower Salt River, Lincoln County, Wyoming","docAbstract":"The water-surface profile and flood boundaries for the computed 100-year flood were determined for a part of the lower Salt River in Lincoln County, Wyoming. Channel cross-section data were provided by Lincoln County. Cross-section data for bridges and other structures were collected and compiled by the U.S. Geological Survey. Roughness coefficients ranged from 0.034 to 0.100. The 100-year flood was computed using standard methods, ranged from 5,170 to 4,120 cubic feet per second through the study reach, and was adjusted proportional to contributing drainage area. Water-surface elevations were determined by the standard step-backwater method. Flood boundaries were plotted on digital basemaps.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr00201","usgsCitation":"Miller, K.A., and Mason, J., 2000, Water-surface profile and flood boundaries for the computed 100-year flood, lower Salt River, Lincoln County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-201, 1 map :col. ;97 x 41 cm., on sheet 112 x 66 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm. +1 data sheet (110 x 66 cm.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00201.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;97 x 41 cm., on sheet 112 x 66 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm. +1 data sheet (110 x 66 cm.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160026,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2596,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/ofr00-201/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4d47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Kirk A. 0000-0002-8141-2001 kmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8141-2001","contributorId":3959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Kirk","email":"kmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":206035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mason, John P.","contributorId":97539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"John P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24671,"text":"ofr00453 - 2000 - Ground-water, surface-water, and water-chemistry data, Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona—1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-20T19:33:23.090879","indexId":"ofr00453","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-453","title":"Ground-water, surface-water, and water-chemistry data, Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona—1999","docAbstract":"The N aquifer is the major source of water in the 5,400-square-mile area of Black Mesa in northeastern Arizona. Availability of water is an important issue in this area because of continued industrial and municipal use, a growing population, and a precipitation of only about 6 to 12 inches per year.
\nThe monitoring program in Black Mesa has been operating since 1971 and is designed to determine the long-term effects of ground-water withdrawals from the N aquifer for industrial and municipal uses. The monitoring program includes measurements of (1) ground-water pumping, (2) ground-water levels, (3) spring discharge, (4) surface-water discharge, and (5) ground-water chemistry.
\nIn 1999, total ground-water withdrawals were 7,110 acre-feet, industrial use was 4,210 acre-feet, and municipal use was 2,900 acre-feet. From 1998 to 1999, total withdrawals increased by 0.7 percent, industrial use increased by 4 percent, and municipal use decreased by 4 percent.
\nFrom 1998 to 1999, water levels declined in 11 of 15 wells in the unconfined part of the aquifer, and the median decline was 0.7 foot. Water levels declined in 14 of 16 wells in the confined part of the aquifer, and the median decline was 1.2 feet.
\nFrom the prestress period (prior to 1965) to 1999, the median water-level decline in 31 wells was 10.6 feet. Median water-level changes were 0.0 foot for 15 wells in the unconfined part of the aquifer and a decline of 45.5 feet in 16 wells in the confined part.
\nFrom 1998 to 1999, discharges were measured annually at four springs. Discharges declined 30 percent and 3 percent at 2 springs, did not change at 1 spring, and increased by 11 percent at 1 spring. For the past 10 years, discharges from the four springs have fluctuated; however, an increasing or decreasing trend was not observed.
\nContinuous records of surface-water discharge have been collected from July 1976 to 1999 at Moenkopi Wash, July 1996 to 1999 at Laguna Creek, June 1993 to 1999 at Dinnebito Wash, and April 1994 to 1999 at Polacca Wash. Median flows for November, December, January, and February of each water year are used as an index of ground-water discharge to those streams. Increasing or decreasing trends are not apparent in these median winter flows for the periods of record.
\nIn 1999, water samples were collected from 12 wells and 4 springs and analyzed for selected chemical constituents. Dissolved-solids concentrations ranged from 91 to 630 milligrams per liter. Water samples from 10 of the wells and the 4 springs had less than 350 milligrams per liter of dissolved solids. Water-chemistry data are available for nine wells and four springs from about the mid-1980s. For that time period, the data from those sites have remained fairly stable. From 1987 to 1999, concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate may have increased slightly in samples from Moenkopi School Spring.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Tucson, AZ","doi":"10.3133/ofr00453","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Thomas, B.E., and Truini, M., 2000, Ground-water, surface-water, and water-chemistry data, Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona—1999: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-453, vi, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00453.","productDescription":"vi, 41 p.","numberOfPages":"48","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":390695,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34502.htm"},{"id":287809,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287808,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0453/report.pdf"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic Projection","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Black Mesa area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.5,35.5 ], [ -111.5,37.0 ], [ -109.5,37.0 ], [ -109.5,35.5 ], [ -111.5,35.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d4e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, Blakemore E.","contributorId":93871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Blakemore","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Truini, Margot mtruini@usgs.gov","contributorId":599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Truini","given":"Margot","email":"mtruini@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":192359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}