{"pageNumber":"1143","pageRowStart":"28550","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40871,"records":[{"id":70023801,"text":"70023801 - 2002 - Distinguishing sediment waves from slope failure deposits: Field examples, including the 'humboldt slide', and modelling results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:04","indexId":"70023801","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distinguishing sediment waves from slope failure deposits: Field examples, including the 'humboldt slide', and modelling results","docAbstract":"Migrating sediment waves have been reported in a variety of marine settings, including submarine levee-fan systems, floors of fjords, and other basin or continental slope environments. Examination of such wave fields reveals nine diagnostic characteristics. When these characteristics are applied to several features previously attributed to submarine landslide deformation, they suggest that the features should most likely be reinterpreted as migrating sediment-wave fields. Sites that have been reinterpreted include the 'Humboldt slide' on the Eel River margin in northern California, the continental slope in the Gulf of Cadiz, the continental shelf off the Malaspina Glacier in the Gulf of Alaska, and the Adriatic shelf. A reassessment of all four features strongly suggests that numerous turbidity currents, separated by intervals of ambient hemipelagic sedimentation, deposited the wave fields over thousands of years. A numerical model of hyperpycnal discharge from the Eel River, for example, shows that under certain alongshore-current conditions, such events can produce turbidity currents that flow across the 'Humboldt slide', serving as the mechanism for the development of migrating sediment waves. Numerical experiments also demonstrate that where a series of turbidity currents flows across a rough seafloor (i.e. numerical steps), sediment waves can form and migrate upslope. Hemipelagic sedimentation between turbidity current events further facilitates the upslope migration of the sediment waves. Physical modelling of turbidity currents also confirms the formation and migration of seafloor bedforms. The morphologies of sediment waves generated both numerically and physically in the laboratory bear a strong resemblance to those observed in the field, including those that were previously described as submarine landslides.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00550-9","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Lee, H., Syvitski, J., Parker, G., Orange, D.L., Locat, J., Hutton, E.W., and Imran, J., 2002, Distinguishing sediment waves from slope failure deposits: Field examples, including the 'humboldt slide', and modelling results: Marine Geology, v. 192, no. 1-3, p. 79-104, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00550-9.","startPage":"79","endPage":"104","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207346,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00550-9"},{"id":232233,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"192","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0251e4b0c8380cd4ffd7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, H.J.","contributorId":96693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"H.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Syvitski, J.P.M.","contributorId":91222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Syvitski","given":"J.P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parker, G.","contributorId":31112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Orange, Daniel L.","contributorId":23309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orange","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Locat, J.","contributorId":56392,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Locat","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25484,"text":"Université Laval, Québec City, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":398894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hutton, E. W. H.","contributorId":20940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutton","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"W. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Imran, J.","contributorId":44322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Imran","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":1000887,"text":"1000887 - 2002 - Dynamics of the double-crested cormorant population on Lake Ontario","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:03","indexId":"1000887","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dynamics of the double-crested cormorant population on Lake Ontario","docAbstract":"After nearly 30 years of recolonization and expansion across North America, the double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) occupies the role of a perceived and, in some situations, realized threat to fish stocks and other resources.  However, population data necessary to plan, defend, and implement management of this species are few.  Our purpose was to gain insight into the relative contribution of various population parameters to the overall rate of population growth and identify data needs critical to improving our understanding of the dynamics of double-crested cormorant populations.  We demonstrated the construction of a biologically reasonable representation of cormorant population growth on Lake Ontario (1979-2000) by referencing literature values for fertility, age at first breeding, and survival.  These parameters were incorporated into a deterministic stage-classified matrix model.  By calculating the elasticity of matrix elements (i.e., statgspecific fertility and survival), we found that cormorant population growth on Lake Ontario was most sensitive to survival of birds about to turn age 3 and older.  Finally, we demonstrated how this information could be used to evaluate management scenarios and direct future research by simulating potential environmental effects on fertility and survival, as well as a 5-year egg-oiling program.  We also demonstrated that survival of older birds exerts more effective population control than changes in fertility.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Blackwell, B., Stapanian, M.A., and Weseloh, D.C., 2002, Dynamics of the double-crested cormorant population on Lake Ontario: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 30, no. 2, p. 345-353.","productDescription":"p. 345-353","startPage":"345","endPage":"353","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128978,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a59e4b07f02db62f92e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blackwell, Bradley F.","contributorId":26649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blackwell","given":"Bradley F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stapanian, Martin A. 0000-0001-8173-4273 mstapanian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8173-4273","contributorId":3425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stapanian","given":"Martin","email":"mstapanian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weseloh, D.V. Chip","contributorId":60984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weseloh","given":"D.V.","email":"","middleInitial":"Chip","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024041,"text":"70024041 - 2002 - Nearly frictionless faulting by unclamping in long-term interaction models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:20","indexId":"70024041","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nearly frictionless faulting by unclamping in long-term interaction models","docAbstract":"In defiance of direct rock-friction observations, some transform faults appear to slide with little resistance. In this paper finite element models are used to show how strain energy is minimized by interacting faults that can cause long-term reduction in fault-normal stresses (unclamping). A model fault contained within a sheared elastic medium concentrates stress at its end points with increasing slip. If accommodating structures free up the ends, then the fault responds by rotating, lengthening, and unclamping. This concept is illustrated by a comparison between simple strike-slip faulting and a mid-ocean-ridge model with the same total transform length; calculations show that the more complex system unclapms the transforms and operates at lower energy. In another example, the overlapping San Andreas fault system in the San Francisco Bay region is modeled; this system is complicated by junctions and stepovers. A finite element model indicates that the normal stress along parts of the faults could be reduced to hydrostatic levels after ???60-100 k.y. of system-wide slip. If this process occurs in the earth, then parts of major transform fault zones could appear nearly frictionless.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<1063:NFFBUI>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Parsons, T., 2002, Nearly frictionless faulting by unclamping in long-term interaction models: Geology, v. 30, no. 12, p. 1063-1066, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<1063:NFFBUI>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"1063","endPage":"1066","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207021,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<1063:NFFBUI>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":231561,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a640de4b0c8380cd72851","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, T.","contributorId":48288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70024838,"text":"70024838 - 2002 - Impact of sensor's point spread function on land cover characterization: Assessment and deconvolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T09:52:09","indexId":"70024838","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impact of sensor's point spread function on land cover characterization: Assessment and deconvolution","docAbstract":"Measured and modeled point spread functions (PSF) of sensor systems indicate that a significant portion of the recorded signal of each pixel of a satellite image originates from outside the area represented by that pixel. This hinders the ability to derive surface information from satellite images on a per-pixel basis. In this study, the impact of the PSF of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 250 m bands was assessed using four images representing different landscapes. Experimental results showed that though differences between pixels derived with and without PSF effects were small on the average, the PSF generally brightened dark objects and darkened bright objects. This impact of the PSF lowered the performance of a support vector machine (SVM) classifier by 5.4% in overall accuracy and increased the overall root mean square error (RMSE) by 2.4% in estimating subpixel percent land cover. An inversion method based on the known PSF model reduced the signals originating from surrounding areas by as much as 53%. This method differs from traditional PSF inversion deconvolution methods in that the PSF was adjusted with lower weighting factors for signals originating from neighboring pixels than those specified by the PSF model. By using this deconvolution method, the lost classification accuracy due to residual impact of PSF effects was reduced to only 1.66% in overall accuracy. The increase in the RMSE of estimated subpixel land cover proportions due to the residual impact of PSF effects was reduced to 0.64%. Spatial aggregation also effectively reduced the errors in estimated land cover proportion images. About 50% of the estimation errors were removed after applying the deconvolution method and aggregating derived proportion images to twice their dimensional pixel size. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00298-X","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Huang, C., Townshend, J., Liang, S., Kalluri, S., and DeFries, R., 2002, Impact of sensor's point spread function on land cover characterization: Assessment and deconvolution: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 80, no. 2, p. 203-212, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00298-X.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"203","endPage":"212","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232786,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207651,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00298-X"}],"volume":"80","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a38c9e4b0c8380cd616c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huang, C.","contributorId":65255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huang","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Townshend, J.R.G.","contributorId":15321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Townshend","given":"J.R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Liang, S.","contributorId":54767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liang","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kalluri, S.N.V.","contributorId":107067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalluri","given":"S.N.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"DeFries, R.S.","contributorId":61549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeFries","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70023791,"text":"70023791 - 2002 - Asymptotic approximations to posterior distributions via conditional moment equations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:12","indexId":"70023791","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1040,"text":"Biometrika","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Asymptotic approximations to posterior distributions via conditional moment equations","docAbstract":"We consider asymptotic approximations to joint posterior distributions in situations where the full conditional distributions referred to in Gibbs sampling are asymptotically normal. Our development focuses on problems where data augmentation facilitates simpler calculations, but results hold more generally. Asymptotic mean vectors are obtained as simultaneous solutions to fixed point equations that arise naturally in the development. Asymptotic covariance matrices flow naturally from the work of Arnold & Press (1989) and involve the conditional asymptotic covariance matrices and first derivative matrices for conditional mean functions. When the fixed point equations admit an analytical solution, explicit formulae are subsequently obtained for the covariance structure of the joint limiting distribution, which may shed light on the use of the given statistical model. Two illustrations are given. ?? 2002 Biometrika Trust.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biometrika","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1093/biomet/89.4.755","issn":"00063444","usgsCitation":"Yee, J., Johnson, W., and Samaniego, F., 2002, Asymptotic approximations to posterior distributions via conditional moment equations: Biometrika, v. 89, no. 4, p. 755-767, https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/89.4.755.","startPage":"755","endPage":"767","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207612,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biomet/89.4.755"},{"id":232711,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee99e4b0c8380cd49e5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yee, J.L.","contributorId":25496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yee","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, W.O.","contributorId":32052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"W.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Samaniego, F.J.","contributorId":78212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samaniego","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023795,"text":"70023795 - 2002 - Dynamics of pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus duorarum) recruitment potential in relation to salinity and temperature in Florida Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T16:45:46.482051","indexId":"70023795","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Dynamics of pink shrimp (<i>Farfantepenaeus duorarum</i>) recruitment potential in relation to salinity and temperature in Florida Bay","title":"Dynamics of pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus duorarum) recruitment potential in relation to salinity and temperature in Florida Bay","docAbstract":"<p>Progress is reported in relating upstream water management and freshwater flow to Florida Bay to a valuable commercial fishery for pink shrimp (<i>Farfantepenaeus duorarum</i>), which has major nursery grounds in Florida Bay. Changes in freshwater inflow are expected to affect salinity patterns in the bay, so the effect of salinity and temperature on the growth, survival, and subsequent recruitment and harvest of this ecologically and economically important species was examined with laboratory experiments and a simulation model. Experiments were conducted to determine the response of juvenile growth and survival to temperature (<span>15°C to 33°C</span>) and salinity (<span>2‰ to 55‰</span>), and results were used to refine an existing model. Results of these experiments indicated that juvenile pink shrimp have a broad salinity tolerance range at their optimal temperature, but the salinity tolerance range narrows with distance from the optimal temperature range, <span>20–30°C</span>. Acclimation improved survival at extreme high salinity (55???), but not at extremely low salinity (<span>i.e., 5‰, 10‰</span>). Growth rate increases with temperature until tolerance is exceeded beyond about <span>35°C</span>. Growth is optimal in the mid-range of salinity (<span>30‰</span>) and decreases as salinity increases or decreases. Potential recruitment and harvests from regions of Florida Bay were simulated based on local observed daily temperature and salinity. The simulations predict that potential harvests might differ among years, seasons, and regions of the bay solely on the basis of observed temperature and salinity. Regional differences in other characteristics, such as seagrass cover and tidal transport, may magnify regional differences in potential harvests. The model predicts higher catch rates in the September-December fishery, originating from the April and July settlement cohorts, than in the January-June fishery, originating from the October and January settlement cohorts. The observed density of juveniles in western Florida Bay during the same years simulated by the model was greater in the fall than the spring, supporting modeling results. The observed catch rate in the fishery, a rough index of abundance, was higher in the January-June fishery than the July-December fishery in most of the biological years from 1989-1990 through 1997-1998, contrary to modeling results and observed juvenile density in western Florida Bay.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02692230","usgsCitation":"Browder, J.A., Zein-Eldin, Z., Criales, M.M., Robblee, M., Wong, S., Jackson, T.L., and Johnson, D., 2002, Dynamics of pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus duorarum) recruitment potential in relation to salinity and temperature in Florida Bay: Estuaries, v. 25, no. 6 B, p. 1355-1371, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02692230.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1355","endPage":"1371","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232754,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.815185546875,\n              24.5271348225978\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.33203125,\n              24.5271348225978\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.31005859375,\n              25.363882272740256\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.33203125,\n              25.760319754713887\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.815185546875,\n              25.760319754713887\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.815185546875,\n              24.5271348225978\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"6 B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0436e4b0c8380cd50861","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Browder, Joan A.","contributorId":7439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Browder","given":"Joan","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zein-Eldin, Z.","contributorId":79651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zein-Eldin","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Criales, Maria M.","contributorId":69330,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Criales","given":"Maria","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":12565,"text":"Rosenstiel School of Atomospheric Science, University of Miami","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":398870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robblee, M. B.","contributorId":23879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robblee","given":"M. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wong, S.","contributorId":85752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jackson, Thomas L.","contributorId":93667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Johnson, D.","contributorId":85955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":1000957,"text":"1000957 - 2002 - Field estimate of net trophic transfer efficiency of PCBs to Lake Michigan chinook salmon from their prey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T10:04:41","indexId":"1000957","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field estimate of net trophic transfer efficiency of PCBs to Lake Michigan chinook salmon from their prey","docAbstract":"<p><span>Chinook salmon (</span><i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i><span>) has been the predominant piscivore in Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Ontario since the 1970s, and therefore accurate quantification of its energy budget is needed for effective management of Great Lakes fisheries. A new approach of evaluating a fish bioenergetics model in the field involves field estimation of the efficiency with which the fish retains PCBs from its food. We used diet information, PCB determinations in both chinook salmon and their prey, and bioenergetics modeling to generate a field estimate of the efficiency with which Lake Michigan chinook salmon retain PCBs from their food. Our field estimate is the most reliable field estimate to date because (a) the estimate was based on a relatively high number (</span><i>N</i><span>&nbsp;= 142) of PCB determinations for chinook salmon from Wisconsin waters of Lake Michigan in 1985, (b) a relatively long time series (1978&minus;1988) of detailed observations on chinook salmon diet in Lake Michigan was available, and (c) the estimate incorporated new information from analyses of chinook salmon age and growth during the 1980s and 1990s in Lake Michigan. We estimated that chinook salmon from Lake Michigan retain 53% of the PCBs that are contained within their food.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es0206036","usgsCitation":"Madenjian, C.P., O’Connor, D.V., Stewart, D.J., Miller, M.A., and Masnado, R.G., 2002, Field estimate of net trophic transfer efficiency of PCBs to Lake Michigan chinook salmon from their prey: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 36, no. 23, p. 5029-5033, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0206036.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"5029","endPage":"5033","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133534,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-11-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ade4b07f02db5c71d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madenjian, Charles P. 0000-0002-0326-164X cmadenjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-164X","contributorId":2200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"Charles","email":"cmadenjian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Connor, Daniel V.","contributorId":73950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Connor","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stewart, Donald J.","contributorId":33660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, Michael A.","contributorId":85920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6913,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":309989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Masnado, Robert G.","contributorId":103238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masnado","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70024069,"text":"70024069 - 2002 - Status and opportunities for genomics research with rainbow trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:03","indexId":"70024069","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Status and opportunities for genomics research with rainbow trout","docAbstract":"The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is one of the most widely studied of model fish species. Extensive basic biological information has been collected for this species, which because of their large size relative to other model fish species are particularly suitable for studies requiring ample quantities of specific cells and tissue types. Rainbow trout have been widely utilized for research in carcinogenesis, toxicology, comparative immunology, disease ecology, physiology and nutrition. They are distinctive in having evolved from a relatively recent tetraploid event, resulting in a high incidence of duplicated genes. Natural populations are available and have been well characterized for chromosomal, protein, molecular and quantitative genetic variation. Their ease of culture, and experimental and aquacultural significance has led to the development of clonal lines and the widespread application of transgenic technology to this species. Numerous microsatellites have been isolated and two relatively detailed genetic maps have been developed. Extensive sequencing of expressed sequence tags has begun and four BAC libraries have been developed. The development and analysis of additional genomic sequence data will provide distinctive opportunities to address problems in areas such as evolution of the immune system and duplicate genes. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.","largerWorkTitle":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - B Biochemistry and Molecular Biology","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S1096-4959(02)00167-7","issn":"10964959","usgsCitation":"Thorgaard, G., Bailey, G., Williams, D., Buhler, D.R., Kaattari, S., Ristow, S., Hansen, J., Winton, J., Bartholomew, J.L., Nagler, J., Walsh, P., Vijayan, M., Devlin, R., Hardy, R., Overturf, K., Young, W., Robison, B., Rexroad, C., and Palti, Y., 2002, Status and opportunities for genomics research with rainbow trout, <i>in</i> Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - B Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, v. 133, no. 4, p. 609-646, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1096-4959(02)00167-7.","startPage":"609","endPage":"646","numberOfPages":"38","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207236,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1096-4959(02)00167-7"},{"id":232022,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"133","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b978fe4b08c986b31bb2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thorgaard, G.H.","contributorId":76678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorgaard","given":"G.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bailey, G.S.","contributorId":77325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, D.","contributorId":31908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Buhler, D. R.","contributorId":33290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buhler","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kaattari, S.L.","contributorId":52116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaattari","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ristow, S.S.","contributorId":13781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ristow","given":"S.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hansen, J.D.","contributorId":107880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Winton, J. R. 0000-0002-3505-5509","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-5509","contributorId":82441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Bartholomew, J. L.","contributorId":91661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholomew","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Nagler, J.J.","contributorId":37111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagler","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Walsh, P.J.","contributorId":63567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Vijayan, M.M.","contributorId":33087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vijayan","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Devlin, R.H.","contributorId":67042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Devlin","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Hardy, R.W.","contributorId":106286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardy","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Overturf, K.E.","contributorId":98912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Overturf","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Young, W.P.","contributorId":62373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Robison, B.D.","contributorId":97279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robison","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Rexroad, C.","contributorId":74165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rexroad","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Palti, Y.","contributorId":105081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palti","given":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19}]}}
,{"id":70024619,"text":"70024619 - 2002 - Development and evaluation of a local grid refinement method for block-centered finite-difference groundwater models using shared nodes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024619","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development and evaluation of a local grid refinement method for block-centered finite-difference groundwater models using shared nodes","docAbstract":"A new method of local grid refinement for two-dimensional block-centered finite-difference meshes is presented in the context of steady-state groundwater-flow modeling. The method uses an iteration-based feedback with shared nodes to couple two separate grids. The new method is evaluated by comparison with results using a uniform fine mesh, a variably spaced mesh, and a traditional method of local grid refinement without a feedback. Results indicate: (1) The new method exhibits quadratic convergence for homogeneous systems and convergence equivalent to uniform-grid refinement for heterogeneous systems. (2) Coupling the coarse grid with the refined grid in a numerically rigorous way allowed for improvement in the coarse-grid results. (3) For heterogeneous systems, commonly used linear interpolation of heads from the large model onto the boundary of the refined model produced heads that are inconsistent with the physics of the flow field. (4) The traditional method works well in situations where the better resolution of the locally refined grid has little influence on the overall flow-system dynamics, but if this is not true, lack of a feedback mechanism produced errors in head up to 3.6% and errors in cell-to-cell flows up to 25%. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Advances in Water Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0309-1708(02)00021-0","issn":"03091708","usgsCitation":"Mehl, S., and Hill, M.C., 2002, Development and evaluation of a local grid refinement method for block-centered finite-difference groundwater models using shared nodes: Advances in Water Resources, v. 25, no. 5, p. 497-511, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(02)00021-0.","startPage":"497","endPage":"511","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207977,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(02)00021-0"},{"id":233309,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0020e4b0c8380cd4f5d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mehl, S.","contributorId":20114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehl","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, M. C.","contributorId":48993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024345,"text":"70024345 - 2002 - Using simple environmental variables to estimate below-ground productivity in grasslands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T10:19:05","indexId":"70024345","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1839,"text":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using simple environmental variables to estimate below-ground productivity in grasslands","docAbstract":"In many temperate and annual grasslands, above-ground net primary productivity (NPP) can be estimated by measuring peak above-ground biomass. Estimates of below-ground net primary productivity and, consequently, total net primary productivity, are more difficult. We addressed one of the three main objectives of the Global Primary Productivity Data Initiative for grassland systems to develop simple models or algorithms to estimate missing components of total system NPP. Any estimate of below-ground NPP (BNPP) requires an accounting of total root biomass, the percentage of living biomass and annual turnover of live roots. We derived a relationship using above-ground peak biomass and mean annual temperature as predictors of below-ground biomass (r2 = 0.54; P = 0.01). The percentage of live material was 0.6, based on published values. We used three different functions to describe root turnover: constant, a direct function of above-ground biomass, or as a positive exponential relationship with mean annual temperature. We tested the various models against a large database of global grassland NPP and the constant turnover and direct function models were approximately equally descriptive (r2 = 0.31 and 0.37), while the exponential function had a stronger correlation with the measured values (r2 = 0.40) and had a better fit than the other two models at the productive end of the BNPP gradient. When applied to extensive data we assembled from two grassland sites with reliable estimates of total NPP, the direct function was most effective, especially at lower productivity sites. We provide some caveats for its use in systems that lie at the extremes of the grassland gradient and stress that there are large uncertainties associated with measured and modelled estimates of BNPP.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1466-822X.2001.00267.x","issn":"1466822X","usgsCitation":"Gill, R., Kelly, R., Parton, W., Day, K., Jackson, R., Morgan, J., Scurlock, J., Tieszen, L., Castle, J., Ojima, D., and Zhang, X., 2002, Using simple environmental variables to estimate below-ground productivity in grasslands: Global Ecology and Biogeography, v. 11, no. 1, p. 79-86, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822X.2001.00267.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"86","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231663,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207071,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822X.2001.00267.x"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-02-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc09fe4b08c986b32a223","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gill, R.A.","contributorId":60409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kelly, R.H.","contributorId":95231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parton, W.J.","contributorId":89685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parton","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Day, K.A.","contributorId":23307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jackson, R.B.","contributorId":42174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Morgan, J.A.","contributorId":74162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Scurlock, J.M.O.","contributorId":76905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scurlock","given":"J.M.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Tieszen, L.L.","contributorId":24046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tieszen","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Castle, J.V.","contributorId":65249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castle","given":"J.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Ojima, D.S.","contributorId":49549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ojima","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Zhang, X.S.","contributorId":26848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"X.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}}
,{"id":70024457,"text":"70024457 - 2002 - Nonlinear and linear site response and basin effects in Seattle for the M 6.8 Nisqually, Washington, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:11","indexId":"70024457","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nonlinear and linear site response and basin effects in Seattle for the M 6.8 Nisqually, Washington, earthquake","docAbstract":"We used recordings of the M 6.8 Nisqually earthquake and its ML 3.4 aftershock to study site response and basin effects for 35 locations in Seattle, Washington. We determined site amplification from Fourier spectral ratios of the recorded horizontal ground motions, referenced to a soft-rock site. Soft-soil sites (generally National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program [NEHRP] class E) on artificial fill and young alluvium have the largest 1-Hz amplifications (factors of 3-7) for both the mainshock and aftershock. These amplifications are correlated with areas of higher damage from the mainshock to major buildings and liquefaction. There are several indications of nonlinear response at the soft-soil sites for the mainshock ground motions, despite relatively modest peak accelerations in the S waves of 15%-22%g. First, the mainshock spectral ratios do not show amplification at 2-8 Hz as do the aftershock spectral ratios. Spectral peaks at frequencies below 2 Hz generally occur at lower frequencies for the mainshock spectral ratios than for the aftershock ratios. At one soft-soil site, there is a clear shift of the resonant frequency to a lower frequency for the mainshock compared with the aftershock. The frequency of this resonance increases in the coda of the mainshock record, indicating that the site response during the weaker motions of the coda is more linear than that of the initial S wave. Three of the soft-soil sites display cusped, one-sided mainshock accelerograms after the S wave. These soft-soil sites also show amplification at 10-20 Hz in the S wave, relative to the rock site, that is not observed for the aftershock. The cusped waveforms and 10-20-Hz amplification are symptomatic of nonlinear response at the soft-soil sites. These sites had nearby liquefaction. The largest amplifications for 0.5 Hz occur at soft-soil sites on the southern portion of the Seattle Basin. Stiff-soil sites (NEHRP classes D and C) on Pleistocene-age glacial deposits display similar spectral amplification for the mainshock and aftershock, indicating approximately linear response. The stiff-soil sites generally have moderate amplification (factors of 1.1-2.4) at 0.5 and 1 Hz. Amplifications at 1 and 5 Hz for all sites generally increase with decreasing shear-wave velocity measured in the top 30 m (Vs 30). However, larger amplifications at 0.5 and 1 Hz for sites with similar Vs 30 values are observed for sites in the Seattle Basin, illustrating the amplification from the deeper (>30 m) sediments and the contribution from basin surface waves. Record sections for the mainshock and aftershock show that basin surface waves produce the peak velocities for many of the sites in the Seattle Basin and often dominate the amplitude at 1 Hz and lower frequencies.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120010254","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Frankel, A., Carver, D.L., and Williams, R.A., 2002, Nonlinear and linear site response and basin effects in Seattle for the M 6.8 Nisqually, Washington, earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 6, p. 2090-2109, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120010254.","startPage":"2090","endPage":"2109","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207772,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120010254"},{"id":232974,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a677fe4b0c8380cd7336b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frankel, A.D.","contributorId":53828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carver, D. L.","contributorId":55808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carver","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, R. A.","contributorId":82323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024461,"text":"70024461 - 2002 - Comparison of two probability distributions used to model sizes of undiscovered oil and gas accumulations: Does the tail wag the assessment?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-16T15:16:42","indexId":"70024461","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2700,"text":"Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of two probability distributions used to model sizes of undiscovered oil and gas accumulations: Does the tail wag the assessment?","docAbstract":"Undiscovered oil and gas assessments are commonly reported as aggregate estimates of hydrocarbon volumes. Potential commercial value and discovery costs are, however, determined by accumulation size, so engineers, economists, decision makers, and sometimes policy analysts are most interested in projected discovery sizes. The lognormal and Pareto distributions have been used to model exploration target sizes. This note contrasts the outcomes of applying these alternative distributions to the play level assessments of the U.S. Geological Survey's 1995 National Oil and Gas Assessment. Using the same numbers of undiscovered accumulations and the same minimum, medium, and maximum size estimates, substitution of the shifted truncated lognormal distribution for the shifted truncated Pareto distribution reduced assessed undiscovered oil by 16% and gas by 15%. Nearly all of the volume differences resulted because the lognormal had fewer larger fields relative to the Pareto. The lognormal also resulted in a smaller number of small fields relative to the Pareto. For the Permian Basin case study presented here, reserve addition costs were 20% higher with the lognormal size assumption. ?? 2002 International Association for Mathematical Geology.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1019809410934","issn":"08828121","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E.D., and Charpentier, R., 2002, Comparison of two probability distributions used to model sizes of undiscovered oil and gas accumulations: Does the tail wag the assessment?: Mathematical Geology, v. 34, no. 6, p. 767-777, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019809410934.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"767","endPage":"777","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233013,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f8bae4b0c8380cd4d266","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, E. D. 0000-0001-6845-7160","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":107672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"E.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Charpentier, Ronald R.","contributorId":33674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Charpentier","given":"Ronald R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024464,"text":"70024464 - 2002 - Mapping apparent stress and energy radiation over fault zones of major earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024464","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping apparent stress and energy radiation over fault zones of major earthquakes","docAbstract":"Using published slip models for five major earthquakes, 1979 Imperial Valley, 1989 Loma Prieta, 1992 Landers, 1994 Northridge, and 1995 Kobe, we produce maps of apparent stress and radiated seismic energy over their fault surfaces. The slip models, obtained by inverting seismic and geodetic data, entail the division of the fault surfaces into many subfaults for which the time histories of seismic slip are determined. To estimate the seismic energy radiated by each subfault, we measure the near-fault seismic-energy flux from the time-dependent slip there and then multiply by a function of rupture velocity to obtain the corresponding energy that propagates into the far-field. This function, the ratio of far-field to near-fault energy, is typically less than 1/3, inasmuch as most of the near-fault energy remains near the fault and is associated with permanent earthquake deformation. Adding the energy contributions from all of the subfaults yields an estimate of the total seismic energy, which can be compared with independent energy estimates based on seismic-energy flux measured in the far-field, often at teleseismic distances. Estimates of seismic energy based on slip models are robust, in that different models, for a given earthquake, yield energy estimates that are in close agreement. Moreover, the slip-model estimates of energy are generally in good accord with independent estimates by others, based on regional or teleseismic data. Apparent stress is estimated for each subfault by dividing the corresponding seismic moment into the radiated energy. Distributions of apparent stress over an earthquake fault zone show considerable heterogeneity, with peak values that are typically about double the whole-earthquake values (based on the ratio of seismic energy to seismic moment). The range of apparent stresses estimated for subfaults of the events studied here is similar to the range of apparent stresses for earthquakes in continental settings, with peak values of about 8 MPa in each case. For earthquakes in compressional tectonic settings, peak apparent stresses at a given depth are substantially greater than corresponding peak values from events in extensional settings; this suggests that crustal strength, inferred from laboratory measurements, may be a limiting factor. Lower bounds on shear stresses inferred from the apparent stress distribution of the 1995 Kobe earthquake are consistent with tectonic-stress estimates reported by Spudich et al. (1998), based partly on slip-vector rake changes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120010129","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"McGarr, A., and Fletcher, J.B., 2002, Mapping apparent stress and energy radiation over fault zones of major earthquakes: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 5, p. 1633-1646, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120010129.","startPage":"1633","endPage":"1646","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207842,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120010129"},{"id":233082,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5051e4b0c8380cd6b5e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGarr, Art 0000-0001-9769-4093","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9769-4093","contributorId":43491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGarr","given":"Art","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fletcher, Joe B.","contributorId":8850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024618,"text":"70024618 - 2002 - Parasite (Ribeiroia ondatrae) infection linked to amphibian malformations in the western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-28T08:41:07","indexId":"70024618","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1459,"text":"Ecological Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Parasite (Ribeiroia ondatrae) infection linked to amphibian malformations in the western United States","docAbstract":"<p>Parasites and pathogens can influence the survivorship, behavior, and very structure of their host species. For example, experimental studies have shown that trematode parasites can cause high frequencies of severe limb malformations in amphibians. In a broad-scale field survey covering parts of California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Montana, we examined relationships between the frequency and types of morphological abnormalities in amphibians and the abundance of trematode parasite infection, pH, concentrations of 61 pesticides, and levels of orthophosphate and total nitrate. We recorded severe malformations at frequencies ranging from 1% to 90% in nine amphibian species from 53 aquatic systems. Infection of larvae by the trematode Ribeiroia ondatrae was associated with, and functionally related to, higher frequencies of amphibian limb malformations than found in uninfected populations (≤5%). Parasites were concentrated around the basal tissue of hind limbs in infected anurans, and malformations associated with infection included skin webbings, supernumerary limbs and digits, and missing or malformed hind limbs. In the absence of Ribeiroia, amphibian populations exhibited low (0-5%) frequencies of abnormalities involving missing digits or distal portions of a hind limb. Species were affected differentially by the parasite, and Ambystoma macrodactylum, Hyla regilla, Rand aurora, R. luteiventris, and Taricha torosa typically exhibited the highest frequencies of abnormalities. None of the water-quality variables measured was associated with malformed amphibians, but aquatic snail hosts (Planorbella spp.) were significant predictors of the presence and abundance of Ribeiroia infection. Morphological comparisons of adult specimens of Ribeiroia collected from different sites and raised in experimental definitive hosts suggested that all samples represented the same species - R. ondatrae. These field results, coupled with experimental research on the effects of Ribeiroia on amphibians, demonstrate that Ribeiroia infection is an important and widespread cause of amphibian limb malformations in the western United States. The relevance of trematode infection to declines of amphibian populations and the influence of habitat modification on the pathology and life cycle of Ribeiroia are emphasized as areas requiring further research.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ESA","doi":"10.1890/0012-9615(2002)072[0151:PROILT]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00129615","usgsCitation":"Johnson, P., Lunde, K., Thurman, E., Ritchie, E., Wray, S., Sutherland, D., Kapfer, J., Frest, T., Bowerman, J., and Blaustein, A., 2002, Parasite (Ribeiroia ondatrae) infection linked to amphibian malformations in the western United States: Ecological Monographs, v. 72, no. 2, p. 151-168, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(2002)072[0151:PROILT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"151","endPage":"168","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502602,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Parasite_Ribeiroia_ondatrae_infection_linked_to_amphibian_malformations_in_the_western_United_States/20877172","text":"External Repository"},{"id":233308,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"72","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a74d6e4b0c8380cd77867","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, P.T.J.","contributorId":104255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"P.T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lunde, K.B.","contributorId":10200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lunde","given":"K.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ritchie, E.G.","contributorId":97285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ritchie","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wray, S.N.","contributorId":90505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wray","given":"S.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sutherland, D.R.","contributorId":15376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutherland","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kapfer, J.M.","contributorId":68505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kapfer","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Frest, T.J.","contributorId":70964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frest","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Bowerman, J.","contributorId":94824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowerman","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Blaustein, A.R.","contributorId":40325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blaustein","given":"A.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70024616,"text":"70024616 - 2002 - Subsurface geometry and evolution of the Seattle fault zone and the Seattle Basin, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T10:14:37","indexId":"70024616","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subsurface geometry and evolution of the Seattle fault zone and the Seattle Basin, Washington","docAbstract":"The Seattle fault, a large, seismically active, east-west-striking fault zone under Seattle, is the best-studied fault within the tectonically active Puget Lowland in western Washington, yet its subsurface geometry and evolution are not well constrained. We combine several analysis and modeling approaches to study the fault geometry and evolution, including depth-converted, deep-seismic-reflection images, P-wave-velocity field, gravity data, elastic modeling of shoreline uplift from a late Holocene earthquake, and kinematic fault restoration. We propose that the Seattle thrust or reverse fault is accompanied by a shallow, antithetic reverse fault that emerges south of the main fault. The wedge enclosed by the two faults is subject to an enhanced uplift, as indicated by the boxcar shape of the shoreline uplift from the last major earthquake on the fault zone. The Seattle Basin is interpreted as a flexural basin at the footwall of the Seattle fault zone. Basin stratigraphy and the regional tectonic history lead us to suggest that the Seattle fault zone initiated as a reverse fault during the middle Miocene, concurrently with changes in the regional stress field, to absorb some of the north-south shortening of the Cascadia forearc. Kingston Arch, 30 km north of the Seattle fault zone, is interpreted as a more recent disruption arising within the basin, probably due to the development of a blind reverse fault.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120010229","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"ten Brink, U., Molzer, P., Fisher, M.A., Blakely, R., Bucknam, R., Parsons, T., Crosson, R.S., and Creager, K.C., 2002, Subsurface geometry and evolution of the Seattle fault zone and the Seattle Basin, Washington: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 5, p. 1737-1753, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120010229.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1737","endPage":"1753","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233270,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Seattle Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.8216552734375,\n              46.89398546092549\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.1185302734375,\n              46.89398546092549\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.1185302734375,\n              48.55297816440071\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.8216552734375,\n              48.55297816440071\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.8216552734375,\n              46.89398546092549\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d76e4b08c986b31d87c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":401918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Molzer, P.C.","contributorId":86514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Molzer","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fisher, M. A.","contributorId":69972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blakely, R.J. 0000-0003-1701-5236","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-5236","contributorId":70755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bucknam, R.C.","contributorId":35744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bucknam","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Parsons, T.","contributorId":48288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Crosson, R. S.","contributorId":104987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crosson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Creager, K. C.","contributorId":105078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Creager","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70024347,"text":"70024347 - 2002 - Michigan basin regional ground water flow discharge to three Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-21T16:24:05.339965","indexId":"70024347","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Michigan basin regional ground water flow discharge to three Great Lakes","docAbstract":"<p>Ground water discharge to the Great Lakes around the Lower Peninsula of Michigan is primarily from recharge in riparian basins and proximal upland areas that are especially important to the northern half of the Lake Michigan shoreline. A steady-state finite-difference model was developed to simulate ground water flow in four regional aquifers in Michigan's Lower Peninsula: the Glaciofluvial, Saginaw, Parma-Bayport, and Marshall aquifers interlayered with the Till/\"red beds,\" Saginaw, and Michigan confining units, respectively. The model domain was laterally bound by a continuous specified-head boundary, formed from lakes Michigan, Huron, St. Clair, and Erie, with the St. Clair and Detroit River connecting channels. The model was developed to quantify regional ground water flow in the aquifer systems using independently determined recharge estimates. According to the flow model, local stream stages and discharges account for 95% of the overall model water budget; only 5% enters the lakes directly from the ground water system. Direct ground water discharge to the Great Lakes' shorelines was calculated at 36 m3/sec, accounting for 5% of the overall model water budget. Lowland areas contribute far less ground water discharge to the Great Lakes than upland areas. <span>The model indicates that Saginaw Bay receives only ∼1.13 m</span><sup>3</sup><span>/sec ground water; the southern half of the Lake Michigan shoreline receives only ∼2.83 m</span><sup>3</sup><span>/sec. In contrast, the northern half of the Lake Michigan shoreline receives more than 17 m</span><sup>3</sup><span>/sec from upland areas.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02518.x","usgsCitation":"Hoaglund, J., Huffman, G., and Grannemann, N., 2002, Michigan basin regional ground water flow discharge to three Great Lakes: Ground Water, v. 40, no. 4, p. 390-406, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02518.x.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"390","endPage":"406","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231699,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -86.748046875,\n              43.8028187190472\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.3525390625,\n              42.74701217318067\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.7919921875,\n              41.64007838467894\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.232421875,\n              41.64007838467894\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.30957031249999,\n              43.48481212891603\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.96875,\n              44.402391829093915\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.9248046875,\n              45.089035564831036\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.75976562499999,\n              45.644768217751924\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.814453125,\n              45.79816953017265\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.78125,\n              45.644768217751924\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.748046875,\n              43.8028187190472\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"40","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5636e4b0c8380cd6d418","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoaglund, J. R. III","contributorId":58423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoaglund","given":"J. R.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huffman, G.C.","contributorId":44150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huffman","given":"G.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grannemann, N.G.","contributorId":11221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grannemann","given":"N.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024350,"text":"70024350 - 2002 - Horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) reproductive activity on Delaware Bay beaches: Interactions with beach characteristics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:00","indexId":"70024350","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) reproductive activity on Delaware Bay beaches: Interactions with beach characteristics","docAbstract":"We used results from a survey of horseshoe crab reproductive activity that was conducted in 1999 throughout Delaware Bay to examine the relationship between estimates of spawning females and egg deposition and analyze how that relationship varies with geography, time within a spawning season, beach morphology, and wave energy. We found that beach morphology and wave energy interacted with density of spawning females to explain variation in the density and distribution of eggs and larvae. For example, the quantity of eggs in surface sediment (i.e., eggs that are potentially available to foraging shorebirds) was associated with the density of spawning females, beach morphology, and wave energy. The association between beach morphology and live eggs in surface sediment was strong especially in late May (Percent Reduction in Error = 86% from regression tree model) where egg density was an order of magnitude higher on beaches <15 m wide (3.38*105 m-2; 90% CI: 2.29*105, 4.47*105) compared to wider beaches (1.49*104 m-2; 90% CI: 4.47*103, 2.53*104). Results also indicate that, among bay-front beaches, horseshoe crabs prefer to spawn on narrow beaches, possibly because of reduced wave energy. At peak periods of spawning activity, density of spawning females was inversely related to foreshore width on mid-latitude beaches within Delaware Bay (t = -2.68, 7 df, p = 0.03). Because the distribution of eggs across the foreshore varied with beach morphology and widened as the spawning season progressed, methods used to sample eggs need to be robust to variation in beach morphology and applicable regardless of when the samples are taken. Because beach morphology and wave energy were associated with the quantity of eggs in surface sediment, certain beach types may be critical to the conservation of shorebird foraging habitat.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Smith, D., Pooler, P., Loveland, R., Botton, M., Michels, S., Weber, R., and Carter, D.B., 2002, Horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) reproductive activity on Delaware Bay beaches: Interactions with beach characteristics: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 18, no. 4, p. 730-740.","startPage":"730","endPage":"740","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231776,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a322ae4b0c8380cd5e594","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, D. R. 0000-0001-6074-9257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":44108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D. R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":400951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pooler, P.S.","contributorId":78686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pooler","given":"P.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loveland, R.E.","contributorId":49158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Botton, M.L.","contributorId":104682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Botton","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Michels, S.F.","contributorId":34867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michels","given":"S.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Weber, R.G.","contributorId":38686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"R.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Carter, Daniel B.","contributorId":18880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70024352,"text":"70024352 - 2002 - Instrumental intensity distribution for the Hector Mine, California, and the Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquakes: Comparison of two methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-15T11:47:50.088865","indexId":"70024352","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Instrumental intensity distribution for the Hector Mine, California, and the Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquakes: Comparison of two methods","docAbstract":"We compare two methods of seismic-intensity estimation from ground-motion records for the two recent strong earthquakes: the 1999 (M 7.1) Hector Mine, California, and the 1999 (M 7.6) Chi-Chi, Taiwan. The first technique utilizes the peak ground acceleration (PGA) and velocity (PGV), and it is used for rapid generation of the instrumental intensity map in California. The other method is based on the revised relationships between intensity and Fourier amplitude spectrum (FAS). The results of using the methods are compared with independently observed data and between the estimations from the records. For the case of the Hector Mine earthquake, the calculated intensities in general agree with the observed values. For the case of the Chi-Chi earthquake, the areas of maximum calculated intensity correspond to the areas of the greatest damage and highest number of fatalities. However, the FAS method producees higher-intensity values than those of the peak amplitude method. The specific features of ground-motion excitation during the large, shallow, thrust earthquake may be considered a reason for the discrepancy. The use of PGA and PGV is simple; however, the use of FAS provides a natural consideration of site amplification by means of generalized or site-specific spectral ratios. Because the calculation of seismic-intensity maps requires rapid processing of data from a large network, it is very practical to generate a \"first-order\" map from the recorded peak motions. Then, a \"second-order\" map may be compiled using an amplitude-spectra method on the basis of available records and numerical modeling of the site-dependent spectra for the regions of sparse station spacing.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120010264","usgsCitation":"Sokolov, V., and Wald, D., 2002, Instrumental intensity distribution for the Hector Mine, California, and the Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquakes: Comparison of two methods: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 6, p. 2145-2162, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120010264.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"2145","endPage":"2162","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231700,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Taiwan, United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Hector Mine, Chi-Chi","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.47842407226562,\n              34.70662237058582\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.37508392333984,\n              34.70210643670556\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.37542724609374,\n              34.76925550809344\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.47876739501955,\n              34.77884377746835\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.47842407226562,\n              34.70662237058582\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -239.842529296875,\n              22.62415215809042\n            ],\n            [\n              -239.622802734375,\n              22.62415215809042\n            ],\n            [\n              -239.622802734375,\n              22.978623970384913\n            ],\n            [\n              -239.842529296875,\n              22.978623970384913\n            ],\n            [\n              -239.842529296875,\n              22.62415215809042\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c44e4b0c8380cd62bdd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sokolov, V.","contributorId":97278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sokolov","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wald, D.J. 0000-0002-1454-4514","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":43809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024354,"text":"70024354 - 2002 - Inter-annual, seasonal and spatial variability in nutrient limitation of phytoplankton production in a river impoundment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:02","indexId":"70024354","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inter-annual, seasonal and spatial variability in nutrient limitation of phytoplankton production in a river impoundment","docAbstract":"We characterize seasonal and spatial patterns in phytoplankton abundance, production and nutrient limitation in a mesotrophic river impoundment located in the southeastern United States to assess variation arising from inter-annual differences in watershed inputs. Short-term (48 h) in situ nutrient addition experiments were conducted between May and October at three sites located along the longitudinal axis of the lake. Nutrient limitation was detected in 12 of the 18 experiments conducted over 2 years. Phytoplankton responded to additions of phosphorus alone although highest chlorophyll concentrations were observed in enclosures receiving combined (P and N) additions. Growth responses were greatest at downstream sites and in late summer suggesting that those populations experience more severe nutrient limitation. Interannual variation in nutrient limitation and primary production corresponded to differences in the timing of hydrologic inputs. Above average rainfall and discharge in late-summer (July-October) of 1996 coincided with higher in-lake nutrient concentrations, increased production, and minimal nutrient limitation. During the same period in 1995, discharge was lower, nutrient concentrations were lower, and nutrient limitation of phytoplankton production was more pronounced. Our results suggest that nutrient limitation is common in this river impoundment but that modest inter-annual variability in the timing of hydrologic inputs can substantially influence seasonal and spatial patterns.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1021388315552","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Bukaveckas, P., and Crain, A., 2002, Inter-annual, seasonal and spatial variability in nutrient limitation of phytoplankton production in a river impoundment: Hydrobiologia, v. 481, p. 19-31, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021388315552.","startPage":"19","endPage":"31","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207090,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021388315552"},{"id":231702,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"481","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c9fe4b0c8380cd62ed1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bukaveckas, P.A.","contributorId":87322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bukaveckas","given":"P.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crain, A.S.","contributorId":10833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crain","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024355,"text":"70024355 - 2002 - Effects of nutrient enrichment on channel catfish growth and consumption in Mount Storm Lake, West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:01","indexId":"70024355","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2594,"text":"Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of nutrient enrichment on channel catfish growth and consumption in Mount Storm Lake, West Virginia","docAbstract":"With the objective of augmenting fish production in Mount Storm Lake, Virginia Electric and Power Company initiated a programme of phosphorus addition to increase primary production, and ultimately, channel catfish (Ictaturus punctatus) growth in the 486 ha cooling reservoir. We simulated channel catfish growth dynamics using two bioenergetics modelling scenarios: (i) effects of average reservoir temperature on growth, conversion efficiency and consumption; and (ii) effects of reservoir enrichment on growth, which is simulated by increasing feeding rates. During 1991-1993, fish were sampled monthly, but sampling was increased to every 2 weeks during the peak growing season (June-September). Most of the channel catfish collected were aged 0 year and aged 1 year with rapid annual growth rates ranging from 9.0 to 13.7 J/g. We found many age 1 250-300 mm catfish, but few beyond this size. Conversion efficiency (joules gained/joules consumed) was low at approximately 18-19%. High algae consumption (40%) was evident, but consumption of zooplankton and Asiatic clam (Corbicula sp.) increased over the study. Simulated increased feeding rates showed that channel catfish were food limited in summer and fall (July-December). Weight gains with 5 and 10% feeding increases were 6-13% and 18-38%, respectively, from the baseline. Catfish of all sizes should benefit from phosphorus additions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1440-169X.2002.00184.x","issn":"13205331","usgsCitation":"Blanc, T., and Margraf, F., 2002, Effects of nutrient enrichment on channel catfish growth and consumption in Mount Storm Lake, West Virginia: Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management, v. 7, no. 2, p. 109-123, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-169X.2002.00184.x.","startPage":"109","endPage":"123","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207107,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-169X.2002.00184.x"},{"id":231740,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a076ee4b0c8380cd516c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blanc, T.J.","contributorId":18137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blanc","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Margraf, F.J.","contributorId":47738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Margraf","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024611,"text":"70024611 - 2002 - Lunar prospector epithermal neutrons from impact craters and landing sites: Implications for surface maturity and hydrogen distribution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-02T22:50:53.505412","indexId":"70024611","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lunar prospector epithermal neutrons from impact craters and landing sites: Implications for surface maturity and hydrogen distribution","docAbstract":"<p><span class=\"paraNumber\"><span>&nbsp;</span></span><span>Initial studies of neutron spectrometer data returned by Lunar Prospector concentrated on the discovery of enhanced hydrogen abundances near both lunar poles. However, the nonpolar data exhibit intriguing patterns that appear spatially correlated with surface features such as young impact craters (e.g., Tycho). Such immature crater materials may have low hydrogen contents because of their relative lack of exposure to solar wind-implanted volatiles. We tested this hypothesis by comparing epithermal* neutron counts (i.e., epithermal −0.057 × thermal neutrons) for Copernican-age craters classified as relatively young, intermediate, and old (as determined by previous studies of Clementine optical maturity variations). The epithermal* counts of the crater and continuous ejecta regions suggest that the youngest impact materials are relatively devoid of hydrogen in the upper 1 m of regolith. We also show that the mean hydrogen contents measured in Apollo and Luna landing site samples are only moderately well correlated to the epithermal* neutron counts at the landing sites, likely owing to the effects of rare earth elements. These results suggest that further work is required to define better how hydrogen distribution can be revealed by epithermal neutrons in order to understand more fully the nature and sources (e.g., solar wind, meteorite impacts) of volatiles in the lunar regolith.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JE001430","usgsCitation":"Johnson, J.R., Feldman, W.C., Lawrence, D.J., Maurice, S., Swindle, T.D., and Lucey, P.G., 2002, Lunar prospector epithermal neutrons from impact craters and landing sites: Implications for surface maturity and hydrogen distribution: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 107, no. E2, p. 3-1-3-8, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JE001430.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"3-1","endPage":"3-8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233198,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"107","issue":"E2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-02-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4a95e4b0c8380cd68e9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, J. R.","contributorId":69278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feldman, W. C.","contributorId":40767,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Feldman","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lawrence, D. J.","contributorId":84952,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lawrence","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Maurice, S.","contributorId":18144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maurice","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Swindle, T. D.","contributorId":68042,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swindle","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lucey, P. G.","contributorId":72532,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lucey","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70024610,"text":"70024610 - 2002 - A comparison of factors controlling sedimentation rates and wetland loss in fluvial-deltaic systems, Texas Gulf coast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:06","indexId":"70024610","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of factors controlling sedimentation rates and wetland loss in fluvial-deltaic systems, Texas Gulf coast","docAbstract":"Submergence of coastal marshes in areas where rates of relative sea-level rise exceed rates of marsh sedimentation, or vertical accretion, is a global problem that requires detailed examination of the principal processes that establish, maintain, and degrade these biologically productive environments. Using a simple 210Pb-dating model, we measured sedimentation rates in cores from the Trinity, Lavaca-Navidad, and Nueces bayhead fluvial-deltaic systems in Texas where more than 2000 ha of wetlands have been lost since the 1950s. Long-term average rates of fluvial-deltaic aggradation decrease southwestward from 0.514 ?? 0.008 cm year -1 in the Trinity, 0.328 ?? 0.022 cm year -1 in the Lavaca-Navidad, to 0.262 ?? 0.034 cm year -1 in the Nucces. The relative magnitudes of sedimentation and wetland loss correlate with several parameters that define the differing fluvial-deltaic settings, including size of coastal drainage basin, average annual rainfall, suspended sediment load, thickness of Holocene mud in the valley fill, and rates of relative sea-level rise. There is some evidence that upstream reservoirs have reduced wetland sedimentation rates, which are now about one-half the local rates of relative sea-level rise. The extant conditions indicate that fluvial-deltaic marshes in these valleys will continue to be lost as a result of submergence and erosion. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00140-4","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"White, W., Morton, R., and Holmes, C.W., 2002, A comparison of factors controlling sedimentation rates and wetland loss in fluvial-deltaic systems, Texas Gulf coast: Geomorphology, v. 44, no. 1-2, p. 47-66, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00140-4.","startPage":"47","endPage":"66","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207888,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00140-4"},{"id":233165,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e35ae4b0c8380cd45fb8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, W.A.","contributorId":24489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morton, R.A.","contributorId":53849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holmes, C. W.","contributorId":36076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024609,"text":"70024609 - 2002 - Pathways of nutrient loading and impacts on plant diversity in a New York peatland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-22T15:56:36.477759","indexId":"70024609","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pathways of nutrient loading and impacts on plant diversity in a New York peatland","docAbstract":"<p><span>Nutrient loading is a subtle, yet serious threat to the preservation of high diversity wetlands such as peatlands. Pathways of nutrient loading and impacts on plant diversity in a small peatland in New York State, USA were determined by collecting and analyzing a suite of hydrogeological, hydro-chemical, soil, and vegetation data. Piezometer clusters within an intensive network constituted hydro-chemical sampling points and focal points for randomly selected vegetation quadrats and soil-coring locations. Hydrogeological data and nutrient analyses showed that P and K loading occurred chiefly by means of overland flow from an adjacent farm field, whereas N loading occurred predominantly through ground-water flow from the farm field. Redundancy analysis and polynomial regression showed that nutrients, particularly total P in peat, total K in peat, extractable NH</span><sub>4</sub><span>-N, and NO</span><sub>3</sub><span>-N flux in ground water, were strongly negatively correlated with plant diversity measures at the site. No other environmental variables except vegetation measures associated with eutrophication demonstrated such a strong relationship with plant diversity. Nitrate loading over 4 mg m</span><sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;day</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;was associated with low plant diversity, and Ca fluxes between 80 and 130 mg m</span><sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;day</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;were associated with high plant diversity. Areas in the site with particularly low vascular plant and bryophyte species richness and Shannon-Wiener diversity (H′) occurred adjacent to the farm field and near a hillside spring. High H′ and species richness of vascular plants and bryophytes occurred in areas that were further removed from agriculture, contained no highly dominant vegetation, and were situated directly along the ground-water flow paths of springs. These areas were characterized by relatively constant water levels and consistent, yet moderate fluxes of base cations and nutrients. Overall, this study demonstrates that knowledge of site hydrogeology is crucial for determining potential pathways of nutrient loading and for developing relationships between nutrient inflows and wetland plant diversity.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0263:PONLAI]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Drexler, J.Z., and Bedford, B.L., 2002, Pathways of nutrient loading and impacts on plant diversity in a New York peatland: Wetlands, v. 22, no. 2, p. 263-281, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0263:PONLAI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"263","endPage":"281","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233164,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"McLean Preserve Fen","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.27017974853516,\n              42.53297077712674\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.26331329345703,\n              42.53297077712674\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.26331329345703,\n              42.537461198323754\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.27017974853516,\n              42.537461198323754\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.27017974853516,\n              42.53297077712674\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a75afe4b0c8380cd77ca2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drexler, Judith Z. 0000-0002-0127-3866 jdrexler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0127-3866","contributorId":167492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drexler","given":"Judith","email":"jdrexler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":401894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bedford, B. L.","contributorId":41996,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bedford","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024363,"text":"70024363 - 2002 - Sea-cliff erosion as a function of beach changes and extreme wave runup during the 1997-1998 El Nino","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-03T12:00:52","indexId":"70024363","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sea-cliff erosion as a function of beach changes and extreme wave runup during the 1997-1998 El Nino","docAbstract":"Over time scales of hundreds to thousands of years, the net longshore sand transport direction along the central California coast has been driven to the south by North Pacific winter swell. In contrast, during the El Nin??o winter of 1997-1998, comparisons of before and after airborne lidar surveys showed sand was transported from south to north and accumulated on the south sides of resistant headlands bordering pocket beaches. This resulted in significant beach erosion at the south ends of pocket beaches and deposition in the north ends. Coincident with the south-to-north redistribution of sand, shoreline morphology became prominently cuspate with longshore wavelengths of 400-700 m. The width and elevation of beaches were least where maximum shoreline erosion occurred, preferentially exposing cliffs to wave attack. The resulting erosional hotspots typically were located in the embayments of giant cusps in the southern end of the pocket beaches. The observed magnitude of sea cliff retreat, which reached 14 m, varied with the number of hours that extreme wave runup exceeded certain thresholds representing the protective capacity of the beach during the El Nin??o winter. A threshold representing the width of the beach performed better than a threshold representing the elevation of the beach. The magnitude of cliff erosion can be scaled using a simple model based on the cross-shore distance that extreme wave runup exceeded the pre-winter cliff position. Cliff erosion appears to be a balance between terrestrial mass wasting processes, which tend to decrease the cliff slope, and wave attack, which removes debris and erodes the cliff base increasing the cliff slope. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00316-X","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Sallenger, A.H., Krabill, W., Brock, J., Swift, R., Manizade, S., and Stockdon, H., 2002, Sea-cliff erosion as a function of beach changes and extreme wave runup during the 1997-1998 El Nino: Marine Geology, v. 187, no. 3-4, p. 279-297, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00316-X.","startPage":"279","endPage":"297","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231815,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207142,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00316-X"}],"volume":"187","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8801e4b08c986b316770","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sallenger, A. H. Jr.","contributorId":8818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sallenger","given":"A.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krabill, W.","contributorId":86524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabill","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brock, J. 0000-0002-5289-9332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5289-9332","contributorId":71658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brock","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swift, R.","contributorId":87716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swift","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Manizade, S.","contributorId":76502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manizade","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stockdon, H.","contributorId":71351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stockdon","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70024554,"text":"70024554 - 2002 - Patton's tracks in the Mojave Desert, USA: An ecological legacy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T16:12:58","indexId":"70024554","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":904,"text":"Arid Land Research and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patton's tracks in the Mojave Desert, USA: An ecological legacy","docAbstract":"<p>Recovery of soil properties from World War II-era military training exercises in the Mojave Desert was measured approximately 55 years following disturbance. Tracks from military vehicles were still visible, particularly in areas of desert pavement. Soil penetrability was much lower in visible tracks than outside the tracks. Soils in tracks had fewer rocks in the top 10cm of the soil profile than adjacent untracked soils. Larger particles (&gt; 4.8mm) formed a moderately well-developed pavement outside of the tracks, while smaller, loose particles ( h 4.8mm) dominated the surface of the tracks. The time required to restore the desert pavement is likely to be measured in centuries. Based on biomass estimates, the cyanobacterial component of biological soil crusts had recovered 46-65% in tracks, compared to outside the tracks. Overall recovery of lichen cover has been much slower. Under plant canopies, cover of <i>Collema tenax</i> was not significantly different between areas inside and outside the tracks; however, recovery of <i>Catapyrenium squamulosum</i> was only 36%. In plant interspaces with less favorable moisture and temperature conditions, <i>C. tenax</i> showed a 6% recovery and <i>C. squamulosum</i> a 3% recovery. Assuming recovery of the biological soil crust is linear, and complete only when the most sensitive species (<i>C. squamulosum</i>) has fully recovered in the most limiting microhabitats (plant interspaces), it may require almost two millennia for full recovery of these areas.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/153249802760284793","usgsCitation":"Belnap, J., and Warren, S.D., 2002, Patton's tracks in the Mojave Desert, USA: An ecological legacy: Arid Land Research and Management, v. 16, no. 3, p. 245-258, https://doi.org/10.1080/153249802760284793.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"245","endPage":"258","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232876,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a75efe4b0c8380cd77e21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":401690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warren, Steven D.","contributorId":59367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}