The technical advances of positioning technologies enable us to track animal movements at finer spatial and temporal scales, and further help to discover a variety of complex interactive relationships. In this paper, considering the loose gathering characteristics of the real-life groups' members during the movements, we propose two kinds of loose group movement patterns and corresponding discovery algorithms. Firstly, we propose the weakly consistent group movement pattern which allows the gathering of a part of the members and individual temporary leave from the whole during the movements. To tolerate the high dispersion of the group at some moments (i.e. to adapt the discontinuity of the group's gatherings), we further scheme the weakly consistent and continuous group movement pattern. The extensive experimental analysis and comparison with the real and synthetic data shows that the group pattern discovery algorithms proposed in this paper are similar to the the real-life frequent divergences of the members during the movements, can discover more complete memberships, and have considerable performance.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"2015 IEEE 11th International Conference on e-Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"2015 IEEE 11th International Conference on e-Science","conferenceDate":"August 31, 2015","conferenceLocation":"Munich, Germany","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/eScience.2015.30","usgsCitation":"Wang, Y., Luo, Z., Xiong, Y., Prosser, D.J., Newman, S.H., Takekawa, J.Y., and Yan, B., 2015, Discovering loose group movement patterns from animal trajectories, in 2015 IEEE 11th International Conference on e-Science, Munich, Germany, August 31, 2015, p. 196-206, https://doi.org/10.1109/eScience.2015.30.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"196","endPage":"206","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066587","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310978,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5639daffe4b0d6133fe732cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, Yuwei","contributorId":149674,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Yuwei","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luo, Ze","contributorId":41307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luo","given":"Ze","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Xiong, Yan","contributorId":102764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xiong","given":"Yan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Prosser, Diann J. 0000-0002-5251-1799 dprosser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5251-1799","contributorId":2389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prosser","given":"Diann","email":"dprosser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Newman, Scott H.","contributorId":101372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newman","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":579123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Yan, Baoping","contributorId":76871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yan","given":"Baoping","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70159314,"text":"ds969 - 2015 - Incorporating future change into current conservation planning: Evaluating tidal saline wetland migration along the U.S. Gulf of Mexico coast under alternative sea-level rise and urbanization scenarios","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-03T10:19:44","indexId":"ds969","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-02T16:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"969","title":"Incorporating future change into current conservation planning: Evaluating tidal saline wetland migration along the U.S. Gulf of Mexico coast under alternative sea-level rise and urbanization scenarios","docAbstract":"In this study, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, quantified the potential for landward migration of tidal saline wetlands along the U.S. Gulf of Mexico coast under alternative future sea-level rise and urbanization scenarios. Our analyses focused exclusively on tidal saline wetlands (that is, mangrove forests, salt marshes, and salt flats), and we combined these diverse tidal saline wetland ecosystems into a single grouping, “tidal saline wetland.” Collectively, our approach and findings can provide useful information for scientists and environmental planners working to develop future-focused adaptation strategies for conserving coastal landscapes and the ecosystem goods and services provided by tidal saline wetlands. The primary product of this work is a public dataset that identifies locations where landward migration of tidal saline wetlands is expected to occur under alternative future sea-level rise and urbanization scenarios. In addition to identifying areas where landward migration of tidal saline wetlands is possible because of the absence of barriers, these data also identify locations where landward migration of these wetlands could be prevented by barriers associated with current urbanization, future urbanization, and levees.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds969","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Enwright, N.M., Griffith, K.T., and Osland, M.J., 2015, Incorporating future change into current conservation planning—Evaluating tidal saline wetland migration along the U.S. Gulf of Mexico coast under alternative sea-level rise and urbanization scenarios: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 969, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ds969.","productDescription":"HTML Document; Dataset","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-069118","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310970,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":310664,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0969/ds969.html","text":"Report HTML","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"DS 969 HTML"},{"id":310665,"rank":2,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/55f742a8e4b0477df11c0a2b","text":"Dataset"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.44873046875,\n 25.859223554761407\n ],\n [\n -97.75634765625,\n 27.293689224852407\n ],\n [\n -97.0751953125,\n 28.555576049185973\n ],\n [\n -94.04296874999999,\n 30.012030680358613\n ],\n [\n -92.4169921875,\n 30.012030680358613\n ],\n [\n -90.24169921875,\n 29.821582720575016\n ],\n [\n -89.53857421875,\n 30.524413269923986\n ],\n [\n -85.869140625,\n 30.637912028341123\n ],\n [\n -85.0341796875,\n 30.012030680358613\n ],\n [\n -83.8916015625,\n 30.4297295750316\n ],\n [\n -82.37548828125,\n 29.113775395114416\n ],\n [\n -82.28759765625,\n 27.371767300523047\n ],\n [\n -80.7275390625,\n 25.383735254706867\n ],\n [\n -80.9033203125,\n 24.806681353851964\n ],\n [\n -83.14453125,\n 27.293689224852407\n ],\n [\n -83.056640625,\n 28.767659105691255\n ],\n [\n -84.24316406249999,\n 29.84064389983441\n ],\n [\n -85.23193359375,\n 29.267232865200878\n ],\n [\n -86.59423828125,\n 30.164126343161097\n ],\n [\n -89.01123046875,\n 29.897805610155874\n ],\n [\n -89.01123046875,\n 28.94086176940557\n ],\n [\n -92.52685546875,\n 29.209713225868185\n ],\n [\n -94.04296874999999,\n 29.420460341013133\n ],\n [\n -96.85546875,\n 27.68352808378776\n ],\n [\n -96.96533203125,\n 25.93828707492375\n ],\n [\n -97.44873046875,\n 25.859223554761407\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
700 Cajundome Blvd.
Lafayette, LA 70506
http://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/
This document provides an overview of the capabilities, design, and use cases of the data acquisition and archiving subsystem at the U.S. Geological Survey National Earthquake Information Center. The Edge and Continuous Waveform Buffer software supports the National Earthquake Information Center’s worldwide earthquake monitoring mission in direct station data acquisition, data import, short- and long-term data archiving, data distribution, query services, and playback, among other capabilities. The software design and architecture can be configured to support acquisition and (or) archiving use cases. The software continues to be developed in order to expand the acquisition, storage, and distribution capabilities.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151174","usgsCitation":"Patton, J.M., Ketchum, D.C., and Guy, M.R., 2015, An overview of the National Earthquake Information Center acquisition software system, Edge/Continuous Waveform Buffer: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1174, 10 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151174.","productDescription":"iv, 10 p.","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-067426","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310780,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1174/ofr20151174.pdf","text":"Report","size":"688 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1174"},{"id":310779,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1174/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Geologic Hazards Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS–966
Denver, CO 80225-0046
http://geohazards.cr.usgs.gov/
It has long been recognized that Nepal faces high earthquake hazard, with the most recent large (Mw>7.5) events in 1833 and 1934. When the 25 April 2015Mw 7.8 Gorkha earthquake struck, it appeared initially to be a realization of worst fears. In spite of its large magnitude and proximity to the densely populated Kathmandu valley, however, the level of damage was lower than anticipated, with most vernacular structures within the valley experiencing little or no structural damage. Outside the valley, catastrophic damage did occur in some villages, associated with the high vulnerability of stone masonry construction and, in many cases, landsliding. The unexpected observations from this expected earthquake provide an urgent impetus to understand the event itself and to better characterize hazard from future large Himalayan earthquakes. Toward this end, articles in this special focus section present and describe available data sets and initial results that better illuminate and interpret the earthquake and its effects.
","language":"English","publisher":"Eastern Section, Seismological Society of America","publisherLocation":"El Cerrito, CA","doi":"10.1785/0220150212","usgsCitation":"Hough, S.E., 2015, Introduction to the focus section on the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, earthquake: Seismological Research Letters, v. 86, no. 6, p. 1502-1505, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220150212.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1502","endPage":"1505","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-067135","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310954,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Nepal","state":"Gorkha","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 85.80322265625,\n 28.004101830368654\n ],\n [\n 85.67138671875,\n 26.95145308349826\n ],\n [\n 86.30859375,\n 26.54922257769204\n ],\n [\n 86.748046875,\n 26.598351182358293\n ],\n [\n 87.3193359375,\n 27.410785702577023\n ],\n [\n 87.16552734375,\n 27.751607687549384\n ],\n [\n 86.72607421875,\n 28.06228599981216\n ],\n [\n 86.220703125,\n 28.06228599981216\n ],\n [\n 85.80322265625,\n 28.004101830368654\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"86","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-10-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56388939e4b0d6133fe72f87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hough, Susan E. 0000-0002-5980-2986 hough@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5980-2986","contributorId":587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"Susan","email":"hough@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70159458,"text":"70159458 - 2015 - Exploration of the canyon-incised continental margin of the northeastern United States reveals dynamic habitats and diverse communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-17T23:29:28","indexId":"70159458","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-02T09:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Exploration of the canyon-incised continental margin of the northeastern United States reveals dynamic habitats and diverse communities","docAbstract":"The continental margin off the northeastern United States (NEUS) contains numerous, topographically complex features that increase habitat heterogeneity across the region. However, the majority of these rugged features have never been surveyed, particularly using direct observations. During summer 2013, 31 Remotely-Operated Vehicle (ROV) dives were conducted from 494 to 3271 m depth across a variety of seafloor features to document communities and to infer geological processes that produced such features. The ROV surveyed six broad-scale habitat features, consisting of shelf-breaching canyons, slope-sourced canyons, inter-canyon areas, open-slope/landslide-scar areas, hydrocarbon seeps, and Mytilus Seamount. Four previously unknown chemosynthetic communities dominated by Bathymodiolus mussels were documented. Seafloor methane hydrate was observed at two seep sites. Multivariate analyses indicated that depth and broad-scale habitat significantly influenced megafaunal coral (58 taxa), demersal fish (69 taxa), and decapod crustacean (34 taxa) assemblages. Species richness of fishes and crustaceans significantly declined with depth, while there was no relationship between coral richness and depth. Turnover in assemblage structure occurred on the middle to lower slope at the approximate boundaries of water masses found previously in the region. Coral species richness was also an important variable explaining variation in fish and crustacean assemblages. Coral diversity may serve as an indicator of habitat suitability and variation in available niche diversity for these taxonomic groups. Our surveys added 24 putative coral species and three fishes to the known regional fauna, including the black coral Telopathes magna, the octocoral Metallogorgia melanotrichosand the fishes Gaidropsarus argentatus, Guttigadus latifrons, and Lepidion guentheri. Marine litter was observed on 81% of the dives, with at least 12 coral colonies entangled in debris. While initial exploration revealed the NEUS region to be both geologically dynamic and biologically diverse, further research into the abiotic conditions and the biotic interactions that influence species abundance and distribution is needed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Public Library of Science","publisherLocation":"San Francisco, CA","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0139904","collaboration":"NOAA, TAMU, WHOI, UCONN, MSU (Mississippi)","usgsCitation":"Quattrini, A., Nizinski, M.S., Chaytor, J., Demopoulos, A.W., Roark, E., France, S., Moore, J.A., Heyl, T.P., Auster, P.J., Ruppel, C., Elliott, K.P., Kennedy, B.R., Lobecker, E.A., Skarke, A., and Shank, T., 2015, Exploration of the canyon-incised continental margin of the northeastern United States reveals dynamic habitats and diverse communities: PLoS ONE, v. 10, no. 10, e0139904: 32 p., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139904.","productDescription":"e0139904: 32 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064221","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471666,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139904","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":310900,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Northeastern United States, Gulf of Maine, Georges Bank, MA, Cape Hatteras, NC","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.37695312499999,\n 34.52466147177172\n ],\n [\n -74.970703125,\n 33.61461929233378\n ],\n [\n -74.1357421875,\n 33.54139466898275\n ],\n [\n -71.9384765625,\n 33.797408767572485\n ],\n [\n -68.90625,\n 34.994003757575776\n ],\n [\n -67.2802734375,\n 38.272688535980976\n ],\n [\n -65.9619140625,\n 40.91351257612758\n ],\n [\n -65.302734375,\n 42.81152174509788\n ],\n [\n -65.7861328125,\n 43.48481212891603\n ],\n [\n -66.4453125,\n 44.05601169578525\n ],\n [\n -67.32421875,\n 44.402391829093915\n ],\n [\n -68.203125,\n 44.465151013519616\n ],\n [\n -69.6533203125,\n 43.992814500489914\n ],\n [\n -70.83984375,\n 43.068887774169625\n ],\n [\n -72.2900390625,\n 41.86956082699455\n ],\n [\n -74.3994140625,\n 40.07807142745009\n ],\n [\n -76.640625,\n 36.5978891330702\n ],\n [\n -76.37695312499999,\n 34.52466147177172\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"10","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-10-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56388934e4b0d6133fe72f81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quattrini, Andrea aquattrini@usgs.gov","contributorId":149599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quattrini","given":"Andrea","email":"aquattrini@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nizinski, Martha S.","contributorId":87680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nizinski","given":"Martha","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chaytor, Jason 0000-0001-8135-8677 jchaytor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8135-8677","contributorId":140095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaytor","given":"Jason","email":"jchaytor@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Demopoulos, Amanda W.J. 0000-0003-2096-4694 ademopoulos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2096-4694","contributorId":145681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Demopoulos","given":"Amanda","email":"ademopoulos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.J.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Roark, E. Brendan","contributorId":25464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roark","given":"E. Brendan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"France, Scott","contributorId":149600,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"France","given":"Scott","affiliations":[{"id":17769,"text":"UL, Lafayette","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Moore, Jon A.","contributorId":149601,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moore","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":17770,"text":"FAU","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Heyl, Taylor P.","contributorId":77006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heyl","given":"Taylor","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Auster, Peter J.","contributorId":52907,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Auster","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Ruppel, Carolyn D. 0000-0003-2284-6632 cruppel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2284-6632","contributorId":145770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppel","given":"Carolyn D.","email":"cruppel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":578900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Elliott, Kelley P.","contributorId":149602,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Elliott","given":"Kelley","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":12641,"text":"NOAA NMFS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Kennedy, Brian R. C.","contributorId":149603,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"R. C.","affiliations":[{"id":12641,"text":"NOAA NMFS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Lobecker, Elizabeth A.","contributorId":98651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lobecker","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Skarke, Adam","contributorId":34055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skarke","given":"Adam","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Shank, Timothy M.","contributorId":100722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shank","given":"Timothy M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15}]}} ,{"id":70159459,"text":"70159459 - 2015 - Spatially explicit spectral analysis of point clouds and geospatial data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-02T12:42:30","indexId":"70159459","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-02T01:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatially explicit spectral analysis of point clouds and geospatial data","docAbstract":"The increasing use of spatially explicit analyses of high-resolution spatially distributed data (imagery and point clouds) for the purposes of characterising spatial heterogeneity in geophysical phenomena necessitates the development of custom analytical and computational tools. In recent years, such analyses have become the basis of, for example, automated texture characterisation and segmentation, roughness and grain size calculation, and feature detection and classification, from a variety of data types. In this work, much use has been made of statistical descriptors of localised spatial variations in amplitude variance (roughness), however the horizontal scale (wavelength) and spacing of roughness elements is rarely considered. This is despite the fact that the ratio of characteristic vertical to horizontal scales is not constant and can yield important information about physical scaling relationships. Spectral analysis is a hitherto under-utilised but powerful means to acquire statistical information about relevant amplitude and wavelength scales, simultaneously and with computational efficiency. Further, quantifying spatially distributed data in the frequency domain lends itself to the development of stochastic models for probing the underlying mechanisms which govern the spatial distribution of geological and geophysical phenomena. The software packagePySESA (Python program for Spatially Explicit Spectral Analysis) has been developed for generic analyses of spatially distributed data in both the spatial and frequency domains. Developed predominantly in Python, it accesses libraries written in Cython and C++ for efficiency. It is open source and modular, therefore readily incorporated into, and combined with, other data analysis tools and frameworks with particular utility for supporting research in the fields of geomorphology, geophysics, hydrography, photogrammetry and remote sensing. The analytical and computational structure of the toolbox is described, and its functionality illustrated with an example of a high-resolution bathymetric point cloud data collected with multibeam echosounder.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Oxford, UK","doi":"10.1016/j.cageo.2015.10.004","usgsCitation":"Buscombe, D.D., 2015, Spatially explicit spectral analysis of point clouds and geospatial data: Computers & Geosciences, v. 86, p. 92-108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2015.10.004.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"92","endPage":"108","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065612","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471667,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://eartharxiv.org/wr2pf/","text":"External Repository"},{"id":310911,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56388939e4b0d6133fe72f89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buscombe, Daniel D. 0000-0001-6217-5584 dbuscombe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6217-5584","contributorId":5020,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buscombe","given":"Daniel","email":"dbuscombe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70158960,"text":"sir20155146 - 2015 - Climate and streamflow characteristics for selected streamgages in eastern South Dakota, water years 1945–2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-12T20:01:45","indexId":"sir20155146","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-02T01:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5146","title":"Climate and streamflow characteristics for selected streamgages in eastern South Dakota, water years 1945–2013","docAbstract":"Upward trends in precipitation and streamflow have been observed in the northeastern Missouri River Basin during the past century, including the area of eastern South Dakota. Some of the identified upward trends were anomalously large relative to surrounding parts of the northern Great Plains. Forcing factors for streamflow trends in eastern South Dakota are not well understood, and it is not known whether streamflow trends are driven primarily by climatic changes or various land-use changes. Understanding the effects that climate (specifically precipitation and temperature) has on streamflow characteristics within a region will help to better understand additional factors such as land-use alterations that may affect the hydrology of the region. To aid in this understanding, a study was completed by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the East Dakota Water Development District and James River Water Development District, to assess trends in climate and streamflow characteristics at 10 selected streamgages in eastern South Dakota for water years (WYs) 1945–2013 (69 years) and WYs 1980–2013 (34 years). A WY is the 12-month period, October 1 through September 30, and is designated by the calendar year in which it ends. One streamgage is on the Whetstone River, a tributary to the Minnesota River, and the other streamgages are in the James, Big Sioux, and Vermillion River Basins. The watersheds for two of the James River streamgages extend into North Dakota, and parts of the watersheds for two of the Big Sioux River streamgages extend into Minnesota and Iowa. The objectives of this study were to document trends in streamflow and precipitation in these watersheds, and characterize the residual streamflow variability that might be attributed to factors other than precipitation. Residuals were computed as the departure from a locally-weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOWESS) model. Significance of trends was based on the Mann-Kendall nonparametric test at a 0.10 significance level.
\nOf the 10 streamgages selected, only the Elm River at Westport (in the upper part of James River Basin) did not have a significant upward trend in annual mean streamflow for WYs 1945–2013, whereas only one-half of the streamgages had significant upward trends in annual mean streamflow for WYs 1980–2013. Mean and 7-day minimum streamflows also had upward trends for the spring runoff period (March–May) for most of the streamgages during WYs 1945–2013 and for one streamgage during WYs 1980–2013. Magnitudes of increases in streamflow were as great as 30 cubic feet per second per year for the streamgage on the James River near Scotland during WYs 1980–2013.
\nPrecipitation trends for WYs 1945–2013 were not necessarily significant for the watersheds of streamgages with a significant streamflow trend. Annual total precipitation had a significant upward trend for the watersheds of 4 of the 10 streamgages during WYs 1945–2013 and no significant trends for WYs 1980–2013. The most widespread precipitation increase was for September–November, with significant upward trends for the watersheds of 8 of the 10 streamgages during WYs 1945–2013; however, no trends in September– November precipitation were significant for WYs 1980–2013. The greatest magnitude of increase in precipitation was for the December–May season during WYs 1980–2013, which had a mean increase of 0.106 inch per year in the watersheds of streamgages with significant trends.
\nThe correlation between streamflow and precipitation metrics was low as indicated by the mean coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.18 for all pairs considered. The highest locally-weighed scatterplot smoothing (LOWESS) correlation was between annual precipitation (by water year) and annual mean streamflow (by water year), which had a mean R2 of 0.47 for all streamgages and was as high as 0.72 for one streamgage. The correlation between annual precipitation and March–May mean streamflow had a mean R2 of 0.33 for all streamgages and was as high as 0.52 for one streamgage. Other metrics had R2 values for LOWESS correlations that were less than 0.3 and were not further considered for analyses of residuals. For annual precipitation as a predictor of annual mean flow, precipitation-removed streamflow had significant upward trends during WYs 1945–2013 for one-half of the streamgages. Upward trends in residual annual mean streamflow were indicated for the Whetstone River and lower part of the Big Sioux River Basin, indicating that other factors are contributors to streamflow variability during WYs 1945–2013. In contrast, most of the streamgages in the James and Vermillion River Basins had no trends in residual annual mean streamflow, indicating that streamflow trends can be explained primarily by precipitation. Precipitation-removed streamflow had fewer trends during the more recent analysis period of WYs 1980–2013 than WYs 1945–2013 for all streamgages in eastern South Dakota. Upward trends in residuals for March– May mean streamflow were indicated for Skunk Creek at Sioux Falls and the Big Sioux River at Akron, but trends in residuals were not significant at the remaining streamgages.
\nFor the streamgages with significant trends in residual streamflow (such as the streamgage on the Whetstone River and streamgages in the Big Sioux River Basin), land-use changes likely are minor factors, with the main factors probably being changes in the timing and frequency of large precipitation events and persistently wetter antecedent conditions. Changes in the relation between precipitation and streamflow since 1945 were evident when considering the runoff efficiency of the watershed. For example, the streamflow response to annual precipitation of 25 inches for the James River near Scotland increased from approximately 1,000 cubic feet per second for WYs 1945–1990 to about 2,500 cubic feet per second for WYs 1991–2013. The importance of antecedent conditions on annual mean streamflow also was indicated by the significance of the multiple linear regression coefficients of annual mean streamflow and precipitation from preceding water years for all but one streamgage. In addition, rising groundwater levels are present in wells in eastern South Dakota, particularly since the 1980s.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155146","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the East Dakota Water Development District and James River Water Development District","usgsCitation":"Hoogestraat, G.K., and Stamm, J.F., 2015, Climate and streamflow characteristics for selected streamgages in eastern\nSouth Dakota, water years 1945–2013: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5146, 35 p., with\nappendix, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155146.","productDescription":"Report: v, 35 p.; Appendix","numberOfPages":"48","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1944-10-01","temporalEnd":"2013-09-30","ipdsId":"IP-066397","costCenters":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310790,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5146/sir20155146.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.56 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5146"},{"id":310792,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5146/appendix.xlsx","text":"Appendix","size":"94 kB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 2015-5146 Appendix"},{"id":310789,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5146/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Big Sioux River basin, James River basin, Minnesota River basin, Vermillion River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.8876953125,\n 46.649436163350245\n ],\n [\n -100.17333984375,\n 45.98169518512228\n ],\n [\n -100.2392578125,\n 44.94924926661153\n ],\n [\n -98.8330078125,\n 43.27720532212024\n ],\n [\n -98.59130859375,\n 43.004647127794435\n ],\n [\n -97.88818359375,\n 42.76314586689494\n ],\n [\n -97.44873046875,\n 42.827638636242284\n ],\n [\n -96.45996093749999,\n 42.553080288955826\n ],\n [\n -96.45996093749999,\n 42.956422511073335\n ],\n [\n -95.77880859375,\n 43.42100882994726\n ],\n [\n -95.95458984375,\n 44.11914151643737\n ],\n [\n -96.96533203125,\n 44.793530904744074\n ],\n [\n -96.591796875,\n 45.336701909968106\n ],\n [\n -96.83349609375,\n 45.61403741135093\n ],\n [\n -97.3828125,\n 45.55252525134013\n ],\n [\n -97.91015624999999,\n 45.72152152227954\n ],\n [\n -98.06396484375,\n 46.07323062540838\n ],\n [\n -98.4814453125,\n 46.30140615437332\n ],\n [\n -98.7890625,\n 46.6795944656402\n ],\n [\n -99.25048828124999,\n 46.76996843356982\n ],\n [\n -99.8876953125,\n 46.649436163350245\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, South Dakota Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1608 Mountain View Road
Rapid City, South Dakota 57702
http://sd.water.usgs.gov/
Shale is now commonly exploited as a hydrocarbon resource. Due to the high degree of geochemical and petrophysical heterogeneity both between shale reservoirs and within a single reservoir, there is a growing need to find more efficient methods of extracting petroleum compounds (crude oil, natural gas, bitumen) from potential source rocks. In this study, supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) was used to extract n-aliphatic hydrocarbons from ground samples of Marcellus shale. Samples were collected from vertically drilled wells in central and western Pennsylvania, USA, with total organic carbon (TOC) content ranging from 1.5 to 6.2 wt %. Extraction temperature and pressure conditions (80°C and 21.7 MPa, respectively) were chosen to represent approximate in situ reservoir conditions at sample depth (1920–2280 m). Hydrocarbon yield was evaluated as a function of sample matrix particle size (sieve size) over the following size ranges: 1000–500 μm, 250–125 μm, and 63–25 μm. Several methods of shale characterization including Rock-Eval II pyrolysis, organic petrography, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area, and X-ray diffraction analyses were also performed to better understand potential controls on extraction yields. Despite high sample thermal maturity, results show that supercritical CO2 can liberate diesel-range (n-C11 through n-C21) n-aliphatic hydrocarbons. The total quantity of extracted, resolvable n-aliphatic hydrocarbons ranges from approximately 0.3 to 12 mg of hydrocarbon per gram of TOC. Sieve size does have an effect on extraction yield, with highest recovery from the 250–125 μm size fraction. However, the significance of this effect is limited, likely due to the low size ranges of the extracted shale particles. Additional trends in hydrocarbon yield are observed among all samples, regardless of sieve size: 1) yield increases as a function of specific surface area (r2 = 0.78); and 2) both yield and surface area increase with increasing TOC content (r2 = 0.97 and 0.86, respectively). Given that supercritical CO2 is able to mobilize residual organic matter present in overmature shales, this study contributes to a better understanding of the extent and potential factors affecting the extraction process.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b02059","usgsCitation":"Botterell, P.J., Candela, P.A., Zhu, W., and Kaufman, A.J., 2015, Extraction of hydrocarbons from high-maturity Marcellus Shale using supercritical carbon dioxide: Energy & Fuels, v. 29, no. 12, p. 7897-7909, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b02059.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"7897","endPage":"7909","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066645","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312576,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Central and Western Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.518798828125,\n 41.95949009892465\n ],\n [\n -80.52978515625,\n 39.740986355883564\n ],\n [\n -77.2998046875,\n 39.73253798438173\n ],\n [\n -77.27783203125,\n 42.00848901572399\n ],\n [\n -79.749755859375,\n 42.00848901572399\n ],\n [\n -79.771728515625,\n 42.285437007491545\n ],\n [\n -80.518798828125,\n 41.95949009892465\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"12","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-11-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"567930c6e4b0da412f4fb55f","chorus":{"doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b02059","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b02059","publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","authors":"Jarboe Palma J., Candela Philip A., Zhu Wenlu, Kaufman Alan J.","journalName":"Energy & Fuels","publicationDate":"12/17/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Botterell, Palma J. 0000-0001-7140-0915 pjarboe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7140-0915","contributorId":5805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Botterell","given":"Palma","email":"pjarboe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":582557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Candela, Philip A.","contributorId":150643,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Candela","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":18057,"text":"Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":582558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhu, Wenlu","contributorId":150644,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhu","given":"Wenlu","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":18057,"text":"Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":582559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kaufman, Alan J.","contributorId":150645,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kaufman","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":18058,"text":"Department of Geology, and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center. University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":582560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70160790,"text":"70160790 - 2015 - Ribosomal DNA identification of Nosema/Vairimorpha in freshwater polychaete, Manayunkia speciosa, from Oregon/California and the Laurentian Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-30T15:50:37","indexId":"70160790","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-01T16:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2361,"text":"Journal of Invertebrate Pathology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ribosomal DNA identification of Nosema/Vairimorpha in freshwater polychaete, Manayunkia speciosa, from Oregon/California and the Laurentian Great Lakes","docAbstract":"We examined Manayunkia speciosa individuals from the Klamath River, Oregon/California and Lake Erie, Michigan, USA for the presence of Microsporidia. We identified microsporidian spores and sequenced their SSU, ITS, and part of the LSU rDNA. Phylogenetic analysis of SSU rDNA indicated spores from both populations belonged to the Nosema/Vairimorpha clade. PCR showed an infection prevalence in Lake Erie M. speciosa of 0.6% (95% CI = 0.5%, 0.7%). This represents the first known example of molecularly characterized Nosema/Vairimorpha isolates infecting a non-arthropod host.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2015.09.004","usgsCitation":"Malakauskas, D.M., Altman, E.C., Malakauskas, S.J., Thiem, S.M., and Schloesser, D.W., 2015, Ribosomal DNA identification of Nosema/Vairimorpha in freshwater polychaete, Manayunkia speciosa, from Oregon/California and the Laurentian Great Lakes: Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, v. 132, p. 101-104, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2015.09.004.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"101","endPage":"104","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066838","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313089,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Michigan, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Klamath River, Lake Erie","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.8218994140625,\n 42.22343274625828\n ],\n [\n -121.77383422851562,\n 42.235635122140614\n ],\n [\n -121.75323486328124,\n 42.19393393313973\n ],\n [\n -121.84799194335936,\n 42.07783959017503\n ],\n [\n -121.8878173828125,\n 42.06560675405716\n ],\n [\n -121.9317626953125,\n 42.10637370579324\n ],\n [\n -122.01141357421875,\n 42.13387658821469\n ],\n [\n -122.06771850585939,\n 42.05439124994332\n ],\n [\n -122.12677001953124,\n 41.999304591234996\n ],\n [\n -122.17346191406249,\n 41.99726342796974\n ],\n [\n -122.18994140624999,\n 41.95336258301847\n ],\n [\n -122.2723388671875,\n 41.94825586972943\n ],\n [\n -122.3382568359375,\n 41.95949009892465\n ],\n [\n -122.40966796874999,\n 41.95131994679697\n ],\n [\n -122.46047973632812,\n 41.887965758804484\n ],\n [\n -122.53875732421875,\n 41.87467383975803\n ],\n [\n -122.574462890625,\n 41.81738473661009\n ],\n [\n -122.67196655273436,\n 41.81738473661009\n ],\n [\n -122.71591186523438,\n 41.843989628462204\n ],\n [\n -122.80105590820314,\n 41.84603570059352\n ],\n [\n -122.838134765625,\n 41.822501920711076\n ],\n [\n -122.90267944335938,\n 41.829665291469354\n ],\n [\n -122.99606323242188,\n 41.80817277478235\n ],\n [\n -123.03314208984374,\n 41.7631174470059\n ],\n [\n -123.101806640625,\n 41.78360106648078\n ],\n [\n -123.16909790039062,\n 41.81533774847465\n ],\n [\n -123.28582763671875,\n 41.84501267270692\n ],\n [\n -123.32839965820311,\n 41.77028745790557\n ],\n [\n -123.36135864257811,\n 41.7672146942102\n ],\n [\n -123.48907470703125,\n 41.56408696606436\n ],\n [\n -123.46435546875,\n 41.384021583849886\n ],\n [\n -123.51791381835939,\n 41.28915808826864\n ],\n [\n -123.61267089843751,\n 41.235478485093836\n ],\n [\n -123.67996215820312,\n 41.168316941075766\n ],\n [\n -123.76647949218749,\n 41.1817547636353\n ],\n [\n -123.79943847656251,\n 41.24787000204815\n ],\n [\n -123.86810302734375,\n 41.2674850985213\n ],\n [\n -123.90380859374999,\n 41.32835758409141\n ],\n [\n -123.97384643554688,\n 41.43346072687072\n ],\n [\n -123.98071289062499,\n 41.475660200278234\n ],\n [\n -124.08096313476562,\n 41.52811390935743\n ],\n [\n -124.09469604492186,\n 41.55586631766996\n ],\n [\n -123.95736694335938,\n 41.529141988723104\n ],\n [\n -123.91754150390625,\n 41.463311976686235\n ],\n [\n -123.88870239257811,\n 41.380930388318\n ],\n [\n -123.82827758789061,\n 41.35413387210046\n ],\n [\n -123.8214111328125,\n 41.3108238809182\n ],\n [\n -123.75961303710938,\n 41.27780646738183\n ],\n [\n -123.72802734375,\n 41.225150426206326\n ],\n [\n -123.68545532226561,\n 41.21068840283448\n ],\n [\n -123.67034912109374,\n 41.24993502644133\n ],\n [\n -123.60992431640624,\n 41.29122180718261\n ],\n [\n -123.52615356445312,\n 41.32938883149375\n ],\n [\n -123.51654052734374,\n 41.3757780692323\n ],\n [\n -123.52066040039062,\n 41.46228285189013\n ],\n [\n -123.54812622070311,\n 41.52708581365462\n ],\n [\n -123.55636596679688,\n 41.58771550500517\n ],\n [\n -123.48358154296874,\n 41.636999392019725\n ],\n [\n -123.46160888671875,\n 41.679066225164114\n ],\n [\n -123.46572875976561,\n 41.73033005046653\n ],\n [\n -123.42727661132812,\n 41.75287318430239\n ],\n [\n -123.41766357421875,\n 41.79998325207397\n ],\n [\n -123.35723876953124,\n 41.83068856472101\n ],\n [\n -123.32702636718749,\n 41.823525308461456\n ],\n [\n -123.31741333007812,\n 41.832735062152615\n ],\n [\n -123.32427978515625,\n 41.86853817536259\n ],\n [\n -123.29269409179688,\n 41.8787639554894\n ],\n [\n -123.20892333984375,\n 41.870583462266836\n ],\n [\n -123.13064575195312,\n 41.83580468561977\n ],\n [\n -123.05648803710938,\n 41.80203073088394\n ],\n [\n -123.01803588867186,\n 41.83682786072714\n ],\n [\n -122.94525146484375,\n 41.85319643776675\n ],\n [\n -122.8546142578125,\n 41.8562650797484\n ],\n [\n -122.8216552734375,\n 41.88285380945687\n ],\n [\n -122.76397705078124,\n 41.87160608117939\n ],\n [\n -122.72964477539062,\n 41.881831370505594\n ],\n [\n -122.69256591796876,\n 41.875696393231\n ],\n [\n -122.6513671875,\n 41.843989628462204\n ],\n [\n -122.58132934570311,\n 41.843989628462204\n ],\n [\n -122.56622314453124,\n 41.88898809959183\n ],\n [\n -122.51266479492188,\n 41.90943147946872\n ],\n [\n -122.47833251953125,\n 41.91249742196845\n ],\n [\n -122.45498657226561,\n 41.93599808866782\n ],\n [\n -122.44949340820312,\n 41.97786911170172\n ],\n [\n -122.39044189453124,\n 41.983994270935625\n ],\n [\n -122.310791015625,\n 42.001345689029755\n ],\n [\n -122.25585937500001,\n 41.97684819454686\n ],\n [\n -122.2119140625,\n 41.98501507352482\n ],\n [\n -122.200927734375,\n 42.019712622928495\n ],\n [\n -122.11441040039061,\n 42.03807425331983\n ],\n [\n -122.09930419921876,\n 42.111467732769135\n ],\n [\n -122.05123901367186,\n 42.15933157601718\n ],\n [\n -121.96746826171875,\n 42.1613675328748\n ],\n [\n -121.89743041992189,\n 42.13795007405908\n ],\n [\n -121.87271118164062,\n 42.10943017110108\n ],\n [\n -121.86309814453124,\n 42.15322331239858\n ],\n [\n -121.83151245117186,\n 42.17561739661684\n ],\n [\n -121.79443359375,\n 42.19698617329925\n ],\n [\n -121.8218994140625,\n 42.22343274625828\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.9422607421875,\n 42.90816007196054\n ],\n [\n -78.837890625,\n 42.78733853172001\n ],\n [\n -79.0411376953125,\n 42.68243539838623\n ],\n [\n -79.1400146484375,\n 42.5611728553181\n ],\n [\n -79.365234375,\n 42.48830197960227\n ],\n [\n -79.4696044921875,\n 42.39912215986002\n ],\n [\n -79.7882080078125,\n 42.256983603767466\n ],\n [\n -80.101318359375,\n 42.13082130188811\n ],\n [\n -80.3924560546875,\n 42.00848901572399\n ],\n [\n -80.7879638671875,\n 41.91045347666418\n ],\n [\n -81.221923828125,\n 41.77950486590359\n ],\n [\n -81.49658203125,\n 41.64418347939748\n ],\n [\n -81.73278808593749,\n 41.49623534616764\n ],\n [\n -81.947021484375,\n 41.47977575214487\n ],\n [\n -82.001953125,\n 41.50034959128928\n ],\n [\n -82.2930908203125,\n 41.43449030894922\n ],\n [\n -82.4853515625,\n 41.38917324986403\n ],\n [\n -82.72705078125,\n 41.44684402008925\n ],\n [\n -82.9852294921875,\n 41.409775832009565\n ],\n [\n -83.0950927734375,\n 41.60312076451184\n ],\n [\n -83.33129882812499,\n 41.68932225997044\n ],\n [\n -83.4521484375,\n 41.69752591075902\n ],\n [\n -83.47412109375,\n 41.77131167976407\n ],\n [\n -83.3367919921875,\n 41.93088998442502\n ],\n [\n -83.21044921875,\n 41.9921602333763\n ],\n [\n -83.133544921875,\n 42.24478535602799\n ],\n [\n -83.07861328125,\n 42.032974332441405\n ],\n [\n -82.8753662109375,\n 41.99624282178583\n ],\n [\n -82.64465332031249,\n 42.037054301883806\n ],\n [\n -82.5787353515625,\n 42.004407212963585\n ],\n [\n -82.50732421875,\n 41.90636538970964\n ],\n [\n -82.4908447265625,\n 42.02481360781777\n ],\n [\n -82.44140625,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -82.16125488281249,\n 42.224449701009725\n ],\n [\n -82.001953125,\n 42.261049162113856\n ],\n [\n -81.7987060546875,\n 42.382894009614056\n ],\n [\n -81.5185546875,\n 42.569264372193864\n ],\n [\n -81.38671875,\n 42.61779143282346\n ],\n [\n -81.24938964843749,\n 42.66224137632745\n ],\n [\n -81.01318359375,\n 42.65820178455667\n ],\n [\n -80.771484375,\n 42.633958722673164\n ],\n [\n -80.5462646484375,\n 42.569264372193864\n ],\n [\n -80.408935546875,\n 42.5733097370664\n ],\n [\n -80.44189453125,\n 42.61779143282346\n ],\n [\n -80.3594970703125,\n 42.69051116998241\n ],\n [\n -80.22766113281249,\n 42.775243380699706\n ],\n [\n -79.98046875,\n 42.81152174509788\n ],\n [\n -79.69482421875,\n 42.871938424448466\n ],\n [\n -79.4970703125,\n 42.85583308674893\n ],\n [\n -79.2718505859375,\n 42.88401467044253\n ],\n [\n -79.0960693359375,\n 42.85180609584705\n ],\n [\n -78.9422607421875,\n 42.90816007196054\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"132","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56850eebe4b0a04ef4933ae2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Malakauskas, David M.","contributorId":43247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malakauskas","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Altman, Emory C.","contributorId":150990,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Altman","given":"Emory","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":18157,"text":"Francis Marion University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":583940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Malakauskas, Sarah J.","contributorId":150991,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Malakauskas","given":"Sarah","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":18158,"text":"Francis Marion Uinversity","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":583941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thiem, Suzanne M.","contributorId":150992,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thiem","given":"Suzanne","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":583942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schloesser, Donald W. dschloesser@usgs.gov","contributorId":3579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schloesser","given":"Donald","email":"dschloesser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":583943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70249836,"text":"70249836 - 2015 - Long term changes in trout numbers following channel reconstruction, instream wood placement, and livestock removal from a spring creek in the Blackfoot Basin, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-01T20:57:18.781356","indexId":"70249836","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-01T15:54:21","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long term changes in trout numbers following channel reconstruction, instream wood placement, and livestock removal from a spring creek in the Blackfoot Basin, Montana","docAbstract":"To restore habitat for wild trout, Kleinschmidt Creek, a low-gradient, groundwater-dominated stream in the Blackfoot Basin, Montana, was reconstructed using natural channel design principles. Reconstruction increased stream sinuosity from a ratio of 1.1 to 1.6, decreased mean channel width from 14.5 to 2.8 m, and increased sediment transport capacity to reduce accumulations of fine instream sediment. To further improve trout habitat, coarse woody debris (CWD) was variably placed within the new channel and livestock were excluded to promote the vegetative recovery of the riparian area. To evaluate the response of wild trout (92% Brown Trout Salmo trutta) to channel restoration, the abundance (number of trout per linear meter) and biomass (g/linear m) of age 1+ trout were monitored for 15 years (1998–2012) in a reach with low density CWD (1.3 stems/100 m) and compared with regional (reference) trends. Posttreatment (2002–2012) trout numbers in the low-density CWD reach were also compared with those in a reach with high-density CWD (18.2 stems/100 m). Long-term trends for the reference reaches showed a significant negative trend in trout abundance and no significant trend for biomass. Long-term trends for the low-density CWD reach showed a significant positive trend in abundance, as well as a significant trend in biomass. Trout abundance and biomass increased over the posttreatment period in the low-density CWD reach. However, in the high density CWD reach, while posttreatment abundance increased significantly, there was no significant trend in biomass. These results demonstrated that channel restoration increased wild trout populations in a deep, narrow, vegetated stream and that instream wood provided primarily short-term benefits during the early phase of habitat recovery.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/00028487.2014.982261","usgsCitation":"Pierce, R., Podner, C., and Jones, L.A., 2015, Long term changes in trout numbers following channel reconstruction, instream wood placement, and livestock removal from a spring creek in the Blackfoot Basin, Montana: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 144, no. 1, p. 184-195, https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2014.982261.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"184","endPage":"195","ipdsId":"IP-056284","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":422315,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Blackfoot Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.59234371992167,\n 47.69488577624753\n ],\n [\n -114.59234371992167,\n 46.248158918552264\n ],\n [\n -111.17559567304633,\n 46.248158918552264\n ],\n [\n -111.17559567304633,\n 47.69488577624753\n ],\n [\n -114.59234371992167,\n 47.69488577624753\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"144","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pierce, Ron","contributorId":171578,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pierce","given":"Ron","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6581,"text":"Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Kalispell, Montana 59901, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":887304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Podner, Craig","contributorId":198117,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Podner","given":"Craig","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":887305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, Leslie A. 0000-0002-4953-7189 lajones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4953-7189","contributorId":4599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Leslie","email":"lajones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":887306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70168403,"text":"70168403 - 2015 - Tidal and seasonal variations in calving flux observed with passive seismology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-15T14:49:09","indexId":"70168403","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-01T15:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2318,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tidal and seasonal variations in calving flux observed with passive seismology","docAbstract":"The seismic signatures of calving events, i.e., calving icequakes, offer an opportunity to examine calving variability with greater precision than is available with other methods. Here using observations from Yahtse Glacier, Alaska, we describe methods to detect, locate, and characterize calving icequakes. We combine these icequake records with a coincident, manually generated record of observed calving events to develop and validate a statistical model through which we can infer iceberg sizes from the properties of calving icequakes. We find that the icequake duration is the single most significant predictor of an iceberg's size. We then apply this model to 18 months of seismic recordings and find elevated iceberg calving flux during the summer and fall and a pronounced lull in calving during midwinter. Calving flux is sensitive to semidiurnal tidal stage. Large calving events are tens of percent more likely during falling and low tides than during rising and high tides, consistent with a view that deeper water has a stabilizing influence on glacier termini. Multiple factors affect the occurrence of mechanical fractures that ultimately lead to iceberg calving. At Yahtse Glacier, seismology allows us to demonstrate that variations in the rate of submarine melt are a dominant control on iceberg calving rates at seasonal timescales. On hourly to daily timescales, tidal modulation of the normal stress against the glacier terminus reveals the nonlinear glacier response to changes in the near-terminus stress field.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington","doi":"10.1002/2015JF003641","usgsCitation":"Bartholomaus, T., Larsen, C.F., West, M.E., O’Neel, S., Pettit, E.C., and Truffer, M., 2015, Tidal and seasonal variations in calving flux observed with passive seismology: Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface, v. 120, no. 11, p. 2318-2337, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JF003641.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"2318","endPage":"2337","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-068427","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471668,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jf003641","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":318030,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yahtse Glacier","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -145.052490234375,\n 60.30518536282736\n ],\n [\n -144.920654296875,\n 60.46263441109029\n ],\n [\n -144.72290039062497,\n 60.68393876805448\n ],\n [\n -144.228515625,\n 60.7430555986765\n ],\n [\n -143.3935546875,\n 60.74842446462361\n ],\n [\n -142.58056640625,\n 60.61393311295654\n ],\n [\n -141.778564453125,\n 60.46263441109029\n ],\n [\n -141.163330078125,\n 60.29974250173088\n ],\n [\n -140.526123046875,\n 60.09224104108026\n ],\n [\n -139.932861328125,\n 59.828254000642204\n ],\n [\n -139.89990234375,\n 59.7563950493563\n ],\n [\n -140.262451171875,\n 59.689926220143356\n ],\n [\n -140.7568359375,\n 59.70655581142613\n ],\n [\n -141.13037109375,\n 59.80063426102869\n ],\n [\n -141.50390625,\n 59.91648345450877\n ],\n [\n -141.8115234375,\n 59.98250201795759\n ],\n [\n -142.18505859375,\n 60.048389180435564\n ],\n [\n -142.646484375,\n 60.09224104108026\n ],\n [\n -143.02001953125,\n 60.07032239787704\n ],\n [\n -143.426513671875,\n 60.02644138228128\n ],\n [\n -143.7890625,\n 59.98250201795759\n ],\n [\n -144.173583984375,\n 59.99898612060444\n ],\n [\n -144.60205078125,\n 59.789579955087405\n ],\n [\n -144.4921875,\n 59.966009702748345\n ],\n [\n -144.4482421875,\n 60.08128354085362\n ],\n [\n -144.656982421875,\n 60.15790959006859\n ],\n [\n -144.920654296875,\n 60.212533353918424\n ],\n [\n -145.052490234375,\n 60.30518536282736\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"120","issue":"11","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-11-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c304e0e4b0946c6520881a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartholomaus, T.C.","contributorId":94569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholomaus","given":"T.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":619965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larsen, Christopher F.","contributorId":147408,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Larsen","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":6695,"text":"UAF","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":620276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"West, Michael E.","contributorId":147407,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"West","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":6695,"text":"UAF","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":620277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O’Neel, Shad 0000-0002-9185-0144 soneel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9185-0144","contributorId":166740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neel","given":"Shad","email":"soneel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":107,"text":"Alaska Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":619964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pettit, Erin C.","contributorId":139557,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pettit","given":"Erin","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":620278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Truffer, Martin","contributorId":48065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Truffer","given":"Martin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":620279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70169238,"text":"70169238 - 2015 - A simplified, data-constrained approach to estimate the permafrost carbon–climate feedback","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-24T11:53:16","indexId":"70169238","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-01T12:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3047,"text":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A simplified, data-constrained approach to estimate the permafrost carbon–climate feedback","docAbstract":"We present an approach to estimate the feedback from large-scale thawing of permafrost soils using a simplified, data-constrained model that combines three elements: soil carbon (C) maps and profiles to identify the distribution and type of C in permafrost soils; incubation experiments to quantify the rates of C lost after thaw; and models of soil thermal dynamics in response to climate warming. We call the approach the Permafrost Carbon Network Incubation–Panarctic Thermal scaling approach (PInc-PanTher). The approach assumes that C stocks do not decompose at all when frozen, but once thawed follow set decomposition trajectories as a function of soil temperature. The trajectories are determined according to a three-pool decomposition model fitted to incubation data using parameters specific to soil horizon types. We calculate litterfall C inputs required to maintain steady-state C balance for the current climate, and hold those inputs constant. Soil temperatures are taken from the soil thermal modules of ecosystem model simulations forced by a common set of future climate change anomalies under two warming scenarios over the period 2010 to 2100. Under a medium warming scenario (RCP4.5), the approach projects permafrost soil C losses of 12.2–33.4 Pg C; under a high warming scenario (RCP8.5), the approach projects C losses of 27.9–112.6 Pg C. Projected C losses are roughly linearly proportional to global temperature changes across the two scenarios. These results indicate a global sensitivity of frozen soil C to climate change (γ sensitivity) of −14 to −19 Pg C °C−1 on a 100 year time scale. For CH4 emissions, our approach assumes a fixed saturated area and that increases in CH4 emissions are related to increased heterotrophic respiration in anoxic soil, yielding CH4 emission increases of 7% and 35% for the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively, which add an additional greenhouse gas forcing of approximately 10–18%. The simplified approach presented here neglects many important processes that may amplify or mitigate C release from permafrost soils, but serves as a data-constrained estimate on the forced, large-scale permafrost C response to warming.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London A","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Royal Society","publisherLocation":"London","doi":"10.1098/rsta.2014.0423","usgsCitation":"Koven, C., Schuur, E., Schädel, C., Bohn, T.J., Burke, E.J., Chen, G., Chen, X., Ciais, P., Grosse, G., Harden, J., Hayes, D., Hugelius, G., Jafarov, E.E., Krinner, G., Kuhry, P., Lawrence, D., MacDougall, A.H., Marchenko, S., McGuire, A.D., Natali, S.M., Nicolsky, D., Olefeldt, D., Peng, S., Romanovsky, V., Schaefer, K.M., Strauss, J., Treat, C.C., and Turetsky, M., 2015, A simplified, data-constrained approach to estimate the permafrost carbon–climate feedback: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, v. 373, no. 2054, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0423.","productDescription":"23 p.","numberOfPages":"23","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065036","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471669,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0423","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":319363,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Arctic Circle","volume":"373","issue":"2054","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-11-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f50face4b0f59b85e1ea6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koven, C.D.","contributorId":34017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koven","given":"C.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schuur, E.A.G.","contributorId":106679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuur","given":"E.A.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schädel, C.","contributorId":14713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schädel","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bohn, T. J.","contributorId":167813,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bohn","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Burke, E. J.","contributorId":167814,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burke","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Chen, G.","contributorId":81223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Chen, X.","contributorId":76527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"X.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ciais, P.","contributorId":39604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ciais","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Grosse, G.","contributorId":82140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grosse","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Harden, J.W. 0000-0002-6570-8259","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":38585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Hayes, D.J.","contributorId":56074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Hugelius, G.","contributorId":27338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hugelius","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Jafarov, Elchin E.","contributorId":40880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jafarov","given":"Elchin","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Krinner, G.","contributorId":11911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krinner","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Kuhry, P.","contributorId":57277,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kuhry","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Lawrence, D.M.","contributorId":98608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"MacDougall, A. H.","contributorId":167817,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"MacDougall","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Marchenko, Sergey S.","contributorId":93368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marchenko","given":"Sergey S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"McGuire, A. David 0000-0003-4646-0750 ffadm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4646-0750","contributorId":166708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A.","email":"ffadm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":623376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Natali, Susan M.","contributorId":103160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Natali","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Nicolsky, D.J.","contributorId":51584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicolsky","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Olefeldt, David","contributorId":37622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olefeldt","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Peng, S.","contributorId":68688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peng","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Romanovsky, V.E.","contributorId":54721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romanovsky","given":"V.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Schaefer, Kevin M.","contributorId":89449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaefer","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Strauss, J.","contributorId":8770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strauss","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Treat, Claire C.","contributorId":96606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Treat","given":"Claire","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":25501,"text":"University of Eastern Finland","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":623656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27},{"text":"Turetsky, M.","contributorId":108302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turetsky","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":28}]}} ,{"id":70160300,"text":"70160300 - 2015 - Evidence for episodic acidification effects on migrating Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-16T11:13:04","indexId":"70160300","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-01T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2285,"text":"Journal of Fish Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for episodic acidification effects on migrating Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts","docAbstract":"Field studies were conducted to determine levels of gill aluminium as an index of acidification effects on migrating Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts in the north-eastern U.S.A. along mainstem river migration corridors in several major river basins. Smolts emigrating from the Connecticut River, where most (but not all) tributaries were well buffered, had low or undetectable levels of gill aluminium and high gill Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) activity. In contrast, smolts emigrating from the upper Merrimack River basin where most tributaries are characterized by low pH and high inorganic aluminium had consistently elevated gill aluminium and lower gill NKA activity, which may explain the low adult return rates of S. salar stocked into the upper Merrimack catchment. In the Sheepscot, Narraguagus and Penobscot Rivers in Maine, river and year-specific effects on gill aluminium were detected that appeared to be driven by underlying geology and high spring discharge. The results indicate that episodic acidification is affecting S. salar smolts in poorly buffered streams in New England and may help explain variation in S. salar survival and abundance among rivers and among years, with implications for the conservation and recovery of S. salar in the north-eastern U.S.A. These results suggest that the physiological condition of outmigrating smolts may serve as a large-scale sentinel of landscape-level recovery of atmospheric pollution in this and other parts of the North Atlantic region.
","language":"English","publisher":"Fisheries Society of the British Isles","publisherLocation":"Orlando, FL","doi":"10.1111/jfb.12763","usgsCitation":"Kelly, J.T., Lerner, D.T., O’Dea, M.F., Regish, A.M., Monette, M.Y., Hawkes, J., Nislow, K.H., and McCormick, S.D., 2015, Evidence for episodic acidification effects on migrating Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts: Journal of Fish Biology, v. 87, no. 5, p. 1129-1146, https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.12763.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1129","endPage":"1146","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057708","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312356,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-09-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56729943e4b01a7f82451da3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelly, John T.","contributorId":150626,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kelly","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":18054,"text":"University of New Haven","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":582468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lerner, Darrren T.","contributorId":51175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lerner","given":"Darrren","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":582469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Dea, Michael F. modea@usgs.gov","contributorId":5417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Dea","given":"Michael","email":"modea@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":582470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Regish, Amy M. 0000-0003-4747-4265 aregish@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4747-4265","contributorId":5415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Regish","given":"Amy","email":"aregish@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":582471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Monette, Michelle Y.","contributorId":95769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monette","given":"Michelle","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":582472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hawkes, J.P.","contributorId":150627,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hawkes","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":582473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Nislow, Keith H.","contributorId":103564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nislow","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":582474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"McCormick, Stephen D. 0000-0003-0621-6200 smccormick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-6200","contributorId":139214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"Stephen","email":"smccormick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":582467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70171003,"text":"70171003 - 2015 - Role of ground ice dynamics and ecological feedbacks in recent ice wedge degradation and stabilization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-19T19:50:01","indexId":"70171003","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-01T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2318,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Role of ground ice dynamics and ecological feedbacks in recent ice wedge degradation and stabilization","docAbstract":"Ground ice is abundant in the upper permafrost throughout the Arctic and fundamentally affects terrain responses to climate warming. Ice wedges, which form near the surface and are the dominant type of massive ice in the Arctic, are particularly vulnerable to warming. Yet processes controlling ice wedge degradation and stabilization are poorly understood. Here we quantified ice wedge volume and degradation rates, compared ground ice characteristics and thermal regimes across a sequence of five degradation and stabilization stages and evaluated biophysical feedbacks controlling permafrost stability near Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. Mean ice wedge volume in the top 3 m of permafrost was 21%. Imagery from 1949 to 2012 showed thermokarst extent (area of water-filled troughs) was relatively small from 1949 (0.9%) to 1988 (1.5%), abruptly increased by 2004 (6.3%) and increased slightly by 2012 (7.5%). Mean annual surface temperatures varied by 4.9°C among degradation and stabilization stages and by 9.9°C from polygon center to deep lake bottom. Mean thicknesses of the active layer, ice-poor transient layer, ice-rich intermediate layer, thermokarst cave ice, and wedge ice varied substantially among stages. In early stages, thaw settlement caused water to impound in thermokarst troughs, creating positive feedbacks that increased net radiation, soil heat flux, and soil temperatures. Plant growth and organic matter accumulation in the degraded troughs provided negative feedbacks that allowed ground ice to aggrade and heave the surface, thus reducing surface water depth and soil temperatures in later stages. The ground ice dynamics and ecological feedbacks greatly complicate efforts to assess permafrost responses to climate change.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Richmond, VA","doi":"10.1002/2015JF003602","usgsCitation":"Jorgenson, M.T., Kanevskiy, M., Shur, Y., Moskalenko, N., Brown, D., Wickland, K.P., Striegl, R.G., and Koch, J.C., 2015, Role of ground ice dynamics and ecological feedbacks in recent ice wedge degradation and stabilization: Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface, v. 120, no. 11, p. 2280-2297, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JF003602.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"2280","endPage":"2297","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-069489","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471670,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jf003602","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":321288,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"120","issue":"11","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-11-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"574d6644e4b07e28b6684da7","chorus":{"doi":"10.1002/2015jf003602","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015jf003602","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","authors":"Jorgenson M. T., Kanevskiy M., Shur Y., Moskalenko N., Brown D. R. N., Wickland K., Striegl R., Koch J.","journalName":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","publicationDate":"11/2015","auditedOn":"7/21/2016"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jorgenson, Mark Torre 0000-0002-9834-8851","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9834-8851","contributorId":169365,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jorgenson","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"Torre","affiliations":[{"id":13506,"text":"Alaska Ecoscience","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kanevskiy, Mikhail","contributorId":169366,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kanevskiy","given":"Mikhail","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7211,"text":"University of Alaska, Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shur, Yuri","contributorId":169367,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shur","given":"Yuri","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7211,"text":"University of Alaska, Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moskalenko, Natalia","contributorId":169368,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moskalenko","given":"Natalia","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16615,"text":"Moscow State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brown, Dana","contributorId":169369,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Dana","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7211,"text":"University of Alaska, Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wickland, Kimberly P. 0000-0002-6400-0590 kpwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6400-0590","contributorId":1835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wickland","given":"Kimberly","email":"kpwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":629455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Koch, Joshua C. 0000-0001-7180-6982 jkoch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7180-6982","contributorId":202532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koch","given":"Joshua","email":"jkoch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70159462,"text":"70159462 - 2015 - The vulnerability of Indo-Pacific mangrove forests to sea-level rise","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-11T16:00:31","indexId":"70159462","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-01T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The vulnerability of Indo-Pacific mangrove forests to sea-level rise","docAbstract":"Sea-level rise can threaten the long-term sustainability of coastal communities and valuable ecosystems such as coral reefs, salt marshes and mangroves. Mangrove forests have the capacity to keep pace with sea-level rise and to avoid inundation through vertical accretion of sediments, which allows them to maintain wetland soil elevations suitable for plant growth. The Indo-Pacific region holds most of the world’s mangrove forests, but sediment delivery in this region is declining, owing to anthropogenic activities such as damming of rivers. This decline is of particular concern because the Indo-Pacific region is expected to have variable, but high, rates of future sea-level rise. Here we analyse recent trends in mangrove surface elevation changes across the Indo-Pacific region using data from a network of surface elevation table instruments. We find that sediment availability can enable mangrove forests to maintain rates of soil-surface elevation gain that match or exceed that of sea-level rise, but for 69 per cent of our study sites the current rate of sea-level rise exceeded the soil surface elevation gain. We also present a model based on our field data, which suggests that mangrove forests at sites with low tidal range and low sediment supply could be submerged as early as 2070.
","language":"English","publisher":"Macmillan Journals Ltd.","publisherLocation":"London, UK","doi":"10.1038/nature15538","usgsCitation":"Lovelock, C.E., Cahoon, D.R., Friess, D., Guntenspergen, G.R., Krauss, K.W., Reef, R., Rogers, K., Saunders, M.L., Sidik, F., Swales, A., Saintilan, N., Thuyen, L.X., and Triet, T., 2015, The vulnerability of Indo-Pacific mangrove forests to sea-level rise: Nature, v. 526, no. 7574, p. 559-563, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15538.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"559","endPage":"563","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065063","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488708,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/The_vulnerability_of_Indo-Pacific_mangrove_forests_to_sea-level_rise/27787503","text":"External Repository"},{"id":310903,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Australia, Indonesia, New Zealand, Vietnam","otherGeospatial":"Indo-Pacific region","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[145.39798,-40.79255],[146.36412,-41.1377],[146.90858,-41.00055],[147.68926,-40.80826],[148.28907,-40.87544],[148.35986,-42.06245],[148.0173,-42.40702],[147.91405,-43.21152],[147.56456,-42.93769],[146.87034,-43.6346],[146.66333,-43.58085],[146.04838,-43.54974],[145.43193,-42.69378],[145.29509,-42.03361],[144.71807,-41.16255],[144.74375,-40.70398],[145.39798,-40.79255]]],[[[143.56181,-13.76366],[143.9221,-14.54831],[144.56371,-14.17118],[144.89491,-14.59446],[145.37472,-14.98498],[145.27199,-15.42821],[145.48526,-16.28567],[145.63703,-16.78492],[145.8889,-16.90693],[146.16031,-17.76165],[146.06367,-18.28007],[146.38748,-18.95827],[147.47108,-19.48072],[148.1776,-19.95594],[148.84841,-20.39121],[148.71747,-20.63347],[149.28942,-21.26051],[149.67834,-22.34251],[150.07738,-22.12278],[150.48294,-22.55614],[150.72727,-22.4024],[150.89955,-23.46224],[151.60918,-24.07626],[152.07354,-24.45789],[152.8552,-25.2675],[153.13616,-26.07117],[153.16195,-26.64132],[153.09291,-27.2603],[153.56947,-28.11007],[153.51211,-28.99508],[153.3391,-29.4582],[153.06924,-30.35024],[153.0896,-30.92364],[152.89158,-31.64045],[152.45,-32.55],[151.70912,-33.04134],[151.34397,-33.81602],[151.01056,-34.31036],[150.71414,-35.17346],[150.32822,-35.67188],[150.07521,-36.42021],[149.94612,-37.10905],[149.99728,-37.42526],[149.42388,-37.77268],[148.30462,-37.80906],[147.38173,-38.21922],[146.92212,-38.60653],[146.31792,-39.03576],[145.48965,-38.59377],[144.87698,-38.41745],[145.03221,-37.89619],[144.48568,-38.08532],[143.60997,-38.80947],[142.74543,-38.53827],[142.17833,-38.38003],[141.60658,-38.30851],[140.63858,-38.01933],[139.99216,-37.40294],[139.80659,-36.6436],[139.57415,-36.13836],[139.08281,-35.73275],[138.12075,-35.6123],[138.44946,-35.12726],[138.20756,-34.38472],[137.71917,-35.07683],[136.82941,-35.26053],[137.35237,-34.70734],[137.50389,-34.13027],[137.89012,-33.64048],[137.81033,-32.90001],[136.99684,-33.75277],[136.37207,-34.09477],[135.98904,-34.89012],[135.20821,-34.47867],[135.23922,-33.94795],[134.61342,-33.22278],[134.0859,-32.84807],[134.2739,-32.61723],[132.99078,-32.01122],[132.28808,-31.98265],[131.32633,-31.4958],[129.53579,-31.59042],[128.24094,-31.94849],[127.10287,-32.28227],[126.14871,-32.21597],[125.08862,-32.72875],[124.22165,-32.95949],[124.02895,-33.48385],[123.65967,-33.89018],[122.81104,-33.91447],[122.18306,-34.0034],[121.29919,-33.82104],[120.58027,-33.93018],[119.8937,-33.97607],[119.2989,-34.50937],[119.00734,-34.46415],[118.50572,-34.74682],[118.02497,-35.06473],[117.29551,-35.02546],[116.62511,-35.0251],[115.56435,-34.38643],[115.02681,-34.19652],[115.04862,-33.62343],[115.54512,-33.48726],[115.71467,-33.25957],[115.67938,-32.90037],[115.80165,-32.20506],[115.68961,-31.61244],[115.16091,-30.60159],[114.99704,-30.03072],[115.04004,-29.4611],[114.64197,-28.81023],[114.6165,-28.5164],[114.17358,-28.11808],[114.04888,-27.33477],[113.4775,-26.54313],[113.33895,-26.11655],[113.77836,-26.54903],[113.44096,-25.62128],[113.9369,-25.91123],[114.23285,-26.29845],[114.21616,-25.78628],[113.72126,-24.99894],[113.62534,-24.68397],[113.39352,-24.38476],[113.50204,-23.80635],[113.70699,-23.56022],[113.84342,-23.05999],[113.73655,-22.47548],[114.14976,-21.75588],[114.22531,-22.51749],[114.64776,-21.82952],[115.46017,-21.49517],[115.94737,-21.06869],[116.71162,-20.70168],[117.16632,-20.6236],[117.44155,-20.7469],[118.22956,-20.37421],[118.83609,-20.26331],[118.98781,-20.0442],[119.25249,-19.95294],[119.80523,-19.97651],[120.85622,-19.68371],[121.39986,-19.23976],[121.65514,-18.70532],[122.24167,-18.19765],[122.28662,-17.7986],[122.31277,-17.25497],[123.01257,-16.4052],[123.43379,-17.26856],[123.85934,-17.06904],[123.50324,-16.59651],[123.81707,-16.11132],[124.25829,-16.32794],[124.37973,-15.56706],[124.92615,-15.0751],[125.16728,-14.6804],[125.67009,-14.51007],[125.6858,-14.23066],[126.12515,-14.34734],[126.14282,-14.09599],[126.58259,-13.95279],[127.06587,-13.81797],[127.80463,-14.27691],[128.35969,-14.86917],[128.98554,-14.87599],[129.62147,-14.96978],[129.4096,-14.42067],[129.88864,-13.6187],[130.33947,-13.35738],[130.18351,-13.10752],[130.6178,-12.53639],[131.22349,-12.18365],[131.73509,-12.30245],[132.5753,-12.11404],[132.55721,-11.60301],[131.8247,-11.27378],[132.35722,-11.12852],[133.01956,-11.37641],[133.55085,-11.78652],[134.39307,-12.04237],[134.67863,-11.94118],[135.29849,-12.24861],[135.88269,-11.96227],[136.25838,-12.04934],[136.49248,-11.85721],[136.95162,-12.35196],[136.68512,-12.88722],[136.30541,-13.29123],[135.96176,-13.32451],[136.07762,-13.72428],[135.78384,-14.22399],[135.42866,-14.71543],[135.50018,-14.99774],[136.29517,-15.55026],[137.06536,-15.87076],[137.58047,-16.21508],[138.30322,-16.8076],[138.58516,-16.80662],[139.10854,-17.06268],[139.26057,-17.3716],[140.21525,-17.7108],[140.87546,-17.36907],[141.07111,-16.83205],[141.2741,-16.38887],[141.39822,-15.84053],[141.70218,-15.04492],[141.56338,-14.56133],[141.63552,-14.27039],[141.51987,-13.69808],[141.65092,-12.94469],[141.84269,-12.74155],[141.68699,-12.40761],[141.92863,-11.87747],[142.11849,-11.32804],[142.14371,-11.04274],[142.51526,-10.66819],[142.79731,-11.15735],[142.86676,-11.78471],[143.11595,-11.90563],[143.15863,-12.32566],[143.52212,-12.83436],[143.59716,-13.40042],[143.56181,-13.76366]]],[[[173.02037,-40.91905],[173.24723,-41.332],[173.95841,-40.9267],[174.24759,-41.34916],[174.24852,-41.77001],[173.87645,-42.23318],[173.22274,-42.97004],[172.71125,-43.37229],[173.08011,-43.85334],[172.30858,-43.86569],[171.45293,-44.24252],[171.18514,-44.8971],[170.6167,-45.90893],[169.83142,-46.35577],[169.33233,-46.64124],[168.41135,-46.61994],[167.76374,-46.2902],[166.67689,-46.21992],[166.50914,-45.8527],[167.04642,-45.11094],[168.30376,-44.12397],[168.94941,-43.93582],[169.66781,-43.55533],[170.52492,-43.03169],[171.12509,-42.51275],[171.56971,-41.76742],[171.94871,-41.51442],[172.09723,-40.9561],[172.79858,-40.49396],[173.02037,-40.91905]]],[[[174.61201,-36.1564],[175.33662,-37.2091],[175.3576,-36.52619],[175.80889,-36.79894],[175.95849,-37.55538],[176.7632,-37.88125],[177.43881,-37.96125],[178.01035,-37.57982],[178.51709,-37.69537],[178.27473,-38.58281],[177.97046,-39.16634],[177.20699,-39.14578],[176.93998,-39.44974],[177.03295,-39.87994],[176.88582,-40.06598],[176.50802,-40.60481],[176.01244,-41.28962],[175.23957,-41.68831],[175.0679,-41.42589],[174.65097,-41.28182],[175.22763,-40.45924],[174.90016,-39.90893],[173.82405,-39.50885],[173.85226,-39.1466],[174.5748,-38.79768],[174.74347,-38.02781],[174.69702,-37.38113],[174.29203,-36.71109],[174.319,-36.53482],[173.841,-36.12198],[173.05417,-35.23713],[172.63601,-34.52911],[173.00704,-34.45066],[173.5513,-35.00618],[174.32939,-35.2655],[174.61201,-36.1564]]],[[[120.71561,-10.23958],[120.29501,-10.25865],[118.96781,-9.55797],[119.90031,-9.36134],[120.42576,-9.66592],[120.7755,-9.96968],[120.71561,-10.23958]]],[[[124.43595,-10.14],[123.57998,-10.35999],[123.45999,-10.23999],[123.55001,-9.90002],[123.98001,-9.29003],[124.96868,-8.89279],[125.07002,-9.08999],[125.08852,-9.39317],[124.43595,-10.14]]],[[[117.90002,-8.09568],[118.26062,-8.36238],[118.87846,-8.28068],[119.12651,-8.70582],[117.9704,-8.90664],[117.27773,-9.04089],[116.74014,-9.03294],[117.08374,-8.45716],[117.63202,-8.4493],[117.90002,-8.09568]]],[[[122.90354,-8.09423],[122.75698,-8.64981],[121.25449,-8.93367],[119.92439,-8.81042],[119.92093,-8.44486],[120.71509,-8.23696],[121.34167,-8.53674],[122.00736,-8.46062],[122.90354,-8.09423]]],[[[108.62348,-6.77767],[110.53923,-6.87736],[110.75958,-6.46519],[112.61481,-6.94604],[112.97877,-7.59421],[114.47894,-7.77653],[115.70553,-8.37081],[114.56451,-8.75182],[113.46473,-8.34895],[112.55967,-8.37618],[111.52206,-8.30213],[110.58615,-8.1226],[109.42767,-7.74066],[108.69366,-7.6416],[108.27776,-7.76666],[106.4541,-7.3549],[106.28062,-6.9249],[105.36549,-6.85142],[106.05165,-5.89592],[107.26501,-5.95499],[108.07209,-6.34576],[108.48685,-6.42198],[108.62348,-6.77767]]],[[[134.72462,-6.2144],[134.21013,-6.89524],[134.11278,-6.14247],[134.29034,-5.78306],[134.49963,-5.44504],[134.727,-5.73758],[134.72462,-6.2144]]],[[[127.24922,-3.45907],[126.87492,-3.79098],[126.1838,-3.60738],[125.98903,-3.17727],[127.00065,-3.12932],[127.24922,-3.45907]]],[[[130.47134,-3.09376],[130.83484,-3.85847],[129.99055,-3.4463],[129.15525,-3.36264],[128.59068,-3.42868],[127.89889,-3.39344],[128.13588,-2.84365],[129.371,-2.80215],[130.47134,-3.09376]]],[[[134.14337,-1.15187],[134.42263,-2.76918],[135.4576,-3.36775],[136.29331,-2.30704],[137.44074,-1.70351],[138.32973,-1.70269],[139.18492,-2.0513],[139.92668,-2.40905],[141.00021,-2.60015],[141.01706,-5.85902],[141.03385,-9.11789],[140.14342,-8.29717],[139.12777,-8.09604],[138.88148,-8.38094],[137.61447,-8.41168],[138.0391,-7.59788],[138.66862,-7.32022],[138.40791,-6.23285],[137.92784,-5.39337],[135.98925,-4.54654],[135.1646,-4.46293],[133.66288,-3.53885],[133.3677,-4.02482],[132.98396,-4.11298],[132.75694,-3.74628],[132.75379,-3.31179],[131.9898,-2.82055],[133.06684,-2.46042],[133.78003,-2.47985],[133.69621,-2.21454],[132.23237,-2.21253],[131.83622,-1.61716],[130.94284,-1.43252],[130.51956,-0.93772],[131.86754,-0.69546],[132.38012,-0.36954],[133.98555,-0.78021],[134.14337,-1.15187]]],[[[125.2405,1.41984],[124.43704,0.42788],[123.6855,0.23559],[122.72308,0.43114],[121.05672,0.38122],[120.18308,0.23725],[120.04087,-0.51966],[120.93591,-1.40891],[121.47582,-0.95596],[123.34056,-0.61567],[123.2584,-1.07621],[122.82272,-0.93095],[122.38853,-1.51686],[121.50827,-1.90448],[122.45457,-3.18606],[122.2719,-3.5295],[123.17096,-4.68369],[123.16233,-5.3406],[122.62852,-5.63459],[122.23639,-5.28293],[122.71957,-4.46417],[121.73823,-4.85133],[121.48946,-4.57455],[121.61917,-4.18848],[120.89818,-3.60211],[120.97239,-2.62764],[120.30545,-2.9316],[120.39005,-4.09758],[120.43072,-5.52824],[119.79654,-5.6734],[119.36691,-5.37988],[119.65361,-4.45942],[119.49884,-3.49441],[119.07834,-3.48702],[118.76777,-2.802],[119.18097,-2.1471],[119.32339,-1.35315],[119.826,0.15425],[120.0357,0.56648],[120.88578,1.30922],[121.66682,1.01394],[122.92757,0.87519],[124.07752,0.9171],[125.06599,1.64326],[125.2405,1.41984]]],[[[128.68825,1.13239],[128.63595,0.25849],[128.12017,0.35641],[127.96803,-0.25208],[128.38,-0.78],[128.10002,-0.9],[127.69647,-0.2666],[127.39949,1.01172],[127.60051,1.81069],[127.93238,2.1746],[128.00416,1.62853],[128.59456,1.54081],[128.68825,1.13239]]],[[[117.87563,1.82764],[118.99675,0.90222],[117.81186,0.78424],[117.47834,0.10247],[117.52164,-0.80372],[116.56005,-1.48766],[116.5338,-2.48352],[116.14808,-4.01273],[116.00086,-3.65704],[114.8648,-4.10698],[114.46865,-3.4957],[113.75567,-3.43917],[113.25699,-3.11878],[112.06813,-3.47839],[111.70329,-2.99444],[111.04824,-3.04943],[110.22385,-2.93403],[110.07094,-1.59287],[109.57195,-1.31491],[109.09187,-0.45951],[108.95266,0.41538],[109.06914,1.34193],[109.66326,2.00647],[109.83023,1.33814],[110.51406,0.77313],[111.15914,0.97648],[111.79755,0.90444],[112.38025,1.41012],[112.85981,1.49779],[113.80585,1.21755],[114.62136,1.43069],[115.13404,2.82148],[115.51908,3.16924],[115.86552,4.30656],[117.01521,4.30609],[117.88203,4.13755],[117.31323,3.23443],[118.04833,2.28769],[117.87563,1.82764]]],[[[105.81766,-5.85236],[104.71038,-5.87328],[103.86821,-5.03731],[102.58426,-4.22026],[102.15617,-3.61415],[101.39911,-2.79978],[100.9025,-2.05026],[100.14198,-0.65035],[99.26374,0.18314],[98.97001,1.04288],[98.60135,1.82351],[97.6996,2.45318],[97.17694,3.30879],[96.42402,3.86886],[95.38088,4.97078],[95.29303,5.47982],[95.93686,5.43951],[97.48488,5.24632],[98.36917,4.26837],[99.14256,3.59035],[99.694,3.17433],[100.64143,2.09938],[101.65801,2.0837],[102.49827,1.3987],[103.07684,0.56136],[103.8384,0.10454],[103.43765,-0.71195],[104.01079,-1.05921],[104.36999,-1.08484],[104.53949,-1.78237],[104.88789,-2.34043],[105.62211,-2.42884],[106.10859,-3.06178],[105.85745,-4.30552],[105.81766,-5.85236]]],[[[108.05018,21.55238],[106.71507,20.69685],[105.88168,19.75205],[105.66201,19.05817],[106.42682,18.00412],[107.36195,16.69746],[108.2695,16.07974],[108.87711,15.27669],[109.33527,13.42603],[109.20014,11.66686],[108.36613,11.00832],[107.22093,10.36448],[106.40511,9.53084],[105.15826,8.59976],[104.79519,9.24104],[105.0762,9.91849],[104.33433,10.48654],[105.19991,10.88931],[106.24967,10.96181],[105.81052,11.56761],[107.4914,12.33721],[107.61455,13.53553],[107.38273,14.20244],[107.56453,15.20217],[107.31271,15.90854],[106.55601,16.60428],[105.92576,17.48532],[105.0946,18.66697],[103.89653,19.26518],[104.18339,19.62467],[104.82257,19.88664],[104.435,20.75873],[103.20386,20.76656],[102.7549,21.67514],[102.17044,22.46475],[102.70699,22.7088],[103.50451,22.70376],[104.47686,22.81915],[105.32921,23.35206],[105.81125,22.97689],[106.7254,22.79427],[106.56727,22.2182],[107.04342,21.8119],[108.05018,21.55238]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Australia\"}}]}","volume":"526","issue":"7574","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-10-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5638976ee4b0d6133fe73011","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lovelock, Catherine E.","contributorId":64787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovelock","given":"Catherine","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cahoon, Donald R. 0000-0002-2591-5667 dcahoon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2591-5667","contributorId":3791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahoon","given":"Donald","email":"dcahoon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Friess, Daniel A.","contributorId":35454,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Friess","given":"Daniel A.","affiliations":[{"id":25407,"text":"Department of Geography, National University of Singapore","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":579004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Guntenspergen, Glenn R. 0000-0002-8593-0244 glenn_guntenspergen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8593-0244","contributorId":2885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guntenspergen","given":"Glenn","email":"glenn_guntenspergen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Krauss, Ken W. 0000-0003-2195-0729 kraussk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2195-0729","contributorId":2017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krauss","given":"Ken","email":"kraussk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Reef, Ruth","contributorId":44826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reef","given":"Ruth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rogers, Kerrylee","contributorId":64151,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rogers","given":"Kerrylee","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16754,"text":"University of Wollongong, Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":579008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Saunders, Megan L.","contributorId":149630,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Saunders","given":"Megan","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":13335,"text":"The University of Queensland","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":579009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Sidik, Frida","contributorId":149631,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sidik","given":"Frida","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Swales, Andrew","contributorId":149632,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swales","given":"Andrew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Saintilan, Neil","contributorId":31670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saintilan","given":"Neil","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Thuyen, Le Xuan","contributorId":29737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thuyen","given":"Le","email":"","middleInitial":"Xuan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Triet, Tran","contributorId":32824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Triet","given":"Tran","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70248091,"text":"70248091 - 2015 - Deer Flat National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-05T15:31:42.476873","indexId":"70248091","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-01T10:02:49","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":16700,"text":"Comprehensive Conservation Plan","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"title":"Deer Flat National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Koontz, L., Cullinane Thomas, C., and Larsen, E., 2015, Deer Flat National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan: Comprehensive Conservation Plan, 724 p.","productDescription":"724 p.","ipdsId":"IP-056148","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":420491,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":420443,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.fws.gov/refuge/deer-flat/what-we-do","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Deer Flat National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.27733847967937,\n 44.400116618818856\n ],\n [\n -117.27733847967937,\n 43.166743227056685\n ],\n [\n -116.3658151394178,\n 43.166743227056685\n ],\n [\n -116.3658151394178,\n 44.400116618818856\n ],\n [\n -117.27733847967937,\n 44.400116618818856\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koontz, Lynne koontzl@usgs.gov","contributorId":2174,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koontz","given":"Lynne","email":"koontzl@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":7016,"text":"Environmental Quality Division, National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":881831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cullinane Thomas, Catherine M. 0000-0001-8168-1271","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8168-1271","contributorId":328910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cullinane Thomas","given":"Catherine M.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":881832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Larsen, Erik","contributorId":328959,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Larsen","given":"Erik","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6621,"text":"Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":881833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70155904,"text":"70155904 - 2015 - Aluminosilicate melts and glasses at 1 to 3 GPa: Temperature and pressure effects on recovered structural and density changes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-24T09:22:36","indexId":"70155904","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-01T04:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aluminosilicate melts and glasses at 1 to 3 GPa: Temperature and pressure effects on recovered structural and density changes","docAbstract":"In the pressure range in the Earth’s mantle where many basaltic magmas are generated (1 to 3 GPa) (Stolper et al. 1981), increases in the coordination numbers of the network-forming cations in aluminosilicate melts have generally been considered to be minor, although effects on silicon and particularly on aluminum coordination in non-bridging oxygen-rich glasses from the higher, 5 to 12 GPa range, are now well known. Most high-precision measurements of network cation coordination in such samples have been made by spectroscopy (notably 27Al and 29Si NMR) on glasses quenched from high-temperature, high-pressure melts synthesized in solid-media apparatuses and decompressed to room temperature and 1 bar pressure. There are several effects that could lead to the underestimation of the extent of actual structural (and density) changes in high-pressure/temperature melts from such data. For non-bridging oxygen-rich sodium and calcium aluminosilicate compositions in the 1 to 3 GPa range, we show here that glasses annealed near to their glass transition temperatures systematically record higher recovered increases in aluminum coordination and in density than samples quenched from high-temperature melts. In the piston-cylinder apparatus used, rates of cooling through the glass transition are measured as very similar for both higher and lower initial temperatures, indicating that fictive temperature effects are not the likely explanation of these differences. Instead, transient decreases in melt pressure during thermal quenching, which may be especially large for high initial run temperatures, of as much as 0.5 to 1 GPa, may be responsible. As a result, the equilibrium proportion of high-coordinated Al in this pressure range may be 50 to 90% greater than previously estimated, reaching mean coordination numbers (e.g., 4.5) that are probably high enough to significantly affect melt properties. New data on jadeite (NaAlSi2O6) glass confirm that aluminum coordination increase with pressure is inhibited in compositions low in non-bridging O atoms.
","language":"English","publisher":"Mineralogical Society of America","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Bista, S., Stebbins, J., Hankins, W.B., and Sisson, T.W., 2015, Aluminosilicate melts and glasses at 1 to 3 GPa: Temperature and pressure effects on recovered structural and density changes: American Mineralogist, v. 100, p. 2298-2307.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"2298","endPage":"2307","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063165","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311676,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311675,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.minsocam.org/msa/ammin/toc/2015/index.html?issue_number=10"}],"volume":"100","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56559839e4b071e7ea53def4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bista, S","contributorId":146238,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bista","given":"S","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6705,"text":"Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Menlo Park CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":566716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stebbins, Jonathan","contributorId":146239,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stebbins","given":"Jonathan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6705,"text":"Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Menlo Park CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":566717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hankins, William B. 0000-0001-9881-9468 bhankins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9881-9468","contributorId":5326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hankins","given":"William","email":"bhankins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sisson, Thomas W. 0000-0003-3380-6425 tsisson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3380-6425","contributorId":2341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sisson","given":"Thomas","email":"tsisson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70155230,"text":"70155230 - 2015 - Stable carbon isotope fractionation during bacterial acetylene fermentation: Potential for life detection in hydrocarbon-rich volatiles of icy planet(oid)s","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-04T15:45:53","indexId":"70155230","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":912,"text":"Astrobiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stable carbon isotope fractionation during bacterial acetylene fermentation: Potential for life detection in hydrocarbon-rich volatiles of icy planet(oid)s","docAbstract":"We report the first study of stable carbon isotope fractionation during microbial fermentation of acetylene (C2H2) in sediments, sediment enrichments, and bacterial cultures. Kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) averaged 3.7 ± 0.5‰ for slurries prepared with sediment collected at an intertidal mudflat in San Francisco Bay and 2.7 ± 0.2‰ for a pure culture of Pelobacter sp. isolated from these sediments. A similar KIE of 1.8 ± 0.7‰ was obtained for methanogenic enrichments derived from sediment collected at freshwater Searsville Lake, California. However, C2H2 uptake by a highly enriched mixed culture (strain SV7) obtained from Searsville Lake sediments resulted in a larger KIE of 9.0 ± 0.7‰. These are modest KIEs when compared with fractionation observed during oxidation of C1 compounds such as methane and methyl halides but are comparable to results obtained with other C2compounds. These observations may be useful in distinguishing biologically active processes operating at distant locales in the Solar System where C2H2 is present. These locales include the surface of Saturn's largest moon Titan and the vaporous water- and hydrocarbon-rich jets emanating from Enceladus.
","language":"English","publisher":"Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","doi":"10.1089/ast.2015.1355","usgsCitation":"Miller, L., Baesman, S., and Oremland, R., 2015, Stable carbon isotope fractionation during bacterial acetylene fermentation: Potential for life detection in hydrocarbon-rich volatiles of icy planet(oid)s: Astrobiology, v. 15, no. 11, p. 977-986, https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2015.1355.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"977","endPage":"986","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065877","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471675,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2015.1355","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":324709,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"11","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57779435e4b07dd077c9062c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Laurence lgmiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":145772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Laurence","email":"lgmiller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baesman, Shaun 0000-0003-0741-8269 sbaesman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0741-8269","contributorId":3478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baesman","given":"Shaun","email":"sbaesman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oremland, Ron roremlan@usgs.gov","contributorId":145773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"Ron","email":"roremlan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70155873,"text":"70155873 - 2015 - Book review: Large igneous provinces","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-01T09:51:46","indexId":"70155873","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Book review: Large igneous provinces","docAbstract":"This book presents a comprehensive compilation of all aspects of large igneous provinces (LIPs). Published in 2014, the book is now the definitive source of information on the petrogenesis of this type of globally important, voluminous magmatic activity. In the first few pages, LIPs are characterized as magmatic provinces with areal extents >0.1 Mkm2 that are dominated by mafic magmas emplaced or erupted in intraplate settings during relatively short (1–5 m.y.) time intervals. Given these parameters, particularly areal extent, LIPs clearly represent significant contributions to global geologic evolution through time. This point is underscored, also in the introductory chapter, by a series of figures that aptly characterize the global time-space distribution of LIPs; an accompanying, particularly useful table identifies individual LIPs, quantifies their basic characteristics, and enumerates pertinent references. Accordingly, this compilation is a welcome addition to the geologic literature.
\nReview info: Large Igneous Provinces. By Richard E. Ernst. 2014. ISBN 978-0-521-87177-8. 653 pp.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/econgeo.110.7.1908","usgsCitation":"du Bray, E.A., 2015, Book review: Large igneous provinces: Economic Geology, v. 110, no. 7, p. 1908-1910, https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.110.7.1908.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1908","endPage":"1910","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-067081","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324707,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"110","issue":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-09-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5777942ee4b07dd077c905c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"du Bray, Edward A. 0000-0002-4383-8394 edubray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4383-8394","contributorId":755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"du Bray","given":"Edward","email":"edubray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70147802,"text":"70147802 - 2015 - Landsat Science Team meeting: Winter 2015","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-21T15:47:52","indexId":"70147802","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3555,"text":"The Earth Observer","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landsat Science Team meeting: Winter 2015","docAbstract":"The summer meeting of the joint U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)–NASA Landsat Science Team (LST) was held at the USGS’s Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center July 7-9, 2015, in Sioux Falls, SD. The LST co-chairs, Tom Loveland [EROS—Senior Scientist] and Jim Irons [NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)—Landsat 8 Project Scientist], opened the three-day meeting on an upbeat note following the recent successful launch of the European Space Agency’s Sentinel-2 mission on June 23, 2015 (see image on page 14), and the news that work on Landsat 9 has begun, with a projected launch date of 2023.
With over 60 participants in attendance, this was the largest LST meeting ever held. Meeting topics on the first day included Sustainable Land Imaging and Landsat 9 development, Landsat 7 and 8 operations and data archiving, the Landsat 8 Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) stray-light issue, and the successful Sentinel-2 launch. In addition, on days two and three the LST members presented updates on their Landsat science and applications research. All presentations are available at landsat.usgs.gov/science_LST_Team_ Meetings.php.
","language":"English","publisher":"NASA","usgsCitation":"Schroeder, T.A., Loveland, T., Wulder, M.A., and Irons, J.R., 2015, Landsat Science Team meeting: Winter 2015: The Earth Observer, v. 27, no. 6, p. 12-17.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"12","endPage":"17","ipdsId":"IP-065489","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340094,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":340093,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://eospso.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/eo_pdfs/Nov%20Dec%202015_508_col.pdf"}],"volume":"27","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58fb1a4ee4b0c3010a8087d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schroeder, Todd A. taschroeder@fs.fed.us","contributorId":190802,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schroeder","given":"Todd","email":"taschroeder@fs.fed.us","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas 0000-0003-3114-6646 loveland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":140611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas","email":"loveland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wulder, Michael A.","contributorId":103584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wulder","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Irons, James R.","contributorId":59284,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Irons","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":7049,"text":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70160106,"text":"70160106 - 2015 - LiDAR based prediction of forest biomass using hierarchical models with spatially varying coefficients","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-14T11:10:26","indexId":"70160106","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"LiDAR based prediction of forest biomass using hierarchical models with spatially varying coefficients","docAbstract":"Many studies and production inventory systems have shown the utility of coupling covariates derived from Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data with forest variables measured on georeferenced inventory plots through regression models. The objective of this study was to propose and assess the use of a Bayesian hierarchical modeling framework that accommodates both residual spatial dependence and non-stationarity of model covariates through the introduction of spatial random effects. We explored this objective using four forest inventory datasets that are part of the North American Carbon Program, each comprising point-referenced measures of above-ground forest biomass and discrete LiDAR. For each dataset, we considered at least five regression model specifications of varying complexity. Models were assessed based on goodness of fit criteria and predictive performance using a 10-fold cross-validation procedure. Results showed that the addition of spatial random effects to the regression model intercept improved fit and predictive performance in the presence of substantial residual spatial dependence. Additionally, in some cases, allowing either some or all regression slope parameters to vary spatially, via the addition of spatial random effects, further improved model fit and predictive performance. In other instances, models showed improved fit but decreased predictive performance—indicating over-fitting and underscoring the need for cross-validation to assess predictive ability. The proposed Bayesian modeling framework provided access to pixel-level posterior predictive distributions that were useful for uncertainty mapping, diagnosing spatial extrapolation issues, revealing missing model covariates, and discovering locally significant parameters.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Elsevier Pub. Co.","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2015.07.028","usgsCitation":"Babcock, C., Finley, A., Bradford, J.B., Kolka, R.K., Birdsey, R.A., and Ryan, M., 2015, LiDAR based prediction of forest biomass using hierarchical models with spatially varying coefficients: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 169, p. 113-127, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.07.028.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"113","endPage":"127","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-034289","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471678,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.07.028","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":312243,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Fraser Experimental Forest, Marcell Experimental Forest, Niwot Long Term Ecological Research Site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.9,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -105.9,\n 39.1\n ],\n [\n -105.8,\n 39.1\n ],\n [\n -105.8,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -105.9,\n 39\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -94,\n 48\n ],\n [\n -93,\n 48\n ],\n [\n -93,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -94,\n 47\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.6,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -105.6,\n 40.1\n ],\n [\n -105.5,\n 40.1\n ],\n [\n -105.5,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -105.6,\n 40\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"169","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"566ff652e4b09cfe53ca79a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Babcock, Chad","contributorId":150502,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Babcock","given":"Chad","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":18039,"text":"Department of Geography, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finley, Andrew O.","contributorId":70666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finley","given":"Andrew O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradford, John B. 0000-0001-9257-6303 jbradford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9257-6303","contributorId":611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradford","given":"John","email":"jbradford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kolka, Randall K.","contributorId":16150,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kolka","given":"Randall","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":13259,"text":"USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Birdsey, Richard A.","contributorId":17751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Birdsey","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ryan, Michael G.","contributorId":101580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"Michael G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70159630,"text":"70159630 - 2015 - Remote sensing to monitor cover crop adoption in southeastern Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-13T16:07:41","indexId":"70159630","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2456,"text":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote sensing to monitor cover crop adoption in southeastern Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"In the Chesapeake Bay Watershed, winter cereal cover crops are often planted in rotation with summer crops to reduce the loss of nutrients and sediment from agricultural systems. Cover crops can also improve soil health, control weeds and pests, supplement forage needs, and support resilient cropping systems. In southeastern Pennsylvania, cover crops can be successfully established following corn (Zea mays L.) silage harvest and are strongly promoted for use in this niche. They are also planted following corn grain, soybean (Glycine max L.), and vegetable harvest. In Pennsylvania, the use of winter cover crops for agricultural conservation has been supported through a combination of outreach, regulation, and incentives. On-farm implementation is thought to be increasing, but the actual extent of cover crops is not well quantified. Satellite imagery can be used to map green winter cover crop vegetation on agricultural fields and, when integrated with additional remote sensing data products, can be used to evaluate wintertime vegetative groundcover following specific summer crops. This study used Landsat and SPOT (System Probatoire d’ Observation de la Terre) satellite imagery, in combination with the USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service Cropland Data Layer, to evaluate the extent and amount of green wintertime vegetation on agricultural fields in four Pennsylvania counties (Berks, Lebanon, Lancaster, and York) from 2010 to 2013. In December of 2010, a windshield survey was conducted to collect baseline data on winter cover crop implementation, with particular focus on identifying corn harvested for silage (expected earlier harvest date and lower levels of crop residue), versus for grain (expected later harvest date and higher levels of crop residue). Satellite spectral indices were successfully used to detect both the amount of green vegetative groundcover and the amount of crop residue on the surveyed fields. Analysis of wintertime satellite imagery showed consistent increases in vegetative groundcover over the four-year study period and determined that trends did not result from annual weather variability, indicating that farmers are increasing adoption of practices such as cover cropping that promote wintertime vegetation. Between 2010 and 2013, the occurrence of wintertime vegetation on agricultural fields increased from 36% to 67% of corn fields in Berks County, from 53% to 75% in Lancaster County, from 42% to 65% in Lebanon County, and from 26% to 52% in York County. Apparently, efforts to promote cover crop use in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed have coincided with a rapid increase in the occurrence of wintertime vegetation following corn harvest in southeastern Pennsylvania. However, despite these increases, between 25% and 48% of corn fields remained without substantial green vegetation over the wintertime, indicating further opportunity for cover crop adoption.
","language":"English","publisher":"Soil and Water Conservation Society","doi":"10.2489/jswc.70.6.340","usgsCitation":"Hively, W., Duiker, S., Greg McCarty, and Prabhakara, K., 2015, Remote sensing to monitor cover crop adoption in southeastern Pennsylvania: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, v. 70, no. 6, p. 340-352, https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.70.6.340.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"340","endPage":"352","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061440","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471676,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.70.6.340","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":311303,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jswconline.org/content/70/6/340.full.pdf"},{"id":311321,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Southeastern and Central Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.2176513671875,\n 39.73253798438173\n ],\n [\n -76.48681640625,\n 40.0360265298117\n ],\n [\n -76.22314453125,\n 40.12429084831405\n ],\n [\n -76.3275146484375,\n 40.32141999593439\n ],\n [\n -76.08032226562499,\n 40.35073056591789\n ],\n [\n -76.08032226562499,\n 40.32560799973207\n ],\n [\n -75.78369140625,\n 40.41767833585551\n ],\n [\n -75.5474853515625,\n 40.27533480732468\n ],\n [\n -75.860595703125,\n 39.757879992021756\n ],\n [\n -75.8660888671875,\n 39.72831341029745\n ],\n [\n -76.2176513671875,\n 39.73253798438173\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.9754638671875,\n 41.31907562295136\n ],\n [\n -77.9425048828125,\n 40.61812224225511\n ],\n [\n -77.0306396484375,\n 40.6723059714534\n ],\n [\n -77.0965576171875,\n 41.36031866306708\n ],\n [\n -77.9754638671875,\n 41.31907562295136\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"70","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-11-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564717d7e4b0e2669b313129","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hively, Wells whively@usgs.gov","contributorId":149843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hively","given":"Wells","email":"whively@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duiker, Sjoerd","contributorId":149844,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Duiker","given":"Sjoerd","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17838,"text":"Dep. of Crop and Soil Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 116 ASI Building, University Park, PA 16802-3504","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":579788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Greg McCarty","contributorId":149845,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Greg McCarty","affiliations":[{"id":17839,"text":"USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory, Building 007 Room 104 BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":579789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Prabhakara, Kusuma","contributorId":6313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prabhakara","given":"Kusuma","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70158955,"text":"70158955 - 2015 - Landsat science team meeting: Summer 2015","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T09:56:24","indexId":"70158955","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3555,"text":"The Earth Observer","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landsat science team meeting: Summer 2015","docAbstract":"The summer meeting of the joint U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)–NASA Landsat Science Team (LST) was held at the USGS’s Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center July 7-9, 2015, in Sioux Falls, SD. The LST co-chairs, Tom Loveland [EROS—Senior Scientist] and Jim Irons [NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)—Landsat 8 Project Scientist], opened the three-day meeting on an upbeat note following the recent successful launch of the European Space Agency’s Sentinel-2 mission on June 23, 2015 (see image on page 14), and the news that work on Landsat 9 has begun, with a projected launch date of 2023.
\nWith over 60 participants in attendance, this was the largest LST meeting ever held. Meeting topics on the first day included Sustainable Land Imaging and Landsat 9 development, Landsat 7 and 8 operations and data archiving, the Landsat 8 Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) stray-light issue, and the successful Sentinel-2 launch. In addition, on days two and three the LST members presented updates on their Landsat science and applications research. All presentations are available at landsat.usgs.gov/science_LST_Team_ Meetings.php.
","language":"English","publisher":"NASA","usgsCitation":"Schroeder, T., Loveland, T., Wulder, M.A., and Irons, J.R., 2015, Landsat science team meeting: Summer 2015: The Earth Observer, v. 27, no. 6, p. 12-17.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"12","endPage":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-068875","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324704,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://eospso.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/eo_pdfs/Nov%20Dec%202015_508_col.pdf"},{"id":324705,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57779432e4b07dd077c905f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schroeder, Todd tschroeder@usgs.gov","contributorId":149137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"Todd","email":"tschroeder@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":577035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas 0000-0003-3114-6646 loveland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":140611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas","email":"loveland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":577036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wulder, Michael A.","contributorId":103584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wulder","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Irons, James R.","contributorId":59284,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Irons","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":7049,"text":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":577038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70160049,"text":"70160049 - 2015 - The surface elevation table and marker horizon technique: A protocol for monitoring wetland elevation dynamics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-01T12:08:34","indexId":"70160049","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":53,"text":"Natural Resource Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"NPS/NCBN/NRR—2015/1078","title":"The surface elevation table and marker horizon technique: A protocol for monitoring wetland elevation dynamics","docAbstract":"The National Park Service, in response to the growing evidence and awareness of the effects of climate change on federal lands, determined that monitoring wetland elevation change is a top priority in North Atlantic Coastal parks (Stevens et al, 2010). As a result, the NPS Northeast Coastal and Barrier Network (NCBN) in collaboration with colleagues from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) have developed a protocol for monitoring wetland elevation change and other processes important for determining the viability of wetland communities. Although focused on North Atlantic Coastal parks, this document is applicable to all coastal and inland wetland regions. Wetlands exist within a narrow range of elevation which is influenced by local hydrologic conditions. For coastal wetlands in particular, local hydrologic conditions may be changing as sea levels continue to rise. As sea level rises, coastal wetland systems may respond by building elevation to maintain favorable hydrologic conditions for their survival. This protocol provides the reader with instructions and guidelines on designing a monitoring plan or study to: A) Quantify elevation change in wetlands with the Surface Elevation Table (SET). B) Understand the processes that influence elevation change, including vertical accretion (SET and Marker Horizon methods). C) Survey the wetland surface and SET mark to a common reference datum to allow for comparing sample stations to each other and to local tidal datums. D) Survey the SET mark to monitor its relative stability. This document is divided into two parts; the main body that presents an overview of all aspects of monitoring wetland elevation dynamics, and a collection of Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) that describes in detail how to perform or execute each step of the methodology. Detailed instruction on the installation, data collection, data management and analysis are provided in this report and associated SOP’s. A better understanding of these processes will help to determine the present and future viability of coastal wetlands managed by NPS and can help address measures that will ensure these communities exist into the future.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service","collaboration":"National Park Service; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","usgsCitation":"James C. Lynch, Hensel, P., and Cahoon, D.R., 2015, The surface elevation table and marker horizon technique: A protocol for monitoring wetland elevation dynamics: Natural Resource Report NPS/NCBN/NRR—2015/1078, xviii., 62 p., SOP 1-1-10-3.","productDescription":"xviii., 62 p., SOP 1-1-10-3","ipdsId":"IP-070057","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328459,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":365251,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/Reference/Profile/2225005"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57d3dd3de4b0571647d19adf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"James C. Lynch","contributorId":150450,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"James C. Lynch","affiliations":[{"id":13367,"text":"National Parks Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hensel, Phillippe","contributorId":150451,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hensel","given":"Phillippe","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13367,"text":"National Parks Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cahoon, Donald R. 0000-0002-2591-5667 dcahoon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2591-5667","contributorId":3791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahoon","given":"Donald","email":"dcahoon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70160055,"text":"70160055 - 2015 - Fire activity as a function of fire–weather seasonal severity and antecedent climate across spatial scales in southern Europe and Pacific western USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-10T09:12:15","indexId":"70160055","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1562,"text":"Environmental Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fire activity as a function of fire–weather seasonal severity and antecedent climate across spatial scales in southern Europe and Pacific western USA","docAbstract":"Climate has a strong influence on fire activity, varying across time and space. We analyzed the relationships between fire–weather conditions during the main fire season and antecedent water-balance conditions and fires in two Mediterranean-type regions with contrasted management histories: five southern countries of the European Union (EUMED)(all fires); the Pacific western coast of the USA (California and Oregon, PWUSA)(national forest fires). Total number of fires (≥1 ha), number of large fires (≥100 ha) and area burned were related to mean seasonal fire weather index (FWI), number of days over the 90th percentile of the FWI, and to the standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI) from the preceding 3 (spring) or 8 (autumn through spring) months. Calculations were made at three spatial aggregations in each area, and models related first-difference (year-to-year change) of fires and FWI/climate variables to minimize autocorrelation. An increase in mean seasonal FWI resulted in increases in the three fire variables across spatial scales in both regions. SPEI contributed little to explain fires, with few exceptions. Negative water-balance (dry) conditions from autumn through spring (SPEI8) were generally more important than positive conditions (moist) in spring (SPEI3), both of which contributed positively to fires. The R2 of the models generally improved with increasing area of aggregation. For total number of fires and area burned, the R2 of the models tended to decrease with increasing mean seasonal FWI. Thus, fires were more susceptible to change with climate variability in areas with less amenable conditions for fires (lower FWI) than in areas with higher mean FWI values. The relationships were similar in both regions, albeit weaker in PWUSA, probably due to the wider latitudinal gradient covered in PWUSA than in EUMED. The large variance explained by some of the models indicates that large-scale seasonal forecast could help anticipating fire activity in the investigated areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"IOP Publishing","doi":"10.1088/1748-9326/10/11/114013","usgsCitation":"Urbieta, I.R., Zavala, G., Bedia, J., Gutierrez, J.M., San Miguel-Ayanz, J., Camia, A., Keeley, J.E., and Moreno, J.M., 2015, Fire activity as a function of fire–weather seasonal severity and antecedent climate across spatial scales in southern Europe and Pacific western USA: Environmental Research Letters, v. 10, no. 11, art11431: 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/11/114013.","productDescription":"art11431: 11 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059299","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471677,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/11/114013","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":312095,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"France, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain, United States","state":"California, Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-122.421439,37.869969],[-122.41847,37.852721],[-122.446316,37.861046],[-122.421439,37.869969]]],[[[-122.3785,37.826505],[-122.369941,37.832137],[-122.362661,37.807577],[-122.3785,37.826505]]],[[[-120.248484,33.999329],[-120.043259,34.035806],[-120.046575,34.000002],[-120.011123,33.979894],[-119.978876,33.983081],[-119.97026,33.944359],[-120.121817,33.895712],[-120.168974,33.91909],[-120.224461,33.989059],[-120.248484,33.999329]]],[[[-119.789798,34.05726],[-119.755521,34.056716],[-119.712576,34.043265],[-119.686507,34.019805],[-119.637742,34.013178],[-119.612226,34.021256],[-119.59324,34.049625],[-119.5667,34.053452],[-119.52064,34.034262],[-119.560464,33.99553],[-119.662825,33.985889],[-119.721206,33.959583],[-119.758141,33.959212],[-119.873358,33.980375],[-119.884896,34.008814],[-119.876329,34.032087],[-119.923337,34.069361],[-119.912857,34.077508],[-119.857304,34.071298],[-119.818742,34.052997],[-119.789798,34.05726]]],[[[-120.46258,34.042627],[-120.440248,34.036918],[-120.415287,34.05496],[-120.390906,34.051994],[-120.368278,34.076465],[-120.358608,34.050235],[-120.331161,34.049097],[-120.302122,34.023574],[-120.35793,34.015029],[-120.409368,34.032198],[-120.454134,34.028081],[-120.46258,34.042627]]],[[[-118.524531,32.895488],[-118.586928,33.008281],[-118.606559,33.01469],[-118.605534,33.030999],[-118.569013,33.029151],[-118.496811,32.933847],[-118.353504,32.821962],[-118.394565,32.823978],[-118.425634,32.800595],[-118.496298,32.851572],[-118.524531,32.895488]]],[[[-118.500212,33.449592],[-118.370323,33.409285],[-118.365094,33.388374],[-118.310213,33.335795],[-118.305084,33.310323],[-118.325244,33.299075],[-118.374768,33.320065],[-118.465368,33.326056],[-118.48877,33.356649],[-118.478465,33.38632],[-118.48875,33.419826],[-118.563442,33.434381],[-118.60403,33.47654],[-118.54453,33.474119],[-118.500212,33.449592]]],[[[-119.543842,33.280329],[-119.528141,33.284929],[-119.465717,33.259239],[-119.429559,33.228167],[-119.476029,33.21552],[-119.545872,33.233406],[-119.578942,33.278628],[-119.562042,33.271129],[-119.543842,33.280329]]],[[[-119.999168,41.99454],[-120.001014,38.999574],[-118.714312,38.102185],[-117.244917,37.030244],[-115.852908,35.96966],[-114.633013,35.002085],[-114.635176,34.875003],[-114.586842,34.835672],[-114.552682,34.766871],[-114.470477,34.711368],[-114.438739,34.621455],[-114.424202,34.610453],[-114.429747,34.591734],[-114.380838,34.529724],[-114.386699,34.457911],[-114.375789,34.447798],[-114.335372,34.450038],[-114.226107,34.365916],[-114.176909,34.349306],[-114.138282,34.30323],[-114.134427,34.266387],[-114.161826,34.257038],[-114.223384,34.205136],[-114.229715,34.186928],[-114.287294,34.170529],[-114.320777,34.138635],[-114.411681,34.110031],[-114.43338,34.088413],[-114.438266,34.022609],[-114.535478,33.934651],[-114.508558,33.906098],[-114.518555,33.889847],[-114.503017,33.867998],[-114.529597,33.848063],[-114.504863,33.760465],[-114.512348,33.734214],[-114.494197,33.707922],[-114.531523,33.675108],[-114.524813,33.611351],[-114.5403,33.580615],[-114.524391,33.553683],[-114.591554,33.499443],[-114.635183,33.422726],[-114.725535,33.404056],[-114.698035,33.352442],[-114.731223,33.302434],[-114.672401,33.26047],[-114.689421,33.24525],[-114.673626,33.223121],[-114.67536,33.185489],[-114.706488,33.08816],[-114.68902,33.084036],[-114.66506,33.033908],[-114.64598,33.048903],[-114.618788,33.027202],[-114.575161,33.036542],[-114.52013,33.029984],[-114.492938,32.971781],[-114.469039,32.972295],[-114.48074,32.937027],[-114.462929,32.907944],[-114.468971,32.845155],[-114.530755,32.793485],[-114.526856,32.757094],[-114.618373,32.728245],[-114.701918,32.745548],[-114.719633,32.718763],[-117.124862,32.534156],[-117.136664,32.618754],[-117.168866,32.671952],[-117.196767,32.688851],[-117.246069,32.669352],[-117.25497,32.786948],[-117.28217,32.839547],[-117.25617,32.859447],[-117.25447,32.900146],[-117.28077,33.012343],[-117.315278,33.093504],[-117.469794,33.296417],[-117.547693,33.365491],[-117.59588,33.386629],[-117.645582,33.440728],[-117.684584,33.461927],[-117.715349,33.460556],[-117.784888,33.541525],[-117.87679,33.592322],[-117.927091,33.605521],[-118.132698,33.753217],[-118.180831,33.763072],[-118.181367,33.717367],[-118.258687,33.703741],[-118.411211,33.741985],[-118.428407,33.774715],[-118.394376,33.804289],[-118.392107,33.840915],[-118.460611,33.969111],[-118.519514,34.027509],[-118.569235,34.04164],[-118.744952,34.032103],[-118.783433,34.021543],[-118.805114,34.001239],[-118.854653,34.034215],[-118.938081,34.043383],[-119.088536,34.09831],[-119.130169,34.100102],[-119.216441,34.146105],[-119.278644,34.266902],[-119.313034,34.275689],[-119.370356,34.319486],[-119.388249,34.317398],[-119.461036,34.374064],[-119.536957,34.395495],[-119.559459,34.413395],[-119.671866,34.416096],[-119.709067,34.395397],[-119.794771,34.417597],[-119.873971,34.408795],[-120.008077,34.460447],[-120.088591,34.460208],[-120.141165,34.473405],[-120.295051,34.470623],[-120.471376,34.447846],[-120.47661,34.475131],[-120.511421,34.522953],[-120.581293,34.556959],[-120.622575,34.554017],[-120.645739,34.581035],[-120.60197,34.692095],[-120.601672,34.709721],[-120.637415,34.755895],[-120.610266,34.85818],[-120.647328,34.901133],[-120.670835,34.904115],[-120.629931,35.061515],[-120.644311,35.139616],[-120.714185,35.175998],[-120.74887,35.177795],[-120.760492,35.15971],[-120.856047,35.206487],[-120.89679,35.247877],[-120.862684,35.346776],[-120.866099,35.393045],[-120.884757,35.430196],[-120.907937,35.449069],[-121.003359,35.46071],[-121.101595,35.548814],[-121.166712,35.635399],[-121.284973,35.674109],[-121.314632,35.71331],[-121.315786,35.75252],[-121.332449,35.783106],[-121.462264,35.885618],[-121.503112,36.000299],[-121.574602,36.025156],[-121.629634,36.114452],[-121.680145,36.165818],[-121.717176,36.195146],[-121.826425,36.24186],[-121.888491,36.30281],[-121.905446,36.358269],[-121.903195,36.393603],[-121.9416,36.485602],[-121.944666,36.521861],[-121.925937,36.525173],[-121.932508,36.559935],[-121.978592,36.580488],[-121.93643,36.636746],[-121.889064,36.601759],[-121.842263,36.630059],[-121.814462,36.682858],[-121.791544,36.815186],[-121.862266,36.931552],[-121.906468,36.96895],[-121.93947,36.97805],[-121.972771,36.954151],[-122.012373,36.96455],[-122.050122,36.948523],[-122.105976,36.955951],[-122.20618,37.013949],[-122.284882,37.101747],[-122.306139,37.116383],[-122.337071,37.117382],[-122.337833,37.135936],[-122.367085,37.172817],[-122.405073,37.195791],[-122.419113,37.24147],[-122.40085,37.359225],[-122.443687,37.435941],[-122.452087,37.48054],[-122.472388,37.50054],[-122.499289,37.495341],[-122.516689,37.52134],[-122.517187,37.590637],[-122.501386,37.599637],[-122.494085,37.644035],[-122.514483,37.780829],[-122.485783,37.790629],[-122.478083,37.810828],[-122.407452,37.811441],[-122.385323,37.790724],[-122.375854,37.734979],[-122.356784,37.729505],[-122.361749,37.71501],[-122.391374,37.708331],[-122.374291,37.662206],[-122.386072,37.637662],[-122.35531,37.615736],[-122.378545,37.605592],[-122.360219,37.592501],[-122.317676,37.590865],[-122.305895,37.575484],[-122.262698,37.572866],[-122.196593,37.537196],[-122.194957,37.522469],[-122.168449,37.504143],[-122.111344,37.50758],[-122.111998,37.528851],[-122.147014,37.588411],[-122.163049,37.667933],[-122.246826,37.72193],[-122.257953,37.739601],[-122.242638,37.753744],[-122.330963,37.786035],[-122.333711,37.809797],[-122.303931,37.830087],[-122.309986,37.892755],[-122.33453,37.908791],[-122.385908,37.908136],[-122.430087,37.963115],[-122.399832,37.956009],[-122.367582,37.978168],[-122.367909,38.01253],[-122.340093,38.003694],[-122.283478,38.022674],[-122.262861,38.0446],[-122.273006,38.07438],[-122.314567,38.115287],[-122.39638,38.149976],[-122.439577,38.116923],[-122.489974,38.112014],[-122.483757,38.071762],[-122.497828,38.019402],[-122.448413,37.984713],[-122.488665,37.966714],[-122.479175,37.941516],[-122.503064,37.928753],[-122.438268,37.880974],[-122.480811,37.873448],[-122.479151,37.825428],[-122.505383,37.822128],[-122.548986,37.836227],[-122.656519,37.904519],[-122.70264,37.89382],[-122.727297,37.904626],[-122.736898,37.925825],[-122.783244,37.951334],[-122.821383,37.996735],[-122.882114,38.025273],[-122.956811,38.02872],[-122.981776,38.009119],[-122.97439,37.992429],[-123.024066,37.994878],[-122.99242,38.041758],[-122.949074,38.15406],[-122.993959,38.237602],[-122.968569,38.242879],[-122.977082,38.267902],[-123.024333,38.310573],[-123.063671,38.302178],[-123.074684,38.322574],[-123.068265,38.359865],[-123.128825,38.450418],[-123.331899,38.565542],[-123.441774,38.699744],[-123.514784,38.741966],[-123.541837,38.776764],[-123.647387,38.845472],[-123.659846,38.872529],[-123.725367,38.917438],[-123.738886,38.95412],[-123.711149,38.977316],[-123.690095,39.031157],[-123.713392,39.108422],[-123.774998,39.212083],[-123.822085,39.343857],[-123.81469,39.446538],[-123.766475,39.552803],[-123.787417,39.604552],[-123.792659,39.684122],[-123.829545,39.723071],[-123.851714,39.832041],[-123.907664,39.863028],[-123.930047,39.909697],[-123.954952,39.922373],[-123.980031,39.962458],[-124.035904,40.013319],[-124.079983,40.029773],[-124.080709,40.06611],[-124.110549,40.103765],[-124.187874,40.130542],[-124.214895,40.160902],[-124.363414,40.260974],[-124.347853,40.314634],[-124.373599,40.392923],[-124.409591,40.438076],[-124.382816,40.519],[-124.329404,40.61643],[-124.176715,40.843618],[-124.137066,40.925732],[-124.112165,41.028173],[-124.125448,41.048504],[-124.153622,41.05355],[-124.165414,41.129822],[-124.1438,41.144686],[-124.106986,41.229678],[-124.063076,41.439579],[-124.081987,41.547761],[-124.135552,41.657307],[-124.147412,41.717955],[-124.164716,41.740126],[-124.194953,41.736778],[-124.255994,41.783014],[-124.230678,41.818681],[-124.208439,41.888192],[-124.204948,41.983441],[-124.214213,42.005939],[-124.270464,42.045553],[-124.299649,42.051736],[-124.34101,42.092929],[-124.356229,42.114952],[-124.361009,42.180752],[-124.377762,42.218809],[-124.410982,42.250547],[-124.405148,42.278107],[-124.429288,42.331746],[-124.424863,42.395426],[-124.435105,42.440163],[-124.390664,42.566593],[-124.401177,42.627192],[-124.416774,42.661594],[-124.45074,42.675798],[-124.473864,42.732671],[-124.491679,42.741789],[-124.513368,42.735068],[-124.524439,42.789793],[-124.552441,42.840568],[-124.456918,43.000315],[-124.434451,43.115986],[-124.401726,43.184896],[-124.38246,43.270167],[-124.402814,43.305872],[-124.373037,43.338953],[-124.341587,43.351337],[-124.315012,43.388389],[-124.233534,43.55713],[-124.150267,43.91085],[-124.122406,44.104442],[-124.1152,44.286486],[-124.084401,44.415611],[-124.067569,44.428582],[-124.079301,44.430863],[-124.084429,44.486927],[-124.067251,44.60804],[-124.084476,44.611056],[-124.065202,44.622445],[-124.058281,44.658866],[-124.070394,44.683514],[-124.059077,44.737656],[-124.074066,44.798107],[-124.025136,44.928175],[-124.004598,45.044959],[-124.017991,45.049808],[-124.015851,45.064759],[-123.989529,45.094045],[-123.975425,45.145476],[-123.964169,45.317026],[-123.972899,45.33689],[-124.007756,45.336813],[-123.973398,45.354791],[-123.965728,45.386242],[-123.960557,45.430778],[-123.976544,45.489733],[-123.957568,45.510399],[-123.939005,45.661923],[-123.943121,45.727031],[-123.982578,45.761815],[-123.969459,45.782371],[-123.962736,45.869974],[-123.96763,45.907807],[-123.993703,45.946431],[-123.969991,45.969139],[-123.937471,45.977306],[-123.927891,46.009564],[-123.947531,46.116131],[-123.996766,46.20399],[-124.024305,46.229256],[-124.001998,46.237316],[-123.987196,46.211521],[-123.854801,46.157342],[-123.841521,46.169824],[-123.864209,46.189527],[-123.636474,46.214359],[-123.622812,46.23664],[-123.586205,46.228654],[-123.548194,46.248245],[-123.547659,46.259109],[-123.501245,46.271004],[-123.447592,46.249832],[-123.427629,46.229348],[-123.430847,46.181827],[-123.371433,46.146372],[-123.280166,46.144843],[-123.166414,46.188973],[-123.115904,46.185268],[-122.904119,46.083734],[-122.878092,46.031281],[-122.813998,45.960984],[-122.81151,45.912725],[-122.785026,45.867699],[-122.795605,45.81],[-122.761451,45.759163],[-122.774511,45.680437],[-122.76381,45.657138],[-122.643907,45.609739],[-122.548149,45.596768],[-122.438674,45.563585],[-122.380302,45.575941],[-122.352802,45.569441],[-122.331502,45.548241],[-122.294901,45.543541],[-122.248993,45.547745],[-122.183695,45.577696],[-122.101675,45.583516],[-121.983038,45.622812],[-121.955734,45.643559],[-121.908267,45.654399],[-121.867167,45.693277],[-121.811304,45.706761],[-121.707358,45.694809],[-121.533106,45.726541],[-121.423592,45.69399],[-121.33777,45.704949],[-121.215779,45.671238],[-121.196556,45.616689],[-121.167852,45.606098],[-121.131953,45.609762],[-121.06437,45.652549],[-120.943977,45.656445],[-120.895575,45.642945],[-120.855674,45.671545],[-120.68937,45.715847],[-120.634968,45.745847],[-120.559465,45.738348],[-120.482362,45.694449],[-120.40396,45.699249],[-120.210754,45.725951],[-120.170453,45.761951],[-119.965744,45.824365],[-119.669877,45.856867],[-119.600549,45.919581],[-119.571584,45.925456],[-119.487829,45.906307],[-119.25715,45.939926],[-119.19553,45.92787],[-119.12612,45.932859],[-119.027056,45.969134],[-118.987129,45.999855],[-116.915989,45.995413],[-116.892935,45.974396],[-116.859795,45.907264],[-116.796051,45.858473],[-116.782676,45.825376],[-116.759787,45.816167],[-116.711822,45.826267],[-116.665344,45.781998],[-116.593004,45.778541],[-116.546643,45.750972],[-116.535396,45.691734],[-116.487894,45.649769],[-116.463635,45.602785],[-116.523638,45.54661],[-116.553473,45.499107],[-116.554829,45.46293],[-116.588195,45.44292],[-116.597447,45.41277],[-116.673793,45.321511],[-116.674493,45.276349],[-116.703607,45.239757],[-116.729607,45.142091],[-116.774847,45.105536],[-116.797329,45.060267],[-116.847944,45.022602],[-116.844625,45.001435],[-116.858313,44.978761],[-116.83199,44.933007],[-116.852427,44.887577],[-116.931099,44.804781],[-116.9347,44.783881],[-117.03827,44.748179],[-117.062273,44.727143],[-117.061799,44.706654],[-117.095868,44.664737],[-117.124754,44.583834],[-117.148255,44.564371],[-117.149242,44.536151],[-117.224104,44.483734],[-117.215072,44.427162],[-117.242675,44.396548],[-117.235117,44.373853],[-117.189769,44.336585],[-117.222451,44.298963],[-117.198147,44.273828],[-117.143394,44.258262],[-117.104208,44.27994],[-117.05303,44.229076],[-117.031862,44.248635],[-116.975905,44.242844],[-116.971675,44.197256],[-116.925392,44.191544],[-116.894083,44.160191],[-116.933704,44.100039],[-116.977351,44.085364],[-116.973185,44.049425],[-116.934485,44.021249],[-116.942346,43.989106],[-116.971436,43.964998],[-116.96247,43.928336],[-116.982347,43.86884],[-117.01077,43.862269],[-117.02678,43.829841],[-117.026222,42.000252],[-119.999168,41.99454]]],[[[68.935,-48.625],[69.58,-48.94],[70.525,-49.065],[70.56,-49.255],[70.28,-49.71],[68.745,-49.775],[68.72,-49.2425],[68.935,-48.625]]],[[[-52.55642,2.50471],[-52.93966,2.12486],[-53.41847,2.05339],[-53.55484,2.3349],[-53.77852,2.3767],[-54.08806,2.10556],[-54.52475,2.31185],[-54.27123,2.73875],[-54.18428,3.19417],[-54.0115,3.62257],[-54.39954,4.21261],[-54.47863,4.89676],[-53.95804,5.75655],[-52.88214,5.40985],[-51.82334,4.56577],[-51.6578,4.15623],[-52.24934,3.24109],[-52.55642,2.50471]]],[[[9.56002,42.15249],[9.22975,41.38001],[8.77572,41.58361],[8.54421,42.25652],[8.74601,42.62812],[9.39,43.00998],[9.56002,42.15249]]],[[[3.58818,50.37899],[4.28602,49.9075],[4.79922,49.98537],[5.67405,49.52948],[5.89776,49.44267],[6.18632,49.4638],[6.65823,49.20196],[8.09928,49.01778],[7.59368,48.33302],[7.46676,47.62058],[7.1922,47.44977],[6.73657,47.5418],[6.76871,47.28771],[6.03739,46.72578],[6.02261,46.27299],[6.5001,46.42967],[6.84359,45.99115],[7.27385,45.77695],[7.75599,45.82449],[8.31663,46.16364],[8.48995,46.00515],[8.96631,46.03693],[9.18288,46.44021],[9.92284,46.3149],[10.36338,46.48357],[10.4427,46.89355],[11.04856,46.75136],[11.16483,46.94158],[12.15309,47.11539],[12.37649,46.76756],[13.80648,46.50931],[13.69811,46.01678],[13.93763,45.59102],[13.14161,45.73669],[12.32858,45.38178],[12.38387,44.88537],[12.26145,44.60048],[12.58924,44.09137],[13.52691,43.58773],[14.02982,42.76101],[15.14257,41.95514],[15.92619,41.96132],[16.1699,41.74029],[15.88935,41.54108],[17.51917,40.87714],[18.37669,40.35562],[18.48025,40.16887],[18.29339,39.81077],[17.73838,40.27767],[16.8696,40.44223],[16.44874,39.7954],[17.17149,39.4247],[17.05284,38.90287],[16.63509,38.84357],[16.10096,37.9859],[15.68409,37.90885],[15.68796,38.21459],[15.89198,38.75094],[16.10933,38.96455],[15.71881,39.54407],[15.41361,40.04836],[14.9985,40.17295],[14.70327,40.60455],[14.06067,40.78635],[13.62799,41.18829],[12.88808,41.25309],[12.10668,41.70453],[11.19191,42.35543],[10.51195,42.93146],[10.20003,43.92001],[9.70249,44.03628],[8.88895,44.36634],[8.42856,44.23123],[7.85077,43.76715],[7.43518,43.69384],[6.52925,43.12889],[4.55696,43.39965],[3.10041,43.0752],[2.986,42.47302],[3.03948,41.89212],[2.09184,41.22609],[0.81052,41.01473],[0.72133,40.67832],[0.10669,40.12393],[-0.27871,39.30998],[0.11129,38.73851],[-0.46712,38.29237],[-0.68339,37.64235],[-1.43838,37.44306],[-2.14645,36.67414],[-3.41578,36.6589],[-4.3689,36.67784],[-4.99522,36.32471],[-5.37716,35.94685],[-5.86643,36.02982],[-6.23669,36.36768],[-6.52019,36.94291],[-7.45373,37.09779],[-7.85561,36.83827],[-8.38282,36.97888],[-8.89886,36.86881],[-8.7461,37.65135],[-8.84,38.26624],[-9.28746,38.35849],[-9.52657,38.73743],[-9.44699,39.39207],[-9.04831,39.75509],[-8.97735,40.15931],[-8.76868,40.76064],[-8.79085,41.18433],[-8.99079,41.54346],[-9.03482,41.88057],[-8.98443,42.59278],[-9.39288,43.02662],[-7.97819,43.74834],[-6.75449,43.56791],[-5.41189,43.57424],[-4.34784,43.40345],[-3.51753,43.4559],[-1.90135,43.4228],[-1.38423,44.02261],[-1.1938,46.01492],[-2.22572,47.06436],[-2.96328,47.57033],[-4.49155,47.95495],[-4.59235,48.68416],[-3.29581,48.90169],[-1.61651,48.64442],[-1.93349,49.77634],[-0.98947,49.34738],[1.33876,50.12717],[1.639,50.94661],[2.51357,51.14851],[2.65842,50.79685],[3.12325,50.78036],[3.58818,50.37899]]],[[[165.77999,-21.08],[166.59999,-21.70002],[167.12001,-22.15999],[166.74003,-22.39998],[166.18973,-22.12971],[165.47438,-21.67961],[164.82982,-21.14982],[164.168,-20.44475],[164.02961,-20.10565],[164.45997,-20.12001],[165.02004,-20.45999],[165.46001,-20.80002],[165.77999,-21.08]]],[[[23.69998,35.705],[24.24667,35.36802],[25.02502,35.425],[25.76921,35.35402],[25.74502,35.18],[26.29,35.29999],[26.165,35.005],[24.72498,34.91999],[24.73501,35.08499],[23.51498,35.27999],[23.69998,35.705]]],[[[26.6042,41.56211],[26.2946,40.93626],[26.05694,40.82412],[25.44768,40.85255],[24.92585,40.94706],[23.71481,40.68713],[24.408,40.12499],[23.89997,39.96201],[23.343,39.961],[22.81399,40.47601],[22.6263,40.25656],[22.84975,39.65931],[23.35003,39.19001],[22.9731,38.9709],[23.53002,38.51],[24.02502,38.21999],[24.04001,37.65501],[23.115,37.92001],[23.40997,37.40999],[22.77497,37.30501],[23.15423,36.42251],[22.49003,36.41],[21.67003,36.84499],[21.29501,37.64499],[21.12003,38.31032],[20.73003,38.76999],[20.21771,39.34023],[20.15002,39.625],[20.615,40.11001],[20.675,40.435],[20.99999,40.58],[21.02004,40.84273],[21.67416,40.93127],[22.05538,41.14987],[22.59731,41.13049],[22.76177,41.3048],[22.95238,41.33799],[23.69207,41.30908],[24.49264,41.5839],[25.1972,41.23449],[26.10614,41.3289],[26.11704,41.8269],[26.6042,41.56211]]],[[[15.52038,38.23116],[15.16024,37.44405],[15.3099,37.13422],[15.09999,36.61999],[14.33523,36.99663],[13.82673,37.10453],[12.431,37.61295],[12.57094,38.12638],[13.74116,38.03497],[15.52038,38.23116]]],[[[9.21001,41.20999],[9.80998,40.50001],[9.66952,39.17738],[9.21482,39.24047],[8.80694,38.90662],[8.4283,39.17185],[8.38825,40.37831],[8.16,40.95001],[8.70999,40.89998],[9.21001,41.20999]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"California\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"10","issue":"11","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-11-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"566ab04be4b09cfe53ca44f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Urbieta, Itziar R.","contributorId":150458,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Urbieta","given":"Itziar","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":18028,"text":"Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Caltilla La Mancha, Toledo, Spain","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zavala, Gonzalo","contributorId":150459,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zavala","given":"Gonzalo","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":18029,"text":"D Ciencias Ambientales, U Castilla La Mancha, Toledo, Spain","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bedia, Joaquin","contributorId":150460,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bedia","given":"Joaquin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":18030,"text":"Grupo de Meteorologia, Instituto de Fisica de Cantabria, U de Cantabria, Santander, Spain","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gutierrez, Jose M.","contributorId":150461,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gutierrez","given":"Jose","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":18031,"text":"G Meteorologia, I Fisica de Cantabria, U de Cantabria, Santander, Spain","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"San Miguel-Ayanz, Jesus","contributorId":150463,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"San Miguel-Ayanz","given":"Jesus","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":18033,"text":"European Commission, JRC, I for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra Varese, Italy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Camia, Andrea","contributorId":150462,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Camia","given":"Andrea","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":18032,"text":"European Commission, Joint Research Centere, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra Varese, Italy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Moreno, Jose M.","contributorId":150464,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moreno","given":"Jose","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":18029,"text":"D Ciencias Ambientales, U Castilla La Mancha, Toledo, Spain","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ]}