{"pageNumber":"1147","pageRowStart":"28650","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40871,"records":[{"id":70024175,"text":"70024175 - 2002 - Global petroleum resources: A view to the future","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:03","indexId":"70024175","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1829,"text":"Geotimes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Global petroleum resources: A view to the future","docAbstract":"It is necessary to periodically reassess petroleum resources, not only because new data become available and better geologic models are developed; but also because many non-geologic factors determine which part of the crustal abundance of petroleum will be economic and acceptable over the foreseeable future. In 2000, the U.S. Geological Survey completed an assessment of the world's conventional petroleum resources, exclusive of the United States. This assessment is different from those before it: Overall the 2000 assessment of potential petroleum resources is higher than previous assessments, largely because it is the first USGS world assessment to include field growth estimates. Based on a thorough investigation of the petroleum geology of each province, the assessment couples geologic analysis with a probabilistic methodology to estimate remaining potential. Including the assessment numbers for the United States from USGS and the Minerals Management Service (MMS), the world's endowment of recoverable oil - which consists of cumulative production, remaining reserves, reserve growth and undiscovered resources - is estimated at about 3 trillion barrels of oil. Of this, about 24 percent has been produced and an additional 29 percent has been discovered and booked as reserves. The natural gas endowment is estimated at 15.4 quadrillion cubic feet (2.5 trillion barrels of oil equivalent), of which only about 11 percent has been produced and an additional 31 percent has been discovered and booked as reserves. The USGS assessment is not exhaustive, because it does not cover all sedimentary basins of the world. Relatively small volumes of oil or gas have been found in an additional 279 provinces, and significant accumulations may occur in these or other basins that were not assessed. The estimates are therefore conservative.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geotimes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00168556","usgsCitation":"Ahlbrandt, T., and McCabe, P., 2002, Global petroleum resources: A view to the future: Geotimes, v. 47, no. 11, p. 14-18.","startPage":"14","endPage":"18","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231911,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2955e4b0c8380cd5a882","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ahlbrandt, Thomas S.","contributorId":58279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ahlbrandt","given":"Thomas S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCabe, P.J.","contributorId":57608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024171,"text":"70024171 - 2002 - Distinguishing palagonitized from pedogenically-altered basaltic Hawaiian tephra: Mineralogical and geochemical criteria","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-04T10:29:59","indexId":"70024171","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1785,"text":"Geological Society Special Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distinguishing palagonitized from pedogenically-altered basaltic Hawaiian tephra: Mineralogical and geochemical criteria","docAbstract":"<p>Palagonitization is a common, but imperfectly defined process that greatly modifies the physical and chemical properties of glassy basaltic tephra deposited in subaquatic/subglacial environments on Earth and perhaps Mars. It also results in textures and mineralogies that are distinct from other forms of (mainly pedogenic) low temperature alteration. Specifically, the process of palagonitization (1) initially results in the formation of 'palaginitized glass', a quasi- or nano-crystalline, rind-like material that contains smectite, as well as lesser amounts of other clays (e.g. serpentine), and (2) eventually results in consolidation of tephra, mediated through the accretion of palagonitized glass and later- formed authigenic cements. Conversely, pedogenic weathering of glassy basaltic tephra is characterized by disaggregation of tephra, and formation of a wide range of pedogenic products, including layer silicates (although not primarily smectite), short-range-order aluminosilicates and oxyhydroxides, whose composition reflects the intensity of the weathering environment. These mineralogical and textural properties can be readily recognized through a variety of techniques including electron microscopy/microprobe analysis, reflectance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and soil chemistry. Analyses of samples collected from the summit regions of Kilauea and Mauna Kea volcanoes on the island of Hawaii are presented here in order to illustrate differences between palagonitization and pedogenic weathering of glassy basaltic tephra. In the young Hawaiian tephras studied, palagonitization has occurred in response to hydrothermal activity shortly after deposition. Although some, non-hydrothermally affected tephras may eventually become palagonitized, those that have been strongly desilicated by intense pedogenic weathering will probably never become palagonitized.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of London","doi":"10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.202.01.20","issn":"03058719","usgsCitation":"Schiffmant, P., Southard, R., Eberl, D.D., and Bishop, J., 2002, Distinguishing palagonitized from pedogenically-altered basaltic Hawaiian tephra: Mineralogical and geochemical criteria: Geological Society Special Publication, no. 202, p. 393-405, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.202.01.20.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"393","endPage":"405","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231838,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"202","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-02-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0251e4b0c8380cd4ffd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schiffmant, Peter","contributorId":51016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schiffmant","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Southard, R.J.","contributorId":83703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Southard","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eberl, D. D.","contributorId":66282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberl","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bishop, J.L.","contributorId":83244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bishop","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024170,"text":"70024170 - 2002 - Strontium isotopic signatures of the streams and lakes of Taylor Valley, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica: Chemical weathering in a polar climate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:04","indexId":"70024170","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":866,"text":"Aquatic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strontium isotopic signatures of the streams and lakes of Taylor Valley, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica: Chemical weathering in a polar climate","docAbstract":"We have collected and analyzed a series of water samples from three closed-basin lakes (Lakes Bonney, Fryxell, and Hoare) in Taylor Valley, Antarctica, and the streams that flow into them. In all three lakes, the hypolimnetic waters have different 87Sr/86Sr ratios than the surface waters, with the deep water of Lakes Fryxell and Hoare being less radiogenic than the surface waters. The opposite occurs in Lake Bonney. The Lake Fryxell isotopic ratios are lower than modern-day ocean water and most of the whole-rock ratios of the surrounding geologic materials. A conceivable source of Sr to the system could be either the Cenozoic volcanic rocks that make up a small portion of the till deposited in the valley during the Last Glacial Maximum or from marble derived from the local basement rocks. The more radiogenic ratios from Lake Bonney originate from ancient salt deposits that flow into the lake from Taylor Glacier and the weathering of minerals with more radiogenic Sr isotopic ratios within the tills. The Sr isotopic data from the streams and lakes of Taylor Valley strongly support the notion documented by previous investigators that chemical weathering has been, and is currently, a major process in determining the overall aquatic chemistry of these lakes in this polar desert environment.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquatic Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1021339622515","issn":"13806165","usgsCitation":"Lyons, W., Nezat, C., Benson, L.V., Bullen, T., Graham, E., Kidd, J., and Welch, K., 2002, Strontium isotopic signatures of the streams and lakes of Taylor Valley, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica: Chemical weathering in a polar climate: Aquatic Geochemistry, v. 8, no. 2, p. 75-95, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021339622515.","startPage":"75","endPage":"95","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207154,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021339622515"},{"id":231837,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9bbae4b08c986b31d05a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lyons, W.B.","contributorId":71319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyons","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nezat, C.A.","contributorId":32328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nezat","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Benson, L. V.","contributorId":50159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bullen, T.D.","contributorId":79911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullen","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Graham, E.Y.","contributorId":24130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"E.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kidd, J.","contributorId":10952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kidd","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Welch, K.A.","contributorId":44315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70024168,"text":"70024168 - 2002 - The oral bioavailability and toxicokinetics of methylmercury in common loon (<i>Gavia immer</i>) chicks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-05T10:45:48","indexId":"70024168","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1289,"text":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The oral bioavailability and toxicokinetics of methylmercury in common loon (<i>Gavia immer</i>) chicks","docAbstract":"We compared the toxicokinetics of methylmercury in captive common loon chicks during two time intervals to assess the impact of feather growth on the kinetics of mercury. We also determined the oral bioavailability of methylmercury during these trials to test for age-related changes. The blood concentration-time curves for individuals dosed during feather development (initiated 35 days post hatch) were best described by a one-compartment toxicokinetic model with an elimination half-life of 3 days. The data for birds dosed following completion of feather growth (84 days post hatch) were best fitted by a two-compartment elimination model that includes an initial rapid distribution phase with a half-life of 0.9 days, followed by a slow elimination phase with a half-life of 116 days. We determined the oral bioavailability of methylmercury during the first dosing interval by comparing the ratios of the area under the blood concentration-time curves (AUC<sub>0&rarr;&infin;</sub>) for orally and intravenously dosed chicks. The oral bioavailability of methylmercury during the first dosing period was 0.83. We also determined bioavailability during both dosing periods using a second measure because of irregularities with intravenous results in the second period. This second bioavailability measure estimated the percentage of the dose that was deposited in the blood volume (f), and the results show that there was no difference in bioavailability among dosing periods. The results of this study highlight the importance of feather growth on the toxicokinetics of methylmercury.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1095-6433(02)00140-X","issn":"10956433","usgsCitation":"Fournier, F., Karasov, W.H., Kenow, K., Meyer, M., and Hines, R.K., 2002, The oral bioavailability and toxicokinetics of methylmercury in common loon (<i>Gavia immer</i>) chicks: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, v. 133, no. 3, p. 703-714, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1095-6433(02)00140-X.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"703","endPage":"714","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231801,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"133","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae59e4b08c986b324022","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fournier, F.","contributorId":57001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fournier","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karasov, W. H.","contributorId":25889,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Karasov","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kenow, K.P.","contributorId":18302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kenow","given":"K.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meyer, M.W.","contributorId":38094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hines, R. K.","contributorId":27819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70024501,"text":"70024501 - 2002 - Topography and geologic characteristics of aeolian grooves in the south polar layered deposits of Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-29T14:33:14","indexId":"70024501","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Topography and geologic characteristics of aeolian grooves in the south polar layered deposits of Mars","docAbstract":"<p>The topographic and geologic characteristics of grooves and groove-like features in the south polar layered deposits near the Mars Polar Lander/Deep Space 2 landing sites are evaluated using Mariner 9 images and their derived photoclinometry, normalized using Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter data. Although both Mariner 9 and Viking images of the south polar layered deposits were available at the time of this study, Mariner 9 images of the grooves were selected because they were generally of higher resolution than Viking images. The dimensions and slopes of the grooves, together with orientations that nearly match the strongest winds predicted in the Martian Global Circulation Model and directions inferred from other wind indicators, suggest that they formed by aeolian scour of an easily erodible surface. Most grooves are symmetric and V-shaped in transverse profile, inconsistent with an origin involving extensional brittle deformation. Although the grooves strike along slopes and terraces of the south polar layered deposits, the variable depths and lack of terracing within the grooves themselves indicate that any stratigraphy in the uppermost 100 m of the polar layered deposits is composed of layers of similar, and relatively low, resistance. The grooves do not represent landing hazards at the scale of the Mariner 9 images (72-86 m/pixel) and therefore probably would not have affected Mars Polar Lander and Deep Space 2, had they successfully reached the surface.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/icar.2001.6800","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Bridges, N., and Herkenhoff, K.E., 2002, Topography and geologic characteristics of aeolian grooves in the south polar layered deposits of Mars: Icarus, v. 156, no. 2, p. 387-398, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.2001.6800.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"387","endPage":"398","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233123,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"156","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb4e8e4b08c986b3265fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bridges, N.T.","contributorId":23673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bridges","given":"N.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":401497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024499,"text":"70024499 - 2002 - Evaluation of a Mysis bioenergetics model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-03T15:48:57.763123","indexId":"70024499","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2430,"text":"Journal of Plankton Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Evaluation of a <i>Mysis</i> bioenergetics model","title":"Evaluation of a Mysis bioenergetics model","docAbstract":"<p><span>Direct approaches for estimating the feeding rate of the opossum shrimp Mysis relicta can be hampered by variable gut residence time (evacuation rate models) and non-linear functional responses (clearance rate models). Bioenergetics modeling provides an alternative method, but the reliability of this approach needs to be evaluated using independent measures of growth and food consumption. In this study, we measured growth and food consumption for M. relicta and compared experimental results with those predicted from a Mysis bioenergetics model. For Mysis reared at 10°C, model predictions were not significantly different from observed values. Moreover, decomposition of mean square error indicated that 70% of the variation between model predictions and observed values was attributable to random error. On average, model predictions were within 12% of observed values. A sensitivity analysis revealed that Mysis respiration and prey energy density were the most sensitive parameters affecting model output. By accounting for uncertainty (95% CLs) in Mysis respiration, we observed a significant improvement in the accuracy of model output (within 5% of observed values), illustrating the importance of sensitive input parameters for model performance. These findings help corroborate the Mysis bioenergetics model and demonstrate the usefulness of this approach for estimating Mysis feeding rate.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/plankt/24.1.77","usgsCitation":"Chipps, S.R., and Bennett, D.H., 2002, Evaluation of a Mysis bioenergetics model: Journal of Plankton Research, v. 24, no. 1, p. 77-82, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/24.1.77.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"82","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233086,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c2ae4b0c8380cd52a6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chipps, Steven R. 0000-0001-6511-7582 steve_chipps@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6511-7582","contributorId":2243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chipps","given":"Steven","email":"steve_chipps@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":401491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bennett, David H.","contributorId":149934,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bennett","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":13384,"text":"Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":401490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024492,"text":"70024492 - 2002 - High-resolution aeromagnetic mapping of volcanic terrain, Yellowstone National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:06","indexId":"70024492","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-resolution aeromagnetic mapping of volcanic terrain, Yellowstone National Park","docAbstract":"High-resolution aeromagnetic data acquired over Yellowstone National Park (YNP) show contrasting patterns reflecting differences in rock composition, types and degree of alteration, and crustal structures that mirror the variable geology of the Yellowstone Plateau. The older, Eocene, Absaroka Volcanic Supergroup, a series of mostly altered, andesitic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks partially exposed in mountains on the eastern margin of YNP, produces high-amplitude, positive magnetic anomalies, strongly contrasting with the less magnetic, younger, latest Cenozoic, Yellowstone Plateau Group, primarily a series of fresh and variably altered rhyolitic rocks covering most of YNP. The Yellowstone caldera is the centerpiece of the Yellowstone Plateau; part of its boundary can be identified on the aeromagnetic map as a series of discontinuous, negative magnetic anomalies that reflect faults or zones along which extensive hydrothermal alteration is localized. The large-volume rhyolitic ignimbrite deposits of the 0.63-Ma Lava Creek Tuff and the 2.1-Ma Huckleberry Ridge Tuff, which are prominent lithologies peripheral to the Yellowstone caldera, produce insignificant magnetic signatures. A zone of moderate amplitude positive anomalies coincides with the mapped extent of several post-caldera rhyolitic lavas. Linear magnetic anomalies reflect the rectilinear fault systems characteristic of resurgent domes in the center of the caldera. Peripheral to the caldera, the high-resolution aeromagnetic map clearly delineates flow unit boundaries of pre- and post-caldera basalt flows, which occur stratigraphically below the post-caldera rhyolitic lavas and are not exposed extensively at the surface. All of the hot spring and geyser basins, such as Norris, Upper and Lower Geyser Basins, West Thumb, and Gibbon, are associated with negative magnetic anomalies, reflecting hydrothermal alteration that has destroyed the magnetic susceptibility of minerals in the volcanic rocks. Within Yellowstone Lake, which is mostly within the Yellowstone caldera, aeromagnetic lows also are associated with known hydrothermal activity in the lake. Many of the magnetic lows extend beyond the areas of alteration and hot springs, suggesting a more extensive currently active or fossil hydrothermal system than is currently mapped. Steep magnetic gradients, suggesting faults or fractures, bound the magnetic lows. This implies that fractures localize the hot springs. Magnetic gradient trends reflect the mapped Basin and Range structural trends of north and northwest, as well as northeasterly trends that parallel the regional trend of the Snake River Plain and the track of the Yellowstone hot spot which follow the Precambrian structural grain. These trends are found both at small scales such as in hydrothermal basins and at more regional fault scales, which suggests that the regional stress field and reactivated older structures may exert some control on localization of hydrothermal activity. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00317-1","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Finn, C., and Morgan, L.A., 2002, High-resolution aeromagnetic mapping of volcanic terrain, Yellowstone National Park: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 115, no. 1-2, p. 207-231, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00317-1.","startPage":"207","endPage":"231","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207774,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00317-1"},{"id":232976,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"115","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a30fce4b0c8380cd5db2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finn, C. A. 0000-0002-6178-0405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":93917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morgan, L. A.","contributorId":16350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024487,"text":"70024487 - 2002 - VOLATILECALC: A silicate melt-H2O-CO2 solution model written in Visual Basic for excel","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:12","indexId":"70024487","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"VOLATILECALC: A silicate melt-H2O-CO2 solution model written in Visual Basic for excel","docAbstract":"We present solution models for the rhyolite-H2O-CO2 and basalt-H2O-CO2 systems at magmatic temperatures and pressures below ~ 5000 bar. The models are coded as macros written in Visual Basic for Applications, for use within MicrosoftR Excel (Office'98 and 2000). The series of macros, entitled VOLATILECALC, can calculate the following: (1) Saturation pressures for silicate melt of known dissolved H2O and CO2 concentrations and the corresponding equilibrium vapor composition; (2) open- and closed-system degassing paths (melt and vapor composition) for depressurizing rhyolitic and basaltic melts; (3) isobaric solubility curves for rhyolitic and basaltic melts; (4) isoplethic solubility curves (constant vapor composition) for rhyolitic and basaltic melts; (5) polybaric solubility curves for the two end members and (6) end member fugacities of H2O and CO2 vapors at magmatic temperatures. The basalt-H2O-CO2 macros in VOLATILECALC are capable of calculating melt-vapor solubility over a range of silicate-melt compositions by using the relationships provided by Dixon (American Mineralogist 82 (1997) 368). The output agrees well with the published solution models and experimental data for silicate melt-vapor systems for pressures below 5000 bar. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0098-3004(01)00081-4","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Newman, S., and Lowenstern, J.B., 2002, VOLATILECALC: A silicate melt-H2O-CO2 solution model written in Visual Basic for excel: Computers & Geosciences, v. 28, no. 5, p. 597-604, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(01)00081-4.","startPage":"597","endPage":"604","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207709,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(01)00081-4"},{"id":232872,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc0efe4b08c986b32a3c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newman, S.","contributorId":7678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newman","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lowenstern, J. B.","contributorId":7737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenstern","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024486,"text":"70024486 - 2002 - Grid-cell-based crop water accounting for the famine early warning system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T09:51:18","indexId":"70024486","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Grid-cell-based crop water accounting for the famine early warning system","docAbstract":"<p><span>Rainfall monitoring is a regular activity of food security analysts for sub-Saharan Africa due to the potentially disastrous impact of drought. Crop water accounting schemes are used to track rainfall timing and amounts relative to phenological requirements, to infer water limitation impacts on yield. Unfortunately, many rain gauge reports are available only after significant delays, and the gauge locations leave large gaps in coverage. As an alternative, a grid-cell-based formulation for the water requirement satisfaction index (WRSI) was tested for maize in Southern Africa. Grids of input variables were obtained from remote sensing estimates of rainfall, meteorological models, and digital soil maps. The spatial WRSI was computed for the 1996–97 and 1997–98 growing seasons. Maize yields were estimated by regression and compared with a limited number of reports from the field for the 1996–97 season in Zimbabwe. Agreement at a useful level (</span><i>r</i><span> = 0·80) was observed. This is comparable to results from traditional analysis with station data. The findings demonstrate the complementary role that remote sensing, modelling, and geospatial analysis can play in an era when field data collection in sub-Saharan Africa is suffering an unfortunate decline.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.1025","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Verdin, J., and Klaver, R., 2002, Grid-cell-based crop water accounting for the famine early warning system: Hydrological Processes, v. 16, no. 8, p. 1617-1630, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.1025.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1617","endPage":"1630","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232840,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207684,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.1025"}],"volume":"16","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-06-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2a6fe4b0c8380cd5b19b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verdin, J. 0000-0003-0238-9657","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0238-9657","contributorId":26112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verdin","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klaver, R. 0000-0002-3263-9701","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3263-9701","contributorId":40378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klaver","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024481,"text":"70024481 - 2002 - Experiences from the testing of a theory for modelling groundwater flow in heterogeneous media","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:09","indexId":"70024481","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":649,"text":"Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Geologica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experiences from the testing of a theory for modelling groundwater flow in heterogeneous media","docAbstract":"Usually, small-scale model error is present in groundwater modelling because the model only represents average system characteristics having the same form as the drift and small-scale variability is neglected. These errors cause the true errors of a regression model to be correlated. Theory and an example show that the errors also contribute to bias in the estimates of model parameters. This bias originates from model nonlinearity. In spite of this bias, predictions of hydraulic head are nearly unbiased if the model intrinsic nonlinearity is small. Individual confidence and prediction intervals are accurate if the t-statistic is multiplied by a correction factor. The correction factor can be computed from the true error second moment matrix, which can be determined when the stochastic properties of the system characteristics are known.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Geologica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"Czech","issn":"00017132","usgsCitation":"Christensen, S., and Cooley, R., 2002, Experiences from the testing of a theory for modelling groundwater flow in heterogeneous media: Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Geologica, v. 46, no. 2-3, p. 8-11.","startPage":"8","endPage":"11","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233337,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0db9e4b0c8380cd53178","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christensen, S.","contributorId":30387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooley, R.L.","contributorId":9272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooley","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024480,"text":"70024480 - 2002 - Modeling enhanced in situ denitrification in groundwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T11:00:47","indexId":"70024480","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2255,"text":"Journal of Environmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling enhanced in situ denitrification in groundwater","docAbstract":"<p><span>A two-dimensional numerical solute transport model was developed for simulating an enhanced in situ denitrification experiment performed in a nitrate-contaminated aquifer on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. In this experiment, formate&nbsp;</span><span class=\"equationTd\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot; overflow=&quot;scroll&quot;><mrow><mo>(</mo><msup><mi>HCOO</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo></mrow></msup><mo>)</mo></mrow></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">(HCOO-)</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;was injected for a period of 26 days into the carbon-limited aquifer to stimulate denitrification. Calibration of the vertical-profile site model was demonstrated through error analysis and comparison with formate, nitrate, and nitrite concentration data monitored along a transect of three multilevel groundwater sampling wells for 75 days after initial injection. Formate utilization rates were approximately 142 and 38 μM/day for nitrate and nitrite reduction, respectively. Nitrate and nitrite utilization rates were approximately 29 and 8 μM/day, respectively. Nitrate utilization rates under enhanced conditions were 1 order of magnitude greater than previously reported naturally occurring rates. The nitrite production rate was approximately 29 μM/day. Persistence of nitrite was attributed to a combination of factors, including electron donor (formate) limitation late in the experiment, preferential utilization of nitrate as an electron acceptor, and greater nitrite production relative to nitrite utilization.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2002)128:6(491)","issn":"07339372","usgsCitation":"Killingstad, M., Widdowson, M., and Smith, R.L., 2002, Modeling enhanced in situ denitrification in groundwater: Journal of Environmental Engineering, v. 128, no. 6, p. 491-504, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2002)128:6(491).","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"491","endPage":"504","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233336,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207997,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2002)128:6(491)"}],"volume":"128","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5bf7e4b0c8380cd6f931","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Killingstad, M.W.","contributorId":105478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Killingstad","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Widdowson, M.A.","contributorId":46262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Widdowson","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, R. L.","contributorId":93904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":401422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024479,"text":"70024479 - 2002 - Global modeling of land water and energy balances. Part II: Land-characteristic contributions to spatial variability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:09","indexId":"70024479","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2344,"text":"Journal of Hydrometeorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Global modeling of land water and energy balances. Part II: Land-characteristic contributions to spatial variability","docAbstract":"Land water and energy balances vary around the globe because of variations in amount and temporal distribution of water and energy supplies and because of variations in land characteristics. The former control (water and energy supplies) explains much more variance in water and energy balances than the latter (land characteristics). A largely untested hypothesis underlying most global models of land water and energy balance is the assumption that parameter values based on estimated geographic distributions of soil and vegetation characteristics improve the performance of the models relative to the use of globally constant land parameters. This hypothesis is tested here through an evaluation of the improvement in performance of one land model associated with the introduction of geographic information on land characteristics. The capability of the model to reproduce annual runoff ratios of large river basins, with and without information on the global distribution of albedo, rooting depth, and stomatal resistance, is assessed. To allow a fair comparison, the model is calibrated in both cases by adjusting globally constant scale factors for snow-free albedo, non-water-stressed bulk stomatal resistance, and critical root density (which is used to determine effective root-zone depth). The test is made in stand-alone mode, that is, using prescribed radiative and atmospheric forcing. Model performance is evaluated by comparing modeled runoff ratios with observed runoff ratios for a set of basins where precipitation biases have been shown to be minimal. The withholding of information on global variations in these parameters leads to a significant degradation of the capability of the model to simulate the annual runoff ratio. An additional set of optimization experiments, in which the parameters are examined individually, reveals that the stomatal resistance is, by far, the parameter among these three whose spatial variations add the most predictive power to the model in stand-alone mode. Further single-parameter experiments with surface roughness length, available water capacity, thermal conductivity, and thermal diffusivity show very little sensitivity to estimated global variations in these parameters. Finally, it is found that even the constant-parameter model performance exceeds that of the Budyko and generalized Turc-Pike water-balance equations, suggesting that the model benefits also from information on the geographic variability of the temporal structure of forcing.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrometeorology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0301:GMOLWA>2.0.CO;2","issn":"1525755X","usgsCitation":"Milly, P., and Shmakin, A., 2002, Global modeling of land water and energy balances. Part II: Land-characteristic contributions to spatial variability: Journal of Hydrometeorology, v. 3, no. 3, p. 301-310, https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0301:GMOLWA>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"301","endPage":"310","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487434,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0301:gmolwa>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":207972,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0301:GMOLWA>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":233300,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a294ee4b0c8380cd5a840","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milly, P. C. D.","contributorId":100489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milly","given":"P. C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shmakin, A.B.","contributorId":46723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shmakin","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024477,"text":"70024477 - 2002 - Effects of topography on the transport of agricultural chemicals to groundwater in a sand-plain setting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T09:12:17","indexId":"70024477","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of topography on the transport of agricultural chemicals to groundwater in a sand-plain setting","docAbstract":"<p><span>Geochemical data were collected to investigate the effects of topography and focused recharge on the transport of agricultural chemicals to groundwater through sandy soils. The research was done at a topographically high (upland) site and a depressional (lowland) site within a corn field. Agricultural chemicals that move readily with water were most directly affected by focused recharge to the lowland site. Surface runoff of water to the lowland site was the primary cause for the generally greater flux of chloride, nitrate nitrogen, and sulfate compared with the upland site. Based on data from the unsaturated zone, for example, the average annual fluxes of these chemicals in 1992&ndash;1993 were 5.1, 3.4, and 1.7 times greater, respectively, at the lowland site. Study results indicate that consideration should be given to modifying site-specific management farming technology to account for varying recharge rates in different topographic settings. By reducing chemical application rates in topographic depressions, where focused recharge of chemicals occurs because of surface runoff, farmers could improve ground-water quality as well as reduce expenditures for agricultural chemicals.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Hydrogeologists","doi":"10.1007/s10040-002-0208-6","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Delin, G., and Landon, M., 2002, Effects of topography on the transport of agricultural chemicals to groundwater in a sand-plain setting: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 10, no. 4, p. 443-454, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-002-0208-6.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"443","endPage":"454","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233263,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207942,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-002-0208-6"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93.5430908203125,\n              45.21687321093267\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.5430908203125,\n              45.49287107405929\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.07891845703125,\n              45.49287107405929\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.07891845703125,\n              45.21687321093267\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.5430908203125,\n              45.21687321093267\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0810e4b0c8380cd51967","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Delin, G. N.","contributorId":12834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landon, M.K. 0000-0002-5766-0494","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":69572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"M.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024475,"text":"70024475 - 2002 - Porometric properties of siliciclastic marine sand: A comparison of traditional laboratory measurements with image analysis and effective medium modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024475","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1941,"text":"IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Porometric properties of siliciclastic marine sand: A comparison of traditional laboratory measurements with image analysis and effective medium modeling","docAbstract":"During the 1999 sediment acoustics experiment (SAX99), porometric properties were measured and predicted for a well sorted, medium sand using standard laboratory geotechnical methods and image analysis of resin-impregnated sediments. Sediment porosity measured by laboratory water-weight-loss methods (0.372 ?? 0.0073 for mean ??1 standard deviation) is 0.026 lower than determined by microscopic image analysis of resin-impregnated sediments (0.398 ?? 0.029). Values of intrinsic permeability (m2) determined from constant-head permeameter measurements (3.29 ?? 10-11 ?? 0.60 ?? 10-11) and by microscopic image analysis coupled with effective medium theory modeling (2.78 ?? 10-11 ?? 1.01 ?? 10-11) are nearly identical within measurement error. The mean value of tortuosity factor measured from images is 1.49 ?? 0.09, which is in agreement with tortuosity factor determined from electrical resistivity measurements. Slight heterogeneity and anisotropy are apparent in the top three centimeters of sediment as determined by image-based porometric property measurements. However, the overall similarity for both measured and predicted values of porosity and permeability among and within SAX99 sites indicates sediments are primarily homogeneous and isotropic and pore size distributions are fairly uniform. The results indicate that an effective medium theory technique and two-dimensional image analysis accurately predicts bulk permeability in resin-impregnated sands.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1109/JOE.2002.1040940","issn":"03649059","usgsCitation":"Reed, A., Briggs, K., and Lavoie, D.L., 2002, Porometric properties of siliciclastic marine sand: A comparison of traditional laboratory measurements with image analysis and effective medium modeling: IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, v. 27, no. 3, p. 581-592, https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2002.1040940.","startPage":"581","endPage":"592","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207928,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2002.1040940"},{"id":233226,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7dd8e4b0c8380cd7a1c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, A.H.","contributorId":94818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Briggs, K.B.","contributorId":52368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"K.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lavoie, D. L.","contributorId":46640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lavoie","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024473,"text":"70024473 - 2002 - Comparison of stomach contents of haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) from the 1981 and 1991 North Sea International Stomach Sampling Projects","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024473","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1936,"text":"ICES Journal of Marine Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of stomach contents of haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) from the 1981 and 1991 North Sea International Stomach Sampling Projects","docAbstract":"This study analyses data from over 20 000 haddock stomachs collected during the 1981 and 1991 Stomach Sampling Projects of the North Sea. Sampling was within the framework of the Multispecies Virtual Population Analysis (MSVPA) for fisheries stock assessment. In 1981 stomachs were collected to calculate input feeding parameters from main predators. During 1991 the sampling exercise was repeated to test stability of the parameters in the region. We investigate stability of haddock stomach content weight between years accounting for ontogenic, spatial and temporal variations within the scope of the survey resolution. Analysis using generalized linear and additive models is performed for weight of the stomach content including and excluding empty stomachs and also for proportion of stomachs without food. Results indicate that haddock stomach contents varied significantly between years, quarters and North Sea roundfish areas. Content weights were overall higher in 1981 than in 1991. In 1981 levels were high from spring to fall and in 1991 mostly in spring. During both years levels were lowest in the central North Sea and in winter. Most of the deviance in modelling the stomach weight is explained by the length of the predator. Stomachs sampled in 1981 were most frequently empty in spring and those sampled in 1991 in winter. In both years, proportions decreased with fish length except in winter when levels increased. Proportion of empty stomachs was highest in the central region of the North Sea. Most of the proportion variation is explained by quarterly fluctuation. Variation of content weight can be related to prey composition found in the stomachs. High stomach contents are generally associated with high contribution of fish prey to the total stomach content, mainly sandeels. We propose that sandeels were more vulnerable to predation in 1981 than in 1991 due to colder temperatures. ?? 2002 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"ICES Journal of Marine Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/jmsc.2002.1197","issn":"10543139","usgsCitation":"Adlerstein, S., Temming, A., and Mergardt, N., 2002, Comparison of stomach contents of haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) from the 1981 and 1991 North Sea International Stomach Sampling Projects: ICES Journal of Marine Science, v. 59, no. 3, p. 497-515, https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2002.1197.","startPage":"497","endPage":"515","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207904,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2002.1197"},{"id":233191,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f891e4b0c8380cd4d1b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adlerstein, S.A.","contributorId":49960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adlerstein","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Temming, A.","contributorId":84121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Temming","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mergardt, N.","contributorId":9430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mergardt","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024470,"text":"70024470 - 2002 - The oligocene Lund Tuff, Great Basin, USA: A very large volume monotonous intermediate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024470","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The oligocene Lund Tuff, Great Basin, USA: A very large volume monotonous intermediate","docAbstract":"Unusual monotonous intermediate ignimbrites consist of phenocryst-rich dacite that occurs as very large volume (> 1000 km3) deposits that lack systematic compositional zonation, comagmatic rhyolite precursors, and underlying plinian beds. They are distinct from countless, usually smaller volume, zoned rhyolite-dacite-andesite deposits that are conventionally believed to have erupted from magma chambers in which thermal and compositional gradients were established because of sidewall crystallization and associated convective fractionation. Despite their great volume, or because of it, monotonous intermediates have received little attention. Documentation of the stratigraphy, composition, and geologic setting of the Lund Tuff - one of four monotonous intermediate tuffs in the middle-Tertiary Great Basin ignimbrite province - provides insight into its unusual origin and, by implication, the origin of other similar monotonous intermediates. The Lund Tuff is a single cooling unit with normal magnetic polarity whose volume likely exceeded 3000 km3. It was emplaced 29.02 ?? 0.04 Ma in and around the coeval White Rock caldera which has an unextended north-south diameter of about 50 km. The tuff is monotonous in that its phenocryst assemblage is virtually uniform throughout the deposit: plagioclase > quartz ??? hornblende > biotite > Fe-Ti oxides ??? sanidine > titanite, zircon, and apatite. However, ratios of phenocrysts vary by as much as an order of magnitude in a manner consistent with progressive crystallization in the pre-eruption chamber. A significant range in whole-rock chemical composition (e.g., 63-71 wt% SiO2) is poorly correlated with phenocryst abundance. These compositional attributes cannot have been caused wholly by winnowing of glass from phenocrysts during eruption, as has been suggested for the monotonous intermediate Fish Canyon Tuff. Pumice fragments are also crystal-rich, and chemically and mineralogically indistinguishable from bulk tuff. We postulate that convective mixing in a sill-like magma chamber precluded development of a zoned chamber with a rhyolitic top or of a zoned pyroclastic deposit. Chemical variations in the Lund Tuff are consistent with equilibrium crystallization of a parental dacitic magma followed by eruptive mixing of compositionally diverse crystals and high-silica rhyolite vitroclasts during evacuation and emplacement. This model contrasts with the more systematic withdrawal from a bottle-shaped chamber in which sidewall crystallization creates a marked vertical compositional gradient and a substantial volume of capping-evolved rhyolite magma. Eruption at exceptionally high discharge rates precluded development of an underlying plinian deposit. The generation of the monotonous intermediate Lund magma and others like it in the middle Tertiary of the western USA reflects an unusually high flux of mantle-derived mafic magma into unusually thick and warm crust above a subducting slab of oceanic lithosphere. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00256-6","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Maughan, L., Christiansen, E.H., Best, M.G., Grommé, C., Deino, A., and Tingey, D., 2002, The oligocene Lund Tuff, Great Basin, USA: A very large volume monotonous intermediate: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 113, no. 1-2, p. 129-157, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00256-6.","startPage":"129","endPage":"157","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207882,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00256-6"},{"id":233155,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae51e4b08c986b323feb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maughan, L.L.","contributorId":72981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maughan","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christiansen, E. H.","contributorId":65077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christiansen","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Best, M. G.","contributorId":57843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Best","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grommé, C. S.","contributorId":38558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grommé","given":"C. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Deino, A.L.","contributorId":61153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deino","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tingey, D.G.","contributorId":102145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tingey","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70024467,"text":"70024467 - 2002 - An upwelling model for the Phosphoria sea: A Permian, ocean-margin sea in the northwest United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-03T17:06:25.246185","indexId":"70024467","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An upwelling model for the Phosphoria sea: A Permian, ocean-margin sea in the northwest United States","docAbstract":"The Permian Phosphoria Formation, a petroleum source rock and world-class phosphate deposit, was deposited in an epicratonic successor basin on the western margin of North America. We calculate the seawater circulation in the basin during deposition of the lower ore zone in the Meade Peak Member from the accumulation rates of carbonate fluorapatite and trace elements. The model gives the exchange rate of water between the Phosphoria sea and the open ocean to the west in terms of an upwelling rate (84 m yr-1) and residence time (4.2 yr) of seawater in the basin. These hydrographic properties supported a mean rate of primary productivity of 0.87 g m-2 d-1 of carbon in the uppermost few tens of meters of the water column (the photic zone) and denitrifying redox conditions in the bottom water (below approximately 150 m depth). High rain rates, onto the sea floor, of the organic matter that hosted the phosphate and several trace elements contributed to the accumulation of phosphorite, chert, and black shales and mudstones. Evaporation in the Goose Egg basin to the east of the Phosphoria basin ensured the import of surface seawater from the Phosphoria sea. Budgets of water, salt, phosphate, and oxygen, plus the minor accumulation of the biomarker gammacerane, show that exchange of water between the two basins was limited, possibly by the shallow carbonate platform that separated the two basins.","language":"English","publisher":"AAPG","doi":"10.1306/61EEDC60-173E-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Piper, D., and Link, P.K., 2002, An upwelling model for the Phosphoria sea: A Permian, ocean-margin sea in the northwest United States: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 86, no. 7, p. 1217-1235, https://doi.org/10.1306/61EEDC60-173E-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1217","endPage":"1235","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233119,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Utah, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.796875,\n              41.31082388091818\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.3359375,\n              42.391008609205045\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.61035156249999,\n              44.08758502824516\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.181640625,\n              45.213003555993964\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.46728515624999,\n              45.75219336063106\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.52197265625,\n              45.72152152227954\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.796875,\n              41.31082388091818\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"86","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eab6e4b0c8380cd48a21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piper, D.Z.","contributorId":34154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Piper","given":"D.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Link, P. K.","contributorId":34973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024458,"text":"70024458 - 2002 - The 26 January 2001 M 7.6 Bhuj, India, earthquake: Observed and predicted ground motions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:11","indexId":"70024458","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 26 January 2001 M 7.6 Bhuj, India, earthquake: Observed and predicted ground motions","docAbstract":"Although local and regional instrumental recordings of the devastating 26, January 2001, Bhuj earthquake are sparse, the distribution of macroseismic effects can provide important constraints on the mainshock ground motions. We compiled available news accounts describing damage and other effects and interpreted them to obtain modified Mercalli intensities (MMIs) at >200 locations throughout the Indian subcontinent. These values are then used to map the intensity distribution throughout the subcontinent using a simple mathematical interpolation method. Although preliminary, the maps reveal several interesting features. Within the Kachchh region, the most heavily damaged villages are concentrated toward the western edge of the inferred fault, consistent with western directivity. Significant sediment-induced amplification is also suggested at a number of locations around the Gulf of Kachchh to the south of the epicenter. Away from the Kachchh region, intensities were clearly amplified significantly in areas that are along rivers, within deltas, or on coastal alluvium, such as mudflats and salt pans. In addition, we use fault-rupture parameters inferred from teleseismic data to predict shaking intensity at distances of 0-1000 km. We then convert the predicted hard-rock ground-motion parameters to MMI by using a relationship (derived from Internet-based intensity surveys) that assigns MMI based on the average effects in a region. The predicted MMIs are typically lower by 1-3 units than those estimated from news accounts, although they do predict near-field ground motions of approximately 80%g and potentially damaging ground motions on hard-rock sites to distances of approximately 300 km. For the most part, this discrepancy is consistent with the expected effect of sediment response, but it could also reflect other factors, such as unusually high building vulnerability in the Bhuj region and a tendency for media accounts to focus on the most dramatic damage, rather than the average effects. The discrepancy may also be partly attributable to the inadequacy of the empirical relationship between MMI and peak ground acceleration (PGA), when applied to India. The MMI-PGA relationship was developed using data from California earthquakes, which might have a systematically different stress drop and therefore, a different frequency content than intraplate events. When a relationship between response spectra and MMI is used, we obtain larger predicted MMI values, in better agreement with the observations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120010260","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Hough, S., Martin, S., Bilham, R., and Atkinson, G.M., 2002, The 26 January 2001 M 7.6 Bhuj, India, earthquake: Observed and predicted ground motions: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 6, p. 2061-2079, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120010260.","startPage":"2061","endPage":"2079","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478729,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20140801-105512897","text":"External Repository"},{"id":207773,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120010260"},{"id":232975,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba652e4b08c986b32105b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hough, S. E. 0000-0002-5980-2986","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5980-2986","contributorId":7316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, S.","contributorId":77658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bilham, R.","contributorId":87328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bilham","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Atkinson, G. M.","contributorId":69283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atkinson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024457,"text":"70024457 - 2002 - Nonlinear and linear site response and basin effects in Seattle for the M 6.8 Nisqually, Washington, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:11","indexId":"70024457","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nonlinear and linear site response and basin effects in Seattle for the M 6.8 Nisqually, Washington, earthquake","docAbstract":"We used recordings of the M 6.8 Nisqually earthquake and its ML 3.4 aftershock to study site response and basin effects for 35 locations in Seattle, Washington. We determined site amplification from Fourier spectral ratios of the recorded horizontal ground motions, referenced to a soft-rock site. Soft-soil sites (generally National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program [NEHRP] class E) on artificial fill and young alluvium have the largest 1-Hz amplifications (factors of 3-7) for both the mainshock and aftershock. These amplifications are correlated with areas of higher damage from the mainshock to major buildings and liquefaction. There are several indications of nonlinear response at the soft-soil sites for the mainshock ground motions, despite relatively modest peak accelerations in the S waves of 15%-22%g. First, the mainshock spectral ratios do not show amplification at 2-8 Hz as do the aftershock spectral ratios. Spectral peaks at frequencies below 2 Hz generally occur at lower frequencies for the mainshock spectral ratios than for the aftershock ratios. At one soft-soil site, there is a clear shift of the resonant frequency to a lower frequency for the mainshock compared with the aftershock. The frequency of this resonance increases in the coda of the mainshock record, indicating that the site response during the weaker motions of the coda is more linear than that of the initial S wave. Three of the soft-soil sites display cusped, one-sided mainshock accelerograms after the S wave. These soft-soil sites also show amplification at 10-20 Hz in the S wave, relative to the rock site, that is not observed for the aftershock. The cusped waveforms and 10-20-Hz amplification are symptomatic of nonlinear response at the soft-soil sites. These sites had nearby liquefaction. The largest amplifications for 0.5 Hz occur at soft-soil sites on the southern portion of the Seattle Basin. Stiff-soil sites (NEHRP classes D and C) on Pleistocene-age glacial deposits display similar spectral amplification for the mainshock and aftershock, indicating approximately linear response. The stiff-soil sites generally have moderate amplification (factors of 1.1-2.4) at 0.5 and 1 Hz. Amplifications at 1 and 5 Hz for all sites generally increase with decreasing shear-wave velocity measured in the top 30 m (Vs 30). However, larger amplifications at 0.5 and 1 Hz for sites with similar Vs 30 values are observed for sites in the Seattle Basin, illustrating the amplification from the deeper (>30 m) sediments and the contribution from basin surface waves. Record sections for the mainshock and aftershock show that basin surface waves produce the peak velocities for many of the sites in the Seattle Basin and often dominate the amplitude at 1 Hz and lower frequencies.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120010254","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Frankel, A., Carver, D.L., and Williams, R.A., 2002, Nonlinear and linear site response and basin effects in Seattle for the M 6.8 Nisqually, Washington, earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 6, p. 2090-2109, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120010254.","startPage":"2090","endPage":"2109","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207772,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120010254"},{"id":232974,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a677fe4b0c8380cd7336b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frankel, A.D.","contributorId":53828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carver, D. L.","contributorId":55808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carver","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, R. A.","contributorId":82323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024455,"text":"70024455 - 2002 - Effects of canopy gaps and flooding on homopterans in a bottomland hardwood forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-29T07:01:48","indexId":"70024455","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of canopy gaps and flooding on homopterans in a bottomland hardwood forest","docAbstract":"<p>Canopy disturbance is a major factor affecting forest structure and composition and, as a result of habitat alterations, can influence insect communities. We initiated a field study to quantify the effects of canopy disturbance on aerial insect abundance and distribution within a bottomland hardwood forest along the Cache River, Arkansas, USA. We used passive flight-intercept traps to sample insects in canopy gap and forest interior habitats from May to July in 1996, 1997, and 1998. The hydrologic conditions of our study site varied among years: 1996 was relatively dry, 1997 incurred a long-duration flood, and 1998 was moderately wet. Of the 34,000+ Homopterans collected, many groups were distributed in a non-uniform manner among years and between habitats. Total Homopterans, two families of Homopterans, and six morphospecies were more abundant in canopy gaps than interior forest. Many Homopteran taxa were least abundant in 1997 following almost six months of flooding. Alternatively, relatively large Homopteran abundances were associated with the dry conditions of 1996 and the moderately wet conditions of 1998. Differences in Homopteran abundance among years and habitats may be related to differences in vegetation density. Canopy gaps supported more vegetation cover than the interior forest in all but the first sampling interval. In addition, similar to Homopteran abundance, vegetation density was lower in 1997 than in 1998. These results demonstrate that natural disturbance and flooding contribute to Homopteran abundance and distribution patterns in bottomland hardwood forests of the south central United States.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0541:EOCGAF]2.0.CO;2","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Gorham, L., King, S., Keeland, B.D., and Mopper, S., 2002, Effects of canopy gaps and flooding on homopterans in a bottomland hardwood forest: Wetlands, v. 22, no. 3, p. 541-549, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0541:EOCGAF]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"541","endPage":"549","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231658,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Cache 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 \"}}]}","volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a06a1e4b0c8380cd51342","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gorham, L.E.","contributorId":12652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorham","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, S.L.","contributorId":105663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keeland, B. D.","contributorId":45275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeland","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mopper, S.","contributorId":33489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mopper","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024453,"text":"70024453 - 2002 - Impacts of climate change on the global forest sector","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:17","indexId":"70024453","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1252,"text":"Climatic Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impacts of climate change on the global forest sector","docAbstract":"The path and magnitude of future anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide will likely influence changes in climate that may impact the global forest sector. These responses in the global forest sector may have implications for international efforts to stabilize the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide. This study takes a step toward including the role of global forest sector in integrated assessments of the global carbon cycle by linking global models of climate dynamics, ecosystem processes and forest economics to assess the potential responses of the global forest sector to different levels of greenhouse gas emissions. We utilize three climate scenarios and two economic scenarios to represent a range of greenhouse gas emissions and economic behavior. At the end of the analysis period (2040), the potential responses in regional forest growing stock simulated by the global ecosystem model range from decreases and increases for the low emissions climate scenario to increases in all regions for the high emissions climate scenario. The changes in vegetation are used to adjust timber supply in the softwood and hardwood sectors of the economic model. In general, the global changes in welfare are positive, but small across all scenarios. At the regional level, the changes in welfare can be large and either negative or positive. Markets and trade in forest products play important roles in whether a region realizes any gains associated with climate change. In general, regions with the lowest wood fiber production cost are able to expand harvests. Trade in forest products leads to lower prices elsewhere. The low-cost regions expand market shares and force higher-cost regions to decrease their harvests. Trade produces different economic gains and losses across the globe even though, globally, economic welfare increases. The results of this study indicate that assumptions within alternative climate scenarios and about trade in forest products are important factors that strongly influence the effects of climate change on the global forest sector.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Climatic Change","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1016124517309","issn":"01650009","usgsCitation":"Perez-Garcia, J., Joyce, L., McGuire, A., and Xiao, X., 2002, Impacts of climate change on the global forest sector: Climatic Change, v. 54, no. 4, p. 439-461, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016124517309.","startPage":"439","endPage":"461","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207065,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016124517309"},{"id":231656,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a38e6e4b0c8380cd6171d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perez-Garcia, J.","contributorId":100151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perez-Garcia","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Joyce, L.A.","contributorId":36321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joyce","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGuire, A. D.","contributorId":16552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Xiao, X.","contributorId":82869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xiao","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024451,"text":"70024451 - 2002 - Mercury contamination from historic mining in water and sediment, Guadalupe River and San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:18","indexId":"70024451","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1758,"text":"Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury contamination from historic mining in water and sediment, Guadalupe River and San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"The New Almaden mercury mines in California (USA), which collectively represent the largest historic producers of mercury in North America, are a persistent source of mercury contamination to the San Francisco Bay estuary. An estimate based on total mercury concentration (HgTOT) and provisional stream flow data measured at a gauging station in the Guadalupe River during base flow conditions yields a base flow flux of 30 g of mercury for the month of October 2000. In contrast to this base flow estimate, one 2-day rain event in October 2000 resulted in a flux of 22 g of mercury past this site. An estimate of mercury transport from the entire Guadalupe River watershed based on a sediment transport model and our measured suspended particulate HgTOT (0.5-4 ??g g-1) results in a total of 4-30 kg year-1 transported to the southern reach of the estuary. Sediments in the southern reach have lower HgTOT (most ??? 0.4 ??g g-1 dry wt) and monomethyl-mercury (MMHg, c. 1 ng g-1 dry wt) concentrations than those in the Guadalupe River (HgTOT, 0.41-33 ??g g-1 dry wt; MMHg, 1-10 ng g-1 dry wt). Because the most elevated methylmercury concentrations (8-12 ng g-1 dry wt) were found in sediments deposited immediately upstream of hydraulic structures (e.g. diversion dams and weirs) within the river, it is proposed that such physical structures may represent important zones of MMHg production and fluxes to San Francisco Bay.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1144/1467-787302-024","issn":"14677873","usgsCitation":"Thomas, M., Conaway, C., Steding, D., Marvin-DiPasquale, M., Abu-Saba, K.E., and Flegal, A., 2002, Mercury contamination from historic mining in water and sediment, Guadalupe River and San Francisco Bay, California: Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, v. 2, no. 3, p. 211-217, https://doi.org/10.1144/1467-787302-024.","startPage":"211","endPage":"217","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207050,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1144/1467-787302-024"},{"id":231622,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a53f4e4b0c8380cd6ce33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, M.A.","contributorId":66877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conaway, C.H.","contributorId":87174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conaway","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steding, D.J.","contributorId":96044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steding","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marvin-DiPasquale, M.","contributorId":28367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marvin-DiPasquale","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Abu-Saba, K. E.","contributorId":31154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abu-Saba","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Flegal, A.R.","contributorId":64607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flegal","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70024449,"text":"70024449 - 2002 - In‐stream sorption of fulvic acid in an acidic stream: A stream‐scale transport experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T08:27:24","indexId":"70024449","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"In‐stream sorption of fulvic acid in an acidic stream: A stream‐scale transport experiment","docAbstract":"<p><span>The variation of concentration and composition of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in stream waters cannot be explained solely on the basis of soil processes in contributing subcatchments. To investigate in‐stream processes that control DOC, we injected DOC‐enriched water into a reach of the Snake River (Summit County, Colorado) that has abundant iron oxyhydroxides coating the streambed. The injected water was obtained from the Suwannee River (Georgia), which is highly enriched in fulvic acid. The fulvic acid from this water is the standard reference for aquatic fulvic acid for the International Humic Substances Society and has been well characterized. During the experimental injection, significant removal of sorbable fulvic acid occurred within the first 141 m of stream reach. We coinjected a conservative tracer (lithium chloride) and analyzed the results with the one‐dimensional transport with inflow and storage (OTIS) stream solute transport model to quantify the physical transport mechanisms. The downstream transport of fulvic acid as indicated by absorbance was then simulated using OTIS with a first‐order kinetic sorption rate constant applied to the sorbable fulvic acid. The “sorbable” fraction of injected fulvic acid was irreversibly sorbed by streambed sediments at rates (kinetic rate constants) of the order of 10</span><sup>−4</sup><span>–10</span><sup>−3</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>. In the injected Suwannee River water, sorbable and nonsorbable fulvic acid had distinct chemical characteristics identified in<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>13</sup><span>C‐NMR spectra. The<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>13</sup><span>C‐NMR spectra indicate that during the experiment, the sorbable “signal” of greater aromaticity and carboxyl content decreased downstream; that is, these components were preferentially removed. This study illustrates that interactions between the water and the reactive surfaces will modify significantly the concentration and composition of DOC observed in streams with abundant chemically reactive surfaces on the streambed and in the hyporheic zone.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001WR000269","usgsCitation":"McKnight, D.M., Hornberger, G., Bencala, K.E., and Boyer, E.W., 2002, In‐stream sorption of fulvic acid in an acidic stream: A stream‐scale transport experiment: Water Resources Research, v. 38, no. 1, p. 6-1-6-12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR000269.","productDescription":"1005; 12 p.","startPage":"6-1","endPage":"6-12","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231620,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a39cde4b0c8380cd61a4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":401321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hornberger, George M.","contributorId":63894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"George M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bencala, Kenneth E. kbencala@usgs.gov","contributorId":1541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbencala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":401323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boyer, Elizabeth W.","contributorId":44659,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boyer","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":7260,"text":"Pennsylvania State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":401320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024444,"text":"70024444 - 2002 - Seismic structure of the crust and uppermost mantle of North America and adjacent oceanic basins: A synthesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-05T12:44:42.112559","indexId":"70024444","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic structure of the crust and uppermost mantle of North America and adjacent oceanic basins: A synthesis","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section \"><p>We present a new set of contour maps of the seismic structure of North America and the surrounding ocean basins. These maps include the crustal thickness, whole-crustal average<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i>-wave and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S</i>-wave velocity, and seismic velocity of the uppermost mantle, that is,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Pn</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Sn</i>. We found the following: (1) The average thickness of the crust under North America is 36.7 km (standard deviation [s.d.] ±8.4 km), which is 2.5 km thinner than the world average of 39.2 km (s.d. ± 8.5) for continental crust; (2) Histograms of whole-crustal<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i>- and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S</i>-wave velocities for the North American crust are bimodal, with the lower peak occurring for crust without a high-velocity (6.9–7.3 km/sec) lower crustal layer; (3) Regions with anomalously high average crustal<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i>-wave velocities correlate with Precambrian and Paleozoic orogens; low average crustal velocities are correlated with modern extensional regimes; (4) The average<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Pn</i><span>&nbsp;</span>velocity beneath North America is 8.03 km/sec (s.d. ± 0.19 km/sec); (5) the well-known thin crust beneath the western United States extends into north-west Canada; (6) the average<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i>-wave velocity of layer 3 of oceanic crust is 6.61 km/sec (s.d. ± 0.47 km/sec). However, the average crustal<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i>-wave velocity under the eastern Pacific seafloor is higher than the western Atlantic seafloor due to the thicker sediment layer on the older Atlantic seafloor.</p></div>","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120010188","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Chulick, G., and Mooney, W.D., 2002, Seismic structure of the crust and uppermost mantle of North America and adjacent oceanic basins: A synthesis: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 6, p. 2478-2492, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120010188.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"2478","endPage":"2492","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231697,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -78.75,\n              7.013667927566642\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.046875,\n              30.29701788337205\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.796875,\n              42.68243539838623\n            ],\n            [\n              -49.5703125,\n              46.800059446787316\n            ],\n            [\n              -53.61328124999999,\n              54.16243396806779\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.21484375,\n              60.84491057364912\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.75,\n              67.60922060496382\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.49218749999999,\n              69.59589006237648\n            ],\n            [\n              -129.55078125,\n              71.07405646336098\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.0078125,\n              71.01695975726373\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.390625,\n              71.80141030136785\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.81640625,\n              68.5924865825295\n            ],\n            [\n              -168.92578125,\n              65.36683689226321\n            ],\n            [\n              -164.8828125,\n              60.673178565817715\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.9609375,\n              55.27911529201561\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.10546875,\n              55.57834467218206\n            ],\n            [\n              -147.12890625,\n              59.085738569819505\n            ],\n            [\n              -138.69140625,\n              57.98480801923985\n            ],\n            [\n              -130.25390625,\n              49.83798245308484\n            ],\n            [\n              -127.265625,\n              43.83452678223682\n            ],\n            [\n              -125.68359374999999,\n              37.020098201368114\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.828125,\n              28.459033019728043\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.97265625,\n              21.616579336740603\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.58984375,\n              16.636191878397664\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.80078125,\n              12.897489183755892\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.90234375,\n              8.059229627200192\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.453125,\n              4.915832801313164\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.75,\n              7.013667927566642\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b68e4b08c986b3177e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chulick, G.S.","contributorId":72161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chulick","given":"G.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":401307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024443,"text":"70024443 - 2002 - A Brownian model for recurrent earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:01","indexId":"70024443","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Brownian model for recurrent earthquakes","docAbstract":"We construct a probability model for rupture times on a recurrent earthquake source. Adding Brownian perturbations to steady tectonic loading produces a stochastic load-state process. Rupture is assumed to occur when this process reaches a critical-failure threshold. An earthquake relaxes the load state to a characteristic ground level and begins a new failure cycle. The load-state process is a Brownian relaxation oscillator. Intervals between events have a Brownian passage-time distribution that may serve as a temporal model for time-dependent, long-term seismic forecasting. This distribution has the following noteworthy properties: (1) the probability of immediate rerupture is zero; (2) the hazard rate increases steadily from zero at t = 0 to a finite maximum near the mean recurrence time and then decreases asymptotically to a quasi-stationary level, in which the conditional probability of an event becomes time independent; and (3) the quasi-stationary failure rate is greater than, equal to, or less than the mean failure rate because the coefficient of variation is less than, equal to, or greater than 1/???2 ??? 0.707. In addition, the model provides expressions for the hazard rate and probability of rupture on faults for which only a bound can be placed on the time of the last rupture. The Brownian relaxation oscillator provides a connection between observable event times and a formal state variable that reflects the macromechanics of stress and strain accumulation. Analysis of this process reveals that the quasi-stationary distance to failure has a gamma distribution, and residual life has a related exponential distribution. It also enables calculation of \"interaction\" effects due to external perturbations to the state, such as stress-transfer effects from earthquakes outside the target source. The influence of interaction effects on recurrence times is transient and strongly dependent on when in the loading cycle step pertubations occur. Transient effects may be much stronger than would be predicted by the \"clock change\" method and characteristically decay inversely with elapsed time after the perturbation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120010267","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Matthews, M., Ellsworth, W., and Reasenberg, P., 2002, A Brownian model for recurrent earthquakes: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 6, p. 2233-2250, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120010267.","startPage":"2233","endPage":"2250","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207088,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120010267"},{"id":231696,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e2cbe4b0c8380cd45c5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matthews, M.V.","contributorId":70920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matthews","given":"M.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellsworth, W.L.","contributorId":48541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reasenberg, P.A.","contributorId":19959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reasenberg","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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