{"pageNumber":"115","pageRowStart":"2850","pageSize":"25","recordCount":11370,"records":[{"id":70121428,"text":"70121428 - 2012 - Range overlap and individual movements during breeding season influence genetic relationships of caribou herds in south-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-20T18:14:23","indexId":"70121428","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T10:06:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Range overlap and individual movements during breeding season influence genetic relationships of caribou herds in south-central Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>North American caribou (<i>Rangifer tarandus</i>) herds commonly exhibit little nuclear genetic differentiation among adjacent herds, although available evidence supports strong demographic separation, even for herds with seasonal range overlap. During 1997–2003, we studied the Mentasta and Nelchina caribou herds in south-central Alaska using radiotelemetry to determine individual movements and range overlap during the breeding season, and nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers to assess levels of genetic differentiation. Although the herds were considered discrete because females calved in separate regions, individual movements and breeding-range overlap in some years provided opportunity for male-mediated gene flow, even without demographic interchange. Telemetry results revealed strong female philopatry, and little evidence of female emigration despite overlapping seasonal distributions. Analyses of 13 microsatellites indicated the Mentasta and Nelchina herds were not significantly differentiated using both traditional population-based analyses and individual-based Bayesian clustering analyses. However, we observed mtDNA differentiation between the 2 herds (F<sub>STM</sub> = 0.041, P < 0.001). Although the Mentasta and Nelchina herds exhibit distinct population dynamics and physical characteristics, they demonstrate evidence of gene flow and thus function as a genetic metapopulation.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Mammalogists","doi":"10.1644/11-MAMM-A-275.1","usgsCitation":"Roffler, G.H., Adams, L., Talbot, S.L., Sage, G.K., and Dale, B.W., 2012, Range overlap and individual movements during breeding season influence genetic relationships of caribou herds in south-central Alaska: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 93, no. 5, p. 1318-1330, https://doi.org/10.1644/11-MAMM-A-275.1.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1318","endPage":"1330","numberOfPages":"13","ipdsId":"IP-022646","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474613,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1644/11-mamm-a-275.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":292841,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292807,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1644/11-MAMM-A-275.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -150.0,61.0 ], [ -150.0,64.0 ], [ -140.0,64.0 ], [ -140.0,61.0 ], [ -150.0,61.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"93","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-10-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f85981e4b03f038c5c18ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roffler, Gretchen H. groffler@usgs.gov","contributorId":1946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roffler","given":"Gretchen","email":"groffler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Adams, Layne G. 0000-0001-6212-2896 ladams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6212-2896","contributorId":2776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Layne G.","email":"ladams@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Talbot, Sandra L. 0000-0002-3312-7214 stalbot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-7214","contributorId":140512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Sandra","email":"stalbot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sage, George K. 0000-0003-1431-2286 ksage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1431-2286","contributorId":87833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sage","given":"George","email":"ksage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":499068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dale, Bruce W.","contributorId":6769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dale","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70101422,"text":"70101422 - 2012 - Diversity of nitrogen isotopes and protein status in caribou: implications for monitoring northern ungulates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-11T10:09:53","indexId":"70101422","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T10:04:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diversity of nitrogen isotopes and protein status in caribou: implications for monitoring northern ungulates","docAbstract":"Nutritional condition is an important determinant of productivity and survival in caribou (Rangifer tarandus). We used samples of excreta (n  =  1,150) to estimate diet composition from microhistology and 2 isotopic proxies of protein status for 2 ecotypes of caribou in 4 herds in late winter (2006–2008). Isotopes of nitrogen (δ<sup>15</sup>N in parts per thousand [‰]) from excreta samples (urea, diet, and body N) were used to estimate indexes of protein status: the proportion of urea N derived from body N (p-UN) and the difference between the δ15N of the body and urinary urea (Δbody-urea). We examined dietary and terrain characteristics, δ<sup>15</sup>N, p-UN, and Δ<sub>body-urea</sub> by ecotype, herd, year, and foraging site. Multiple regression and an information-theoretic approach were used to evaluate correlates of protein status at each foraging site. The dietary and terrain characteristics of foraging sites did not vary by ecotype or herd (P > 0.108); diets were dominated by lichens (68% ± 14.1% SD). The δ<sup>15</sup>N of urea, diet, body N, p-UN, and Δ<sub>body-urea</sub> varied among foraging sites within each herd (P < 0.001). Although highly variable, the δ<sup>15</sup>N of urinary urea was typically low (−4.68‰ ± 2.67‰ SD). Dietary N also had low δ<sup>15</sup>N (−4.18‰ ± 0.92‰ SD), whereas body N was generally heavier in <sup>15</sup>N (2.20‰ ± 1.56‰ SD) than urinary urea or the diet. Both measures of protein status were similarly diverse between ecotypes and among herds, which limited their applicability to monitor protein status at the population level. Although we observed limitations to interpreting estimates of p-UN from highly vagile ungulates, the Δbody-urea may prove to be a useful index of protein status at smaller spatial and temporal scales. Indeed, a portion of the observed variance (r<sup>2</sup>  =  0.26) in Δbody-urea at each foraging site was explained by the proportion of shrubs in the winter diet. There remains potential in using δ<sup>15</sup>N in excreta as a noninvasive tool for evaluating protein status in northern ungulates; however, considerable analytical and sampling challenges remain for applying these isotopic approaches at large scales.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Mammalogy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Mammalogists","doi":"10.1644/11-MAMM-A-164.1","usgsCitation":"Gustine, D.D., Barboza, P.S., Lawler, J.P., Adams, L., Parker, K.L., Arthur, S.M., and Shults, B.S., 2012, Diversity of nitrogen isotopes and protein status in caribou: implications for monitoring northern ungulates: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 93, no. 3, p. 778-790, https://doi.org/10.1644/11-MAMM-A-164.1.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"778","endPage":"790","numberOfPages":"13","ipdsId":"IP-025782","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474614,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1644/11-mamm-a-164.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":286247,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":286223,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1644/11-MAMM-A-164.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -160.0,60.0 ], [ -160.0,70.0 ], [ -140.0,70.0 ], [ -140.0,60.0 ], [ -160.0,60.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"93","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-06-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53559400e4b0120853e8bf42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gustine, David D. dgustine@usgs.gov","contributorId":3776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gustine","given":"David","email":"dgustine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barboza, Perry S.","contributorId":36454,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barboza","given":"Perry","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":492694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lawler, James P.","contributorId":73107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawler","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Adams, Layne G. 0000-0001-6212-2896 ladams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6212-2896","contributorId":2776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Layne G.","email":"ladams@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Parker, Kathy L.","contributorId":88263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"Kathy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Arthur, Steve M.","contributorId":66169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arthur","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Shults, Brad S.","contributorId":46413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shults","given":"Brad","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70137425,"text":"70137425 - 2012 - Small population size of Pribilof Rock Sandpipers confirmed through distance-sampling surveys in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-21T13:11:33","indexId":"70137425","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T09:30:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Small population size of Pribilof Rock Sandpipers confirmed through distance-sampling surveys in Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>The Rock Sandpiper (<i>Calidris ptilocnemis</i>) is endemic to the Bering Sea region and unique among shorebirds in the North Pacific for wintering at high latitudes. The nominate subspecies, the Pribilof Rock Sandpiper (<i>C. p. ptilocnemis</i>), breeds on four isolated islands in the Bering Sea and appears to spend the winter primarily in Cook Inlet, Alaska. We used a stratified systematic sampling design and line-transect method to survey the entire breeding range of this population during springs 2001-2003. Densities were up to four times higher on the uninhabited and more northerly St. Matthew and Hall islands than on St. Paul and St. George islands, which both have small human settlements and introduced reindeer herds. Differences in density, however, appeared to be more related to differences in vegetation than to anthropogenic factors, raising some concern for prospective effects of climate change. We estimated the total population at 19 832 birds (95% CI 17 853&ndash;21 930), ranking it among the smallest of North American shorebird populations. To determine the vulnerability of <i>C. p. ptilocnemis</i> to anthropogenic and stochastic environmental threats, future studies should focus on determining the amount of gene flow among island subpopulations, the full extent of the subspecies' winter range, and the current trajectory of this small population.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1525/cond.2012.110109","usgsCitation":"Ruthrauff, D.R., Tibbitts, T.L., Gill, R., Dementyev, M.N., and Handel, C.M., 2012, Small population size of Pribilof Rock Sandpipers confirmed through distance-sampling surveys in Alaska: Condor, v. 114, no. 3, p. 544-551, https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2012.110109.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"544","endPage":"551","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-029526","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474615,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2012.110109","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":356656,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"114","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c5be4b08de9379b374e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruthrauff, Daniel R. 0000-0003-1355-9156 druthrauff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1355-9156","contributorId":4181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruthrauff","given":"Daniel","email":"druthrauff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":537812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tibbitts, T. Lee 0000-0002-0290-7592 ltibbitts@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0290-7592","contributorId":140455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tibbitts","given":"T.","email":"ltibbitts@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":537837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gill, Robert E. Jr. 0000-0002-6385-4500 rgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-4500","contributorId":171747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Robert E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rgill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":537838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dementyev, Maksim N.","contributorId":138560,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dementyev","given":"Maksim","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":537839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Handel, Colleen M. 0000-0002-0267-7408 cmhandel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0267-7408","contributorId":3067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Handel","given":"Colleen","email":"cmhandel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":537840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70173407,"text":"70173407 - 2012 - Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) runs and consumer fitness: growth and energy storage in stream-dwelling salmonids increase with salmon spawner density","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-27T13:27:42","indexId":"70173407","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T04:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Pacific salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus</i> spp.) runs and consumer fitness: growth and energy storage in stream-dwelling salmonids increase with salmon spawner density","title":"Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) runs and consumer fitness: growth and energy storage in stream-dwelling salmonids increase with salmon spawner density","docAbstract":"<p><span>We examined how marine-derived nutrients (MDN), in the form of spawning Pacific salmon, influenced the nutritional status and &delta;</span><sup>15</sup><span>N of stream-dwelling fishes. We sampled juvenile coho salmon (</span><i>Oncorhynchus kisutch</i><span>) and Dolly Varden (</span><i>Salvelinus malma</i><span>) during spring and fall from 11 south-central Alaskan streams that ranged widely in spawning salmon biomass (0.1&ndash;4.7&nbsp;kg&middot;m</span><sup>&ndash;2</sup><span>). Growth rate (as indexed by RNA&ndash;DNA ratios), energy density, and &delta;</span><sup>15</sup><span>N enrichment in spring-sampled fishes increased with spawner biomass, indicating the persistence of spawner effects&nbsp;more than 6&nbsp;months after salmon spawning. Point estimates suggest that spawner effects on nutrition were substantially greater for coho salmon than Dolly Varden (268% and 175% greater for growth and energy, respectively), indicating that both species benefitted physiologically, but that juvenile coho salmon accrued more benefits than Dolly Varden. Although the data were less conclusive for fall- than spring-sampled fish, they do suggest spawner effects were also generally positive during fall, soon after salmon spawned. In a follow-up analysis where growth rate and energy density were modeled as a function of &delta;</span><sup>15</sup><span>N enrichment, results suggested that both increased with MDN assimilation, especially in juvenile coho salmon. Our results support the importance of salmon runs to the nutritional ecology of stream-dwelling fishes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/F2011-133","usgsCitation":"Rinella, D.J., Wipfli, M.S., Stricker, C.A., Heintz, R.A., and Rinella, M.J., 2012, Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) runs and consumer fitness: growth and energy storage in stream-dwelling salmonids increase with salmon spawner density: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 69, no. 1, p. 73-84, https://doi.org/10.1139/F2011-133.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"84","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-018229","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324231,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"576bb6b9e4b07657d1a22924","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rinella, Daniel J.","contributorId":69048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rinella","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wipfli, Mark S. 0000-0002-4856-6068 mwipfli@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4856-6068","contributorId":1425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wipfli","given":"Mark","email":"mwipfli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":637091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stricker, Craig A. 0000-0002-5031-9437 cstricker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5031-9437","contributorId":1097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stricker","given":"Craig","email":"cstricker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":640374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Heintz, Ron A.","contributorId":101552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heintz","given":"Ron","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rinella, Matthew J.","contributorId":172336,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rinella","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70032503,"text":"70032503 - 2012 - Assessment of pingo distribution and morphometry using an IfSAR derived digital surface model, western Arctic Coastal Plain, Northern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-07T12:20:33","indexId":"70032503","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of pingo distribution and morphometry using an IfSAR derived digital surface model, western Arctic Coastal Plain, Northern Alaska","docAbstract":"<p><span>Pingos are circular to elongate ice-cored mounds that form by injection and freezing of pressurized water in near-surface permafrost. Here we use a digital surface model (DSM) derived from an airborne Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IfSAR) system to assess the distribution and morphometry of pingos within a 40,000</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>km</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;area on the western Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska. We have identified 1247 pingo forms in the study region, ranging in height from 2 to 21</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>m, with a mean height of 4.6</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>m. Pingos in this region are of hydrostatic origin, with 98% located within 995 drained lake basins, most of which are underlain by thick eolian sand deposits. The highest pingo density (0.18</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>km</span><sup>−&nbsp;2</sup><span>) occurs where streams have reworked these deposits. Morphometric analyses indicate that most pingos are small to medium in size (&lt;</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>200</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>m diameter), gently to moderately sloping (&lt;</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>30°), circular to slightly elongate (mean circularity index of 0.88), and of relatively low height (2 to 5</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>m). However, 57 pingos stand higher than 10</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>m, 26 have a maximum slope greater than 30°, and 42 are larger than 200</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>m in diameter. Comparison with a legacy pingo dataset based on 1950s stereo-pair photography indicates that 66 may have partially or completely collapsed over the last half-century. However, we mapped over 400 pingos not identified in the legacy dataset, and identified only three higher than 2</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>m to have formed between ca. 1955 and ca. 2005, indicating that caution should be taken when comparing contemporary and legacy datasets derived by different techniques. This comprehensive database of pingo location and morphometry based on an IfSAR DSM may prove useful for land and resource managers as well as aid in the identification of pingo-like features on Mars.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.08.007","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"Jones, B.M., Grosse, G., Hinkel, K.M., Arp, C., Walker, S., Beck, R., and Galloway, J., 2012, Assessment of pingo distribution and morphometry using an IfSAR derived digital surface model, western Arctic Coastal Plain, Northern Alaska: Geomorphology, v. 138, no. 1, p. 1-14, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.08.007.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"14","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241755,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214067,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.08.007"}],"volume":"138","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee48e4b0c8380cd49c89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, Benjamin M. 0000-0002-1517-4711 bjones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1517-4711","contributorId":2286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Benjamin","email":"bjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":118,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geography","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":436511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grosse, G.","contributorId":82140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grosse","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hinkel, Kenneth M.","contributorId":15405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkel","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Arp, C.D.","contributorId":54715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arp","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Walker, S.","contributorId":71777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Beck, R.A.","contributorId":44246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beck","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Galloway, J. P.","contributorId":19142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"J. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70045514,"text":"70045514 - 2012 - The footprint of Alaskan tundra fires during the past half-century: implications for surface properties and radiative forcing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-04T14:34:14","indexId":"70045514","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1562,"text":"Environmental Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The footprint of Alaskan tundra fires during the past half-century: implications for surface properties and radiative forcing","docAbstract":"Recent large and frequent fires above the Alaskan arctic circle have forced a reassessment of the ecological and climatological importance of fire in arctic tundra ecosystems. Here we provide a general overview of the occurrence, distribution, and ecological and climate implications of Alaskan tundra fires over the past half-century using spatially explicit climate, fire, vegetation and remote sensing datasets for Alaska. Our analyses highlight the importance of vegetation biomass and environmental conditions in regulating tundra burning, and demonstrate that most tundra ecosystems are susceptible to burn, providing the environmental conditions are right. Over the past two decades, fire perimeters above the arctic circle have increased in size and importance, especially on the North Slope, indicating that future wildfire projections should account for fire regime changes in these regions. Remote sensing data and a literature review of thaw depths indicate that tundra fires have both positive and negative implications for climatic feedbacks including a decadal increase in albedo radiative forcing immediately after a fire, a stimulation of surface greenness and a persistent long-term (>10 year) increase in thaw depth. In order to address the future impact of tundra fires on climate, a better understanding of the control of tundra fire occurrence as well as the long-term impacts on ecosystem carbon cycling will be required.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"IOP Publishing","doi":"10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044039","usgsCitation":"Rocha, A.V., Loranty, M.M., Higuera, P., Mack, M., Hu, F., Jones, B.M., Breen, A.L., Rastetter, E.B., Goetz, S., and Shaver, G.R., 2012, The footprint of Alaskan tundra fires during the past half-century: implications for surface properties and radiative forcing: Environmental Research Letters, v. 7, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044039.","productDescription":"7 p.","ipdsId":"IP-042586","costCenters":[{"id":118,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geography","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474617,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044039","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":273257,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":273255,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044039"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 172.45,51.21 ], [ 172.45,71.39 ], [ -129.99,71.39 ], [ -129.99,51.21 ], [ 172.45,51.21 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51af0c70e4b08a3322c2c355","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rocha, Adrian V.","contributorId":25433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rocha","given":"Adrian","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loranty, Michael M.","contributorId":10315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loranty","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Higuera, Phil E.","contributorId":16736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higuera","given":"Phil E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mack, Michelle C.","contributorId":62114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"Michelle C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hu, Feng Sheng","contributorId":14280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hu","given":"Feng Sheng","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jones, Benjamin M. 0000-0002-1517-4711 bjones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1517-4711","contributorId":2286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Benjamin","email":"bjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":118,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geography","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":477691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Breen, Amy L.","contributorId":81396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breen","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Rastetter, Edward B.","contributorId":9227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rastetter","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Goetz, Scott J.","contributorId":22232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goetz","given":"Scott J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Shaver, Gus R.","contributorId":64139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaver","given":"Gus","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70032251,"text":"70032251 - 2012 - Petroleum prospectivity of the Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-03T21:17:52.831554","indexId":"70032251","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2682,"text":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petroleum prospectivity of the Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean","docAbstract":"<p id=\"abspara0010\">Reconnaissance seismic reflection data indicate that Canada Basin is a &gt;700,000 sq. km. remnant of the Amerasia Basin of the Arctic Ocean that lies south of the Alpha-Mendeleev Large Igneous Province, which was constructed across the northern part of the Amerasia Basin between about 127 and 89–83.5&nbsp;Ma. Canada Basin was filled by Early Jurassic to Holocene detritus from the Beaufort–Mackenzie Deltaic System, which drains the northern third of interior North America, with sizable contributions from Alaska and Northwest Canada. The basin contains roughly 5 or 6 million cubic km of sediment. Three fourths or more of this volume generates low amplitude seismic reflections, interpreted to represent hemipelagic deposits, which contain lenses to extensive interbeds of moderate amplitude reflections interpreted to represent unconfined turbidite and amalgamated channel deposits.</p><p id=\"abspara0015\">Extrapolation from Arctic Alaska and Northwest Canada suggests that three fourths of the section in Canada Basin is correlative with stratigraphic sequences in these areas that contain intervals of hydrocarbon source rocks. In addition, worldwide heat flow averages suggest that about two thirds of Canada Basin lies in the oil or gas windows. Structural, stratigraphic and combined structural and stratigraphic features of local to regional occurrence offer exploration targets in Canada Basin, and at least one of these contains bright spots. However, deep water (to almost 4000&nbsp;m), remoteness from harbors and markets, and thick accumulations of seasonal to permanent sea ice (until its possible removal by global warming later this century) will require the discovery of very large deposits for commercial success in most parts of Canada Basin.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2011.11.001","issn":"02648172","usgsCitation":"Grantz, A., and Hart, P.E., 2012, Petroleum prospectivity of the Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 30, no. 1, p. 126-143, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2011.11.001.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"126","endPage":"143","numberOfPages":"18","ipdsId":"IP-024561","costCenters":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242442,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214694,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2011.11.001"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -154.68749999999997,\n              71.30079291637452\n            ],\n            [\n              -125.859375,\n              67.33986082559095\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.140625,\n              67.47492238478702\n            ],\n            [\n              -62.57812500000001,\n              78.56048828398782\n            ],\n            [\n              -53.0859375,\n              83.599030708362\n            ],\n            [\n              -125.15625000000001,\n              84.77052832075908\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.859375,\n              83.52016238353205\n            ],\n            [\n              -164.8828125,\n              73.92246884621463\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.68749999999997,\n              71.30079291637452\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a77fce4b0c8380cd785e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grantz, Arthur agrantz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grantz","given":"Arthur","email":"agrantz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":435245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hart, Patrick E. 0000-0002-5080-1426 hart@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5080-1426","contributorId":2879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"Patrick","email":"hart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":435244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70032516,"text":"70032516 - 2012 - SYBR green-based real-time reverse transcription-PCR for typing and subtyping of all hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of avian influenza viruses and comparison to standard serological subtyping tests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-30T22:44:17.172165","indexId":"70032516","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2218,"text":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"SYBR green-based real-time reverse transcription-PCR for typing and subtyping of all hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of avian influenza viruses and comparison to standard serological subtyping tests","docAbstract":"<p><span>Continuing outbreaks of H5N1 highly pathogenic (HP) avian influenza virus (AIV) infections of wild birds and poultry worldwide emphasize the need for global surveillance of wild birds. To support the future surveillance activities, we developed a SYBR green-based, real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (rRT-PCR) for detecting nucleoprotein (NP) genes and subtyping 16 hemagglutinin (HA) and 9 neuraminidase (NA) genes simultaneously. Primers were improved by focusing on Eurasian or North American lineage genes; the number of mixed-base positions per primer was set to five or fewer, and the concentration of each primer set was optimized empirically. Also, 30 cycles of amplification of 1:10 dilutions of cDNAs from cultured viruses effectively reduced minor cross- or nonspecific reactions. Under these conditions, 346 HA and 345 NA genes of 349 AIVs were detected, with average sensitivities of NP, HA, and NA genes of 10</span><sup>1.5</sup><span>, 10</span><sup>2.3</sup><span>, and 10</span><sup>3.1</sup><span>&nbsp;50% egg infective doses, respectively. Utility of rRT-PCR for subtyping AIVs was compared with that of current standard serological tests by using 104 recent migratory duck virus isolates. As a result, all HA genes and 99% of the NA genes were genetically subtyped, while only 45% of HA genes and 74% of NA genes were serologically subtyped. Additionally, direct subtyping of AIVs in fecal samples was possible by 40 cycles of amplification: approximately 70% of HA and NA genes of NP gene-positive samples were successfully subtyped. This validation study indicates that rRT-PCR with optimized primers and reaction conditions is a powerful tool for subtyping varied AIVs in clinical and cultured samples.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/JCM.01195-11","issn":"00951137","usgsCitation":"Tsukamoto, K., Javier, P., Shishido, M., Noguchi, D., Pearce, J.M., Kang, H., Jeong, O., Lee, Y., Nakanishi, K., and Ashizawa, T., 2012, SYBR green-based real-time reverse transcription-PCR for typing and subtyping of all hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of avian influenza viruses and comparison to standard serological subtyping tests: Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v. 50, no. 1, p. 37-45, https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01195-11.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"45","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474652,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01195-11","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":241412,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213755,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01195-11"}],"volume":"50","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aafb1e4b0c8380cd87725","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tsukamoto, K.","contributorId":67303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tsukamoto","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Javier, P.C.","contributorId":78947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Javier","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shishido, M.","contributorId":90547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shishido","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Noguchi, D.","contributorId":12701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noguchi","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pearce, John M. 0000-0002-8503-5485 jpearce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8503-5485","contributorId":181766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearce","given":"John","email":"jpearce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":436580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kang, H.-M.","contributorId":31586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kang","given":"H.-M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Jeong, O.M.","contributorId":74209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jeong","given":"O.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Lee, Y.-J.","contributorId":13793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Y.-J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Nakanishi, K.","contributorId":95697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nakanishi","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Ashizawa, T.","contributorId":101889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ashizawa","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70032641,"text":"70032641 - 2012 - Population fragmentation and inter-ecosystem movements of grizzly bears in Western Canada and the Northern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:22","indexId":"70032641","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3773,"text":"Wildlife Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population fragmentation and inter-ecosystem movements of grizzly bears in Western Canada and the Northern United States","docAbstract":"Population fragmentation compromises population viability, reduces a species ability to respond to climate change, and ultimately may reduce biodiversity. We studied the current state and potential causes of fragmentation in grizzly bears over approximately 1,000,000 km  2 of western Canada, the northern United States (US), and southeast Alaska. We compiled much of our data from projects undertaken with a variety of research objectives including population estimation and trend, landscape fragmentation, habitat selection, vital rates, and response to human development. Our primary analytical techniques stemmed from genetic analysis of 3,134 bears, supplemented with radiotelemetry data from 792 bears. We used 15 locus microsatellite data coupled withmeasures of genetic distance, isolation-by-distance (IBD) analysis, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), linear multiple regression, multi-factorial correspondence analysis (to identify population divisions or fractures with no a priori assumption of group membership), and population-assignment methods to detect individual migrants between immediately adjacent areas. These data corroborated observations of inter-area movements from our telemetry database. In northern areas, we found a spatial genetic pattern of IBD, although there was evidence of natural fragmentation from the rugged heavily glaciated coast mountains of British Columbia (BC) and the Yukon. These results contrasted with the spatial pattern of fragmentation in more southern parts of their distribution. Near the Canada-US border area, we found extensive fragmentation that corresponded to settled mountain valleys andmajor highways. Genetic distances across developed valleys were elevated relative to those across undeveloped valleys in central and northern BC. In disturbed areas, most inter-area movements detected were made by male bears, with few female migrants identified. North-south movements within mountain ranges (Mts) and across BC Highway 3 were more common than east-west movements across settled mountain valleys separating Mts. Our results suggest that relatively distinct subpopulations exist in this region, including the Cabinet, Selkirk South, and the decadesisolated Yellowstone populations. Current movement rates do not appear sufficient to consider the subpopulations we identify along the Canada-US border as 1 inter-breeding unit. Although we detected enough male movement to mediate gene flow, the current low rate of female movement detected among areas is insufficient to provide a demographic rescue effect between areas in the immediate future (0-15 yr). In Alberta, we found fragmentation corresponded to major east-west highways (Highways 3, 11, 16, and 43) and most inter-area movements were made by males. Gene flow and movement rates between Alberta and BC were highest across the Continental Divide south of Highway 1 and north of Highway 16. In the central region between Highways 1 and 11, we found evidence of natural fragmentation associated with the extensive glaciers and icefields along the Continental Divide. The discontinuities that we identified would form appropriate boundaries formanagement units. We related sex-specific movement rates between adjacent areas to several metrics of human use (highway traffic, settlement, and humancaused mortality) to understand the causes of fragmentation. This analysis used data from 1,508 bears sampled over a 161,500-km  2 area in southeastern BC, western Alberta, northern Idaho, and northern Montana during 1979-2007. This area was bisected by numerous human transportation and settlement corridors of varying intensity and complexity. We used multiple linear regression and ANCOVA to document the responses of female and male bears to disturbance. Males and females both demonstrated reduced movement rates with increasing settlement and traffic. However, females reduced their movement rates dramatically when settlement increased to &gt;20% of the fracture zone. At this same","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Monographs","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/wmon.6","issn":"00840173","usgsCitation":"Proctor, M., Paetkau, D., McLellan, B.N., Stenhouse, G., Kendall, K., Mace, R., Kasworm, W., Servheen, C., Lausen, C., Gibeau, M., Wakkinen, W., Haroldson, M., Mowat, G., Apps, C., Ciarniello, L., Barclay, R., Boyce, M., Schwartz, C., and Strobeck, C., 2012, Population fragmentation and inter-ecosystem movements of grizzly bears in Western Canada and the Northern United States: Wildlife Monographs, no. 180, p. 1-46, https://doi.org/10.1002/wmon.6.","startPage":"1","endPage":"46","numberOfPages":"46","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241257,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213612,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wmon.6"}],"issue":"180","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-12-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7d6fe4b0c8380cd79f41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Proctor, M.F.","contributorId":108320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Proctor","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paetkau, David","contributorId":97712,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paetkau","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McLellan, B. N.","contributorId":82929,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McLellan","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stenhouse, G.B.","contributorId":55217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stenhouse","given":"G.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kendall, K.C.","contributorId":39716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mace, R.D.","contributorId":103881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mace","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kasworm, W.F.","contributorId":66922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kasworm","given":"W.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Servheen, C.","contributorId":68680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Servheen","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lausen, C.L.","contributorId":44358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lausen","given":"C.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Gibeau, M.L.","contributorId":39202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibeau","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Wakkinen, W.L.","contributorId":33931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wakkinen","given":"W.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Haroldson, M.A. 0000-0002-7457-7676","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7457-7676","contributorId":108047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haroldson","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Mowat, G.","contributorId":23341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mowat","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Apps, C.D.","contributorId":40433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Apps","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Ciarniello, L.M.","contributorId":74963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ciarniello","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Barclay, R.M.R.","contributorId":107943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barclay","given":"R.M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Boyce, M.S.","contributorId":16354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyce","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Schwartz, C.C.","contributorId":33658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Strobeck, C.","contributorId":90545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strobeck","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19}]}}
,{"id":70032605,"text":"70032605 - 2012 - Migration of Sakhalin taimen (Parahucho perryi): Evidence of freshwater resident life history types","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-07T17:08:12.472415","indexId":"70032605","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1528,"text":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Migration of Sakhalin taimen (Parahucho perryi): Evidence of freshwater resident life history types","docAbstract":"<p><span>Sakhalin taimen (</span><i>Parahucho perryi</i><span>) range from the Russian Far East mainland along the Sea of Japan coast, and Sakhalin, Kuril, and Hokkaido Islands and are considered to primarily be an anadromous species. We used otolith strontium-to-calcium ratios (Sr/Ca) to determine the chronology of migration between freshwater and saltwater and identify migratory contingents of taimen collected from the Koppi River, Russia. In addition, we examined taimen from the Sarufutsu River, Japan and Tumnin River, Russia that were captured in marine waters. Transects of otolith Sr/Ca for the Sarufutsu River fish were consistent with patterns observed in anadromous salmonids. Two fish from the Tumnin River appeared to be recent migrants to saltwater and one fish was characterized by an otolith Sr/Ca transect consistent with marine migration. Using these transects as benchmarks, all Koppi River taimen were classified as freshwater residents. These findings suggest more work is needed to assess life history variability among locations and the role of freshwater productivity in controlling migratory behavior in taimen.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/s10641-011-9908-x","usgsCitation":"Zimmerman, C.E., Rand, P., Fukushima, M., and Zolotukhin, S., 2012, Migration of Sakhalin taimen (Parahucho perryi): Evidence of freshwater resident life history types: Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 93, no. 2, p. 223-232, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-011-9908-x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"223","endPage":"232","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241727,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan, Russia","otherGeospatial":"Tumnin River, Koppi River, Sarufutsu River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              138.69140625,\n              46.31658418182218\n            ],\n            [\n              143.173828125,\n              46.31658418182218\n            ],\n            [\n              143.173828125,\n              54.213861000644926\n            ],\n            [\n              138.69140625,\n              54.213861000644926\n            ],\n            [\n              138.69140625,\n              46.31658418182218\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"93","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-08-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5702e4b0c8380cd6d9b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimmerman, Christian E. 0000-0002-3646-0688 czimmerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3646-0688","contributorId":410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Christian","email":"czimmerman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":437030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rand, P.S.","contributorId":17561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rand","given":"P.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fukushima, M.","contributorId":28082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fukushima","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zolotukhin, S.F.","contributorId":50737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zolotukhin","given":"S.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70032696,"text":"70032696 - 2012 - Airborne electromagnetic imaging of discontinuous permafrost","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-12T17:21:07","indexId":"70032696","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Airborne electromagnetic imaging of discontinuous permafrost","docAbstract":"<p><span>The evolution of permafrost in cold regions is inextricably connected to hydrogeologic processes, climate, and ecosystems. Permafrost thawing has been linked to changes in wetland and lake areas, alteration of the groundwater contribution to streamflow, carbon release, and increased fire frequency. But detailed knowledge about the dynamic state of permafrost in relation to surface and groundwater systems remains an enigma. Here, we present the results of a pioneering ∼1,800 line-kilometer airborne electromagnetic survey that shows sediments deposited over the past ∼4 million years and the configuration of permafrost to depths of ∼100 meters in the Yukon Flats area near Fort Yukon, Alaska. The Yukon Flats is near the boundary between continuous permafrost to the north and discontinuous permafrost to the south, making it an important location for examining permafrost dynamics. Our results not only provide a detailed snapshot of the present-day configuration of permafrost, but they also expose previously unseen details about potential surface – groundwater connections and the thermal legacy of surface water features that has been recorded in the permafrost over the past ∼1,000 years. This work will be a critical baseline for future permafrost studies aimed at exploring the connections between hydrogeologic, climatic, and ecological processes, and has significant implications for the stewardship of Arctic environments.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2011GL050079","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Minsley, B., Abraham, J., Smith, B.D., Cannia, J.C., Voss, C., Jorgenson, M., Walvoord, M.A., Wylie, B., Anderson, L., Ball, L., Deszcz-Pan, M., Wellman, T., and Ager, T.A., 2012, Airborne electromagnetic imaging of discontinuous permafrost: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 39, no. 2, p. 1-8, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL050079.","productDescription":"Article L02503; 8 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"8","ipdsId":"IP-031001","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474636,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gl050079","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":241564,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213896,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011GL050079"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon Flats","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -146.019287109375,\n              66.69647781801481\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.5576171875,\n              66.6181218846659\n            ],\n            [\n              -147.205810546875,\n              66.53951732435127\n            ],\n            [\n              -147.073974609375,\n              66.40355812551671\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.722412109375,\n              66.35954206344545\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.62353515625,\n              66.32868478255796\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.28295898437497,\n              66.33309528851538\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.09619140625,\n              66.32868478255796\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.777587890625,\n              66.33309528851538\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.184326171875,\n              66.34632215978135\n            ],\n            [\n              -144.810791015625,\n              66.40355812551671\n            ],\n            [\n              -144.700927734375,\n              66.53951732435127\n            ],\n            [\n              -144.678955078125,\n              66.67038675925365\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.140380859375,\n              66.73556274968628\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.283203125,\n              66.7789178367468\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.491943359375,\n              66.7789178367468\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.78857421875,\n              66.76158496773226\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.019287109375,\n              66.69647781801481\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e91fe4b0c8380cd480ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Minsley, B. J.","contributorId":52107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minsley","given":"B. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abraham, J.D.","contributorId":20686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abraham","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, B. D.","contributorId":71123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cannia, J. C.","contributorId":105258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannia","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Voss, C.I.","contributorId":79515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"C.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jorgenson, M.T.","contributorId":26889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorgenson","given":"M.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Walvoord, Michelle Ann 0000-0003-4269-8366 walvoord@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4269-8366","contributorId":147211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walvoord","given":"Michelle","email":"walvoord@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":437504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wylie, B.K. 0000-0002-7374-1083","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-1083","contributorId":24877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"B.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Anderson, L.","contributorId":22571,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Ball, L.B.","contributorId":37683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"L.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Deszcz-Pan, M.","contributorId":102422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deszcz-Pan","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Wellman, T.P.","contributorId":92862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wellman","given":"T.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Ager, T. A.","contributorId":88386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ager","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}}
,{"id":70032406,"text":"70032406 - 2012 - Functional ecology of saltglands in shorebirds: Flexible responses to variable environmental conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-02T12:55:45.584228","indexId":"70032406","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1711,"text":"Functional Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Functional ecology of saltglands in shorebirds: Flexible responses to variable environmental conditions","docAbstract":"<p>1. Birds of marine environments have specialized glands to excrete salt, the saltglands. Located on the skull between the eyes, the size of these organs is expected to reflect their demand, which will vary with water turnover rates as a function of environmental (heat load, salinity of prey and drinking water) and organismal (energy demand, physiological state) factors. On the basis of inter- and intraspecific comparisons of saltgland mass (msg) in 29 species of shorebird (suborder Charadrii) from saline, fresh and mixed water habitats, we assessed the relative roles of organism and environment in determining measured msg species. </p><p>2. The allometric exponent, scaling dry msg to shorebird total body mass (mb), was significantly higher for coastal marine species (0Æ88, N = 19) than for nonmarine species (0Æ43, N = 14). Within the marine species, those ingesting bivalves intact had significantly higher msg than species eating soft-bodied invertebrates, indicating that seawater contained within the shells added to the salt load. </p><p>3. In red knots (Calidris canutus), dry msg varied with monthly averaged ambient temperature in a U-shaped way, with the lowest mass at 12Æ5 C. This probably reflects increased energy demand for thermoregulation at low temperatures and elevated respiratory water loss at high temperatures. In fuelling bar-tailed godwits (Limosa lapponica), dry msg was positively correlated with intestine mass, an indicator of relative food intake rates. These findings suggest once more that saltgland masses vary within species (and presumably individuals) in relation to salt load, that is a function of energy turnover (thermoregulation and fuelling) and evaporative water needs.</p><p> 4. Our results support the notion that msg is strongly influenced by habitat salinity, and also by factors influencing salt load and demand for osmotically free water including ambient temperature, prey type and energy intake rates. Saltglands are evidently highly flexible organs. The small size of saltglands when demands are low suggests that any time costs of adjustment are lower than the costs of maintaining a larger size in this small but essential piece of metabolic machinery.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"British Ecological Society","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01929.x","issn":"02698463","usgsCitation":"Gutierrez, J., Dietz, M., Masero, J., Gill, R., Dekinga, A., Battley, P.F., Sanchez-Guzman, J.M., and Piersma, T., 2012, Functional ecology of saltglands in shorebirds: Flexible responses to variable environmental conditions: Functional Ecology, v. 26, no. 1, p. 236-244, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01929.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"236","endPage":"244","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474685,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01929.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":241784,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-11-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1411e4b0c8380cd548bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gutierrez, J.S.","contributorId":97334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutierrez","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dietz, M.W.","contributorId":62842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dietz","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Masero, J.A.","contributorId":23773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masero","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gill, Robert E. Jr. 0000-0002-6385-4500 rgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-4500","contributorId":171747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Robert E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rgill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":436005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dekinga, Anne","contributorId":52000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dekinga","given":"Anne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Battley, Phil F.","contributorId":27272,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Battley","given":"Phil","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sanchez-Guzman, J. M.","contributorId":65677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanchez-Guzman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Piersma, Theunis","contributorId":45863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piersma","given":"Theunis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70044069,"text":"70044069 - 2012 - North slope of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-27T16:22:13.755867","indexId":"70044069","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"4","title":"North slope of Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Arctic shorebirds in North America: A decade of monitoring","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of California Press","publisherLocation":"Berkeley, CA","usgsCitation":"Bart, J., Brown, S., Andres, B., Platte, R., and Manning, A., 2012, North slope of Alaska, chap. 4 <i>of</i> Arctic shorebirds in North America: A decade of monitoring, v. 44, p. 37-96.","productDescription":"60 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"96","numberOfPages":"60","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268328,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":297336,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520273108"}],"country":"United States","city":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -179.9,\n              51.23440735163459\n            ],\n            [\n              -179.9,\n              71.80141030136785\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.064453125,\n              71.80141030136785\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.064453125,\n              51.23440735163459\n            ],\n            [\n              -179.9,\n              51.23440735163459\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"44","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd693be4b0b29085102916","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Bart, Jonathan jon_bart@usgs.gov","contributorId":57025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bart","given":"Jonathan","email":"jon_bart@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":509224,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnston, Victoria","contributorId":90185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"Victoria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509225,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Bart, Jonathan jon_bart@usgs.gov","contributorId":57025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bart","given":"Jonathan","email":"jon_bart@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":474764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, Stephen","contributorId":40096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Stephen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Andres, Brad","contributorId":19053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andres","given":"Brad","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Platte, Robert","contributorId":105680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Platte","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Manning, Ann","contributorId":79746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manning","given":"Ann","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70042780,"text":"70042780 - 2012 - Migration strategy affects avian influenza dynamics in mallards (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>).","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-23T09:13:47","indexId":"70042780","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2774,"text":"Molecular Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Migration strategy affects avian influenza dynamics in mallards (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>).","docAbstract":"Studies of pathogen transmission typically overlook that wildlife hosts can include both migrant and resident populations when attempting to model circulation. Through the application of stable isotopes in flight feathers, we estimated the migration strategy of mallards (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>) occurring on California wintering grounds. Our study demonstrates that mallards- a principal host of avian influenza virus (AIV) in nature, contribute differently to virus gene flow depending on migration strategy. No difference in AIV prevalence was detected between resident (9.6%), intermediate-distance (9.6%) and long-distance migrants (7.4%). Viral diversity among the three groups was also comparable, possibly owing to viral pool mixing when birds converge at wetlands during winter. However, migrants and residents contributed differently to the virus gene pool at wintering wetlands. Migrants introduced virus from northern breeding grounds (Alaska and the NW Pacific Rim) into the wintering population, facilitating gene flow at continental scales, but circulation of imported virus appeared to be limited. In contrast, resident mallards acted as AIV reservoirs facilitating year-round circulation of limited subtypes (i.e. H5N2) at lower latitudes. This study supports a model of virus exchange in temperate regions driven by the convergence of wild birds with separate geographic origins and exposure histories.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Molecular Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05735.x","usgsCitation":"Takekawa, J.Y., Hill, N., Ackerman, J., Herring, G., Hobson, K., Cardona, C.J., Runstadler, J., and Boyce, W.M., 2012, Migration strategy affects avian influenza dynamics in mallards (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>).: Molecular Ecology, v. 21, no. 24, p. 5986-5999, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05735.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"5986","endPage":"5999","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-036867","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268327,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268324,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05735.x"}],"volume":"21","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd671ce4b0b290851012ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":472241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, Nichola J.","contributorId":30342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Nichola J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ackerman, Joshua T. 0000-0002-3074-8322 jackerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3074-8322","contributorId":147078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackerman","given":"Joshua T.","email":"jackerman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":472240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Herring, Garth 0000-0003-1106-4731 gherring@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1106-4731","contributorId":4403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herring","given":"Garth","email":"gherring@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hobson, Keith","contributorId":16723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hobson","given":"Keith","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cardona, Carol J.","contributorId":10536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cardona","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Runstadler, Jonathan","contributorId":96557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runstadler","given":"Jonathan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Boyce, Walter M.","contributorId":75671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyce","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70042453,"text":"70042453 - 2012 - Shorebird surveys in western Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-21T16:48:44.16649","indexId":"70042453","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"3","title":"Shorebird surveys in western Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>Surveys for breeding shorebirds were conducted during 2001-2002 in four National Wildlife Refuges (NWRs) in western Alaska - Alaska Maritime, Alaska Peninsula, Yukon Delta and Selawik. The sizes of our study areas on and adjacent to these four refuges were 9,243 km<sup>2</sup>, 24,493 km<sup>2</sup>, 853 km<sup>2</sup>, and 15,170 km<sup>2</sup>, respectively. Eleven sites were selected non-randomly, 3 in the Alaska Maritime NWR, 6 in the Alaska Peninsula, and one each in the other two NWRs. Survey and analytic methods are described in Chapter 2. Rapid surveys were conducted on 224 plots; 2,163 indicated pairs of shorebirds were recorded of which 1,485 were judged to be nesting in the surveyed plots. Detection ratios were estimated using intensive plot data from northern Alaska as well as from two plots on the Yukon Delta NWR. The highest estimated densities (shorebirds/km<sup>2</sup>) were on the Yukon Delta Study Area: 416 in wetlands and 300 in moist areas. The estimated densities on the Alaska Peninsula Study Area were 118 in wetlands and 62 in uplands. Other densities were markedly lower. Estimated numbers of shorebirds were 62,000 (CV = 0.58), 1,804,000 (CV = 0.32), 310,000 (CV = 0.11), and 390,000 (CV = 0.35), in the Alaska Maritime, Alaska Peninsula, Yukon Delta, and Selawik study areas, respectively. The former two estimates were affected by selection bias of unknown magnitude and so should be regarded with caution. A small estimate was generated for the Yukon Delta Study Area because it covered only about 1% of the Yukon Delta NWR. We identify several species-specific estimates from our study which appear inconsistent with previous continental estimates. This pilot study provides preliminary estimates of species composition and density in the surveyed areas. By incorporating several region-specific modifications to the sampling protocols for future surveys, we believe that the Arctic PRISM method is suitable for covering large areas in western Alaska.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Arctic shorebirds in North America: A decade of monitoring","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of California Press","publisherLocation":"Berkeley, CA","usgsCitation":"McCaffery, B.J., Bart, J., Wightman, C., and Krueper, D.J., 2012, Shorebird surveys in western Alaska, chap. 3 <i>of</i> Arctic shorebirds in North America: A decade of monitoring, v. 44, p. 17-36.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"36","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-026453","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268325,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":297331,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520273108"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -159.83606127608508,\n              67.83094206266881\n            ],\n            [\n              -168.60315969175733,\n              67.31587290572091\n            ],\n            [\n              -168.04564134058197,\n              59.94938901312631\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.65923179948007,\n              57.14283500068541\n            ],\n            [\n              -176.3059056833646,\n              53.361921209719895\n            ],\n            [\n              -178.00466802783237,\n              50.46694403512976\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.1254855949343,\n              57.554123066073885\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.83606127608508,\n              67.83094206266881\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"44","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd72a0e4b0b290851086e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCaffery, Brian J.","contributorId":37617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCaffery","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bart, Jonathan jon_bart@usgs.gov","contributorId":57025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bart","given":"Jonathan","email":"jon_bart@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":471576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wightman, Catherine","contributorId":66568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wightman","given":"Catherine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Krueper, David J.","contributorId":103752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krueper","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70135114,"text":"70135114 - 2012 - Contrasting extreme long-distance migration patterns in bar-tailed godwits <i>Limosa lapponica</i>","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-21T13:13:44","indexId":"70135114","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2190,"text":"Journal of Avian Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contrasting extreme long-distance migration patterns in bar-tailed godwits <i>Limosa lapponica</i>","docAbstract":"<p><span>Migrating birds make the longest non-stop endurance flights in the animal kingdom. Satellite technology is now providing direct evidence on the lengths and durations of these flights and associated staging episodes for individual birds. Using this technology, we compared the migration performance of two subspecies of bar-tailed godwit&nbsp;</span><i>Limosa lapponica</i><span>&nbsp;travelling between non-breeding grounds in New Zealand (subspecies&nbsp;</span><i>baueri</i><span>) and northwest Australia (subspecies&nbsp;</span><i>menzbieri</i><span>) and breeding grounds in Alaska and eastern Russia, respectively. Individuals of both subspecies made long, usually non-stop, flights from non-breeding grounds to coastal staging grounds in the Yellow Sea region of East Asia (average 10 060 &plusmn; SD 290 km for&nbsp;</span><i>baueri</i><span>&nbsp;and 5860 &plusmn; 240 km for&nbsp;</span><i>menzbieri</i><span>). After an average stay of 41.2 &plusmn; 4.8 d,&nbsp;</span><i>baueri</i><span>&nbsp;flew over the North Pacific Ocean before heading northeast to the Alaskan breeding grounds (6770 &plusmn; 800 km).</span><i>Menzbieri</i><span>&nbsp;staged for 38.4 &plusmn; 2.5 d, and flew over land and sea northeast to high arctic Russia (4170 &plusmn; 370 km). The post-breeding journey for&nbsp;</span><i>baueri</i><span>&nbsp;involved several weeks of staging in southwest Alaska followed by non-stop flights across the Pacific Ocean to New Zealand (11 690 km in a complete track) or stopovers on islands in the southwestern Pacific en route to New Zealand and eastern Australia. By contrast,&nbsp;</span><i>menzbieri</i><span>&nbsp;returned to Australia via stopovers in the New Siberian Islands, Russia, and back at the Yellow Sea; birds travelled on average 4510 &plusmn; 360 km from Russia to the Yellow Sea, staged there for 40.8 &plusmn; 5.6 d, and then flew another 5680&ndash;7180 km to Australia (10 820 &plusmn; 300 km in total). Overall, the entire migration of the single&nbsp;</span><i>baueri</i><span>&nbsp;godwit with a fully completed return track totalled 29 280 km and involved 20 d of major migratory flight over a round-trip journey of 174 d. The entire migrations of&nbsp;</span><i>menzbieri</i><span>&nbsp;averaged 21 940 &plusmn; 570 km, including 14 d of major migratory flights out of 154 d total. Godwits of both populations exhibit extreme flight performance, and&nbsp;</span><i>baueri</i><span>makes the longest (southbound) and second-longest (northbound) non-stop migratory flights documented for any bird. Both subspecies essentially make single stops when moving between non-breeding and breeding sites in opposite hemispheres. This reinforces the critical importance of the intertidal habitats used by fuelling godwits in Australasia, the Yellow Sea, and Alaska.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1600-048X.2011.05473.x","usgsCitation":"Battley, P.F., Warnock, N., Tibbitts, T.L., Gill, R., Piersma, T., Hassell, C.J., Douglas, D.C., Mulcahy, D.M., Gartrell, B.D., Schuckard, R., Melville, D.S., and Riegen, A.C., 2012, Contrasting extreme long-distance migration patterns in bar-tailed godwits <i>Limosa lapponica</i>: Journal of Avian Biology, v. 43, no. 1, p. 21-32, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-048X.2011.05473.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"32","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-034238","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":486668,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9A9BYQW","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Tracking Data for Bar-tailed Godwits (Limosa lapponica)"},{"id":474717,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-048x.2011.05473.x","text":"External Repository"},{"id":296575,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Australila, New Zealand,  Russia, United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"43","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-06-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54897cb8e4b027aeab781291","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Battley, Phil F.","contributorId":27272,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Battley","given":"Phil","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":526918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warnock, Nils","contributorId":64534,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Warnock","given":"Nils","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":526919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tibbitts, T. Lee 0000-0002-0290-7592 ltibbitts@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0290-7592","contributorId":140455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tibbitts","given":"T.","email":"ltibbitts@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":526849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gill, Robert E. Jr. 0000-0002-6385-4500 rgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-4500","contributorId":171747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Robert E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rgill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":526850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Piersma, Theunis","contributorId":95369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piersma","given":"Theunis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":526920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hassell, Chris J.","contributorId":127818,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hassell","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":526921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":2388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":526851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Mulcahy, Daniel M. dmulcahy@usgs.gov","contributorId":3102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulcahy","given":"Daniel","email":"dmulcahy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":526852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Gartrell, Brett D.","contributorId":10299,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gartrell","given":"Brett","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":526922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Schuckard, Rob","contributorId":127815,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schuckard","given":"Rob","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":526923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Melville, David S.","contributorId":127816,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Melville","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":526924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Riegen, Adrian C.","contributorId":127817,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Riegen","given":"Adrian","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":526925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}}
,{"id":70032408,"text":"70032408 - 2012 - Semiochemical compounds of preen secretion reflect genetic make-up in a seabird species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-03T14:32:56.98145","indexId":"70032408","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3174,"text":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Semiochemical compounds of preen secretion reflect genetic make-up in a seabird species","docAbstract":"<p><span>Several vertebrates choose their mate according to genetic heterozygosity and relatedness, and use odour cues to assess their conspecifics' genetic make-up. In birds, although several species (including the black-legged kittiwake) exhibit non-random mating according to genetic traits, the cues used to assess genetic characteristics remain unknown. The importance of olfaction in birds' social behaviour is gaining attention among researchers, and it has been suggested that, as in other vertebrates, bird body scent may convey information about genetic traits. Here, we combined gas chromatography data and genetic analyses at microsatellite loci to test whether semiochemical messages in preen secretion of kittiwakes carried information about genetic heterozygosity and relatedness. Semiochemical profile was correlated with heterozygosity in males and females, while semiochemical distance was correlated with genetic distance only in male–male dyads. Our study is the first to demonstrate a link between odour and genetics in birds, which sets the stage for the existence of sophisticated odour-based mechanisms of mate choice also in birds.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Royal Society","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2011.1611","usgsCitation":"Leclaire, S., Merkling, T., Raynaud, C., Mulard, H., Bessiere, J., Lhuillier, E., Hatch, S.A., and Danchin, E., 2012, Semiochemical compounds of preen secretion reflect genetic make-up in a seabird species: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, v. 279, no. 1731, p. 1185-1193, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1611.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1185","endPage":"1193","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474627,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3267147","text":"External Repository"},{"id":241243,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"279","issue":"1731","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-09-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d12e4b08c986b318256","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leclaire, S.","contributorId":39591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leclaire","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Merkling, T.","contributorId":26522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merkling","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Raynaud, C.","contributorId":46313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raynaud","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mulard, Herve","contributorId":104602,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mulard","given":"Herve","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bessiere, J.-M.","contributorId":107107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bessiere","given":"J.-M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lhuillier, E.M.","contributorId":103880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lhuillier","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hatch, Scott A. 0000-0002-0064-8187 shatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-8187","contributorId":2625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Scott","email":"shatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":436023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Danchin, E.","contributorId":89635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danchin","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70137537,"text":"70137537 - 2012 - Microsatellite marker isolation and development for the giant Pacific Octopus (<i>Enteroctopus dofleini</i>)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-20T18:19:59","indexId":"70137537","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1325,"text":"Conservation Genetics Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microsatellite marker isolation and development for the giant Pacific Octopus (<i>Enteroctopus dofleini</i>)","docAbstract":"<p><span>We isolated and developed 18 novel microsatellite markers for the giant Pacific octopus (</span><i>Enteroctopus dofleini</i><span>) and examined them for 31 individuals from Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska. These loci displayed moderate levels of allelic diversity (averaging 11 alleles per locus) and heterozygosity (averaging 65%). Seven loci deviated from Hardy&ndash;Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) due to heterozygote deficiency for the PWS population, although deviations were not observed for all these loci in other populations, suggesting the PWS population is not in mutation-drift equilibrium. These novel microsatellite loci yielded sufficient genetic diversity for potential use in population genetics, individual identification, and parentage studies.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s12686-011-9588-z","usgsCitation":"Toussaint, R.K., Sage, G.K., Talbot, S.L., and Scheel, D., 2012, Microsatellite marker isolation and development for the giant Pacific Octopus (<i>Enteroctopus dofleini</i>): Conservation Genetics Resources, v. 4, no. 3, p. 545-548, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12686-011-9588-z.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"545","endPage":"548","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-034450","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297114,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-12-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2bfce4b08de9379b35c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Toussaint, Rebecca K.","contributorId":104376,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Toussaint","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":537880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sage, G. Kevin 0000-0003-1431-2286 ksage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1431-2286","contributorId":4348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sage","given":"G.","email":"ksage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kevin","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":537881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Talbot, Sandra L. 0000-0002-3312-7214 stalbot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-7214","contributorId":140512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Sandra","email":"stalbot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":537882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scheel, David","contributorId":53272,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scheel","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":537972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70045756,"text":"70045756 - 2012 - Paired serologic and polymerase chain reaction analyses of avian influenza prevalence in Alaskan shorebirds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-14T13:51:52","indexId":"70045756","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paired serologic and polymerase chain reaction analyses of avian influenza prevalence in Alaskan shorebirds","docAbstract":"<p>Surveillance has revealed low prevalence of avian influenza viruses (AIV) in shorebirds except Ruddy Turnstones (Arenaria interpres) on the North American Atlantic coast. 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,{"id":70042394,"text":"70042394 - 2012 - Methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-21T16:41:56.431625","indexId":"70042394","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"2","title":"Methods","docAbstract":"<p>Detecting declines in population size is one of the highest priorities of the shorebird initiatives in Canada and the United States. The quantitative goal is 80% power to detect a 50% decline, occurring during no more than 20 years, with a significance level of 0.15, using a two-tailed test, and incorporating effects of potential bias into the estimator. The Arctic PRISM program was designed to achieve this goal for arctic-nesting shorebird populations. The survey methods are an application of double sampling. Rapid surveys were made on a large number of plots selected from throughout arctic Alaska and Canada using stratified random sampling. Intensive surveys were made on a subsample of the plots to obtain detection rates, which were used to calibrate results from rapidly surveyed plots. Surveys will be made of the entire arctic region, each lasting several years and producing an estimate of average population size during the survey period. Results from two or more survey periods will be used to estimate change, or trend, in population size.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Arctic shorebirds in North America: A decade of monitoring","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of California Press","publisherLocation":"Berkeley, CA","usgsCitation":"Bart, J., Johnston, V., Smith, P., Manning, A., Rausch, J., and Brown, S., 2012, Methods, chap. 2 <i>of</i> Arctic shorebirds in North America: A decade of monitoring, v. 44, p. 9-16.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"16","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-025809","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268326,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":297352,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520273108","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"44","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd66e1e4b0b29085101034","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Bart, Jonathan jon_bart@usgs.gov","contributorId":57025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bart","given":"Jonathan","email":"jon_bart@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":509153,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnston, Victoria","contributorId":90185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"Victoria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509154,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Bart, Jonathan jon_bart@usgs.gov","contributorId":57025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bart","given":"Jonathan","email":"jon_bart@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":471457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnston, Victoria","contributorId":90185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"Victoria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Paul A.","contributorId":73477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Paul A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Manning, Ann","contributorId":79746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manning","given":"Ann","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rausch, Jennie","contributorId":103938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rausch","given":"Jennie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brown, Stephen","contributorId":40096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Stephen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70135108,"text":"70135108 - 2012 - Genetic and morphological divergence among Cooper's Hawk (<i>Accipiter cooperii</i>) populations breeding in north-central and western North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-20T18:12:24","indexId":"70135108","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic and morphological divergence among Cooper's Hawk (<i>Accipiter cooperii</i>) populations breeding in north-central and western North America","docAbstract":"<p><span>Cooper's Hawk (</span><i>Accipiter cooperii</i><span>) populations breeding in the northern portion of the species' range exhibit variation in morphological traits that conforms to predictions based on differences in prey size, tree stand density, and migratory behavior. We examined genetic structure and gene flow and compared divergence at morphological traits (</span><i>P</i><span>ST) and genetic markers (</span><i>F</i><span>ST) to elucidate mechanisms (selection or genetic drift) that promote morphological diversification among Cooper's Hawk populations. Cooper's Hawks appear to conform to the genetic pattern of an east-west divide. Populations in British Columbia are genetically differentiated from north-central populations (Wisconsin, Minnesota, and North Dakota; pairwise microsatellite&nbsp;</span><i>F</i><span>ST= 0.031-0.050; mitochondrial DNA &Phi;</span><sub>ST</sub><span>&nbsp;= 0.177-0.204), which suggests that Cooper's Hawks were restricted to at least two Pleistocene glacial refugia. The strength of the Rocky Mountains&mdash;Great Plains area as a barrier to dispersal is further supported by restricted gene-flow rates between British Columbia and other sampled breeding populations. Divergence in morphological traits (</span><i>P</i><span>ST) was also observed across study areas, but with British Columbia and North Dakota differentiated from Wisconsin and Minnesota, a pattern not predicted on the basis of&nbsp;</span><i>F<sub>ST</sub>&nbsp;</i><span>and &Phi;</span><sub>ST</sub><span>&nbsp;interpopulation estimates. Comparison of&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>STand&nbsp;</span><i>F</i><span>STestimates suggests that heterogeneous selection may be acting on Cooper's Hawks in the northern portion of their distribution, which is consistent with hypotheses that variation in prey mass and migratory behavior among populations may be influencing overall body size and wing chord. We were unable to distinguish between the effects of genetic drift and selection on tail length in the study populations.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1525/auk.2012.11166","usgsCitation":"Sonsthagen, S.A., Rosenfield, R.N., Bielefeldt, J., Murphy, R.K., Stewart, A.C., Stout, W., Driscoll, T.G., Bozek, M.A., Sloss, B.L., and Talbot, S.L., 2012, Genetic and morphological divergence among Cooper's Hawk (<i>Accipiter cooperii</i>) populations breeding in north-central and western North America: The Auk, v. 129, no. 3, p. 427-43, https://doi.org/10.1525/auk.2012.11166.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"427","endPage":"43","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-031315","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474718,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525/auk.2012.11166","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":296592,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","volume":"129","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54897cb9e4b027aeab781294","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sonsthagen, Sarah A. 0000-0001-6215-5874 ssonsthagen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6215-5874","contributorId":3711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sonsthagen","given":"Sarah","email":"ssonsthagen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":526837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosenfield, Robert N.","contributorId":94013,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rosenfield","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":526936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bielefeldt, John","contributorId":127819,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bielefeldt","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":526937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Murphy, Robert K.","contributorId":67643,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murphy","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":56253,"text":"Eagle Environmental, Inc","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":526938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stewart, Andrew C.","contributorId":127820,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stewart","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":526939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stout, William C.","contributorId":56756,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stout","given":"William C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":526940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Driscoll, Timothy G.","contributorId":42027,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Driscoll","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":526941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bozek, Michael A.","contributorId":51030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bozek","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":526942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Sloss, Brian L. bsloss@usgs.gov","contributorId":702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloss","given":"Brian","email":"bsloss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":526943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Talbot, Sandra L. 0000-0002-3312-7214 stalbot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-7214","contributorId":140512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Sandra","email":"stalbot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":526944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70193251,"text":"70193251 - 2012 - Using rocks to reveal the inner workings of magma chambers below volcanoes in Alaska’s National Parks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-30T10:17:34","indexId":"70193251","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":691,"text":"Alaska Park Science","printIssn":"1545- 496","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using rocks to reveal the inner workings of magma chambers below volcanoes in Alaska’s National Parks","docAbstract":"<p>Alaska is one of the most vigorously volcanic regions on the planet, and Alaska’s national parks are home to many of the state’s most active volcanoes. These pose both local and more distant hazards in the form of lava and pyroclastic flows, lahars (mudflows), ash clouds, and ash fall. Alaska’s volcanoes lie along the arc of the Aleutian-Alaskan subduction zone, caused as the oceanic Pacific plate moves northward and dips below the North American plate. These volcanoes form as water-rich fluid from the down-going Pacific plate is released, lowering the melting temperature of rock in the overlying mantle and enabling it to partially melt. The melted rock (magma) migrates upward, collecting at the base of the approximately 25 mile (40 km) thick crust, occasionally ascending into the shallow crust, and sometimes erupting at the earth’s surface.</p><p>During volcanic unrest, scientists use geophysical signals to remotely visualize volcanic processes, such as movement of magma in the upper crust. In addition, erupted volcanic rocks, which are quenched samples of magmas, can tell us about subsurface magma characteris-tics, history, and the processes that drive eruptions. The chemical compositions of and the minerals present in the erupted magmas can reveal conditions under which these magmas were stored in crustal “chambers”. Studies of the products of recent eruptions of Novarupta (1912), Aniakchak (1931), Trident (1953-74), and Redoubt (2009) volcanoes reveal the depths and temperatures of magma storage, and tell of complex interactions between magmas of different compositions. One goal of volcanology is to determine the processes that drive or trigger eruptions. Information recorded in the rocks tells us about these processes. Here, we demonstrate how geologists gain these insights through case studies from four recent eruptions of volcanoes in Alaska national parks.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Coombs, M.L., and Bacon, C.R., 2012, Using rocks to reveal the inner workings of magma chambers below volcanoes in Alaska’s National Parks: Alaska Park Science, v. 11, no. 1, p. 26-33.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"26","endPage":"33","ipdsId":"IP-033839","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":347939,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":347938,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nps.gov/articles/aps-v11-i1-c5.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -158.75244140625,\n              56.45034902929676\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.72119140625,\n              56.45034902929676\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.72119140625,\n              61.64816245852389\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.75244140625,\n              61.64816245852389\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.75244140625,\n              56.45034902929676\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59f98bc1e4b0531197afa06e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coombs, Michelle L. 0000-0002-6002-6806 mcoombs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-6806","contributorId":2809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coombs","given":"Michelle","email":"mcoombs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bacon, Charles R. 0000-0002-2165-5618 cbacon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":2909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"Charles","email":"cbacon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70190475,"text":"70190475 - 2012 - The Quaternary thrust system of the northern Alaska Range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-01T09:51:29","indexId":"70190475","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1820,"text":"Geosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Quaternary thrust system of the northern Alaska Range","docAbstract":"<p id=\"p-1\">The framework of Quaternary faults in Alaska remains poorly constrained. Recent studies in the Alaska Range north of the Denali fault add significantly to the recognition of Quaternary deformation in this active orogen. Faults and folds active during the Quaternary occur over a length of ∼500 km along the northern flank of the Alaska Range, extending from Mount McKinley (Denali) eastward to the Tok River valley. These faults exist as a continuous system of active structures, but we divide the system into four regions based on east-west changes in structural style. At the western end, the Kantishna Hills have only two known faults but the highest rate of shallow crustal seismicity. The western northern foothills fold-thrust belt consists of a 50-km-wide zone of subparallel thrust and reverse faults. This broad zone of deformation narrows to the east in a transition zone where the range-bounding fault of the western northern foothills fold-thrust belt terminates and displacement occurs on thrust and/or reverse faults closer to the Denali fault. The eastern northern foothills fold-thrust belt is characterized by ∼40-km-long thrust fault segments separated across left-steps by NNE-trending left-lateral faults. Altogether, these faults accommodate much of the topographic growth of the northern flank of the Alaska Range.</p><p id=\"p-2\">Recognition of this thrust fault system represents a significant concern in addition to the Denali fault for infrastructure adjacent to and transecting the Alaska Range. Although additional work is required to characterize these faults sufficiently for seismic hazard analysis, the regional extent and structural character should require the consideration of the northern Alaska Range thrust system in regional tectonic models.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geosphere","doi":"10.1130/GES00695.1","usgsCitation":"Bemis, S.P., Carver, G.A., and Koehler, R., 2012, The Quaternary thrust system of the northern Alaska Range: Geosphere, v. 8, no. 1, p. 196-205, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES00695.1.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"196","endPage":"205","ipdsId":"IP-028908","costCenters":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474688,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges00695.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":345409,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"8","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59aa71dbe4b0e9bde130cffc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bemis, Sean P.","contributorId":30709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bemis","given":"Sean","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":709399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carver, Gary A.","contributorId":196121,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carver","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":709400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Koehler, Richard D.","contributorId":76993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koehler","given":"Richard D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":709401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70042451,"text":"70042451 - 2012 - Summary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-22T16:18:15","indexId":"70042451","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Summary","docAbstract":"<p>This chapter summarizes results in previous chapters by providing estimated densities and population sizes, in the areas we have surveyed, for Alaska, Canada, and both regions combined. A total of 1,554 rapid plots, covering 232 km<sup>2</sup>, and 83 intensive plots were surveyed during the study. The monograph presents &gt;600 density estimates and &gt;200 estimated population sizes. Densities for all shorebirds combined were highest in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta and next highest on the Alaska Peninsula and the NPRA. They were lower in eastern Alaska and most of Canada but were high in the Foxe Basin including Southampton, Coats, Prince Charles, and Air Force Islands. Although densities were highest in wetlands, wetlands only contained about 45% of the shorebirds in our study area, and uplands, in which densities were generally very low, contained an estimated 27% of the total population. Uplands therefore should not be ignored in monitoring shorebird populations. We argue that the field and analytic methods are now well developed and can be relied on to produce rigorous estimates of density, habitat relationships, population size, and trend in population size. Comparison of our results with Morrison et al.&rsquo;s (2006) estimates of population size indicate general agreement at the rank order level but where we could make detailed evaluations of their estimates, they appeared generally to be low. All of the data, programs, and other results are available, free of charge, at http://greatbasin.wr.usgs.gov/CBM/default.asp?PageID=1.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Arctic shorebirds in North America: a decade of monitoring","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of California Press","publisherLocation":"Berkeley, CA","usgsCitation":"Bart, J., and Smith, P., 2012, Summary, chap. <i>of</i> Arctic shorebirds in North America: a decade of monitoring, p. 213-238.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"238","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-025622","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297162,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520273108"},{"id":268330,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd7515e4b0b2908510a081","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Bart, Jonathan jon_bart@usgs.gov","contributorId":57025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bart","given":"Jonathan","email":"jon_bart@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":509157,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnston, Victoria","contributorId":90185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"Victoria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509158,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Bart, Jonathan jon_bart@usgs.gov","contributorId":57025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bart","given":"Jonathan","email":"jon_bart@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":471565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Paul A.","contributorId":73477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Paul A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70180378,"text":"70180378 - 2012 - Anthropogenic aerosols as a source of ancient dissolved organic matter in glaciers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-30T21:09:16","indexId":"70180378","displayToPublicDate":"2011-06-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2845,"text":"Nature Geoscience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anthropogenic aerosols as a source of ancient dissolved organic matter in glaciers","docAbstract":"<p>Glacier-derived dissolved organic matter represents a quantitatively significant source of ancient, yet highly bioavailable carbon to downstream ecosystems. This finding runs counter to logical perceptions of age–reactivity relationships, in which the least reactive material withstands degradation the longest and is therefore the oldest. The remnants of ancient peatlands and forests overrun by glaciers have been invoked as the source of this organic matter. Here, we examine the radiocarbon age and chemical composition of dissolved organic matter in snow, glacier surface water, ice and glacier outflow samples from Alaska to determine the origin of the organic matter. Low levels of compounds derived from vascular plants indicate that the organic matter does not originate from forests or peatlands. Instead, we show that the organic matter on the surface of the glaciers is radiocarbon depleted, consistent with an anthropogenic aerosol source. Fluorescence spectrophotometry measurements reveal the presence of protein-like compounds of microbial or aerosol origin. In addition, ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry measurements document the presence of combustion products found in anthropogenic aerosols. Based on the presence of these compounds, we suggest that aerosols derived from fossil fuel burning are a source of pre-aged organic matter to glacier surfaces. Furthermore, we show that the molecular signature of the organic matter is conserved in snow, glacier water and outflow, suggesting that the anthropogenic carbon is exported relatively unchanged in glacier outflows.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Nature Pub. Group","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1038/ngeo1403","usgsCitation":"Stubbins, A., Hood, E., Raymond, P.A., Aiken, G.R., Sleighter, R.L., Hernes, P.J., Butman, D., Hatcher, P., Striegl, R.G., Schuster, P.F., Abdulla, H.A., Vermilyea, A.W., Scott, D.T., and Spencer, R., 2012, Anthropogenic aerosols as a source of ancient dissolved organic matter in glaciers: Nature Geoscience, v. 5, p. 198-201, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1403.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"198","endPage":"201","ipdsId":"IP-029399","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334287,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-02-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58905ef2e4b072a7ac0cad41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stubbins, Aron","contributorId":80949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stubbins","given":"Aron","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hood, Eran","contributorId":106802,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hood","given":"Eran","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Raymond, Peter A.","contributorId":172876,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Raymond","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":17883,"text":"Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, New Haven, CT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":661539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aiken, George R. 0000-0001-8454-0984 graiken@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":1322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"George","email":"graiken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sleighter, Rachel L.","contributorId":178907,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sleighter","given":"Rachel","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hernes, Peter J.","contributorId":85311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hernes","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Butman, David","contributorId":51011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hatcher, Patrick G.","contributorId":17367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"Patrick G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":661448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Schuster, Paul F. 0000-0002-8314-1372 pschuste@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8314-1372","contributorId":1360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"Paul","email":"pschuste@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Abdulla, Hussain A.N.","contributorId":178908,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Abdulla","given":"Hussain","email":"","middleInitial":"A.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Vermilyea, Andrew W.","contributorId":178909,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vermilyea","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":35721,"text":"Castleton University, Castleton, Vermont, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":661545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Scott, Durelle T.","contributorId":102383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Durelle","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Spencer, Robert G.M.","contributorId":173304,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spencer","given":"Robert G.M.","affiliations":[{"id":16705,"text":"Woods Hole Research Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":661547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}}
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