{"pageNumber":"115","pageRowStart":"2850","pageSize":"25","recordCount":6233,"records":[{"id":72719,"text":"cir1261 - 2005 - Water availability for the Western United States--Key scientific challenges","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-30T12:12:55.344306","indexId":"cir1261","displayToPublicDate":"2005-11-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1261","title":"Water availability for the Western United States--Key scientific challenges","docAbstract":"

In the Western United States, the availability of water has become a serious concern for many communities and rural areas. Near population centers, surface-water supplies are fully appropriated, and many communities are dependent upon ground water drawn from storage, which is an unsustainable strategy. Water of acceptable quality is increasingly hard to find because local sources are allocated to prior uses, depleted by overpumping, or diminished by drought stress. Some of the inherent characteristics of the West add complexity to the task of securing water supplies. The Western States, including the arid Southwest, have the most rapid population growth in the United States. The climate varies widely in the West, but it is best known for its low precipitation, aridity, and drought. There is evidence that the climate is warming, which will have consequences for Western water supplies, such as increased minimum streamflow and earlier snowmelt events in snow-dominated basins. The potential for departures from average climatic conditions threatens to disrupt society and local to regional economies. The appropriative rights doctrine governs the management of water in most Western States, although some aspects of the riparian doctrine are being incorporated. The 'use it or lose it' provisions of Western water law discourage conservation and make the reallocation of water to instream environmental uses more difficult. The hydrologic sciences have defined the interconnectedness of ground water and surface water, yet these resources are still administered separately by most States. The definition of water availability has been expanded to include sustaining riparian ecosystems and individual endangered species, which are disproportionately represented in the Western States. Federal reserved rights, common in the West because of the large amount of Federal land, exist with quite senior priority dates whether or not water is currently being used. A major challenge for water users in the West is that these reserved rights may supersede other existing users. The minimum amount of water required, however, to sustain native peoples, a riparian system, or an endangered species eventually will need to be known in order to manage the available water supply. Periodic inventory and assessment of the amounts and trends of water available in surface water and ground water are needed to support water management. There is a widespread perception that the amount of available water is diminishing with time. This and other perceptions about water availability should be replaced by objective data and analysis. Some data are presented here for the major Western rivers that show that flows are not decreasing in most streams and rivers in the West. Systematic information is lacking to make broad assessments of ground-water availability, but available data for specific aquifers indicate that these aquifers are being depleted, especially near population centers. The complexity added to the issue of Western water availability by these and other factors gives rise to a significant role of science. Science has played a role in support of Western water development from the beginning, and the role has evolved and changed over time as society's values have changed. In this report, the role of science is discussed in three phases: (1) development and construction, (2) consequences and environmental awareness, and (3) sustainability. The development and construction phase includes some historical accounting of water development in the West and shows how some precedents set in those early days are still applied today. 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir1261","isbn":"060795585","usgsCitation":"Anderson, M.T., and Woosley, L.H., 2005, Water availability for the Western United States--Key scientific challenges: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1261, xi, 85 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1261.","productDescription":"xi, 85 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122463,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1261.jpg"},{"id":7158,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2005/circ1261/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":388606,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_73994.htm"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"western United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.7500,\n 25.8378\n ],\n [\n -93.5069,\n 25.8378\n ],\n [\n -93.5069,\n 49.00\n ],\n [\n -124.7500,\n 49.00\n ],\n [\n -124.7500,\n 25.8378\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd42d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Mark Theodore 0000-0002-1477-6788 manders@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1477-6788","contributorId":76020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Mark","email":"manders@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Theodore","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woosley, Lloyd H. Jr.","contributorId":95154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woosley","given":"Lloyd","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":72716,"text":"sir20055091 - 2005 - Hydrogeologic setting and conceptual hydrologic model of the Spring Creek Basin, Centre County, Pennsylvania, June 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-05T20:57:46.633919","indexId":"sir20055091","displayToPublicDate":"2005-11-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5091","title":"Hydrogeologic setting and conceptual hydrologic model of the Spring Creek Basin, Centre County, Pennsylvania, June 2005","docAbstract":"The Spring Creek Basin, Centre County, Pa., is experiencing some of the most rapid growth and development within the Commonwealth. This trend has resulted in land-use changes and increased water use, which will affect the quantity and quality of stormwater runoff, surface water, ground water, and aquatic resources within the basin. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the ClearWater Conservancy (CWC), Spring Creek Watershed Community (SCWC), and Spring Creek Watershed Commission (SCWCm), has developed a Watershed Plan (Plan) to assist decision makers in water-resources planning. One element of the Plan is to provide a summary of the basin characteristics and a conceptual model that incorporates the hydrogeologic characteristics of the basin. The report presents hydrogeologic data for the basin and presents a conceptual model that can be used as the basis for simulating surface-water and ground-water flow within the basin. Basin characteristics; sources of data referenced in this text; physical characteristics such as climate, physiography, topography, and land use; hydrogeologic characteristics; and water-quality characteristics are discussed. A conceptual model is a simplified description of the physical components and interaction of the surface- and ground-water systems. The purpose for constructing a conceptual model is to simplify the problem and to organize the available data so that the system can be analyzed accurately. Simplification is necessary, because a complete accounting of a system, such as Spring Creek, is not possible. The data and the conceptual model could be used in development of a fully coupled numerical model that dynamically links surface water, ground water, and land-use changes. The model could be used by decision makers to manage water resources within the basin and as a prototype that is transferable to other watersheds.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055091","usgsCitation":"Fulton, J.W., Koerkle, E.H., McAuley, S.D., Hoffman, S.A., and Zarr, L.F., 2005, Hydrogeologic setting and conceptual hydrologic model of the Spring Creek Basin, Centre County, Pennsylvania, June 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5091, 91 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055091.","productDescription":"91 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191086,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":393933,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_75464.htm"},{"id":7157,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5091/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Centre County","otherGeospatial":"Spring Creek Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.0333,\n 40.7181\n ],\n [\n -77.6708,\n 40.7181\n ],\n [\n -77.6708,\n 40.9333\n ],\n [\n -78.0333,\n 40.9333\n ],\n [\n -78.0333,\n 40.7181\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aeee4b07f02db691269","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fulton, John W. 0000-0002-5335-0720 jwfulton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5335-0720","contributorId":2298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fulton","given":"John","email":"jwfulton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koerkle, Edward H. ekoerkle@usgs.gov","contributorId":2014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koerkle","given":"Edward","email":"ekoerkle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McAuley, Steven D.","contributorId":81895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAuley","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hoffman, Scott A. shoffman@usgs.gov","contributorId":2634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"Scott","email":"shoffman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zarr, Linda F. lfzarr@usgs.gov","contributorId":2631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zarr","given":"Linda","email":"lfzarr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":285931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":72709,"text":"sir20055220 - 2005 - Analysis of pesticides in surface water and sediment from Yolo Bypass, California, 2004-2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T12:54:14","indexId":"sir20055220","displayToPublicDate":"2005-11-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5220","title":"Analysis of pesticides in surface water and sediment from Yolo Bypass, California, 2004-2005","docAbstract":"

Inputs to the Yolo Bypass are potential sources of pesticides that could impact critical life stages of native fish. To assess the direct inputs during inundation, pesticide concentrations were analyzed in water, in suspended and bed-sediment samples collected from six source watersheds to the Yolo Bypass, and from three sites within the Bypass in 2004 and 2005. Water samples were collected in February 2004 from the six input sites to the Bypass during the first flood event of the year representing pesticide inputs during high-flow events. Samples were also collected along a transect across the Bypass in early March 2004 and from three sites within the Bypass in the spring of 2004 under low-flow conditions. Low-flow data were used to understand potential pesticide contamination and its effects on native fish if water from these areas were used to flood the Bypass in dry years. To assess loads of pesticides to the Bypass associated with suspended sediments, large-volume water samples were collected during high flows in 2004 and 2005 from three sites, whereas bed sediments were collected from six sites in the fall of 2004 during the dry season. Thirteen current-use pesticides were detected in surface water samples collected during the study. The highest pesticide concentrations detected at the input sites to the Bypass corresponded to the first high-flow event of the year. The highest pesticide concentrations at the two sites sampled within the Bypass during the early spring were detected in mid-April following a major flood event as the water began to subside. The pesticides detected and their concentrations in the surface waters varied by site; however, hexazinone and simazine were detected at all sites and at some of the highest concentrations. Thirteen current-use pesticides and three organochlorine insecticides were detected in bed and suspended sediments collected in 2004 and 2005. The pesticides detected and their concentrations varied by site and sediment sample type. Trifluralin, p,p'-DDE, and p,p'-DDT were highest in the bed sediments, whereas oxyfluorfen and thiobencarb were highest in the suspended sediments. With the exception of the three organochlorine insecticides, suspended sediments had higher pesticide concentrations compared with bed sediments, indicating the potential for pesticide transport throughout the Bypass, especially during high-flow events. Understanding the distribution of pesticides between the water and sediment is needed to assess fate and transport within the Bypass and to evaluate the potential effects on native fish.

","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055220","usgsCitation":"Smalling, K., Orlando, J., and Kuivila, K., 2005, Analysis of pesticides in surface water and sediment from Yolo Bypass, California, 2004-2005 (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5220, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055220.","productDescription":"20 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191603,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7117,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5220/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d5e4b07f02db5dd98b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smalling, Kelly L.","contributorId":16105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smalling","given":"Kelly L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Orlando, James L. 0000-0002-0099-7221","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0099-7221","contributorId":95954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orlando","given":"James L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kuivila, Kathryn 0000-0001-7940-489X kkuivila@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7940-489X","contributorId":1367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuivila","given":"Kathryn ","email":"kkuivila@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":285910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":72698,"text":"sir20055180 - 2005 - Quantification of fish habitat in selected reaches of the Marmaton and Marais des Cygnes Rivers, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-13T10:36:53","indexId":"sir20055180","displayToPublicDate":"2005-11-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5180","title":"Quantification of fish habitat in selected reaches of the Marmaton and Marais des Cygnes Rivers, Missouri","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Conservation, undertook a study to quantify fish habitat by using relations between streamflow and the spatial and temporal distributions of fish habitat at five sites in the Marmaton and Marais des Cygnes Rivers in western Missouri. Twenty-six fish habitat categories were selected for nine species under varying seasonal (spring, summer, and fall), diel (summer day and night), and life-stage (spawning, juvenile, and adult) conditions. Physical habitat characteristics were determined for each category using depth, velocity, and channel substrate criteria. Continuous streamflow data were then combined with the habitat-streamflow relations to compile a habitat time series for each habitat category at each site.\r\n\r\nFish habitat categories were assessed as to their vulnerability to habitat alteration based on critical life stages (spawning and juvenile rearing periods) and susceptibility to habitat limitations from dewatering or high flows. Species categories representing critical life stages with physical habitat limitations represent likely bottlenecks in fish populations. Categories with potential bottlenecks can serve as indicator categories and aid managers when determining the flows necessary for maintaining these habitats under altered flow regimes.\r\n\r\nThe relation between the area of each habitat category and streamflow differed greatly between category, season, and stream reach. No single flow maximized selected habitat area for all categories or even for all species/category within a particular season at a site. However, some similarities were noted among habitat characteristics, including the streamflow range for which habitat availability is maximized and the range of streamflows for which a habitat category area is available at the Marmaton River sites.\r\n\r\nA monthly habitat time series was created for all 26 habitat categories at two Marmaton River sites. A daily habitat time series was created at three Marais des Cygnes River sites for two periods: 1941 through 1963 (pre-regulation) and 1982 through 2003 (post-regulation). The habitat category with the highest median area in spring was paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) with normalized areas of up to 2,000 square meters per 100 meters of stream channel. Flathead catfish (Pylodictis olivaris) habitat area generally was the category area most available in summer and fall. Differences in daily selected habitat area time series between pre- and post-regulation time periods varied by species/category and by site. For instance, whereas there was a decline in the distribution of spring spawning habitat for suckermouth minnow (Phenacobius mirabilis) and slenderhead darter (Percina phoxocephala) from pre- to post-regulation periods at all three sites, the 25 to 75 percentile habitat area substantially increased for paddlefish under post-regulation conditions.\r\n\r\nPotential habitat area for most species was maximized at the Marmaton River sites at flows of about 1 to 10 cubic meters per second, whereas median monthly streamflows ranged from less than 1 to 20 cubic meters per second depending on site and season. Paddlefish habitat was available beginning at higher flows than other categories (4 to 7 cubic meters per second) and also maximized at higher flows (greater than 50 to 100 cubic meters per second). Selected potential habitat area was maximized for most species at the Marais des Cygnes River sites at flows of about 1 to 50 cubic meters per second, whereas median monthly streamflows ranged from 4 to 55 cubic meters per second depending on site and season. \r\n\r\nThe range of streamflows for which selected habitat area was available in summer and fall was substantially less at the channelized Marais des Cygnes River site when compared to the non-channelized sites, and, therefore, the susceptibility of categories to high-flow habitat limitations was greater at this site. The channelized reach was more unifor","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055180","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Conservation","usgsCitation":"Heimann, D.C., Richards, J.M., Brewer, S.K., and Norman, R.D., 2005, Quantification of fish habitat in selected reaches of the Marmaton and Marais des Cygnes Rivers, Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5180, vii, 58 p. : ill., col. map ; 28 cm.+ 1 CD-ROM (4 3/4 in.), https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055180.","productDescription":"vii, 58 p. : ill., col. map ; 28 cm.+ 1 CD-ROM (4 3/4 in.)","temporalStart":"2003-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191373,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9283,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5180/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a87e4b07f02db64e947","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heimann, David C. 0000-0003-0450-2545 dheimann@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0450-2545","contributorId":3822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heimann","given":"David","email":"dheimann@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richards, Joseph M. 0000-0002-9822-2706 richards@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9822-2706","contributorId":2370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"Joseph","email":"richards@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brewer, Shannon K. 0000-0002-1537-3921 skbrewer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1537-3921","contributorId":2252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brewer","given":"Shannon","email":"skbrewer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Norman, Richard D. rnorman@usgs.gov","contributorId":4086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norman","given":"Richard","email":"rnorman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":285896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":72661,"text":"sim2888 - 2005 - Geologic map of the northern plains of Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-02-09T13:30:19","indexId":"sim2888","displayToPublicDate":"2005-11-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2888","title":"Geologic map of the northern plains of Mars","docAbstract":"

The northern plains of Mars cover nearly a third of the planet and constitute the planet's broadest region of lowlands. Apparently formed early in Mars' history, the northern lowlands served as a repository both for sediments shed from the adjacent ancient highlands and for volcanic flows and deposits from sources within and near the lowlands. Geomorphic evidence for extensive tectonic deformation and reworking of surface materials through release of volatiles occurs throughout the northern plains. In the polar region, Planum Boreum contains evidence for the accumulation of ice and dust, and surrounding dune fields suggest widespread aeolian transport and erosion.

\n

The most recent regional- and global-scale maps describing the geology of the northern plains are largely based on Viking Orbiter image data (Dial, 1984; Witbeck and Underwood, 1984; Scott and Tanaka, 1986; Greeley and Guest, 1987; Tanaka and Scott, 1987; Tanaka and others, 1992a; Rotto and Tanaka, 1995; Crumpler and others, 2001; McGill, 2002). These maps reveal highland, plains, volcanic, and polar units based on morphologic character, albedo, and relative ages using local stratigraphic relations and crater counts.

\n

This geologic map of the northern plains is the first published map that covers a significant part of Mars using topography and image data from both the Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Odyssey missions. The new data provide a fresh perspective on the geology of the region that reveals many previously unrecognizable units, features, and temporal relations. In addition, we adapted and instituted terrestrial mapping methods and stratigraphic conventions that we think result in a clearer and more objective map. We focus on mapping with the intent of reconstructing the history of geologic activity within the northern plains, including deposition, volcanism, erosion, tectonism, impact cratering, and other processes with the aid of comprehensive crater-density determinations. Mapped areas include all plains regions within the northern hemisphere of Mars, as well as an approximately 300-km-wide strip of cratered highland and volcanic regions, which border the plains. Note that not all of the contiguous northern plains are mapped, because some minor parts of Elysium and Amazonis Planitiae lie south of the equator.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sim2888","usgsCitation":"Tanaka, K.L., Skinner, J., and Hare, T.M., 2005, Geologic map of the northern plains of Mars: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2888, Map: 57.90 x 42.44 inches; Pamphlet: i, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2888.","productDescription":"Map: 57.90 x 42.44 inches; Pamphlet: i, 27 p.","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192788,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim2888.jpg"},{"id":297868,"rank":101,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2005/2888/sim2888.pdf","text":"Map","size":"61.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Map"},{"id":297869,"rank":102,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2005/2888/sim2888pamphlet.pdf","text":"Pamphlet","size":"2.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Pamphlet"},{"id":7066,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2005/2888/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8493","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tanaka, Kenneth L. ktanaka@usgs.gov","contributorId":610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanaka","given":"Kenneth","email":"ktanaka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skinner, James A. 0000-0002-3644-7010 jskinner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3644-7010","contributorId":3187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"James A.","email":"jskinner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hare, Trent M. 0000-0001-8842-389X thare@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8842-389X","contributorId":3188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hare","given":"Trent","email":"thare@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":72665,"text":"sir20055212 - 2005 - Instream flow characterization of upper Salmon River basin streams, central Idaho, 2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-05T14:43:08","indexId":"sir20055212","displayToPublicDate":"2005-11-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5212","title":"Instream flow characterization of upper Salmon River basin streams, central Idaho, 2004","docAbstract":"

Anadromous fish populations in the Columbia River Basin have plummeted in the last 100 years. This severe decline led to Federal listing of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) stocks as endangered or threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the 1990s. Historically, the upper Salmon River Basin (upstream of the confluence with the Pahsimeroi River) in Idaho provided migration corridors and significant habitat for these ESA-listed species, in addition to the ESA-listed bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus). Human development has modified the original streamflow conditions in many streams in the upper Salmon River Basin. Summer streamflow modifications resulting from irrigation practices, have directly affected quantity and quality of fish habitat and also have affected migration and (or) access to suitable spawning and rearing habitat for these fish.

\n
\n

As a result of these ESA listings and Action 149 of the Federal Columbia River Power System Biological Opinion of 2000, the Bureau of Reclamation was tasked to conduct streamflow characterization studies in the upper Salmon River Basin to clearly define habitat requirements for effective species management and habitat restoration. These studies include collection of habitat and streamflow information for the Physical Habitat Simulation System model, a widely applied method to determine relations between habitat and discharge requirements for various fish species and life stages. Model results can be used by resource managers to guide habitat restoration efforts by evaluating potential fish habitat and passage improvements by increasing streamflow.

\n
\n

In 2004, instream flow characterization studies were completed on Salmon River and Beaver, Pole, Champion, Iron, Thompson, and Squaw Creeks. Continuous streamflow data were recorded upstream of all diversions on Salmon River and Pole, Iron, Thompson, and Squaw Creeks. In addition, natural summer streamflows were estimated for each study site using regional regression equations.

\n
\n

This report describes Physical Habitat Simulation System modeling results for bull trout, Chinook salmon, and steelhead trout during summer streamflows. Habitat/discharge relations were summarized for adult and spawning life stages at each study site. Adult fish passage and discharge relations were evaluated at specific transects identified as a potential low-streamflow passage barrier at each study site.

\n
\n

Continuous summer water temperature data for selected study sites were summarized and compared with Idaho Water Quality Standards and various water temperature requirements of targeted fish species. Continuous summer water temperature data recorded in 2003 and streamflow relations were evaluated for Fourth of July Creek using the Stream Segment Temperature model that simulates mean and maximum daily water temperatures with changes in streamflow.

\n
\n

Results of these habitat studies can be used to prioritize and direct cost-effective actions to improve fish habitat for ESA-listed anadromous and native fish species in the basin. These actions may include acquiring water during critical low-flow periods by leasing or modifying irrigation delivery systems to minimize out-of-stream diversions.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20055212","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Maret, T.R., Hortness, J., and Ott, D.S., 2005, Instream flow characterization of upper Salmon River basin streams, central Idaho, 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5212, Report: ix, 122 p.; Data files, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055212.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 122 p.; Data files","numberOfPages":"135","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192832,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20055212.PNG"},{"id":7069,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5212/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":286895,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5212/pdf/sir20055212.pdf"},{"id":286896,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5212/data/"}],"scale":"40000","projection":"Transverse Mercator Projection","country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Salmon River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -115.0,44.0 ], [ -115.0,44.75 ], [ -114.0,44.75 ], [ -114.0,44.0 ], [ -115.0,44.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aefe4b07f02db69148f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maret, Terry R. trmaret@usgs.gov","contributorId":953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maret","given":"Terry","email":"trmaret@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hortness, Jon 0000-0002-9809-2876 hortness@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9809-2876","contributorId":3601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hortness","given":"Jon","email":"hortness@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":285844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ott, Douglas S. dott@usgs.gov","contributorId":3552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ott","given":"Douglas","email":"dott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":285843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":72662,"text":"sir20055100 - 2005 - Regionalized equations for bankfull-discharge and channel characteristics of streams in New York State—Hydrologic Region 6 in the Southern Tier of New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-14T13:11:32","indexId":"sir20055100","displayToPublicDate":"2005-11-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5100","title":"Regionalized equations for bankfull-discharge and channel characteristics of streams in New York State—Hydrologic Region 6 in the Southern Tier of New York","docAbstract":"

Equations that relate bankfull discharge and channel characteristics (width, depth, and cross-sectional area) to drainage-area size at gaged sites are needed to define bankfull discharge and channel dimensions at ungaged sites and to provide information for watershed assessments, stream-channel classification, and the design of stream-restoration projects. Such equations are most accurate if derived from streams within an area of uniform hydrologic, climatic, and physiographic conditions and applied only within that region. In New York State, eight hydrologic regions were previously defined on the basis of similar high-flow (flood) characteristics. This report presents drainage areas and associated bankfull characteristics (discharge and channel dimensions) for surveyed streams in southwestern New York (Region 6).

Stream-survey data and discharge records from 11 active (currently gaged) sites and 3 inactive (discontinued) sites were used in regression analyses to relate bankfull discharge and bankfull channel width, depth, and cross-sectional area to the size of the drainage area. The resulting equations are:

(1) bankfull discharge, in cubic feet per second = 48.0*(drainage area, in square miles)0.842;

(2) bankfull channel width, in feet = 16.9*(drainage area, in square miles)0.419;

(3) bankfull channel depth, in feet = 1.04*(drainage area, in square miles)0.244; and

(4) bankfull channel cross-sectional area, in square feet = 17.6*(drainage area, in square miles)0.662.

The coefficient of determination (R2) for these four equations were 0.90, 0.79, 0.64, and 0.89, respectively. The high correlation coefficients for bankfull discharge and cross-sectional area indicate that much of the variation in these variables is explained by the size of the drainage area. The smaller correlation coefficients for bankfull channel width and depth indicate that other factors also affect these relations. Recurrence intervals for the estimated bankfull discharge of each stream ranged from 1.01 to 2.35 years; the mean recurrence interval was 1.54 years. The 14 surveyed streams were classified by Rosgen stream type; most were C-type reaches, with occasional B-type reaches. The Region 6 equation (curve) for bankfull discharge was compared with equations previously developed for four other large areas in New York State and southeastern Pennsylvania. The differences among results indicate that, although the equations need to be refined by region before being applied by water-resources managers to local planning and design efforts, similar regions have similar relations between bankfull discharge and channel characteristics.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20055100","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, New York State Department of Transportation, and New York City Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Mulvihill, C., Ernst, A., and Baldigo, B.P., 2005, Regionalized equations for bankfull-discharge and channel characteristics of streams in New York State—Hydrologic Region 6 in the Southern Tier of New York: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5100, iv, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055100.","productDescription":"iv, 14 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339596,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20075189","text":"Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5189","linkHelpText":"- Regionalized Equations for Bankfull Discharge and Channel Characteristics of Streams in New York State—Hydrologic Regions 1 and 2 in the Adirondack Region of Northern New York"},{"id":339126,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20065075","text":"Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5075","linkHelpText":"- Regionalized Equations for Bankfull-Discharge and Channel Characteristics of Streams in New York State—Hydrologic Region 7 in Western New York"},{"id":339594,"rank":7,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20095144","text":"Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5144","linkHelpText":"- Bankfull Discharge and Channel Characteristics of Streams in New York State"},{"id":339595,"rank":6,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20075227","text":"Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5227","linkHelpText":"- Regionalized Equations for Bankfull-Discharge and Channel Characteristics of Streams in New York State—Hydrologic Region 3 East of the Hudson River"},{"id":339597,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20045247 ","text":"Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5247","linkHelpText":"- Regionalized Equations for Bankfull-Discharge and Channel Characteristics of Streams in New York State—Hydrologic Region 5 in Central New York"},{"id":192789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5100/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":7067,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5100/pdf/sir2005-5100.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"contact":"

Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov

","tableOfContents":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689eea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mulvihill, Christiane I.","contributorId":31821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulvihill","given":"Christiane I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ernst, Anne G.","contributorId":37825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ernst","given":"Anne G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baldigo, Barry P. 0000-0002-9862-9119 bbaldigo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9862-9119","contributorId":1234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldigo","given":"Barry","email":"bbaldigo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70193171,"text":"70193171 - 2005 - Non-lethal estimation of body composition of Yukon River salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-04T16:40:38.592901","indexId":"70193171","displayToPublicDate":"2005-10-31T10:32:49","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7468,"text":"Final Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":9}},"title":"Non-lethal estimation of body composition of Yukon River salmon","docAbstract":"

Because of the importance of Chinook salmon to commercial and subsistence fisheries on the Yukon River, further study of the factors that may affect the success of this species and our ability to manage the fisheries is warranted. Critical to these studies is the determination of the amount of lipids (fat) stored and available to the fish as its primary energy source for migration and spawning. Recent developments of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) promise a simple, non-lethal means of estimating proximate composition (e.g. fat, protein, water content) for field applications with fish. The goal of the project was to develop BIA models for Chinook salmon from the Yukon River watershed that would permit the non-lethal estimation of body proximate composition for use in field studies.

Our results clearly demonstrated that BIA can be used to estimate proximate composition and energy density of salmon. While some minor refinements were suggested, the methodology can be used in a wide variety of field applications. For instance, application of the BIA models to predict energy levels of fish during their migration will allow evaluation of management programs, while also yielding data that can be used to evaluate energy use along the migratory path. Correlations of energy level with ongoing tagging, radio-tracking, and genetic studies also have the potential to allow managers and scientists to understand the relationship between fat content and distance to spawning location. These models have the potential for application to this species in other river systems. They also provide tools for a variety of other scientific investigation such as: 1) differences in energy stores in spawning and recruitment success; 2) effects of global warming on migratory salmonid stocks; and 3) differences in annual flow and temperature regiments upon migratory energy costs and resulting recruitment success.

","language":"English","publisher":"Arctic-Yukon-Kuskokwim Sustainable Salmon Initiative","usgsCitation":"Margraf, F.J., Hartman, K.J., and Cox, M.K., 2005, Non-lethal estimation of body composition of Yukon River salmon: Final Report, iv, 23 p.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p.","ipdsId":"IP-007579","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":382963,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":382962,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.aykssi.org/project/energy-content-of-yukon-river-chinook-salmon/"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, Yukon","otherGeospatial":"Yukon River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -132.93457031249997,\n 59.712097173322924\n ],\n [\n -139.4384765625,\n 64.62387720204688\n ],\n [\n -144.53613281249997,\n 66.9816661111497\n ],\n [\n -159.521484375,\n 65.34851379240024\n ],\n [\n -161.1474609375,\n 62.512317938386914\n ],\n [\n -163.0810546875,\n 62.91523303947614\n ],\n [\n -165.0146484375,\n 63.29293924364835\n ],\n [\n -164.7509765625,\n 62.08331486294795\n ],\n [\n -161.8505859375,\n 61.33353967329144\n ],\n [\n -159.1259765625,\n 61.75233128411639\n ],\n [\n -157.2802734375,\n 64.14895190024562\n ],\n [\n -149.85351562499997,\n 65.09064558256851\n ],\n [\n -146.07421875,\n 66.19600891267761\n ],\n [\n -142.8662109375,\n 64.64270382119375\n ],\n [\n -140.44921875,\n 63.25341156651705\n ],\n [\n -136.8896484375,\n 61.079544234557304\n ],\n [\n -134.47265625,\n 59.512029386502704\n ],\n [\n -132.93457031249997,\n 59.712097173322924\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Margraf, F. Joseph jmargraf@usgs.gov","contributorId":257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Margraf","given":"F.","email":"jmargraf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Joseph","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hartman, Kyle J.","contributorId":6414,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hartman","given":"Kyle","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":16210,"text":"Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cox, M. Keith","contributorId":166685,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cox","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Keith","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":809837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":72642,"text":"sir20055166 - 2005 - Hydrogeologic setting, ground-water flow, and ground-water quality at the Lake Wheeler Road research station, 2001-03 : North Carolina Piedmont and Mountains Resource Evaluation Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-18T22:33:14.349836","indexId":"sir20055166","displayToPublicDate":"2005-10-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5166","title":"Hydrogeologic setting, ground-water flow, and ground-water quality at the Lake Wheeler Road research station, 2001-03 : North Carolina Piedmont and Mountains Resource Evaluation Program","docAbstract":"Results of a 2-year field study of the regolith-fractured bedrock ground-water system at the Lake Wheeler Road research station in Wake County, North Carolina, indicate both disconnection and interaction among components of the ground-water system. The three components of the ground-water system include (1) shallow, porous regolith; (2) a transition zone, including partially weathered rock, having both secondary (fractures) and primary porosity; and (3) deeper, fractured bedrock that has little, if any, primary porosity and is dominated by secondary fractures. The research station includes 15 wells (including a well transect from topographic high to low settings) completed in the three major components of the ground-water-flow system and a surface-water gaging station on an unnamed tributary.\r\n\r\nThe Lake Wheeler Road research station is considered representative of a felsic gneiss hydrogeologic unit having steeply dipping foliation and a relatively thick overlying regolith. Bedrock foliation generally strikes N. 10? E. to N. 30? E. and N. 20? W. to N. 40? W. to a depth of about 400 feet and dips between 70? and 80? SE. and NE., respectively. From 400 to 600 feet, the foliation generally strikes N. 70? E. to N. 80? E., dipping 70? to 80? SE. Depth to bedrock locally ranges from about 67 to 77 feet below land surface. Fractures in the bedrock generally occur in two primary sets: low dip angle, stress relief fractures that cross cut foliation, and steeply dipping fractures parallel to foliation.\r\n\r\nFindings of this study generally support the conceptual models of ground-water flow from high to low topographic settings developed for the Piedmont and Blue Ridge Provinces in previous investigations, but are considered a refinement of the generalized conceptual model based on a detailed local-scale investigation. Ground water flows toward a surface-water boundary, and hydraulic gradients generally are downward in recharge areas and upward in discharge areas; however, local variations in vertical gradients are apparent.\r\n\r\nWater-quality sampling and monitoring efforts were conducted to characterize the interaction of components of the ground-water system. Elevated nitrate concentrations as high as 22 milligrams per liter were detected in shallow ground water from the regolith at the study site. These elevated nitrate concentrations likely are related to land use, which includes agricultural practices that involve animal feeding operations and crop fertilization. Continuous ground-water-quality data indicate seasonal fluctuations in field water-quality properties, differences with respect to depth, and fluctuations during recharge events. Water-quality properties recorded in the regolith well following rainfall indicate the upwelling of deeper ground water in the discharge area, likely from ground water in the transition-zone fractures. Additionally, interaction with a surface-water boundary appears likely in the ground-water discharge area, as water levels in all three ground-water zones, including the deep bedrock, mimic the surface-water rise during rainfall.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055166","usgsCitation":"Chapman, M.J., Bolich, R.E., and Huffman, B.A., 2005, Hydrogeologic setting, ground-water flow, and ground-water quality at the Lake Wheeler Road research station, 2001-03 : North Carolina Piedmont and Mountains Resource Evaluation Program: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5166, 99 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055166.","productDescription":"99 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192603,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7018,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5166/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":396213,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_75454.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Wake County","otherGeospatial":"Lake Wheeler Road Research Station","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.6731,\n 35.7353\n ],\n [\n -78.6811,\n 35.7353\n ],\n [\n -78.6811,\n 35.7297\n ],\n [\n -78.6731,\n 35.7297\n ],\n [\n -78.6731,\n 35.7353\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db6920ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapman, Melinda J. 0000-0003-4021-0320 mjchap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4021-0320","contributorId":1597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"Melinda","email":"mjchap@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bolich, Richard E.","contributorId":89615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bolich","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huffman, Brad A. 0000-0003-4025-1325 bahuffma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4025-1325","contributorId":1596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huffman","given":"Brad","email":"bahuffma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":72640,"text":"i2600D - 2005 - Coastal-change and glaciological map of the Ronne Ice Shelf area, Antarctica, 1974-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:37","indexId":"i2600D","displayToPublicDate":"2005-10-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2600","chapter":"D","title":"Coastal-change and glaciological map of the Ronne Ice Shelf area, Antarctica, 1974-2002","docAbstract":"Changes in the area and volume of polar ice sheets are intricately linked to changes in global climate, and the resulting changes in sea level may severely impact the densely populated coastal regions on Earth. Melting of the West Antarctic part alone of the Antarctic ice sheet could cause a sea-level rise of approximately 6 meters (m). The potential sea-level rise after melting of the entire Antarctic ice sheet is estimated to be 65 m (Lythe and others, 2001) to 73 m (Williams and Hall, 1993). In spite of its importance, the mass balance (the net volumetric gain or loss) of the Antarctic ice sheet is poorly known; it is not known for certain whether the ice sheet is growing or shrinking. In a review paper, Rignot and Thomas (2002) concluded that the West Antarctic part of the Antarctic ice sheet is probably becoming thinner overall; although it is thickening in the west, it is thinning in the north. Joughin and Tulaczyk (2002), on the basis of analysis of ice-flow velocities derived from synthetic aperture radar, concluded that most of the Ross ice streams (ice streams on the east side of the Ross Ice Shelf) have a positive mass balance, whereas Rignot and others (in press) infer even larger negative mass balance for glaciers flowing northward into the Amundsen Sea, a trend suggested by Swithinbank and others (2003a,b, 2004). The mass balance of the East Antarctic part of the Antarctic ice sheet is unknown, but thought to be in near equilibrium.\r\n\r\nMeasurement of changes in area and mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet was given a very high priority in recommendations by the Polar Research Board of the National Research Council (1986), in subsequent recommendations by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) (1989, 1993), and by the National Science Foundation's (1990) Division of Polar Pro-grams. On the basis of these recommendations, the U.S. Geo-logical Survey (USGS) decided that the archive of early 1970s Landsat 1, 2, and 3 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) images of Ant-arctica and the subsequent repeat coverage made possible with Landsat and other satellite images provided an excellent means of documenting changes in the coastline of Antarctica (Ferrigno and Gould, 1987). The availability of this information provided the impetus for carrying out a comprehensive analysis of the glaciological features of the coastal regions and changes in ice fronts of Antarctica (Swithinbank, 1988; Williams and Ferrigno, 1988). The project was later modified to include Landsat 4 and 5 MSS and Thematic Mapper (TM) (and in some areas Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+)), RADARSAT images, and other data where available, to compare changes during a 20- to 25- or 30-year time interval (or longer where data were available, as in the Antarctic Peninsula). The results of the analysis are being used to produce a digital database and a series of USGS Geologic Investigations Series Maps (I-2600) consisting of 23 maps at 1:1,000,000 scale and 1 map at 1:5,000,000 scale, in both paper and digital format (Williams and others, 1995; Williams and Ferrigno, 1998; Ferrigno and others, 2002) (available online at http://www.glaciers.er.usgs.gov).","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coastal-change and glaciological maps of Antarctica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i2600D","isbn":"0607964413","usgsCitation":"Ferrigno, J.G., Foley, K., Swithinbank, C., Williams, R., and Dalide, L., 2005, Coastal-change and glaciological map of the Ronne Ice Shelf area, Antarctica, 1974-2002 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2600, 1 map : col. ; 48 x 56 in. (115 x 100 cm.), on sheet 142 x 104 cm., folded in envelope to 29 x 21 cm. + 1 pamphlet (11 p. : map; 28 cm.), https://doi.org/10.3133/i2600D.","productDescription":"1 map : col. ; 48 x 56 in. (115 x 100 cm.), on sheet 142 x 104 cm., folded in envelope to 29 x 21 cm. + 1 pamphlet (11 p. : map; 28 cm.)","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1974-01-01","temporalEnd":"2002-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192602,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8347,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2600/D/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8348,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2600/D/ronne.met.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":8349,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2600/D/i2600d.zip"},{"id":8350,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2600/D/i2600d-pamphlet.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"1000000","projection":"Polar stereographic, MSL","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -90,-84 ], [ -90,-74 ], [ -45,-74 ], [ -45,-84 ], [ -90,-84 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae9fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferrigno, Jane G. jferrign@usgs.gov","contributorId":39825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrigno","given":"Jane","email":"jferrign@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":285787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foley, K.M.","contributorId":41846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swithinbank, C.","contributorId":47036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swithinbank","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Williams, R.S. Jr.","contributorId":46102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.S.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dalide, L.M.","contributorId":8188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalide","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":72581,"text":"sir20055208 - 2005 - Potentiometric surface of the Ozark aquifer in northern Arkansas, 2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:36","indexId":"sir20055208","displayToPublicDate":"2005-10-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5208","title":"Potentiometric surface of the Ozark aquifer in northern Arkansas, 2004","docAbstract":"The Ozark aquifer in northern Arkansas comprises dolomites, limestones, sandstones, and shales of Late Cambrian to Middle Devonian age, and ranges in thickness from approximately 1,100 feet to more than 4,000 feet. Hydrologically, the aquifer is complex, characterized by discrete and discontinuous flow components with large variations in permeability. \r\n\r\nThe potentiometric-surface map, based on 59 well and 5 spring water-level measurements collected in 2004 in Arkansas and Missouri, indicates maximum water-level altitudes of about 1,188 feet in Benton County and minimum water-level altitudes of about 116 feet in Randolph County. Regionally, the flow within the aquifer is to the south and southeast in the eastern and central part of the study area and to the northwest and north in the western part of the study area. Comparing the 2004 potentiometric- surface map with a predevelopment potentiometricsurface map indicates general agreement between the two surfaces. Potentiometric-surface differences could be attributed to differences in pumping related to changing population from 1990 to 2000, change in source for public supplies, processes or water use outside the study area, or differences in data-collection or map-construction methods.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055208","usgsCitation":"Schrader, T., 2005, Potentiometric surface of the Ozark aquifer in northern Arkansas, 2004 (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5208, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055208.","productDescription":"16 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192677,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7616,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5208/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95,33 ], [ -95,36.833333333333336 ], [ -89,36.833333333333336 ], [ -89,33 ], [ -95,33 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db682f38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schrader, T.P.","contributorId":56300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schrader","given":"T.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":72488,"text":"sir20055204 - 2005 - Ground-water availability from surficial aquifers in the Red River of the North Basin, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-04T11:10:10","indexId":"sir20055204","displayToPublicDate":"2005-10-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5204","title":"Ground-water availability from surficial aquifers in the Red River of the North Basin, Minnesota","docAbstract":"

Population growth and commercial and industrial development in the Red River of the North Basin in Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota have prompted the Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Department of the Interior, to evaluate sources of water to sustain this growth. Nine surficial-glacial (surficial) aquifers (Buffalo, Middle River, Two Rivers, Beach Ridges, Pelican River, Otter Tail, Wadena, Pineland Sands, and Bemidji-Bagley) within the Minnesota part of the basin were identified and evaluated for their ground-water resources. Information was compiled and summarized from published studies to evaluate the availability of ground water. Published information reviewed for each of the aquifers included location and extent, physical characteristics, hydraulic properties, ground-water and surface-water interactions, estimates of water budgets (sources of recharge and discharge) and aquifer storage, theoretical well yields and actual ground-water pumping data, recent (2003) ground-water use data, and baseline ground-water-quality data.

\n

Water-budget estimates for the aquifers were compiled from steady-state aquifer simulations, precipitation data and hydrograph analysis, and recharge and discharge information. Major sources of recharge to the aquifers are areal recharge, flow from surface water, and flow across aquifer boundaries from adjacent geologic units. Losses of water from the aquifers include evapotranspiration, flow to surface water, flow across aquifer boundaries, and withdrawals by pumping wells. The Bemidji-Bagley, Otter Tail, Pineland Sands, and Wadena surficial aquifers have the highest rates of water inflow and outflow of the nine aquifers in the study area, and the Middle River surficial aquifer has the lowest rates of total water inflow and outflow.

\n

Maximum storage volumes of five of the surficial aquifers were calculated using areal extent and published saturated thickness and porosity data. Storage estimates from published studies were included for three of the surficial aquifers. Maximum theoretical well yields for the aquifers generally occur in areas with more abundant, well-sorted, coarse-grained sediment. In 2003, 28 billion gallons of ground water were withdrawn from the aquifers, not including water used for private supply. In 2003, the largest volume of ground water was withdrawn from the Otter Tail surficial aquifer, and the smallest volume was withdrawn from the the Middle River surficial aquifer. Agricultural irrigation and public supply totaled 95 percent of the volume of ground water withdrawn from the aquifers in 2003.

\n

Ground-water-quality data indicate that the Buffalo aquifer contained the largest specific conductance and concentrations of dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium, sodium, sulfate, and iron. Ground water from the Bemidji-Bagley, Otter Tail, Pineland Sands, and Wadena surficial aquifers contained the largest concentrations of nitrate (as nitrogen). In general, the nine aquifers are hydraulically connected to local surface water. Simulations of ground-water development for some of the aquifers describe correlations between increased ground-water withdrawals and declining lake levels and streamflows, lower water-table altitudes, and variations in ground-water quality.

\n

On the basis of data and methods presented to evaluate ground-water availability, the Otter Tail and Pineland Sands surficial aquifers and Pelican River sand-plain aquifer have the greatest potential for additional development of ground-water resources in the study area.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20055204","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Geological Survey and Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Department of the Interior","usgsCitation":"Reppe, T.H., 2005, Ground-water availability from surficial aquifers in the Red River of the North Basin, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5204, viii, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055204.","productDescription":"viii, 54 p.","numberOfPages":"63","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319756,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20055204.JPG"},{"id":7542,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5204/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Red River of the North Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.4052734375, 49.001843917978526 ], [ -99.99755859375, 48.99463598353408 ], [ -99.964599609375, 48.915279853443806 ], [ -99.755859375, 48.88639177703194 ], [ -99.755859375, 48.719961222646276 ], [ -99.86572265625, 48.61112192003074 ], [ -99.755859375, 48.46563710044979 ], [ -99.68994140625, 48.356249029540706 ], [ -99.6240234375, 48.22467264956519 ], [ -99.700927734375, 48.122101028190805 ], [ -99.82177734375, 48.004625021133904 ], [ -99.99755859375, 47.98256841921402 ], [ -100.338134765625, 47.98256841921402 ], [ -100.294189453125, 47.879512933970496 ], [ -100.21728515624999, 47.82053186746053 ], [ -100.294189453125, 47.7097615426664 ], [ -100.4150390625, 47.62097541515849 ], [ -100.51391601562499, 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H.C.","contributorId":93991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reppe","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":72435,"text":"sir20055079 - 2005 - Feasibility of using benthic invertebrates as indicators of stream quality in Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:55","indexId":"sir20055079","displayToPublicDate":"2005-10-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5079","title":"Feasibility of using benthic invertebrates as indicators of stream quality in Hawaii","docAbstract":"Macroinvertebrates were collected from 19 sites on 14 streams on the island of Oahu and from 9 sites on 7 streams on the island of Kauai to evaluate associations between macroinvertebrate assemblages and environmental variables and to determine whether or not it would be feasible, in future studies, to develop macroinvertebrate metrics that would indicate stream quality based on the macroinvertebrate assemblages and/or components of the assemblages. The purpose of applying rapid bioassessment techniques is to identify stream quality problems and to document changes in stream quality. Samples were collected at 10 sites in 1999, 3 sites in 2000, and 5 sites in 2003 on Oahu and at 9 sites on Kauai in 2003. Additionally, multiple year and multiple reach samples were collected at 1 site on Oahu. Macroinvertebrates were collected primarily from boulder/cobble riffles or from the fastest flowing habitat when riffles were absent. Although most streams in Hawaii originate in mountainous, forested areas, the lower reaches often drain urban, agricultural, or mixed land-use areas. The macroinvertebrate community data were used to identify metrics that could best differentiate between sites according to levels of environmental impairment. Environmental assessments were conducted using land-use/land-cover data, bed-sediment and fish-tissue contaminant data, and reach-level environmental data using a calibration set of 15 sites. The final scores of the environmental assessments were used to classify the sites into three categories of impairment: mild, moderate or severe. A number of invertebrate metrics were then tested and calibrated to the environmental assessments scores. The individual metrics that were the best at discerning environmental assessments among the sites were combined into a multimetric benthic index of biotic integrity (BIBI). These metrics were: total invertebrate abundance, taxa richness, insect relative abundance, amphipod abundance, crayfish presence or absence, and native mountain shrimp presence or absence. Because this index is in the preliminary stage of development and additional 'pristine' sites need to be sampled and assessed to develop a more robust measure of biotic integrity, the index will be referred to as a Preliminary Hawaiian Benthic Index of Biotic Integrity (P-HBIBI). The P-HBIBI scores were then classified into three categories of impairment: mild, moderate, or severe. The P-HBIBI was then used to assess the remaining sites and classify them into impairment categories. The P-HBIBI was correlated (r2 = 0.72; p < 0.005) with a reduced environmental assessment determined without contaminants data. The results of this study suggest that the development of a reliable Hawaiian benthic index of biotic integrity (HBIBI), based on macroinvertebrate assemblages, is feasible; however, a much larger sample size, including more samples from 'pristine' sites and from the other islands, would be required.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055079","usgsCitation":"Wolff, R.H., 2005, Feasibility of using benthic invertebrates as indicators of stream quality in Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5079, viii, 78 p. : ill., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055079.","productDescription":"viii, 78 p. : ill.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":191878,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7456,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5079/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4823e4b07f02db4e2402","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolff, Reuben H.","contributorId":35020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolff","given":"Reuben","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":72430,"text":"sir20055052 - 2005 - Hydrology and water quality of lakes and streams in Orange County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:55","indexId":"sir20055052","displayToPublicDate":"2005-10-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5052","title":"Hydrology and water quality of lakes and streams in Orange County, Florida","docAbstract":"Orange County, Florida, is continuing to experience a large growth in population. In 1920, the population of Orange County was less than 20,000; in 2000, the population was about 896,000. The amount of urban area around Orlando has increased considerably, especially in the northwest part of the County. The eastern one-third of the County, however, had relatively little increase in urbanization from 1977-97. The increase of population, tourism, and industry in Orange County and nearby areas changed land use; land that was once agricultural has become urban, industrial, and major recreation areas. These changes could impact surface-water resources that are important for wildlife habitat, for esthetic reasons, and potentially for public supply. Streamflow characteristics and water quality could be affected in various ways.\r\n\r\nAs a result of changing land use, changes in the hydrology and water quality of Orange County's lakes and streams could occur. Median runoff in 10 selected Orange County streams ranges from about 20 inches per year (in/yr) in the Wekiva River to about 1.1 in/yr in Cypress Creek. The runoff for the Wekiva River is significantly higher than other river basins because of the relatively constant spring discharge that sustains streamflow, even during drought conditions. The low runoff for the Cypress Creek basin results from a lack of sustained inflow from ground water and a relatively large area of lakes within the drainage basin.\r\n\r\nStreamflow characteristics for 13 stations were computed on an annual basis and examined for temporal trends. Results of the trend testing indicate changes in annual mean streamflow, 1-day high streamflow, or 7-day low streamflow at 8 of the 13 stations. However, changes in 7-day low streamflow are more common than changes in annual mean or 1-day high streamflow.\r\n\r\nThere is probably no single reason for the changes in 7-day low streamflows, and for most streams, it is difficult to determine definite reasons for the flow increases. Low flows in the Econlockhatchee River at Chuluota have increased because of discharge of treated wastewater since 1982. However, trends in increasing 7-day low streamflow are evident before 1982, which cannot be attributed to wastewater discharge.\r\n\r\nSome of the increases in 7-day low flows may be related to drainage changes resulting from increased development in Orange County. Development for most purposes, including those as diverse as cattle grazing and residential construction, may involve modification of surface drainage through stream channelization and construction of canals. These changes in land drainage can lower the water table, resulting in reductions of regional evapotranspiration rates and increased streamflow. Another possible cause of increasing low flows in streams is use of water from the Floridan aquifer system for irrigation. Runoff of irrigation water or increased seepage from irrigated areas to streams could increase base streamflow compared to natural conditions.\r\n\r\nWater-level data were analyzed to determine temporal trends from 83 lakes that had more than 15 years of record. There were significant temporal trends in 33 of the 83 lakes (40 percent) over the entire period of record. Of these 33 lakes, 14 had increasing water levels and 19 lakes had decreasing water levels. The downward trends in long-term lake levels could in part be due to high rainfall accumulation in 1960-1961, which included precipitation from Hurricane Donna (September 1960). The high rainfall resulted in historical high-water levels in many lakes in 1960 or 1961.\r\n\r\nA large range of water-quality conditions exists in lakes and streams of Orange County (2000-01). Specific conductance in lake samples ranged from 57 to 1,185 microsiemens per centimeter. Values of pH ranged from 3.2 to 8.7 in stream samples and 4.6 to 9.6 in lake samples. Total nitrogen concentrations ranged from less than 0.2 to 7.1 milligrams per liter (mg/L) as nitrogen in stream samples, and","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055052","usgsCitation":"German, E.R., and Adamski, J.C., 2005, Hydrology and water quality of lakes and streams in Orange County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5052, 109 p. : ill.; maps, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055052.","productDescription":"109 p. : ill.; maps","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":191874,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7452,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5052/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db604c05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"German, Edward R.","contributorId":85567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"German","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Adamski, James C.","contributorId":20316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adamski","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":72418,"text":"sir20055193 - 2005 - Comparability of suspended-sediment concentration and total suspended-solids data for two sites on the L'Anguille River, Arkansas, 2001 to 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:55","indexId":"sir20055193","displayToPublicDate":"2005-10-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5193","title":"Comparability of suspended-sediment concentration and total suspended-solids data for two sites on the L'Anguille River, Arkansas, 2001 to 2003","docAbstract":"Suspended-sediment concentration and total suspended solids data collected with automatic pumping samplers at the L'Anguille River near Colt and the L'Anguille River at Palestine, Arkansas, August 2001 to October 2003 were compared using ordinary least squares regression analyses to determine the relation between the two datasets for each of the two sites. The purpose of this report is to describe the suspended-sediment concentration and total suspended-solids data and examine the comparability of the two datasets for each site. \r\n\r\nSuspended-sediment concentration and total suspended solids data for the L'Anguille River varied spatially and temporally from August 2001 to October 2003. The site at the L'Anguille River at Palestine represents a larger portion of the L'Anguille River Basin than the site near Colt, and generally had higher median suspended-sediment concentration and total suspended solids and greater ranges in values. The differences between suspended-sediment concentration and total suspended solids data for the L'Anguille River near Colt appeared inversely related to streamflow and not related to time. The relation between suspended-sediment concentration and total suspended solids at the L'Anguille River at Palestine was more variable than at Colt and did not appear to have a relation with flow or time. The relation between suspended-sediment concentration and total suspended solids for the L'Anguille River near Colt shows that total suspended solids increased proportionally as suspended-sediment concentration increased. However, the relation between suspended-sediment concentration and total suspended solids for the L'Anguille River at Palestine showed total suspended solids increased less proportionally as suspended-sediment concentration increased compared to the L'Anguille River near Colt. \r\n\r\nDifferences between the two analytical methods may partially explain differences between the suspended-sediment concentration and total suspended solids data at the two sites. Total suspended solids are analyzed by removing an aliquot of the original sample for further analysis, and suspended-sediment concentrations are analyzed using all sediment and the total mass of the sample. At the L'Anguille River at Palestine another source of variability in the two data sets could have been the location of the automatic pumping sampler intake. The intake was located at a point in the stream cross-section that was subject to sedimentation, which may have resulted in positive sample bias.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055193","usgsCitation":"Galloway, J.M., Evans, D.A., and Green, W.R., 2005, Comparability of suspended-sediment concentration and total suspended-solids data for two sites on the L'Anguille River, Arkansas, 2001 to 2003 (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5193, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055193.","productDescription":"16 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":191192,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7444,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5193/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cfe4b07f02db54638f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Galloway, Joel M. 0000-0002-9836-9724 jgallowa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9836-9724","contributorId":1562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"Joel","email":"jgallowa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, Dennis A.","contributorId":82404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Green, W. Reed","contributorId":87886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Reed","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":72415,"text":"sir20055096 - 2005 - Ground-water movement and nitrate in ground water, East Erda area, Tooele County, Utah, 1997-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-30T13:44:33","indexId":"sir20055096","displayToPublicDate":"2005-10-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5096","title":"Ground-water movement and nitrate in ground water, East Erda area, Tooele County, Utah, 1997-2000","docAbstract":"Nitrate was discovered in ground water in the east Erda area of Tooele County, Utah, in 1994. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Tooele County, investigated the ground-water flow system and water quality in the eastern part of Tooele Valley to determine (1) the vertical and horizontal distribution of nitrate, (2) the direction of movement of the nitrate contamination, and (3) the source of the nitrate. The potentiometric surface of the upper part of the basin-fill aquifer indicates that the general direction of ground-water flow is to the northwest, the flow system is complex, and there is a ground-water mound probably associated with springs. The spatial distribution of nitrate reflects the flow system with the nitrate contamination split into a north and south part by the ground-water mound. The distribution of dissolved solids and sulfate in ground water varies spatially. Vertical profiles of nitrate in water from selected wells indicate that nitrate contamination generally is in the upper part of the saturated zone and in some wells has moved downward. Septic systems, mining and smelting, agriculture, and natural sources were considered to be possible sources of nitrate contamination in the east Erda area. Septic systems are not the source of nitrate because water from wells drilled upgradient of all septic systems in the area had elevated nitrate concentrations. Mining and smelting activity are a possible source of nitrate contamination but few data are available to link nitrate contamination with mining sites. Natural and agricultural sources of nitrate are present east of the Erda area but few data are available about these sources. The source(s) of nitrate in the east Erda area could not be clearly delineated in spite of considerable effort and expenditure of resources.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055096","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Tooele County","usgsCitation":"Susong, D., 2005, Ground-water movement and nitrate in ground water, East Erda area, Tooele County, Utah, 1997-2000 (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5096, 4 sheets: 40.00 x 36.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055096.","productDescription":"4 sheets: 40.00 x 36.00 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334244,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5096/PDF/SIR2005_5096_sheet1.pdf","text":"First part of report","size":"3.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":334245,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5096/PDF/SIR2005_5096_sheet2.pdf","text":"Second part of report","size":"2.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":334246,"rank":5,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5096/PDF/SIR2005_5096_sheet3.pdf","text":"First part of Table 1; Table 2","size":"2.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":334247,"rank":6,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5096/PDF/SIR2005_5096_sheet4.pdf","text":"Second part of Table 1","size":"1.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":7442,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5096/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":191190,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Tooele County","otherGeospatial":"East Erda 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only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6d0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Susong, D. D.","contributorId":12868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Susong","given":"D. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":72393,"text":"sir20055006 - 2005 - Questa baseline and premining ground-water quality investigation. 8. Lake-sediment geochemical record from 1960 to 2002, Eagle Rock and Fawn Lakes, Taos County, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-28T20:13:26.042792","indexId":"sir20055006","displayToPublicDate":"2005-10-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5006","title":"Questa baseline and premining ground-water quality investigation. 8. Lake-sediment geochemical record from 1960 to 2002, Eagle Rock and Fawn Lakes, Taos County, New Mexico","docAbstract":"

Geochemical studies of lake sediment from Eagle Rock Lake and upper Fawn Lake were conducted to evaluate the effect of mining at the Molycorp Questa porphyry molybdenum deposit located immediately north of the Red River. Two cores were taken, one from each lake near the outlet where the sediment was thinnest, and they were sampled at 1-cm intervals to provide geochemical data at less than 1-year resolution. Samples from the core intervals were digested and analyzed for 34 elements using ICP–AES (inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry). The activity of 137Cs has been used to establish the beginning of sedimentation in the two lakes. Correlation of the geochemistry of heavy-mineral suites in the cores from both Fawn and Eagle Rock Lakes has been used to develop a sedimentation model to date the intervals sampled. The core from upper Fawn Lake, located upstream of the deposit, provided an annual sedimentary record of the geochemical baseline for material being transported in the Red River, whereas the core from Eagle Rock Lake, located downstream of the deposit, provided an annual record of the effect of mining at the Questa mine on the sediment in the Red River. Abrupt changes in the concentrations of many lithophile and deposit-related metals occur in the middle of the Eagle Rock Lake core, which we correlate with the major flood-of-record recorded at the Questa gage at Eagle Rock Lake in 1979. Sediment from the Red River collected at low flow in 2002 is a poor match for the geochemical data from the sediment core in Eagle Rock Lake. The change in sediment geochemistry in Eagle Rock Lake in the post-1979 interval is dramatic and requires that a new source of sediment be identified that has substantially different geochemistry from that in the pre-1979 core interval. Loss of mill tailings from pipeline breaks are most likely responsible for some of the spikes in trace-element concentrations in the Eagle Rock Lake core. Enrichment of Al2O3, Cu, and Zn occurred as a result of chemical precipitation of these metals from ground water upstream in the Red River. Comparisons of the geochemistry of the post-1979 sediment core with both mine wastes and with premining sediment from the vicinity of the Questa mine indicate that both are possible sources for this new component of sediment. Existing data have not resolved this enigma.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055006","usgsCitation":"Church, S.E., Fey, D., and Marot, M.E., 2005, Questa baseline and premining ground-water quality investigation. 8. Lake-sediment geochemical record from 1960 to 2002, Eagle Rock and Fawn Lakes, Taos County, New Mexico (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5006, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055006.","productDescription":"47 p.","temporalStart":"1960-01-01","temporalEnd":"2002-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":402636,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_73907.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":191893,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7395,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5006/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Taos County","otherGeospatial":"Eagle Rock and Fawn Lakes","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.58547973632812,\n 36.6959520787169\n ],\n [\n -105.42823791503906,\n 36.6959520787169\n ],\n [\n -105.42823791503906,\n 36.72842852891896\n ],\n [\n -105.58547973632812,\n 36.72842852891896\n ],\n [\n -105.58547973632812,\n 36.6959520787169\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a06c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Church, S. E.","contributorId":58260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fey, D.L.","contributorId":44537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fey","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marot, M. E.","contributorId":7733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marot","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":72394,"text":"fs20053106 - 2005 - Southern California — Wildfires and debris flows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-26T19:48:23.712313","indexId":"fs20053106","displayToPublicDate":"2005-10-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-3106","title":"Southern California — Wildfires and debris flows","docAbstract":"

Wildland fires are inevitable in the western United States. Expansion of man-made developments into fire-prone wildlands has created situations where wildfires can destroy lives and property, as can the flooding and debris flows that are common in the aftermath of the fires. Fast-moving, highly destructive debris flows triggered by intense rainfall are one of the most dangerous post-fire hazards. Such debris flows are particularly dangerous because they tend to occur with little warning. Their mass and speed make them particularly destructive: debris flows can strip vegetation, block drainages, damage structures, and endanger human life.

The U.S. Geological Survey’s Landslide Hazards Program is participating in a multi-agency cooperative effort to investigate debris flows in burned areas of southern California and other parts of the western United States. Participating agencies are the USDA Forest Service, the Natural Resources Conservation Service, and the California, Colorado, and Montana Geological Surveys. The objective of this project is to develop methods needed to estimate the locations, probability of occurrence, and size of potentially destructive debris flows. Public officials can use this information to plan and execute emergency response and post-fire rehabilitation.

Analysis of data collected from studies of debris flows following wildfires can answer many of the questions fundamental to post-fire hazard assessments— what and why, where, when, how big, and how often?

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20053106","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Southern California — Wildfires and debris flows (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2005-3106, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20053106.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126266,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2005_3106.jpg"},{"id":394899,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_73917.htm"},{"id":7396,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3106/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.80639648437499,\n 34.18454183141725\n ],\n [\n -116.8341064453125,\n 34.18454183141725\n ],\n [\n -116.8341064453125,\n 34.44315867450577\n ],\n [\n -117.80639648437499,\n 34.44315867450577\n ],\n [\n -117.80639648437499,\n 34.18454183141725\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e72fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":72362,"text":"sir20055170 - 2005 - Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in Cedar Valley, Iron County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-30T13:58:41","indexId":"sir20055170","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5170","title":"Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in Cedar Valley, Iron County, Utah","docAbstract":"

Cedar Valley, located in the eastern part of Iron County in southwestern Utah, is experiencing rapid population growth. Cedar Valley traditionally has supported agriculture, but the growing population needs a larger share of the available water resources. Water withdrawn from the unconsolidated basin fill is the primary source for public supply and is a major source of water for irrigation. Water managers are concerned about increasing demands on the water supply and need hydrologic information to manage this limited water resource and minimize flow of water unsuitable for domestic use toward present and future public-supply sources.

Surface water in the study area is derived primarily from snowmelt at higher altitudes east of the study area or from occasional large thunderstorms during the summer. Coal Creek, a perennial stream with an average annual discharge of 24,200 acre-feet per year, is the largest stream in Cedar Valley. Typically, all of the water in Coal Creek is diverted for irrigation during the summer months. All surface water is consumed within the basin by irrigated crops, evapotranspiration, or recharge to the ground-water system.

Ground water in Cedar Valley generally moves from primary recharge areas along the eastern margin of the basin where Coal Creek enters, to areas of discharge or subsurface outflow. Recharge to the unconsolidated basin-fill aquifer is by seepage of unconsumed irrigation water, streams, direct precipitation on the unconsolidated basin fill, and subsurface inflow from consolidated rock and Parowan Valley and is estimated to be about 42,000 acre-feet per year. Stable-isotope data indicate that recharge is primarily from winter precipitation. The chloride mass-balance method indicates that recharge may be less than 42,000 acre-feet per year, but is considered a rough approximation because of limited chloride concentration data for precipitation and Coal Creek. Continued declining water levels indicate that recharge is not sufficient to meet demand. Water levels in many areas are at or close to historic lows.

In 2000, withdrawal from wells was estimated to be 36,000 acre-feet per year. About 4,000 acre-feet per year are estimated to discharge to evapotranspiration or as subsurface outflow. Prior to large-scale ground-water development, ground-water discharge by evapotranspiration and discharge to springs was much larger.

Ground water along the eastern margin of the valley between Cedar City and Enoch is unsuitable for domestic use because of high dissolved-solids and nitrate concentrations. The predominant ions of Ca and SO4 in this area indicate dissolution of gypsum in the Markagunt Plateau to the east. Data collected during this study were compared to historic data; there is no evidence to indicate deterioration in ground-water quality. The spatial distribution of ground water with high nitrate concentration does not appear to be migrating beyond its previously known extent.
No single source can be identified as the cause for elevated nitrate concentrations in ground water. Low nitrogen-15 values north of Cedar City indicate a natural geologic source. Higher nitrogen-15 values toward the center of the basin and associated hydrologic data indicate probable recharge from waste-water effluent. Excess dissolved nitrogen gas and low nitrate concentrations in shallow ground water indicate that denitrification is occurring in some areas.

A computer ground-water flow model was developed to simulate flow in the unconsolidated basin fill. The method of determining recharge from irrigation was changed during the calibration process to incorporate more areal and temporal variability. In general, the model accurately simulates water levels and water-level fluctuations and can be considered an adequate tool to help determine the valley-wide effects on water levels of additional ground-water withdrawals and changes in water use. The model was used to simulated water-level changes caused by projecting current withdrawal rates, increased withdrawal rates, and a 10-year drought. Water levels declined 20 to 275 feet in the southern and central parts of the valley and less than 20 feet north of Enoch

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","doi":"10.3133/sir20055170","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Central Iron County Water Conservancy District; Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources; Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Quality; Cedar City, and City of Enoch","usgsCitation":"Brooks, L.E., and Mason, J.L., 2005, Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in Cedar Valley, Iron County, Utah (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5170, x, 114 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055170.","productDescription":"x, 114 p.","numberOfPages":"127","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193036,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7325,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5170/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":334242,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5170/PDF/SIR2005_5170.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Iron County","otherGeospatial":"Cedar 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only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e865","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, Lynette E. 0000-0002-9074-0939 lebrooks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9074-0939","contributorId":2718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Lynette","email":"lebrooks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mason, James L.","contributorId":14397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":72315,"text":"ds127 - 2005 - Water-quality and biologic data for the Blue River basin, Kansas City metropolitan area, Missouri and Kansas, October 2000 to October 2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-26T17:17:00","indexId":"ds127","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"127","title":"Water-quality and biologic data for the Blue River basin, Kansas City metropolitan area, Missouri and Kansas, October 2000 to October 2004","docAbstract":"This report presents water-quality and biologic data collected in the Blue River Basin, metropolitan Kansas City, Missouri and Kansas, from October 2000 to October 2004. Data were collected in cooperation with the city of Kansas City, Missouri, Water Services Department as part of an ongoing study designed to characterize long-term water-quality trends in the basin and to provide data to support a strategy for combined sewer overflow control. These data include values of physical properties, fecal indicator bacteria densities, suspended sediment, and concentrations of major ions, nutrients, trace elements, organic wastewater compounds, and pharmaceutical compounds in base-flow and stormflow stream samples and bottom sediments. Six surface-water sites in the basin were sampled 13 times during base-flow conditions and during a minimum of 7 storms. Benthic macroinvertebrate communities are described at 10 sites in the basin and 1 site outside the basin. Water-column and bottom-sediment data from impounded reaches of Brush Creek are provided. Continuous specific conductance, pH, water-quality temperature, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen data are provided for two streams-the Blue River and Brush Creek. Sampling, analytical, and quality assurance methods used in data collection during the study also are described in the report.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds127","usgsCitation":"Wilkison, D.H., Armstrong, D., Brown, R., Poulton, B.C., Cahill, J.D., and Zaugg, S.D., 2005, Water-quality and biologic data for the Blue River basin, Kansas City metropolitan area, Missouri and Kansas, October 2000 to October 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 127, 166 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds127.","productDescription":"166 p.","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7215,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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E.","contributorId":99233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Rebecca E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Poulton, Barry C. 0000-0002-7219-4911 bpoulton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7219-4911","contributorId":2421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poulton","given":"Barry","email":"bpoulton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cahill, Jeffrey D.","contributorId":22047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahill","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zaugg, Steven D. sdzaugg@usgs.gov","contributorId":768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaugg","given":"Steven","email":"sdzaugg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":285402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":72307,"text":"wri034338 - 2005 - Use of discrete-zone monitoring systems for hydraulic characterization of a fractured-rock aquifer at the University of Connecticut Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut, 1999 to 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-17T07:18:45","indexId":"wri034338","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4338","title":"Use of discrete-zone monitoring systems for hydraulic characterization of a fractured-rock aquifer at the University of Connecticut Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut, 1999 to 2002","docAbstract":"

The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the University of Connecticut, used a suite of hydraulic methods to characterize the hydrogeology of a fractured-rock aquifer near the former landfill and chemical-waste disposal pits at the University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut. Multiple methods were used to determine head, driving potential, and transmissivity, including manual open-hole water-level and discretezone water-level measurements from 11 boreholes; continuous discrete-zone water-level measurements from 6 of the boreholes; estimated head and transmissivity for 11 boreholes using heat-pulse flowmeter profiles and pumping records; and differential head testing using a straddle-packer apparatus from 4 boreholes. These data were analyzed to identify and characterize relations between long-term water-level patterns and precipitation, topographic setting, contaminant distribution at the site, and a conceptual ground-water flow model.

Data collected using the heat-pulse flowmeter, the straddle-packer apparatus, and discrete-zone monitoring (DZM) systems helped to establish, refine, and verify a conceptual model of ground-water flow in the study area. Monitoring of DZM systems installed in 11 boreholes provided a method for longterm monitoring of hydraulic head and water quality of the aquifer at fracture zones of different depths. These data were used to help define the conceptual site model for ground-water flow and to determine and explain the distribution of contamination.

Hydrographs constructed for discretely isolated zones in the boreholes showed the magnitude of seasonal changes of water levels and driving potential in response to precipitation and drought. Heads in discrete zones and in different boreholes varied both in magnitude of response and in timing of response to precipitation. Water levels in open boreholes and in DZM systems showed a semi-diurnal pattern that coincides with gravimetric tidal plots generated for this area. No fluctuations that might indicate pumping were identified in the continuous water-level records. Lack of hydraulic response between boreholes during cross-hole testing in the area of the former chemical-waste disposal pits indicates poor hydraulic connection between the boreholes that were tested. In general, data indicated the presence of downward driving potentials in the recharge areas and in the area of the ground-water divide, and upward driving potentials in discharge areas north and south of the landfill.

The results of this study illustrate the importance of discrete-zone isolation and monitoring in fractured-rock aquifers to prevent cross contamination while permitting head measurements and water-quality sampling that can be used to identify and characterize contamination or pathways for contaminant migration in a fractured-rock aquifer. Without DZM systems installed in the boreholes, only open-hole heads can be measured. The open-hole heads may be misleading when determining potential flow directions at contamination sites, because they are a composite of the heads associated with each of the fractures intersecting the borehole. The flowmeter tool and straddle-packer apparatus are effective screening tools for generating a snapshot of the hydraulic conditions, including vertical flow, transmissivity, and heads; however, they cannot prevent flow and potential cross-contamination and cannot easily be used to monitor long-term conditions.

This work was conducted as part of a larger multidisciplinary investigation to characterize the nature and extent of contamination in the soil, surface water, and ground water in the overburden and fractured bedrock in the area of the landfill and former chemical-waste disposal pits near the University of Connecticut. The methods and hydraulic data presented in this report were used along with surface- and borehole-geophysical data and geochemical data to understand and characterize the ground-water flow in overburden and fractured bedrock; to assess possible chemical migration; to develop a site conceptual ground-water flow model; and to assess remediation alternatives.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034338","usgsCitation":"Johnson, C.D., Kochiss, C.S., and Dawson, C.B., 2005, Use of discrete-zone monitoring systems for hydraulic characterization of a fractured-rock aquifer at the University of Connecticut Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut, 1999 to 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4338, vi, 105 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034338.","productDescription":"vi, 105 p.","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191518,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4338/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":101653,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4338/report.pdf","size":"18580","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","city":"Storrs","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.27075934410095,\n 41.807708943063126\n ],\n [\n -72.26415038108826,\n 41.807708943063126\n ],\n [\n -72.26415038108826,\n 41.811227582554736\n ],\n [\n -72.27075934410095,\n 41.811227582554736\n ],\n [\n -72.27075934410095,\n 41.807708943063126\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604685","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Carole D. 0000-0001-6941-1578 cjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6941-1578","contributorId":1891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Carole","email":"cjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kochiss, Christopher S.","contributorId":76017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kochiss","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dawson, C. B.","contributorId":50967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":72300,"text":"ds138 - 2005 - Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma aeromagnetic and gravity maps and data: A web site for distribution of data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-31T18:24:28.367778","indexId":"ds138","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"138","title":"Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma aeromagnetic and gravity maps and data: A web site for distribution of data","docAbstract":"The Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma aeromagnetic grid is constructed from grids that combine information collected in 28 separate aeromagnetic surveys conducted between 1954 and 1985. 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\"}}]}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697dff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sweeney, Ronald E.","contributorId":89564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweeney","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, Patricia L. pathill@usgs.gov","contributorId":1327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Patricia","email":"pathill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":285382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":72292,"text":"sir20055185 - 2005 - Pre- and post-reservoir ground-water conditions and assessment of artificial recharge at Sand Hollow, Washington County, Utah, 1995-2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T16:04:53","indexId":"sir20055185","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5185","title":"Pre- and post-reservoir ground-water conditions and assessment of artificial recharge at Sand Hollow, Washington County, Utah, 1995-2005","docAbstract":"

Sand Hollow, Utah, is the site of a surface-water reservoir completed in March 2002, which is being operated by the Washington County Water Conservancy District primarily as an aquifer storage and recovery project. The reservoir is an off-channel facility receiving water from the Virgin River, diverted near the town of Virgin, Utah. It is being operated conjunctively, providing both surface-water storage and artificial recharge to the underlying Navajo aquifer. The U.S. Geological Survey and the Bureau of Reclamation conducted a study to document baseline ground-water conditions at Sand Hollow prior to the operation of the reservoir and to evaluate changes in ground-water conditions caused by the reservoir.

Pre-reservoir age dating using tritium/helium, chlorofluorocarbons, and carbon-14 shows that shallow ground water in the Navajo Sandstone in some areas of Sand Hollow entered the aquifer from 2 to 25 years before sample collection. Ground water in low-recharge areas and deeper within the aquifer may have entered the aquifer more than 8,000 years ago. Ground-water levels in the immediate vicinity of Sand Hollow Reservoir have risen by as much as 80 feet since initial filling began in March 2002. In 2005, ground water was moving laterally away from the reservoir in all directions, whereas the pre-reservoir direction of ground-water flow was predominantly toward the north.

Tracers, or attributes, of artificial recharge include higher specific conductance, higher dissolved-solids concentrations, higher chloride-to-bromide ratios, more-depleted stable isotopes (\"Snake\"2H and \"Snake\"18O), and higher total-dissolved gas pressures. These tracers have been detected at observation and production wells close to the reservoir. About 15,000 tons of naturally occurring salts that previously accumulated in the vadose zone beneath the reservoir are being flushed into the aquifer. Except for the shallowest parts of the aquifer, this is generally not affecting water quality, largely because of the large saturated thickness of the Navajo aquifer. Since the initial filling of Sand Hollow Reservoir, arsenic concentrations have risen to exceed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards only in some shallow observation wells. These increases in arsenic concentration are likely caused by increasing pH associated with artificial recharge beneath the reservoir, rather than flushing of previously accumulated salts in the vadose zone. There has been no trend of increasing arsenic concentration in deeper production wells.

Estimated evaporation rates for Sand Hollow Reservoir, calculated by the Jensen-Haise method with data from the Sand Hollow weather station, range from about 55 to 61 inches per year and result in a total evaporative loss of about 6,000 acre-feet of water from March 2002 to September 2004. Rates of artificial recharge of ground water beneath Sand Hollow Reservoir have ranged from about 0.02 to 0.44 feet per day, with an average rate excluding the initial 3-month wetting period of about 0.06 feet per day. A total of about 28,000 acre-feet of recharge to the underlying Navajo aquifer occurred from March 2002 to September 2004.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","doi":"10.3133/sir20055185","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Washington County water conservancy district, Bureau of Reclamation, and the University of Utah Department of Geology and Geophysics","usgsCitation":"Heilweil, V.M., Susong, D.D., Gardner, P.M., and Watt, D.E., 2005, Pre- and post-reservoir ground-water conditions and assessment of artificial recharge at Sand Hollow, Washington County, Utah, 1995-2005 (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5185, viii, 74 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055185.","productDescription":"viii, 74 p.","numberOfPages":"85","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191824,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":334243,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5185/pdf/SIR2005_5185.pdf"},{"id":7204,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5185/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Washington County","otherGeospatial":"Sand Hollow","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -113.393499,37.102437 ], [ -113.393499,37.127407 ], [ -113.359917,37.127407 ], [ -113.359917,37.102437 ], [ -113.393499,37.102437 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad3e4b07f02db681dc2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heilweil, Victor M. heilweil@usgs.gov","contributorId":837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heilweil","given":"Victor","email":"heilweil@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Susong, David D. ddsusong@usgs.gov","contributorId":1040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Susong","given":"David","email":"ddsusong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gardner, Philip M. 0000-0003-3005-3587 pgardner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3005-3587","contributorId":962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"Philip","email":"pgardner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Watt, Dennis E.","contributorId":55286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watt","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":72284,"text":"sir20055149 - 2005 - Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 12. Geochemical and reactive-transport modeling based on tracer injection-synoptic sampling studies for the Red River, New Mexico, 2001-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-30T19:00:48.391857","indexId":"sir20055149","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5149","title":"Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 12. Geochemical and reactive-transport modeling based on tracer injection-synoptic sampling studies for the Red River, New Mexico, 2001-2002","docAbstract":"

Reactive-transport processes in the Red River, downstream from the town of Red River in north-central New Mexico, were simulated using the OTEQ reactive-transport model. The simulations were calibrated using physical and chemical data from synoptic studies conducted during low-flow conditions in August 2001 and during March/April 2002. Discharge over the 20-km reach from the town of Red River to the USGS streamflow-gaging station near the town of Questa ranged from 395 to 1,180 L/s during the 2001 tracer and from 234 to 421 L/s during the 2002 tracer. The pH of the Red River ranged from 7.4 to 8.5 during the 2001 tracer and from 7.1 to 8.7 during the 2002 tracer, and seep and tributary samples had pH values of 2.8 to 9.0 during the 2001 tracer and 3.8 to 7.2 during the 2002 tracer.

Mass-loading calculations allowed identification of several specific locations where elevated concentrations of potential contaminants entered the Red River . These locations, characterized by features on the north side of the Red River that are known to be sources of low-pH water containing elevated metal and sulfate concentrations, are: the initial 2.4 km of the study reach, including Bitter Creek, the stream section from 6.2 to 7.8 km, encompassing La Bobita well and the Hansen debris fan, Sulphur Gulch, at about 10.5 km, the area near Portal Springs, from 12.2 to 12.6 km, and the largest contributors of mass loading, the 13.7 to 13.9 km stream section near Cabin Springs and the 14.7 to 17.5 km stream section from Shaft Spring to Thunder Bridge, Goathill Gulch, and Capulin Canyon.

Speciation and saturation index calculations indicated that although solubility limits the concentration of aluminum above pH 5.0, at pH values above 7 and aluminum concentrations below 0.3 mg/L inorganic speciation and mineral solubility controls no longer dominate and aluminum-organic complexing may occur.

The August 2001 reactive-transport simulations included dissolved iron(II) oxidation, constrained using measured concentrations of dissolved iron(II) and dissolved iron(total). Both simulations included precipitation of amorphous Al(OH)3 and hydrous ferric oxide as Fe(OH)3, and sorption of copper and zinc to the precipitated hydrous ferric oxide. Simulations revealed that hydrogen, iron, aluminum, copper, and zinc were non-conservative and that mineral precipitation can account for iron and aluminum concentrations. Copper and zinc concentrations can be accounted for by simulating their sorption to hydrous ferric oxide forming in the water column of the Red River , although hydrous manganese oxides also may be important sorption substrates.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055149","usgsCitation":"Ball, J.W., Runkel, R.L., and Nordstrom, D.K., 2005, Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 12. Geochemical and reactive-transport modeling based on tracer injection-synoptic sampling studies for the Red River, New Mexico, 2001-2002: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5149, vii, 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055149.","productDescription":"vii, 68 p.","temporalStart":"2001-01-01","temporalEnd":"2002-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193252,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7153,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5149/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":463441,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86714.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Red River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.55,36.63333333333333 ], [ -105.55,36.733333333333334 ], [ -105.4,36.733333333333334 ], [ -105.4,36.63333333333333 ], [ -105.55,36.63333333333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685afe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ball, James W.","contributorId":38946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runkel, Robert L. 0000-0003-3220-481X runkel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-481X","contributorId":685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"Robert","email":"runkel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":285353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":72248,"text":"ofr20041316 - 2005 - Water-chemistry data for selected springs, geysers, and streams in Yellowstone National Park Wyoming, 2001-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-03T20:18:36","indexId":"ofr20041316","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1316","title":"Water-chemistry data for selected springs, geysers, and streams in Yellowstone National Park Wyoming, 2001-2002","docAbstract":"

Water analyses are reported for one-hundred-twenty-one samples collected from hot springs and their overflow drainages, the Gibbon River, and one ambient-temperature acid stream in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) during 2001-2002. Twenty-five analyses are reported for samples collected during May 2001, fifty analyses are reported for samples collected during September 2001, eleven analyses are reported for samples collected during October 2001, and thirty-five analyses are reported for samples collected during June and July 2002. Water samples were collected and analyzed for major and trace constituents from nine areas of YNP including Norris Geyser Basin, Nymph Lake and Roadside Springs, Lower Geyser Basin, Washburn Springs, Calcite Springs, Crater Hills, Mammoth Hot Springs, West Thumb Geyser Basin, and Brimstone Basin. These water samples were collected and analyzed as part of research investigations in YNP on arsenic redox distribution in hot springs and overflow drainages, the occurrence and distribution of dissolved mercury, and sulfur redox speciation. Most samples were analyzed for major cations and anions, trace metals, and iron, arsenic, nitrogen, and sulfur redox species. Only mercury concentration, pH, and specific conductance were determined for samples collected in October 2001 as they were collected during a reconnaissance field trip. Analyses were performed at the sampling site, in an onsite mobile laboratory, or later in a U.S. Geological Survey laboratory, depending on stability of the constituent and whether it could be preserved effectively.

Water samples were filtered and preserved onsite. Water temperature, specific conductance, pH, Eh, and dissolved hydrogen sulfide were measured onsite at the time of sampling. Alkalinity and acidity were determined by titration, usually within a few days of sample collection. Concentrations of thiosulfate (S2O3) and polythionate (SnO6) were determined as soon as possible (generally minutes to hours after sample collection) by ion chromatography in an onsite mobile laboratory vehicle. Total dissolved iron and ferrous iron concentrations often were measured onsite in the mobile laboratory.

Concentrations of aluminum, arsenic, barium, beryllium, boron, cadmium, calcium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, lithium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, potassium, selenium, silica, sodium, strontium, vanadium, and zinc were determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Trace concentrations of antimony, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, and selenium were determined by Zeeman-corrected graphite-furnace atomic-absorption spectrometry. Concentrations of total arsenic and arsenite were determined by hydride-generation atomic-absorption spectrometry using a flow-injection analysis system. Concentrations of total mercury were determined by cold-vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Concentrations of bromide, chloride, nitrate, and sulfate were determined by ion chromatography. Concentrations of ferrous and total iron were determined by the FerroZine colorimetric method. Concentrations of nitrite were determined by colorimetry or chemiluminescence. Concentrations of ammonia were determined by ion chromatography, with reanalysis by colorimetry when separation of sodium and ammonia peaks was poor. Dissolved organic carbon concentrations were determined by the wet persulfate oxidation method.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041316","usgsCitation":"McCleskey, R.B., Ball, J.W., Nordstrom, D.K., Holloway, J.M., and Taylor, H.E., 2005, Water-chemistry data for selected springs, geysers, and streams in Yellowstone National Park Wyoming, 2001-2002: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1316, 94 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041316.","productDescription":"94 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191525,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7100,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1316/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111,44.13333333333333 ], [ -111,45 ], [ -110,45 ], [ -110,44.13333333333333 ], [ -111,44.13333333333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f0e4b07f02db5ee134","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCleskey, R. Blaine 0000-0002-2521-8052 rbmccles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2521-8052","contributorId":147399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCleskey","given":"R.","email":"rbmccles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Blaine","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ball, James W.","contributorId":38946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":285253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Holloway, JoAnn M. 0000-0003-3603-7668 jholloway@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3603-7668","contributorId":918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holloway","given":"JoAnn","email":"jholloway@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}