We present results of a secondary ion mass spectrometry study of the rare earth elements (REEs) in the minerals of two samples of lunar ferroan anorthosite, and the results are applicable to studies of REEs in all igneous rocks, no matter what their planet of origin. Our pyroxene analyses are used to determine solid-solid REE distribution coefficients (D = CREE in low-Ca pyroxene/CREE in augite) in orthopyroxene-augite pairs derived by inversion of pigeonite. Our data and predictions from crystal-chemical considerations indicate that as primary pigeonite inverts to orthopyroxene plus augite and subsolidus reequilibration proceeds, the solid-solid Ds for orthopyroxene-augite pairs progressively decrease for all REEs; the decrease is greatest for the LREEs. The REE pattern of solid-solid Ds for inversion-derived pyroxene pairs is close to a straight line for Sm-Lu and turns upward for REEs lighter than Sm; the shape of this pattern is predicted by the shapes of the REE patterns for the individual minerals.
Equilibrium liquids calculated for one sample from the compositions of primary phases, using measured or experimentally determined solid-liquid Ds, have chondrite-normalized REE patterns that are very slightly enriched in LREEs. The plagioclase equilibrium liquid is overall less rich in REEs than pyroxene equilibrium liquids, and the discrepancy probably arises because the calculated plagioclase equilibrium liquid represents a liquid earlier in the fractionationsequence than the pyroxene equilibrium liquids. “Equilibrium” liquids calculated from the compositions of inversion-derived pyroxenes or orthopyroxene derived by reaction of olivine are LREE depleted (in some cases substantially) in comparison with equilibrium liquids calculated from the compositions of primary phases. These discrepancies arise because the inversion-derived and reaction-derived pyroxenes did not crystallize directly from liquid, and the use of solid-liquid Ds is inappropriate. The LREE depletion of the calculated liquids is a relic of formation of these phases from primary LREE-depleted minerals. Thus, if one attempts to calculate the compositions of equilibrium liquids from pyroxene compositions, it is important to establish that the pyroxenes are primary. In addition, our data suggest that experimental studies have underestimated solid-liquid Ds for REEs in pigeonite and that REE contents of liquids calculated using these Ds are overestimates.
Our results have implications for Sm-Nd age studies. Our work shows that if pigeonite inversion and/or subsolidus reequilibration between augite and orthopyroxene occurred significantly after crystallization, and if pyroxene separates isolated for Sm-Nd studies do not have the bulk composition of the primary pyroxenes, then the Sm-Nd isochron age and εNd will be in error.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00772-4","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"James, O., Floss, C., and McGee, J.J., 2002, Rare earth element variations resulting from inversion of pigeonite and subsolidus reequilibration in lunar ferroan anorthosites: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 66, no. 7, p. 1269-1284, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00772-4.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1269","endPage":"1284","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233211,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a951ee4b0c8380cd81804","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"James, O.B.","contributorId":100526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"O.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Floss, C.","contributorId":48341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Floss","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGee, J. J.","contributorId":92271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024819,"text":"70024819 - 2002 - Influence of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) forests on aquatic invertebrate assemblages in headwater streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:15","indexId":"70024819","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) forests on aquatic invertebrate assemblages in headwater streams","docAbstract":"We conducted a comparative study in the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area to determine the potential long-term impacts of hemlock forest decline on stream benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages. Hemlock forests throughout eastern North America have been declining because of the hemlock woolly adelgid, an exotic insect pest. We found aquatic invertebrate community structure to be strongly correlated with forest composition. Streams draining hemlock forests supported significantly more total taxa than streams draining mixed hardwood forests, and over 8% of the taxa were strongly associated with hemlock. In addition, invertebrate taxa were more evenly distributed (i.e., higher Simpson's evenness values) in hemlock-drained streams. In contrast, the number of rare species and total densities were significantly lower in streams draining hemlock, suggesting that diversity differences observed between forest types were not related to stochastic factors associated with sampling and that streams draining mixed hardwood forests may be more productive. Analysis of stream habitat data indicated that streams draining hemlock forests had more stable thermal and hydrologic regimes. Our findings suggest that hemlock decline may result in long-term changes in headwater ecosystems leading to reductions in both within-stream (i.e., alpha) and park-wide (i.e., gamma) benthic community diversity.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/f02-003","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Snyder, C., Young, J., Lemarie, D.P., and Smith, D., 2002, Influence of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) forests on aquatic invertebrate assemblages in headwater streams: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 59, no. 2, p. 262-275, https://doi.org/10.1139/f02-003.","startPage":"262","endPage":"275","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232963,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207766,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f02-003"}],"volume":"59","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b2ce4b0c8380cd622bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, C.D.","contributorId":73540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Young, J.A. 0000-0002-4500-3673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4500-3673","contributorId":37674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":402730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lemarie, D. P.","contributorId":23100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemarie","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, D. R. 0000-0001-6074-9257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":44108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D. R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":402731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024744,"text":"70024744 - 2002 - Effects of disturbance on germination and seedling establishment in a coastal prairie grassland: A test of the competitive release hypothesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:08","indexId":"70024744","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2242,"text":"Journal of Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of disturbance on germination and seedling establishment in a coastal prairie grassland: A test of the competitive release hypothesis","docAbstract":"1. We evaluated the responses of native grassland sods to a variety of types of disturbance in order to assess hypotheses about the competitive effects of established vegetation on seed germination and seedling establishment. In particular, we consider whether germination is more responsive to the magnitude and duration of vegetation removal (competitive release) or to individual disturbance types (specific effects). 2. Field-collected sods of coastal tallgrass prairie were subjected to no manipulation, cutting with clippings left, cutting with clippings removed (hayed), burning, and complete destruction of established vegetation under greenhouse conditions. The emergence and fate of seedlings, as well as light penetration through the canopy, were followed for a period of 4.5 months. 3. Total seedling emergence increased from cut to control, hayed, burned and plants-removed treatments. Several periods of increased seedling emergence suggested responses to both light penetration and seasonal change. 4. Species richness was lowest in cut sods and highest in sods that had plants removed or were burned. Rarefaction analysis showed that these differences were largely those expected from differences in seedling number, except for the cut treatment, which produced fewer species per seedling than other treatments. 5. Indicator species analysis and ordination methods revealed that seedling community composition overlapped strongly across all treatments, although the area of ordination space did increase with increasing numbers of seedlings. 6. Overall, most of the effects of disturbance could be explained by cumulative light penetration to the soil surface, an indicator of total competitive release, although a few specific effects could be found (particularly for the cutting treatment). Thus, these results generally support the competitive release hypothesis.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2745.2001.00665.x","issn":"00220477","usgsCitation":"Jutila, H., and Grace, J., 2002, Effects of disturbance on germination and seedling establishment in a coastal prairie grassland: A test of the competitive release hypothesis: Journal of Ecology, v. 90, no. 2, p. 291-302, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2001.00665.x.","startPage":"291","endPage":"302","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207806,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2001.00665.x"},{"id":233030,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-06-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a06d4e4b0c8380cd5142a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jutila, H.M.","contributorId":24137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jutila","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grace, J.B. 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":38938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024704,"text":"70024704 - 2002 - Geology and origin of Europa's \"Mitten\" feature (Murias Chaos)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-02T22:48:26.56362","indexId":"70024704","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and origin of Europa's \"Mitten\" feature (Murias Chaos)","docAbstract":"The “Mitten” (provisionally named Murias Chaos by the International Astronomical Union) is a region of elevated chaos-like terrain in the leading hemisphere of Europa. Its origin had been explained under the currently debated theories of melting through a thin lithosphere or convection within a thick one. Galileo observations reveal several characteristics that suggest that the Mitten is distinct from typical chaos terrain and point to a different formational process. Photoclinometric elevation estimates suggest that the Mitten is slightly elevated with respect to the surrounding terrain; geologic relations indicate that it must have raised significantly from the plains in its past, resembling disrupted domes on Europa's trailing hemisphere. Moreover, the Mitten material appears to have extruded onto the plains and flowed for tens of kilometers. The area subsequently subsided as a result of isostatic adjustment, viscous relaxation, and/or plains loading. Using plate flexure models, we estimated the elastic lithosphere in the area to be several kilometers thick. We propose that the Mitten originated by the ascent and extrusion of a large thermal diapir. Thermal-mechanical modeling shows that a Mitten-sized plume would remain sufficiently warm and buoyant to pierce through the crust and flow unconfined on the surface. Such a diapir probably had an initial radius between 5 and 8 km and an initial depth of 20–40 km, consistent with a thick-lithosphere model. In this scenario the Mitten appears to represent the surface expression of the rare ascent of a large diapir, in contrast to lenticulae and chaos terrain, which may form by isolated and clustered small diapirs, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JE001591","usgsCitation":"Figueredo, P.H., Chuang, F.C., Rathbun, J., Kirk, R.L., and Greeley, R., 2002, Geology and origin of Europa's \"Mitten\" feature (Murias Chaos): Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 107, no. E5, p. 2-1-2-13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JE001591.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"2-1","endPage":"2-13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487462,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001je001591","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232989,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Europa","volume":"107","issue":"E5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2412e4b0c8380cd57d89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Figueredo, P. H.","contributorId":82499,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Figueredo","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chuang, F. C.","contributorId":105452,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chuang","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rathbun, J.","contributorId":9814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kirk, R. L.","contributorId":94698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Greeley, R.","contributorId":6538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeley","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70024623,"text":"70024623 - 2002 - Crustal structure beneath western and eastern Iceland from surface waves and receiver functions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:14","indexId":"70024623","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal structure beneath western and eastern Iceland from surface waves and receiver functions","docAbstract":"We determine the crustal structures beneath 14 broad-band seismic stations, deployed in western, eastern, central and southern Iceland, using surface wave dispersion curves and receiver functions. We implement a method to invert receiver functions using constraints obtained from genetic algorithm inversion of surface waves. Our final models satisfy both data sets. The thickness of the upper crust, as defined by the velocity horizon Vs = 3.7 km s-1, is fairly uniform at ???6.5-9 km beneath the Tertiary intraplate areas of western and eastern Iceland, and unusually thick at 11 km beneath station HOT22 in the far south of Iceland. The depth to the base of the lower crust, as defined by the velocity horizon Vs = 4.1 km s-1 is ???20-26 km in western Iceland and ???27-33 km in eastern Iceland. These results agree with those of explosion profiles that detect a thinner crust beneath western Iceland than beneath eastern Iceland. An earlier report of a substantial low-velocity zone beneath the Middle Volcanic Zone in the lower crust is confirmed by a similar observation beneath an additional station there. As was found in previous receiver function studies, the most reliable feature of the results is the clear division into an upper sequence that is a few kilometres thick where velocity gradients are high, and a lower, thicker sequence where velocity gradients are low. The transition to typical mantle velocities is variable, and may range from being very gradational to being relatively sharp and clear. A clear Moho, by any definition, is rarely seen, and there is thus uncertainty in estimates of the thickness of the crust in many areas. Although a great deal of seismic data are now available constraining the structures of the crust and upper mantle beneath Iceland, their geological nature is not well understood.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Journal International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01642.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Du, Z., Foulger, G., Julian, B., Allen, R.M., Nolet, G., Morgan, W.J., Bergsson, B.H., Erlendsson, P., Jakobsdottir, S., Ragnarsson, S., Stefansson, R., and Vogfjord, K., 2002, Crustal structure beneath western and eastern Iceland from surface waves and receiver functions: Geophysical Journal International, v. 149, no. 2, p. 349-363, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01642.x.","startPage":"349","endPage":"363","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478694,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2002.01642.x","text":"External Repository"},{"id":207689,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01642.x"},{"id":232847,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"149","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fce8e4b0c8380cd4e4dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Du, Z.","contributorId":40765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Du","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foulger, G.R.","contributorId":14439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foulger","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Julian, B.R.","contributorId":101272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Julian","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Allen, R. M.","contributorId":36170,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nolet, G.","contributorId":26448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nolet","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Morgan, W. J.","contributorId":10573,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morgan","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bergsson, B. H.","contributorId":19320,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bergsson","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Erlendsson, P.","contributorId":95638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erlendsson","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Jakobsdottir, S.","contributorId":64828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jakobsdottir","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Ragnarsson, S.","contributorId":12644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ragnarsson","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Stefansson, R.","contributorId":81650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stefansson","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Vogfjord, K.","contributorId":13768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogfjord","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70024611,"text":"70024611 - 2002 - Lunar prospector epithermal neutrons from impact craters and landing sites: Implications for surface maturity and hydrogen distribution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-02T22:50:53.505412","indexId":"70024611","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lunar prospector epithermal neutrons from impact craters and landing sites: Implications for surface maturity and hydrogen distribution","docAbstract":"Initial studies of neutron spectrometer data returned by Lunar Prospector concentrated on the discovery of enhanced hydrogen abundances near both lunar poles. However, the nonpolar data exhibit intriguing patterns that appear spatially correlated with surface features such as young impact craters (e.g., Tycho). Such immature crater materials may have low hydrogen contents because of their relative lack of exposure to solar wind-implanted volatiles. We tested this hypothesis by comparing epithermal* neutron counts (i.e., epithermal −0.057 × thermal neutrons) for Copernican-age craters classified as relatively young, intermediate, and old (as determined by previous studies of Clementine optical maturity variations). The epithermal* counts of the crater and continuous ejecta regions suggest that the youngest impact materials are relatively devoid of hydrogen in the upper 1 m of regolith. We also show that the mean hydrogen contents measured in Apollo and Luna landing site samples are only moderately well correlated to the epithermal* neutron counts at the landing sites, likely owing to the effects of rare earth elements. These results suggest that further work is required to define better how hydrogen distribution can be revealed by epithermal neutrons in order to understand more fully the nature and sources (e.g., solar wind, meteorite impacts) of volatiles in the lunar regolith.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JE001430","usgsCitation":"Johnson, J.R., Feldman, W.C., Lawrence, D.J., Maurice, S., Swindle, T.D., and Lucey, P.G., 2002, Lunar prospector epithermal neutrons from impact craters and landing sites: Implications for surface maturity and hydrogen distribution: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 107, no. E2, p. 3-1-3-8, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JE001430.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"3-1","endPage":"3-8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233198,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"107","issue":"E2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-02-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4a95e4b0c8380cd68e9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, J. R.","contributorId":69278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feldman, W. C.","contributorId":40767,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Feldman","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lawrence, D. J.","contributorId":84952,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lawrence","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Maurice, S.","contributorId":18144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maurice","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Swindle, T. D.","contributorId":68042,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swindle","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lucey, P. G.","contributorId":72532,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lucey","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70024553,"text":"70024553 - 2002 - Trends in late Maastrichtian calcareous nannofossil distribution patterns, Western North Atlantic margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:13","indexId":"70024553","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2735,"text":"Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trends in late Maastrichtian calcareous nannofossil distribution patterns, Western North Atlantic margin","docAbstract":"First and last occurrences of several Maastrichtian calcareous nannofossil species are shown to be diachronous across paleodepth and paleoenvironment using the graphic correlation method. Calcareous nannofossil assemblages examined from eleven cores from a deep- to shallow-water transect along the eastern United States Atlantic margin document that the first occurrence of Micula murus (Martini 1961) Bukry 1973 is diachronous, appearing 2.0 million years earlier in open ocean sites than in shallow marine sites. The first occurrence (FO) of Lithraphidites kennethii Perch-Nielsen 1984 is also nonsynchronous, appearing in the deep ocean before its FO in neritic waters. The last occurrence (LO) of L. praequadratus Roth 1978 is diachronous across paleodepth, going locally extinct first in deeper water. The LO of Watznaueria bybelliae Self-Trail 1999 is also diachronous, going locally extinct first in shallow-water settings. Ceratolithoides amplector Burnett 1997, C. pricei Burnett 1997, C. self-trailiae Burnett 1997, C. ultimus Burnett 1997, Cribrocorona gallica (Stradner 1963) Perch-Nielsen 1973. Micula praemurus (Bukry 1973) Stradner and Steinmetz 1984, Pseudomicula quadratus Perch-Nielsen et al. 1978, and Semihololithus spp. are present consistently in common to frequent abundances in ODP holes 1050C and 1052E on the Blake Nose, but they are rare or absent from neritic sections in Coastal Plain cores. It is apparent that these species flourished in an open ocean setting, suggesting that differences in assemblage abundance and diversity between deep ocean and nearshore areas were controlled by paleoceanographic factors. These species are not used for biostratigraphy, but may be useful indicators of open ocean conditions. The line of correlation (LOC) for nine Coastal Plain cores clearly defines the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) boundary unconformity at the top of the Maastrichtian section (Peedee Formation) and the Campanian-Maastrichtian (C/M) unconformity at the base of the Maastrichtian section (Peedee/Donoho Creek formational contact). The K/T boundary unconformity is undulatory in nature; updip Maastrichtian sections have been stripped to a greater depth than the downdip sections. The uppermost Campanian, all of the lowermost Maastrichtian, and the basal upper Maastrichtian sediments are missing from the study area.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Micropaleontology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/48.1.31","issn":"00262803","usgsCitation":"Self-Trail J.M., 2002, Trends in late Maastrichtian calcareous nannofossil distribution patterns, Western North Atlantic margin: Micropaleontology, v. 48, no. 1, p. 31-52, https://doi.org/10.2113/48.1.31.","startPage":"31","endPage":"52","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207686,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/48.1.31"},{"id":232844,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb7ece4b08c986b327581","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Self-Trail J.M.","contributorId":128180,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Self-Trail J.M.","id":535150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70024433,"text":"70024433 - 2002 - Holocene vegetation and climate history of the northern Bighorn Basin, southern Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:18","indexId":"70024433","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene vegetation and climate history of the northern Bighorn Basin, southern Montana","docAbstract":"Records of Holocene vegetation and climate change at low elevations (<2000 m) are rare in the central Rocky Mountain region. We developed a record of Holocene vegetation and climate change from 55 14C-dated woodrat middens at two low-elevation sites (1275 to 1590 m, currently vegetated by Juniperus osteosperma woodlands, in the northern Bighorn Basin. Macrofossil and pollen analyses show that the early Holocene was cooler than today, with warming and drying in the middle Holocene. During the Holocene, boreal (Juniperus communis, J. horizontalis) and montane species (J. scopulorum) were replaced by a Great Basin species (J. osteosperma). J. osteosperma colonized the east side of the Pryor Mountains 4700 14C yr B.P. Downward movement of lower treeline indicates wetter conditions between 4400 and 2700 14C yr B.P. Increased aridity after 2700 14C yr B.P. initiated expansion of J. osteosperma from the east to west side of the Pryor Mountains. ?? 2002 University of Washington.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.2002.2342","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Lyford, M., Betancourt, J., and Jackson, S., 2002, Holocene vegetation and climate history of the northern Bighorn Basin, southern Montana: Quaternary Research, v. 58, no. 2, p. 171-181, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2002.2342.","startPage":"171","endPage":"181","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207016,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2002.2342"},{"id":231549,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31f9e4b0c8380cd5e3f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lyford, M.E.","contributorId":33883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyford","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Betancourt, J.L. 0000-0002-7165-0743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":87505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":401256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jackson, S.T.","contributorId":90072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024430,"text":"70024430 - 2002 - Plume-driven plumbing and crustal formation in Iceland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-02T15:26:56.720626","indexId":"70024430","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Plume-driven plumbing and crustal formation in Iceland","docAbstract":"Through combination of surface wave and body wave constraints we derive a three-dimensional (3-D) crustal S velocity model and Moho map for Iceland. It reveals a vast plumbing system feeding mantle plume melt into upper crustal magma chambers where crustal formation takes place. The method is based on the partitioned waveform inversion to which we add additional observations. Love waves from six local events recorded on the HOTSPOT- SIL networks are fitted, Sn travel times from the same events measured, previous observations of crustal thickness are added, and all three sets of constraints simultaneously inverted for our 3-D model. In the upper crust (0–15 km) an elongated low-velocity region extends along the length of the Northern, Eastern and Western Neovolcanic Zones. The lowest velocities (−7%) are found at 5–10 km below the two most active volcanic complexes: Hekla and Bárdarbunga-Grímsvötn. In the lower crust (>15 km) the low-velocity region can be represented as a vertical cylinder beneath central Iceland. The low-velocity structure is interpreted as the thermal halo of pipe work which connects the region of melt generation in the uppermost mantle beneath central Iceland to active volcanoes along the neovolcanic zones. Crustal thickness in Iceland varies from 15–20 km beneath the Reykjanes Peninsula, Krafla and the extinct Snæfellsnes rift zone, to 46 km beneath central Iceland. The average crustal thickness is 29 km. The variations in thickness can be explained in terms of the temporal variation in plume productivity over the last ∼20 Myr, the Snæfellsnes rift zone being active during a minimum in plume productivity. Variations in crustal thickness do not depart significantly from an isostatically predicted crustal thickness. The best fit linear isostatic relation implies an average density jump of 4% across the Moho. Rare earth element inversions of basalt compositions on Iceland suggest a melt thickness (i.e., crustal thickness) of 15–20 km, given passive upwelling. The observed crustal thickness of up to 46 km implies active fluxing of source material through the melt zone by the mantle plume at up to 3 times the passive rate.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB000584","usgsCitation":"Allen, R.M., Nolet, G., Morgan, W.J., Vogfjord, K., Nettles, M., Ekstrom, G., Bergsson, B.H., Erlendsson, P., Foulger, G., Jakobsdottir, S., Julian, B., Pritchard, M., Ragnarsson, S., and Stefansson, R., 2002, Plume-driven plumbing and crustal formation in Iceland: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 107, no. B8, p. ESE 4-1-ESE 4-19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000584.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"ESE 4-1","endPage":"ESE 4-19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478757,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1620680","text":"External Repository"},{"id":231616,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Iceland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -18.10546875,\n 63.3324127919358\n ],\n [\n -14.2822265625,\n 64.32087157990324\n ],\n [\n -13.18359375,\n 65.25670649344259\n ],\n [\n -14.809570312499998,\n 66.4957404570233\n ],\n [\n -16.435546875,\n 66.65297740055279\n ],\n [\n -17.1826171875,\n 66.37275500247455\n ],\n [\n -20.5224609375,\n 66.19600891267761\n ],\n [\n -22.8955078125,\n 66.56574650920786\n ],\n [\n -24.8291015625,\n 65.60387765860433\n ],\n [\n -24.0380859375,\n 64.64270382119375\n ],\n [\n -23.027343749999996,\n 63.74363097533544\n ],\n [\n -18.6328125,\n 63.25341156651705\n ],\n [\n -18.10546875,\n 63.3324127919358\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-08-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c95e4b0c8380cd79a7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, R. 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The selection of sampling sites was biased toward streams susceptible to contamination (i.e. downstream of intense urbanization and livestock production). OWCs were prevalent during this study, being found in 80% of the streams sampled. The compounds detected represent a wide range of residential, industrial, and agricultural origins and uses with 82 of the 95 OWCs being found during this study. The most frequently detected compounds were coprostanol (fecal steroid), cholesterol (plant and animal steroid), N,N-diethyltoluamide (insect repellant), caffeine (stimulant), triclosan (antimicrobial disinfectant), tri(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (fire retardant), and 4-nonylphenol (nonionic detergent metabolite). Measured concentrations for this study were generally low and rarely exceeded drinking-water guidelines, drinking-water health advisories, or aquatic-life criteria. Many compounds, however, do not have such guidelines established. The detection of multiple OWCs was common for this study, with a median of seven and as many as 38 OWCs being found in a given water sample. Little is known about the potential interactive effects (such as synergistic or antagonistic toxicity) that may occur from complex mixtures of OWCs in the environment. In addition, results of this study demonstrate the importance of obtaining data on metabolites to fully understand not only the fate and transport of OWCs in the hydrologic system but also their ultimate overall effect on human health and the environment.
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]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-03-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a786fe4b0c8380cd786cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolpin, D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Furlong, E. T. 0000-0002-7305-4603","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":98346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"E. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meyer, M. T.","contributorId":92279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zaugg, S.D.","contributorId":82811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaugg","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Barber, L. B.","contributorId":64602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Buxton, H. T.","contributorId":67873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buxton","given":"H. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":1000956,"text":"1000956 - 2002 - Comparisons of likelihood and machine learning methods of individual classification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T09:56:38","indexId":"1000956","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2333,"text":"Journal of Heredity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparisons of likelihood and machine learning methods of individual classification","docAbstract":"Classification methods used in machine learning (e.g., artificial neural networks, decision trees, and k-nearest neighbor clustering) are rarely used with population genetic data. We compare different nonparametric machine learning techniques with parametric likelihood estimations commonly employed in population genetics for purposes of assigning individuals to their population of origin (“assignment tests”). Classifier accuracy was compared across simulated data sets representing different levels of population differentiation (low and high FST), number of loci surveyed (5 and 10), and allelic diversity (average of three or eight alleles per locus). Empirical data for the lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) exhibiting levels of population differentiation comparable to those used in simulations were examined to further evaluate and compare classification methods. Classification error rates associated with artificial neural networks and likelihood estimators were lower for simulated data sets compared to k-nearest neighbor and decision tree classifiers over the entire range of parameters considered. Artificial neural networks only marginally outperformed the likelihood method for simulated data (0–2.8% lower error rates). The relative performance of each machine learning classifier improved relative likelihood estimators for empirical data sets, suggesting an ability to “learn” and utilize properties of empirical genotypic arrays intrinsic to each population. Likelihood-based estimation methods provide a more accessible option for reliable assignment of individuals to the population of origin due to the intricacies in development and evaluation of artificial neural networks.
\nIn recent years, characterization of highly polymorphic molecular markers such as mini- and microsatellites and development of novel methods of analysis have enabled researchers to extend investigations of ecological and evolutionary processes below the population level to the level of individuals (e.g., Bowcock et al. 1994; Estoup and Angers 1998; Jarne and Lagoda 1996). Analyses of individual-based genotypic information could substantially improve our understanding of evolutionary phenomena and contribute to effective management of natural populations (review inBernatchez and Duchesne 2000). The use of individual-based methods remained largely unexplored in animal populations until recently due to a lack of highly polymorphic markers (Bernatchez and Duchesne 2000;Smouse and Chevillon 1998). Traditional analytical methods in population genetics rely almost exclusively on descriptors of genetic characterizations of populations (Bernatchez and Duchesne 2000) and not on individual genotypes.
\n“Assignment tests” are designed to determine population membership for individuals. One particular application based on a likelihood estimate (LE) was introduced by Paetkau et al. (1995; see also Vásquez-Domínguez et al. 2001) to assign an individual to the population of origin on the basis of multilocus genotype and expectations of observing this genotype in each potential source population. The LE approach can be implemented statistically in a Bayesian framework as a convenient way to evaluate hypotheses of plausible genealogical relationships (e.g., that an individual possesses an ancestor in another population) (Dawson and Belkhir 2001;Pritchard et al. 2000; Rannala and Mountain 1997). Other studies have evaluated the confidence of the assignment (Almudevar 2000) and characteristics of genotypic data (e.g., degree of population divergence, number of loci, number of individuals, number of alleles) that lead to greater population assignment (Bernatchez and Duchesne 2000; Cornuet et al. 1999; Haig et al. 1997; Shriver et al. 1997; Smouse and Chevillon 1998). Main statistical and conceptual differences between methods leading to the use of an assignment test are given in, for example,Cornuet et al. (1999) and Rosenberg et al. (2001). However, the relative power of those tests has certainly not been fully appreciated and empirical comparisons are scarce (Eldridge et al. 2001). Assignment tests can also be considered as surrogates at the individual level (sensu Hansen et al. 2001a) for other statistical tools developed earlier, such as mixed-stock analysis (e.g., Pella and Masuda 2001; Pella and Milner 1987). Detailed theoretical comparison of the interests and limitations of both methods are still lacking, but empirical studies have revealed correlations between outputs of methods (Knutsen et al. 2001; Potvin and Bernatchez 2001).
\nAssignment tests have been widely used in different applications, including determination of degree of population differentiation or to establish the relationship among individuals within and among various taxonomic groupings (e.g., Bogdanowicz et al. 1997; Koskinen et al. 2001;Marshall et al. 2000; Müller 2000; Neraas and Spruell 2001; Nielsen et al. 2001b; Polzhien et al. 2000; Primmer et al. 1999; Roeder et al. 2001;Roques et al. 1999; Schulte-Hostedde et al. 2001; Sefc et al. 2000; Spidle et al. 2001; Vásquez-Domínguez et al. 2001), including hybrids (e.g.,Beaumont et al. 2001; Congiu et al. 2001; Randi et al. 2001), introgressed individuals (e.g., Martinez et al. 2001; Randi and Lucchini 2002), and ecotypes (e.g., Taylor et al. 2000). Applications of assignment tests also include [human] forensics (e.g., Evett and Weir 1998; Primmer et al. 2000), identification and/or source of dispersers (e.g., Davies et al. 1999;Eldridge et al. 2001; Galbusera et al. 2000; Petersson et al. 2001; Tsutsui et al. 2001; Vasemägi et al. 2001), phylogeographical analyses (e.g., King et al. 2001; Zeisset and Beebee 2001), and the evaluation of the contribution of stocked individuals to natural populations (e.g., Fritzner et al. 2001; Hansen et al. 2000, 2001b) and of supportive breeding programs (Nielsen et al. 2001a; Olsen et al. 2000). Fish are among the organisms that have received considerable attention using such tools (see Hansen et al. [2001a] for a review). Moreover, these techniques are now used for profiles of traits outside the limited scope of population genetics (Thorrold et al. 2001).
\nMethods of classification vary widely based on several criteria (e.g., Jain et al. 2000) (Figure 1). Two basic classification processes are traditionally recognized in machine learning: supervised classifiers and unsupervisedclassifiers (Figure 1; e.g., Duda et al. 2000; Jain et al. 2000). Supervised classifiers represent a group of methods whereby individual assignment is made to predefined classes (i.e., populations of origin). Unsupervised classification classes are unknown and are defined a posteriori on the basis of the degree of difference or similarity in attributes characterized from sampled individuals. Clustering methods (e.g., multidimensional scaling, principal component analysis) are examples of unsupervised classification.
\nApplications of assignment testing in population genetics first used supervised parametric likelihood-based approaches (Figure 1). Other machine learning classification methods are widely used in the physical and social sciences and in other biological disciplines (e.g. Boddy et al. 2000; Leung and Tran 2000; Manel et al. 1999; Raymer et al. 1997). Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are a popular technique used in machine learning (e.g., Boddy and Morris 1999; Duda et al. 2000; Lek and Guégan 2000; Ripley 1996). However, while recognized (Hansen et al. 2001a), ANN methods rarely have been employed for population genetics applications (Aurelle 1999; Aurelle et al. 1999; Cornuet et al. 1996; Curtis et al. 2001;Giraudel et al. 2000; Grigull et al. 2001; Taylor et al. 1994; Whitler et al. 1994). Other popular classification methods in machine learning, such as decision trees (e.g., Bell 1996, 1999; Duda et al. 2000; Mitchell 1997) andk-nearest neighbor analysis (k-NN; e.g., Dasarathy 1991; Duda et al. 2000) have yet to be applied in population genetics (Figure 1). Moreover, there has not been a directed effort to compare machine learning methodologies with the likelihood-based procedures widely used in population genetics. Cornuet et al. (1996) compared the relative merits of ANNs to discriminant analysis in an empirical study involving different populations and subspecies of honeybee (Apis mellifera). However, they did not compare LE and ANN supervised classifiers. Aurelle (1999) used the approach of Rannala and Mountain (1997) (Figure 1) and ANN analysis using brown trout (Salmo trutta) microsatellite data; however, he did not provide a direct comparison of classification results or accuracies. Hansen et al. (2001a) briefly presented ANNs, but rejected their use without really testing their ability to classify individuals.
\nThe objective of this article is to describe several of the more widely used machine learning classifiers that may have utility when used with empirical population genetics data. We compare likelihood-based “assignment tests” (Paetkau et al. 1995) with supervised machine learning classifiers including ANN, decision tree, and a k-NN clustering. Simulations were conducted which estimated and compared the assignment accuracy associated with different classifiers using ranges of parameter values (number of loci, allelic diversity, and interpopulation variance in allele frequency) typically encountered in natural populations. Comparative analyses were extended to empirical examples using lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush; Salmonidae).
\n","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Journals","doi":"10.1093/jhered/93.4.260","usgsCitation":"Guinand, B., Topchy, A., Page, K., Burnham-Curtis, M.K., Punch, W., and Scribner, K., 2002, Comparisons of likelihood and machine learning methods of individual classification: Journal of Heredity, v. 93, no. 4, p. 260-269, https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/93.4.260.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"260","endPage":"269","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478681,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/93.4.260","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133619,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa690","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guinand, B.","contributorId":6020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guinand","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Topchy, A.","contributorId":64619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Topchy","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Page, K.S.","contributorId":47332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burnham-Curtis, M. K.","contributorId":39328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham-Curtis","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Punch, W.F.","contributorId":38945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Punch","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Scribner, K.T.","contributorId":97033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scribner","given":"K.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":1001790,"text":"1001790 - 2002 - The importance of replication in wildlife research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-10T15:15:27.470566","indexId":"1001790","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The importance of replication in wildlife research","docAbstract":"Wildlife ecology and management studies have been widely criticized for deficiencies in design or analysis. Manipulative experiments--with controls, randomization, and replication in space and time--provide powerful ways of learning about natural systems and establishing causal relationships, but such studies are rare in our field. Observational studies and sample surveys are more common; they also require appropriate design and analysis. More important than the design and analysis of individual studies is metareplication: replication of entire studies. Similar conclusions obtained from studies of the same phenomenon conducted under widely differing conditions will give us greater confidence in the generality of those findings than would any single study, however well designed and executed.","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3802926","usgsCitation":"Johnson, D.H., 2002, The importance of replication in wildlife research: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 66, no. 4, p. 919-932, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802926.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"919","endPage":"932","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133858,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db62781a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":70327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1001819,"text":"1001819 - 2002 - Floristic quality assessment of one natural and three restored wetland complexes in North Dakota, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T12:07:58","indexId":"1001819","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Floristic quality assessment of one natural and three restored wetland complexes in North Dakota, USA","docAbstract":"
Floristic quality assessment is potentially an important tool for conservation efforts in the northern Great Plains of North America, but it has received little rigorous evaluation. Floristic quality assessments rely on coefficients assigned to each plant species of a region’s flora based on the conservatism of each species relative to others in the region. These “coefficients of conservatism” (C values) are assigned by a panel of experts familiar with a region’s flora. The floristic quality assessment method has faced some criticism due to the subjective nature of these assignments. To evaluate the effect of this subjectivity on floristic quality assessments, we performed separate evaluations of the native plant communities in a natural wetland complex and three restored wetland complexes. In our first assessment, we used C values assigned “subjectively” by the Northern Great Plains Floristic Quality Assessment Panel. We then performed an independent assessment using the observed distributions of species among a group of wetlands that ranged from highly disturbed to largely undisturbed (data-generated C values). Using the panel-assigned C values, mean C values (
Lake sturgeon Acipenser fluvescens, which are now protected from harvest, are considered rare in the upper Mississippi River and little information is available on the remaining populations. Transmitters were implanted into 31 lake sturgeon from two sites in the upper Mississippi River to describe their habitats and movement. The areas surrounding the tagging sites were core areas for both groups of lake sturgeon based on the high use (about 50% of locations by group) and frequent return to these areas by many of the tagged fish. Core areas contained sites with unique hydraulic characteristics, such that depositional substrates were common yet flow was present; these areas probably provide important feeding habitat for lake sturgeon. Minimal geographical overlap in range occurred between groups, suggesting that river reaches and associated core areas were unique to groups or substocks of fish. Lake sturgeon exhibited complex movement behaviors and had ranges of 3-198 km (median, 56 km) during the study. Tagged fish moved both downstream and upstream through upper Mississippi River navigation dams. However, dams appeared to be intermittent barriers to upstream passage because upstream passage events (10 fish, 19 passages) were fewer than downstream events (13 fish, 35 passages). Extensive use of the Wisconsin River by one group of lake sturgeon tagged in the upper Mississippi River has implications regarding management of a threatened population that transcends regulatory boundaries. Our study indicates that lake sturgeon in the upper Mississippi River system share many movement and habitat use characteristics with populations in other systems. However, significant data gaps preclude development of cogent management strategies, including information on population numbers and dynamics, identification of spawning areas, relations between groups, and assessment of the effects of commercial navigation.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131%3C0507:HAMOLS%3E2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Knights, B.C., Vallazza, J.M., Zigler, S.J., and Dewey, M.R., 2002, Habitat and movement of lake sturgeon in the upper Mississippi River system, USA: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 131, no. 3, p. 507-522, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131%3C0507:HAMOLS%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"507","endPage":"522","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128491,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"lower Wisconsin River, upper Mississippi River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.28515625,\n 42.779275360241904\n ],\n [\n -90.054931640625,\n 42.779275360241904\n ],\n [\n -90.054931640625,\n 44.402391829093915\n ],\n [\n -92.28515625,\n 44.402391829093915\n ],\n [\n -92.28515625,\n 42.779275360241904\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"131","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae29c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knights, Brent C. 0000-0001-8526-8468 bknights@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8526-8468","contributorId":2906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knights","given":"Brent","email":"bknights@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":312392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vallazza, Jonathon M.","contributorId":23098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallazza","given":"Jonathon","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zigler, Steven J. 0000-0002-4153-0652 szigler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4153-0652","contributorId":2410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zigler","given":"Steven","email":"szigler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":312391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dewey, Michael R.","contributorId":9994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dewey","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":93867,"text":"93867 - 2002 - Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-05T10:30:37","indexId":"93867","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow","docAbstract":"Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on grassland birds were summarized from information in more than 5,500 published and unpublished papers. A range map is provided to indicate the relative densities of the species in North America, based on Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data. Although birds frequently are observed outside the breeding range indicated, the maps are intended to show areas where managers might concentrate their attention. It may be ineffectual to manage habitat at a site for a species that rarely occurs in an area. The species account begins with a brief capsule statement, which provides the fundamental components or keys to management for the species. A section on breeding range outlines the current breeding distribution of the species in North America, including areas that could not be mapped using BBS data. The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species, especially those habitats that occur in the Great Plains. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. A special section on prey habitat is included for those predatory species that have more specific prey requirements. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) is an obligate brood parasite of many grassland birds. The section on cowbird brood parasitism summarizes rates of cowbird parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species' nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species' response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes specific recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. If management recommendations differ in different portions of the species' breeding range, recommendations are given separately by region. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; for a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of grassland birds and their responses to habitat management, use the Grassland and Wetland Birds Bibliography on the home page of this resource.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Effects of management practices on grassland birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","doi":"10.3133/93867","usgsCitation":"Dechant, J., Sondreal, M.L., Johnson, D.H., Igl, L.D., Goldade, C., Rabie, P.A., and Euliss, B., 2002, Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/93867.","productDescription":"12 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292285,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/93867.PNG"},{"id":312440,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/93867/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67ec9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dechant, Jill A. 0000-0003-3172-0708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3172-0708","contributorId":103984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dechant","given":"Jill A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":298136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sondreal, Marriah L.","contributorId":73532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sondreal","given":"Marriah","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641 douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":1387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":298130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Igl, Lawrence D. 0000-0003-0530-7266 ligl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0530-7266","contributorId":2381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Igl","given":"Lawrence","email":"ligl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":298131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goldade, Christopher M.","contributorId":90668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldade","given":"Christopher M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rabie, Paul A. 0000-0003-4364-2268","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4364-2268","contributorId":74328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rabie","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":298134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Euliss, Betty R.","contributorId":58218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"Betty R.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":298132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":44921,"text":"wri024226 - 2002 - Magnitude and extent of arsenic and thallium concentrations in ground water and sediments at the Charleston Naval Complex, North Charleston, South Carolina, 1994-99","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-09T15:28:58","indexId":"wri024226","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4226","title":"Magnitude and extent of arsenic and thallium concentrations in ground water and sediments at the Charleston Naval Complex, North Charleston, South Carolina, 1994-99","docAbstract":"Water-quality samples were collected quarterly\nduring 1994-99 from 604 wells screened in the\nsurficial aquifer system beneath the Charleston Naval\nComplex, North Charleston, South Carolina. Arsenic\nand thallium were selected for analysis because\nconcentrations of these metals in some wells\nconsistently exceeded the established (2001) drinking water\nmaximum contaminant levels of 10 and\n2 micrograms per liter, respectively. The analysis was\nconducted to determine the magnitude and spatial\ndistribution of arsenic and thallium in ground water at\nthe Charleston Naval Complex and to quantify arsenic\nand thallium concentrations in a dated sediment core\nfrom Shipyard Creek marsh near the southern\nboundary of the Naval Complex.\nThe surficial aquifer system beneath the\nCharleston Naval Complex consists of an unconfined\nupper surficial aquifer and a confined lower surficial\naquifer. Hydraulic connection between the two aquifers\nis limited or nonexistent throughout the system at the\nNaval Complex. The Charleston Naval Complex is\ndivided into nine operational units designated as zones\nA through I. Arsenic and thallium concentration data\nwere compiled and interpreted for the two surficial\naquifers within each zone.\nMean arsenic (n=603) and thallium (n=604)\nconcentrations were calculated for water samples from\neach well screened in the upper and lower surficial\naquifers. In the upper surficial aquifer, mean arsenic\nconcentrations ranged from 0.9 to 339 micrograms\nper liter and exceeded 10 micrograms per liter in\n29 percent of the wells. In the lower surficial aquifer,\nmean arsenic concentrations ranged from 1.0 to\n97.4 micrograms per liter and exceeded 10 micrograms\nper liter in 23 percent of the wells. The greatest number\nof water samples with mean arsenic concentrations\nexceeding 10 micrograms per liter were collected from\nwells in the upper surficial aquifer at zone E in the\nnorthwestern part of the study area.\nWell clusters, defined as three or more wells in\na solid-waste management unit or area of concern,\nwhere the mean arsenic concentration exceeded\n10 micrograms per liter, were identified in association\nwith 12 sites in the upper surficial aquifer-solid-waste\nmanagement unit 039 (a drum-storage area) in zone A;\nsolid-waste management units 044 (coal-storage area)\nand 047 (burning dump) in zone C; solid-waste\nmanagement unit 065 (lead-storage area) and area of\nconcern 556 (dry docks 3 and 4) in zone E; areas of\nconcern 609 (building 1346 gas station) and 613\n(locomotive shop) in zone F; solid-waste management\nunits 006 (public works storage yard) and 008 (oil\nsludge pit), and area of concern 709 (fuel-delivery\nsystem wells 12, 13, and 14) in zone G; and solid-waste\nmanagement units 009 (closed landfill) and 196 (south\nlandfill) in zone H. One well cluster was identified in\nthe lower surficial aquifer in association with solidwaste\nmanagement unit 009 (closed landfill) in zone H.\nMean thallium concentrations in water from all\nwells ranged from less than 1.6 to 32.6 micrograms per\nliter in water samples from the upper surficial aquifer,\nand from less than 1.6 to 67.7 micrograms per liter in\nwater samples from the lower surficial aquifer. Mean\nthallium concentrations equal to or greater than\n10 micrograms per liter were present in water samples\nfrom 21 of 604 wells (3.5 percent). Of the 21 wells,\n14 wells were located at solid-waste management unit\n009 (closed landfill) in zone H near Shipyard Creek,\n8 wells in the upper aquifer, and 6 wells in the lower aquifer. One well cluster where thallium exceeded\n10 micrograms per liter was identified in association\nwith solid-waste management unit 009 (closed landfill)\nin the upper surficial aquifer.\nMean arsenic and thallium concentrations in\nwater were calculated for all wells screened in one\naquifer and located in a single zone, and are referred to\nas zone mean concentration in this report. Zone mean\narsenic concentrations in all nine zones ranged from\n3.2 to 18 micrograms per liter in water samples from\nthe upper surficial aquifer and from 2.7 to 22 micrograms\nper liter in water samples from the lower\nsurficial aquifer. Zone mean thallium concentrations in\nall nine zones ranged from 3.2 to 13 micrograms per\nliter in water samples from the upper surficial aquifer\nand from 3.2 to 14 micrograms per liter in water\nsamples from the lower surficial aquifer.\nGround-water samples rarely had elevated\n(equal to or greater than 10 micrograms per liter)\nconcentrations of both arsenic and thallium. Water\nsamples had coincident elevated arsenic and thallium\nconcentrations in 10 wells in zone H, 1 well in zone A,\nand 1 well in zone B.\nSediment quality at Shipyard Creek marsh was\ninvestigated by collecting an 11.8-foot -long sediment\ncore (SYC-1) adjacent to zone I. The mean arsenic\nconcentration in sediment samples from SYC-1\n(n= 160) was 3.05 milligrams per kilogram plus or\nminus 0.92. The mean arsenic concentration and\nstandard deviation calculated for SYC-1 sediment\nsamples fall within the standard error for the\nbackground mean arsenic concentration reported for\nSouth Carolina sediments (1.5 milligrams per kilogram\nplus or minus 2. 7). All but one sample (core depth\n=50 inches) was less than the threshold-effects level of\n7.24 milligrams per kilogram. Acid extracts of the\nsediment samples were analyzed for thallium\nconcentration, but none were detected. These data\nindicate no obvious change in arsenic or thallium\nconcentrations with depth in the core.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Columbia, SC","doi":"10.3133/wri024226","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Southern Division Naval Facilities Engineering Command","usgsCitation":"Mirecki, J.E., and Falls, W.F., 2002, Magnitude and extent of arsenic and thallium concentrations in ground water and sediments at the Charleston Naval Complex, North Charleston, South Carolina, 1994-99: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4226, Report: v, 37 p.;. Plate 1: 33.12 inches x 42.37 inches; Plate 2: 32.76 inches x 42.26 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024226.","productDescription":"Report: v, 37 p.;. Plate 1: 33.12 inches x 42.37 inches; Plate 2: 32.76 inches x 42.26 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162166,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri024226.jpg"},{"id":286077,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4226/report.pdf"},{"id":286075,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4226/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":286076,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4226/plate-2.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Charleston","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.973339,32.829574 ], [ -79.973339,32.871134 ], [ -79.934701,32.871134 ], [ -79.934701,32.829574 ], [ -79.973339,32.829574 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6494f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mirecki, June Elizabeth","contributorId":48225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mirecki","given":"June","email":"","middleInitial":"Elizabeth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Falls, W. Fred 0000-0003-2928-9795 wffalls@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2928-9795","contributorId":107754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falls","given":"W.","email":"wffalls@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Fred","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70004990,"text":"70004990 - 2001 - After site selection and before data analysis: sampling, sorting, and laboratory procedures used in stream benthic macroinvertebrate monitoring programs by USA state agencies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-04T09:28:35","indexId":"70004990","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2564,"text":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","onlineIssn":"1937-237X","printIssn":"0887-3593","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"After site selection and before data analysis: sampling, sorting, and laboratory procedures used in stream benthic macroinvertebrate monitoring programs by USA state agencies","docAbstract":"A survey of methods used by US state agencies for collecting and processing benthic macroinvertebrate samples from streams was conducted by questionnaire; 90 responses were received and used to describe trends in methods. The responses represented an estimated 13,000-15,000 samples collected and processed per year. Kicknet devices were used in 64.5% of the methods; other sampling devices included fixed-area samplers (Surber and Hess), artificial substrates (Hester-Dendy and rock baskets), grabs, and dipnets. Regional differences existed, e.g., the 1-m kicknet was used more often in the eastern US than in the western US. Mesh sizes varied among programs but 80.2% of the methods used a mesh size between 500 and 600 (mu or u)m. Mesh size variations within US Environmental Protection Agency regions were large, with size differences ranging from 100 to 700 (mu or u)m. Most samples collected were composites; the mean area sampled was 1.7 m2. Samples rarely were collected using a random method (4.7%); most samples (70.6%) were collected using \"expert opinion\", which may make data obtained operator-specific. Only 26.3% of the methods sorted all the organisms from a sample; the remainder subsampled in the laboratory. The most common method of subsampling was to remove 100 organisms (range = 100-550). The magnification used for sorting ranged from 1 (sorting by eye) to 30x, which results in inconsistent separation of macroinvertebrates from detritus. In addition to subsampling, 53% of the methods sorted large/rare organisms from a sample. The taxonomic level used for identifying organisms varied among taxa; Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera were generally identified to a finer taxonomic resolution (genus and species) than other taxa. Because there currently exists a large range of field and laboratory methods used by state programs, calibration among all programs to increase data comparability would be exceptionally challenging. However, because many techniques are shared among methods, limited testing could be designed to evaluate whether procedural differences affect the ability to determine levels of environmental impairment using benthic macroinvertebrate communities.","language":"English","publisher":"North American Benthological Society","doi":"10.2307/1468095","usgsCitation":"Carter, J.L., and Resh, V.H., 2001, After site selection and before data analysis: sampling, sorting, and laboratory procedures used in stream benthic macroinvertebrate monitoring programs by USA state agencies: Journal of the North American Benthological Society, v. 20, no. 4, p. 658-682, https://doi.org/10.2307/1468095.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"658","endPage":"682","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":665,"text":"Western Region Center- Menlo Park","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203979,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689c28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, James L. 0000-0002-0104-9776 jlcarter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0104-9776","contributorId":3278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"James","email":"jlcarter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Resh, Vincent H.","contributorId":12169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Resh","given":"Vincent","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":31569,"text":"ofr2001480 - 2001 - High resolution study of petroleum source rock variation, Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian and Barremian) of Mikkelsen Bay, North Slope, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:12","indexId":"ofr2001480","displayToPublicDate":"2002-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-480","title":"High resolution study of petroleum source rock variation, Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian and Barremian) of Mikkelsen Bay, North Slope, Alaska","docAbstract":"Open File Report 01-480 was designed as a large format poster for the Annual Meeting of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists and the Society for Sedimentary Geology in Denver Colorado in June 2001. It is reproduced here in digital format to make widely available some unique images of mudstones. The images include description, interpretation, and Rock-Eval data that resulted from a high-resolution study of petroleum source rock variation of the Lower Cretaceous succession of the Mobil-Phillips Mikkelsen Bay State #1 well on the North Slope of Alaska. Our mudstone samples with Rock-Eval data plus color images are significant because they come from one of the few continuously cored and complete intervals of the Lower Cretaceous succession on the North Slope. This succession, which is rarely preserved in outcrop and very rarely cored in the subsurface, is considered to include important petroleum source rocks that have not previously been described nor explained \r\n\r\nAnother reason these images are unique is that the lithofacies variability within mudstone dominated successions is relatively poorly known in comparison with that observed in coarser clastic and carbonate successions. They are also among the first published scans of thin sections of mudstone, and are of excellent quality because the sections are well made, cut perpendicular to bedding, and unusually thin, 20 microns. For each of 15 samples, we show a thin section scan (cm scale) and an optical photomicrograph (mm scale) that illustrates the variability present. Several backscattered SEM images are also shown. Rock-Eval data for the samples can be compared with the textures and mineralogy present by correlating sample numbers and core depth. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr2001480","usgsCitation":"Keller, M.A., Macquaker, J., and Lillis, P.G., 2001, High resolution study of petroleum source rock variation, Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian and Barremian) of Mikkelsen Bay, North Slope, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-480, 3 over-size sheets, 48 x 24 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2001480.","productDescription":"3 over-size sheets, 48 x 24 inches","costCenters":[{"id":647,"text":"Western Earth Surface Processes","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161108,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8868,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/of01-480/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db68898e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keller, Margaret A. mkeller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Margaret","email":"mkeller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":206416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Macquaker, Joe H.S.","contributorId":21596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macquaker","given":"Joe H.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lillis, Paul G. 0000-0002-7508-1699 plillis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7508-1699","contributorId":1817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lillis","given":"Paul","email":"plillis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":206417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30956,"text":"wri014139 - 2001 - An evaluation of borehole flowmeters used to measure horizontal ground-water flow in limestones of Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee, 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-15T08:57:07","indexId":"wri014139","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4139","displayTitle":"An evaluation of borehole flowmeters used to measure horizontal ground-water flow in limestones of Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee, 1999","title":"An evaluation of borehole flowmeters used to measure horizontal ground-water flow in limestones of Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee, 1999","docAbstract":"Three borehole flowmeters and hydrophysical logging were used to measure ground-water flow in carbonate bedrock at sites in southeastern Indiana and on the west-central border of Kentucky and Tennessee. The three flowmeters make point measurements of the direction and magnitude of horizontal flow, and hydrophysical logging measures the magnitude of horizontal flowover an interval. The directional flowmeters evaluated include a horizontal heat-pulse flowmeter, an acoustic Doppler velocimeter, and a colloidal borescope flowmeter. Each method was used to measure flow in selected zones where previous geophysical logging had indicated water-producing beds, bedding planes, or other permeable features that made conditions favorable for horizontal-flow measurements.
Background geophysical logging indicated that ground-water production from the Indiana test wells was characterized by inflow from a single, 20-foot-thick limestone bed. The Kentucky/Tennessee test wells produced water from one or more bedding planes where geophysical logs indicated the bedding planes had been enlarged by dissolution. Two of the three test wells at the latter site contained measurable vertical flow between two or more bedding planes under ambient hydraulic head conditions.
Field measurements and data analyses for each flow-measurement technique were completed by a developer of the technology or by a contractor with extensive experience in the application of that specific technology. Comparison of the horizontal-flow measurements indicated that the three point-measurement techniques rarely measured the same velocities and flow directions at the same measurement stations. Repeat measurements at selected depth stations also failed to consistently reproduce either flow direction, flow magnitude, or both. At a few test stations, two of the techniques provided similar flow magnitude or direction but usually not both. Some of this variability may be attributed to naturally occurring changes in hydraulic conditions during the 1-month study period in August and September 1999. The actual velocities and flow directions are unknown; therefore, it is uncertain which technique provided the most accurate measurements of horizontal flow in the boreholes and which measurements were most representative of flow in the aquifers.
The horizontal heat-pulse flowmeter consistently yielded flow magnitudes considerably less than those provided by the acoustic Doppler velocimeter and colloidal borescope. The design of the horizontal heat-pulse flowmeter compensates for the local acceleration of ground-water velocity in the open borehole. The magnitude of the velocities estimated from the hydrophysical logging were comparable to those of the horizontal heat-pulse flowmeter, presumably because the hydrophysical logging also effectively compensates for the effect of the borehole on the flow field and averages velocity over a length of borehole rather than at a point. The acoustic Doppler velocimeter and colloidal borescope have discrete sampling points that allow for measuring preferential flow velocities that can be substantially higher than the average velocity through a length of borehole. The acoustic Doppler velocimeter and colloidal borescope also measure flow at the center of the borehole where the acceleration of the flow field should be greatest.
Of the three techniques capable of measuring direction and magnitude of horizontal flow, only the acoustic Doppler velocimeter measured vertical flow. The acoustic Doppler velocimeter consistently measured downward velocity in all test wells. This apparent downward flow was attributed, in part, to particles falling through the water column as a result of mechanical disturbance during logging. Hydrophysical logging yielded estimates of vertical flow in the Kentucky/Tennessee test wells. In two of the test wells, the hydrophysical logging involved deliberate isolation of water-producing bedding planes with a packer to ensure that small horizontal flow could be quantified without the presence of vertical flow. The presence of vertical flow in the Kentucky/Tennessee test wells may preclude the definitive measurement of horizontal flow without the use of effective packer devices. None of the point-measurement techniques used a packer, but each technique used baffle devices to help suppress the vertical flow. The effectiveness of these baffle devices is not known; therefore, the effect of vertical flow on the measurements cannot be quantified.
The general lack of agreement among the point-measurement techniques in this study highlights the difficulty of using measurements at a single depth point in a borehole to characterize the average horizontal flow in a heterogeneous aquifer. The effective measurement of horizontal flow may depend on the precise depth at which measurements are made, and the measurements at a given depth may vary over time as hydraulic head conditions change. The various measurements also demonstrate that the magnitude and possibly the direction of horizontal flow are affected by the presence of the open borehole. Although there is a lack of agreement among the measurement techniques, these results could mean that effective characterization of horizontal flow in heterogeneous aquifers might be possible if data from many depth stations and from repeat measurements can be averaged over an extended time period. Complications related to vertical flow in the borehole highlights the importance of using background logging methods like vertical flowmeters or hydrophysical logging to characterize the borehole environment before horizontal-flow measurements are attempted. If vertical flow is present, a packer device may be needed to acquire definitive measurements of horizontal flow.
Because hydrophysical logging provides a complete depth profile of the borehole, a strength of this technique is in identifying horizontal- and vertical-flow zones in a well. Hydrophysical logging may be most applicable as a screening method. Horizontal- flow zones identified with the hydrophysical logging then could be evaluated with one of the point-measurement techniques for quantifying preferential flow zones and flow directions.
Additional research is needed to determine how measurements of flow in boreholes relate to flow in bedrock aquifers. The flowmeters may need to be evaluated under controlled laboratory conditions to determine which of the methods accurately measure ground-water velocities and flow directions. Additional research also is needed to investigate variations in flow direction with time, daily changes in velocity, velocity corrections for fractured bedrock aquifers and unconsolidated aquifers, and directional differences in individual wells for hydraulically separated flow zones.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014139","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Environmental Center, Environmental Restoration Division","usgsCitation":"Wilson, J.T., Mandell, W.A., Paillet, F.L., Bayless, E.R., Hanson, R.T., Kearl, P.M., Kerfoot, W.B., Newhouse, M.W., and Pedler, W.H., 2001, An evaluation of borehole flowmeters used to measure horizontal ground-water flow in limestones of Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4139, Report: ix, 129 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014139.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 129 p.","numberOfPages":"139","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2922,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4139","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":161477,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4139/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":358653,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4139/wri20014139.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.03 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2001-4139"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee","contact":"Director, Indiana Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
5957 Lakeside Blvd.
Indianapolis, IN 46278
The availability of relevant and accurate environmental information is essential for environmental policy-makers. Recent improvements in satellite remote sensing technologies, groundbased monitors, and data access have resulted in the ability to observe and assess major atmospheric and ecological events around the world on a timely basis Each of these monitoring technologies reveals different and useful information, yet rarely are the resulting data sets used together in an integrated manner. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Global Resource Information Database (GRID) office in Sioux Falls identified an environmental issue of global interest as a test case for applying an integrated approach: the transboundary movement of atmospheric pollutants.
Transboundary movement of atmospheric pollutants has ramifications for human and environmental health, as well as economic impacts. As a result, it is the focus of many bilateral, regional, and international policy efforts. A central question with atmospheric pollutant transport is how to monitor pollutant movement and how to merge different monitoring datasets into useful information. Highly visible regional plumes of dust, smoke, and urban haze can be seen with satellite sensors, while ground-based monitoring of air pollutants such as fine particulates, SO2 , and toxics occurs at the local level. Integration of these two kinds of measurements allows the user to remotely observe large environmental effects in many areas of the world, while obtaining more detailed information from ground-based monitors. Hence, the combination of satellite-based sensor data and ground-based monitoring data promotes greater understanding of the movement of pollutants than either data set alone. Combined data sets are important for use by both scientists and international policy-makers.
A standard methodology did not exist to guide and encourage integrated use of satellite images and ground-based data to monitor and understand major pollution events, such as air pollution. Thus, a small team was assembled to develop a methodology for the integration of satellite images and ground-based data. First, we conducted a literature and project review covering past and current integrated remote and ground-based data projects, a literature search of published work, and a search of data sets and technologies that could be used in a combined form. Second, based on this search and documentation, a general methodology was developed for using integrated spaceborne and ground-based data sets, intended as a guide for general scientists and policy-makers. Third, we found an existing project that was willing to be a pilot for testing the methodology: a U.S. EPANOAA project that was using aerial and ground-based sampling to learn more about the airborne sources of mercury deposition in the Florida Everglades.
This document presents the results of the literature and project review, the complete methodology, and the outcome of the Florida Everglades pilot project.
","language":"English","publisher":"United Nations Environment Programme","usgsCitation":"Engel-Cox, J., DeFelice, T.P., and Falk, S., 2001, Transboundary movement of airborne pollutants — A methodology for integrating spaceborne images and ground based data, vii, 64 p.","productDescription":"vii, 64 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":400885,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":400884,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://na.unep.net/siouxfalls/reparchive.php"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Engel-Cox, Jill","contributorId":291949,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Engel-Cox","given":"Jill","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":843463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeFelice, Thomas P.","contributorId":103831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeFelice","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":843464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Falk, Stefan","contributorId":291950,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Falk","given":"Stefan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":843465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}