Macroinvertebrate and algal community samples were collected during a 3-year period at sites located near Guanella Pass, Colorado, to provide baseline characterization data. Water-quality sampling and habitat evaluations were used to aid in the interpretation of the biological data. The study was part of an environmental investigation for a proposed roadway reconstruction project on Guanella Pass. Discharge was strongly affected by snowmelt during May-July. Habitat scores were optimal (147-199), as determined by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Rapid Bioassessment Protocol methods. Generally, low median concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus (less than 0.02 milligram per liter) were detected at all sites. The water temperatures ranged from 0.4 to 11.2 degrees Celsius. The average pH for all sites was neutral, and specific conductivities were dilute (less than 160 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius). The median suspended-sediment concentration was less than 20 milligrams per liter at all sites. During the study, 100 macroinvertebrate taxa were identified. The dominant taxonomic groups of macroinvertebrates were Diptera (true flies), Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Plecoptera (stoneflies), and Trichoptera (caddisflies). Macroinvertebrate density ranged from 6.6 to 4,300 organisms per square meter at sampled sites. Shannon-Weaver diversity values for the macroinvertebrate samples ranged from 1.6 to 4.5. Collector-gatherers dominated the functional feeding groups at most sites. Average abundance of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) was 56.7 percent; EPT:Chironomidae ratios were greater than 2:1 for every site except during water years 1996 and 1997. Chironomids were greater than EPT at four sites in water year 1996 and at one site in water year 1997. The percentage of macroinvertebrate community similarity between site pairs varied from 0 to 80 percent. The number of algal taxa identified was 280. The dominant algal divisions, in terms of density, were Cyanophyta (blue-green algae), Chrysophyta (diatoms), Chlorophyta (green algae), Rhodophyta (red algae), and Euglenophyta (euglenoids). In general, diatom biovolumes dominated the algal assemblage, followed by blue-green algae, green algae, red algae, and euglenoids. Algal densities ranged from 3.1 X 102 to more than 4.7 X 106 cells per square centimeter, and algal biovolume ranged from 2.3 X 104 to 4.6 X 109 cells per cubic centimeter. Diversity values for diatoms ranged from 1.5 to 4.9. The pollution tolerance index (PTI) for diatoms ranged from 1.8 to 3.0. Sensitive diatoms were present at each site and ranged from 21 to 97 percent. The percentage of motile diatoms ranged from 0 to 13 percent. The presence of acid-tolerant diatoms ranged from less than 0.5 to greater than 20 percent. The percentage of community similarity between site pairs ranged from 1 to 97 percent. Overall, the biotic metrics that were evaluated during this study indicate that the macroinvertebrate and algal communities in the streams on Guanella Pass are not degraded by the existing road. Erosion may cause some localized effects but may not affect the overall health of the whole stream system. The degraded condition of Geneva Creek probably is due to natural effects as opposed to road effects. Although upper South Clear Creek, upstream from Naylor Creek, is located downstream from several sources of road runoff, the biological community at this site does not seem to be negatively affected.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0054","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Cox-Lillis, J.R., 2000, Evaluation of biological data, Guanella Pass Area, Clear Creek and Park counties, Colorado, water years 1995-97: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-54, v, 121 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0054.","productDescription":"v, 121 p. ","numberOfPages":"132","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156639,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0054/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52212,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0054/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":1522,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr00-054","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Clear Creek County, Park County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-105.6884,39.8507],[-105.6849,39.8484],[-105.6795,39.8466],[-105.6723,39.8461],[-105.6651,39.8465],[-105.6597,39.8474],[-105.6531,39.8474],[-105.6471,39.846],[-105.6334,39.8419],[-105.6298,39.8396],[-105.6274,39.8346],[-105.6239,39.8301],[-105.6191,39.8255],[-105.6119,39.8223],[-105.603,39.8196],[-105.6,39.8182],[-105.597,39.8164],[-105.5922,39.8159],[-105.5892,39.8177],[-105.5814,39.8213],[-105.579,39.8213],[-105.5778,39.8209],[-105.576,39.8186],[-105.5755,39.8109],[-105.5755,39.8036],[-105.5743,39.8018],[-105.554,39.7909],[-105.5457,39.785],[-105.5451,39.7818],[-105.5445,39.78],[-105.5434,39.7759],[-105.5392,39.7718],[-105.532,39.7681],[-105.5207,39.7654],[-105.5081,39.7631],[-105.4992,39.7603],[-105.4932,39.7584],[-105.4854,39.7566],[-105.4759,39.7566],[-105.4609,39.7551],[-105.4454,39.7528],[-105.4424,39.7528],[-105.4274,39.7532],[-105.4262,39.7527],[-105.4239,39.7518],[-105.4215,39.7482],[-105.4203,39.7454],[-105.4185,39.745],[-105.4143,39.7459],[-105.4101,39.7486],[-105.4035,39.7499],[-105.3945,39.7499],[-105.396,39.6506],[-105.3973,39.5644],[-105.4063,39.5645],[-105.4426,39.5651],[-105.4534,39.5652],[-105.4976,39.5653],[-105.5017,39.5654],[-105.5268,39.5655],[-105.5739,39.5652],[-105.6056,39.5653],[-105.6139,39.5653],[-105.6199,39.5653],[-105.7118,39.5656],[-105.7195,39.5656],[-105.7261,39.5656],[-105.8275,39.5649],[-105.8311,39.5658],[-105.8341,39.5676],[-105.8353,39.5708],[-105.8341,39.5744],[-105.8299,39.5776],[-105.8239,39.5789],[-105.8114,39.5798],[-105.8048,39.5843],[-105.8012,39.5893],[-105.7869,39.5965],[-105.7773,39.6033],[-105.7749,39.606],[-105.7761,39.6097],[-105.7796,39.6151],[-105.7808,39.621],[-105.7826,39.6278],[-105.7856,39.631],[-105.7921,39.6328],[-105.8059,39.6338],[-105.816,39.6329],[-105.8178,39.6333],[-105.8208,39.637],[-105.8238,39.6379],[-105.8303,39.637],[-105.8339,39.6374],[-105.8375,39.6392],[-105.8453,39.6442],[-105.85,39.6492],[-105.8566,39.6601],[-105.8607,39.6628],[-105.8679,39.6647],[-105.8733,39.6633],[-105.8847,39.6583],[-105.8882,39.6579],[-105.8918,39.6588],[-105.8954,39.662],[-105.899,39.6624],[-105.9062,39.662],[-105.9103,39.6624],[-105.9133,39.6633],[-105.9217,39.6729],[-105.9235,39.6765],[-105.9229,39.6792],[-105.9193,39.6851],[-105.9187,39.6869],[-105.9181,39.6887],[-105.9187,39.6924],[-105.9193,39.6946],[-105.9211,39.6969],[-105.9211,39.7005],[-105.9193,39.7069],[-105.9157,39.7109],[-105.9103,39.7155],[-105.9055,39.7205],[-105.9043,39.725],[-105.9025,39.7277],[-105.8995,39.7291],[-105.8911,39.7295],[-105.8863,39.7318],[-105.8821,39.7349],[-105.8803,39.7381],[-105.8803,39.7422],[-105.8809,39.7463],[-105.8821,39.7495],[-105.8821,39.7517],[-105.8803,39.7553],[-105.8785,39.7585],[-105.8785,39.7603],[-105.8803,39.7621],[-105.8827,39.7653],[-105.8851,39.7712],[-105.8857,39.7748],[-105.8887,39.7785],[-105.8898,39.7812],[-105.8892,39.7835],[-105.8856,39.788],[-105.8856,39.7907],[-105.8856,39.7934],[-105.885,39.7962],[-105.8814,39.7971],[-105.8737,39.797],[-105.8569,39.7961],[-105.8539,39.7948],[-105.8485,39.7898],[-105.8473,39.7884],[-105.8449,39.7884],[-105.8408,39.7884],[-105.8264,39.7861],[-105.8222,39.7861],[-105.8156,39.7879],[-105.8108,39.7906],[-105.806,39.7961],[-105.8018,39.7997],[-105.7982,39.8015],[-105.7934,39.8019],[-105.7862,39.8015],[-105.7779,39.7992],[-105.7755,39.7983],[-105.7659,39.7951],[-105.7623,39.7951],[-105.7539,39.7973],[-105.7414,39.8009],[-105.7359,39.8032],[-105.733,39.8054],[-105.7311,39.8086],[-105.7257,39.8149],[-105.7203,39.8204],[-105.7167,39.8258],[-105.7161,39.8312],[-105.7143,39.8349],[-105.7125,39.8362],[-105.7095,39.8362],[-105.7053,39.8348],[-105.7005,39.8348],[-105.6963,39.8357],[-105.6927,39.838],[-105.6909,39.8434],[-105.6903,39.847],[-105.6884,39.8507]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Clear Creek\",\"state\":\"CO\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faea5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cox-Lillis, Jennifer R.","contributorId":56680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox-Lillis","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23365,"text":"ofr95154 - 2000 - Development and testing of techniques to obtain infiltration data for unconsolidated surficial materials, Yucca Mountain area, Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:16","indexId":"ofr95154","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-154","title":"Development and testing of techniques to obtain infiltration data for unconsolidated surficial materials, Yucca Mountain area, Nye County, Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95154","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Hofmann, L.L., Guertal, W.R., and Flint, A.L., 2000, Development and testing of techniques to obtain infiltration data for unconsolidated surficial materials, Yucca Mountain area, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-154, iii, 23 p. ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95154.","productDescription":"iii, 23 p. ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156734,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0154/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52655,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0154/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db66722c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hofmann, Lon L.","contributorId":87804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofmann","given":"Lon","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guertal, William R. wguertal@usgs.gov","contributorId":3792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guertal","given":"William","email":"wguertal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":189981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flint, Alan L. 0000-0002-5118-751X aflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-751X","contributorId":1492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"aflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":189980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":22149,"text":"ofr00106 - 2000 - Seismic-reflection investigations of the Texas Springs Syncline for ground water development, Death Valley National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-07T10:29:39","indexId":"ofr00106","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-106","title":"Seismic-reflection investigations of the Texas Springs Syncline for ground water development, Death Valley National Park","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey has completed an integrated geologic and geophysical study of the Texas Springs syncline for the National Park Service with the intention of locating a new production water well near existing water-collection and distribution facilities. Subsurface information was required to determine which, if any, sites within the syncline would be favorable for a well. About 4.2 km (2.6 mi.) of high-resolution seismic-reflection data were collected across and along the Texas Springs syncline. Two of our three lines, designated DV-1 and DV-3, cross the syncline, whereas the third line (DV-2) runs parallel to the north-northwest-trending syncline axis.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/ofr00106","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Machette, M., Stephenson, W.J., Williams, R.A., Odum, J.K., Worley, D.M., and Dart, R., 2000, Seismic-reflection investigations of the Texas Springs Syncline for ground water development, Death Valley National Park: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-106, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00106.","productDescription":"26 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1479,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0106/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":156552,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0106/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51597,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0106/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb618","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Machette, Michael N.","contributorId":28963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Machette","given":"Michael N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephenson, W. J.","contributorId":87982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, R. A.","contributorId":82323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Odum, J. K.","contributorId":105705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Worley, D. M.","contributorId":98332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Worley","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dart, R. L.","contributorId":25547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dart","given":"R. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":25670,"text":"wri994283 - 2000 - Methods of rating unsaturated zone and watershed characteristics of public water supplies in North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-31T11:52:37","indexId":"wri994283","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4283","title":"Methods of rating unsaturated zone and watershed characteristics of public water supplies in North Carolina","docAbstract":"Overlay and index methods were derived for rating the unsaturated zone and watershed characteristics for use by the State of North Carolina in assessing more than 11,000 public water-supply wells and approximately 245 public surface-water intakes. The rating of the unsaturated zone and watershed characteristics represents a practical and effective means of assessing part of the inherent vulnerability of water supplies to potential contamination. Factors that influence the inherent vulnerability of the drinking water supply to potential contamination were selected and assigned ratings (on a scale of 1 to 10) to cover the possible range of values in North Carolina. These factors were assigned weights of 1, 2, or 3 to reflect their relative influence on the inherent vulnerability of the drinking water supply. The factor values were obtained from Geographic Information System data layers, and were transformed into grids having 60-meter by 60-meter cells, with each cell being assigned a value.\r\n\r\nIdentification of factors, the development of ratings for each, and assignment of weights were based on (1) a literature search, which included examination of potential factors and their effects on the drinking water; and (2) consultation with experts in the science and engineering of hydrology, geology, forestry, agriculture, and water management.\r\n\r\nFactors selected for rating the inherent vulnerability of the unsaturated zone are vertical hydraulic conductance, land-surface slope, land cover, and land use. Vertical hydraulic conductance is a measure of the capacity of unsaturated material to transmit water. Land-surface slope influences whether precipitation runs off land surfaces or infiltrates into the subsurface. Land cover, the physical overlay of the land surface, influences the amount of precipitation that becomes overland flow or infiltrates into the subsurface. Land use describes activities that occur on the land surface and influence the potential generation of nonpoint-source contamination.\r\n\r\nFactors selected for rating the watershed characteristics upstream from surface-water intakes are average annual precipitation, land-surface slope, land cover, land use, and ground-water contribution. The average annual precipitation represents the mass of water that becomes available for transport in a watershed. Land-surface slope, land cover, and land use have similar influences in watersheds as those identified for the unsaturated zone. Ground-water contribution represents the part of streamflow that is derived from ground-water discharge.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri994283","usgsCitation":"Eimers, J., Weaver, J., Terziotti, S., and Midgette, R., 2000, Methods of rating unsaturated zone and watershed characteristics of public water supplies in North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4283, iv, 31 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994283.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157607,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1957,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bfe9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eimers, Jo Leslie","contributorId":52946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eimers","given":"Jo Leslie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weaver, J.C.","contributorId":50561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Terziotti, Silvia 0000-0003-3559-5844 seterzio@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3559-5844","contributorId":1613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terziotti","given":"Silvia","email":"seterzio@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Midgette, R.W.","contributorId":44955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Midgette","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":24147,"text":"ofr00170 - 2000 - Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Determination of ammonium plus organic nitrogen by a Kjeldahl digestion method and an automated photometric finish that includes digest cleanup by gas diffusion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-28T18:28:35.651871","indexId":"ofr00170","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-170","title":"Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Determination of ammonium plus organic nitrogen by a Kjeldahl digestion method and an automated photometric finish that includes digest cleanup by gas diffusion","docAbstract":"The National Water Quality Laboratory\n(NWQL) determined ammonium plus organic\nnitrogen (Kjeldahl nitrogen) by using semiautomated,\nblock digester methods for filtered\nand whole-water samples from 1986 until\nOctober 1, 1991. During that time,\nphosphorus was determined by a persulfate\ndigestion method. In 1991, projected\nincreases in demand for both tests by the U.S.\nGeological Survey?s National Water-Quality\nAssessment Program led the NWQL to\ndevelop and validate methods for determining\nboth analytes in a common digest.\nThis report describes a rapid and\naccurate method to determine Kjeldahl\nnitrogen. The batch, high-temperature (block\ndigester), Hg (II)-catalyzed digestion step\nused in the new methods I-2515-91/4515-91 is\nsimilar to U.S. Geological Survey methods\nI-2552-85/4552-85 and U.S. Environmental\nProtection Agency method 351.2 except that\nsample and reagent volumes are halved.\nPrepared digests are desolvated at 220 degrees\nCelsius (oC) and digested at 370oC in separate\nblock digesters set at these temperatures,\nrather than in a single, temperatureprogrammed\nblock digester. This approach\npermits 40 calibrants, reference materials, and\nsamples to be digested and resolvated in about\nan hour. Ammonium ions originally present\nin samples, along with those released during\nthe digestion step, are determined photometrically\nby an automated, salicylatehypochlorite\nBerthelot reaction procedure at a\nrate of 90 tests per hour. About 100\nmicroliters of digest are required per\ndetermination. The upper concentration level\nis 10 milligrams per liter (mg/L) with a\nmethod detection level of 0.05 mg/L.\nRepeatability for a sample containing about\n4.1 mg/L of Kjeldahl nitrogen in a high\nsuspended-solids matrix is 3.1 percent.\nBetween-day precision for the same sample is\n4.8 percent.\nA gas diffusion cell in the air-segmented\ncontinuous flow analyzer eliminates\nparticulates and ions that otherwise would\ninterfere in the photometric finish. A singlechannel\nanalyzer can process the resolvated\ndigests from two pairs of block digesters each\nhour. Statistical analysis of paired data for\nabout 1,500 samples determined by U.S.\nGeological Survey methods I-2552-85/4552-\n85 and I-2515-91/4515-91 during method\nvalidation revealed a median concentration\ndifference between the former and the latter\nmethods of about 0.1 mg-N/L. This result was\nexpected because digestion blank concentrations\n(nearly equal to 0.1 mg/L) were not\nsubtracted from concentrations reported by\nmethods I-2552-85/4552-85. A 10-year\nrecord of National Water Quality Laboratory\nKjeldahl nitrogen blind blank concentration\ndata also supports a step-change decrease in\nKjeldahl nitrogen concentrations of about 0.1\nmg/L after methods I-2552-85/4552-85 were\nreplaced by methods I-2515-91/4515-91 on\nOctober 1, 1991. Somewhat larger\nconcentration differences between the two methods were observed for a subset of about\n350 samples with nitrate plus nitrite\nconcentrations greater than 1 mg-N/L.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey :Branch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr00170","usgsCitation":"Patton, C.J., and Truitt, E.P., 2000, Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Determination of ammonium plus organic nitrogen by a Kjeldahl digestion method and an automated photometric finish that includes digest cleanup by gas diffusion: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-170, v, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00170.","productDescription":"v, 31 p.","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155935,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0170/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53291,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0170/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bb9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patton, Charles J. cjpatton@usgs.gov","contributorId":809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patton","given":"Charles","email":"cjpatton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":191402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Truitt, Earl P.","contributorId":65877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Truitt","given":"Earl","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24821,"text":"ofr00190 - 2000 - Proposal and work plan to calibrate and verify a water-quality model to simulate effects of wastewater discharges to the Red River of the North at drought streamflow near Fargo, North Dakota, and Moorhead, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-14T16:39:45","indexId":"ofr00190","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-190","title":"Proposal and work plan to calibrate and verify a water-quality model to simulate effects of wastewater discharges to the Red River of the North at drought streamflow near Fargo, North Dakota, and Moorhead, Minnesota","docAbstract":"This report presents a proposal for conducting a water-quality modeling study at drought streamflow, a detailed comprehensive plan for collecting the data, and an annual drought-formation monitoring plan. A 30.8 mile reach of the Red River of the North receives treated wastewater from plants at Fargo, North Dakota, and Moorhead, Minnesota, and streamflow from the Sheyenne River. The water-quality modeling study will evaluate the effects of continuous treated-wastewater discharges to the study reach at drought streamflow. The study will define hydraulic characteristics and reaeration and selected reaction coefficients and will calibrate and verity a model.
The study includes collecting synoptic water-quality samples for various types of analyses at a number of sites in the study reach. Dye and gas samples will be collected for traveltime and reaeration measurements. Using the Lagrangian reference frame, synoptic water-quality samples will be collected for analysis of nutrients, chlorophyll a, alkalinity, and carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand. Field measurements will be made of specific conductance, pH, air and water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and sediment oxygen demand. Two sets of water-quality data will be collected. One data set will be used to calibrate the model, and the other data set will be used to verity the model.
The DAFLOW/BLTM models will be used to evaluate the effects of the treated wastewater on the water quality of the river. The model will simulate specific conductance, temperature, dissolved oxygen, carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen (organic, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate), total orthophosphorus, total phosphorus, and phytoplankton as chlorophyll a.
The work plan identifies and discusses the work elements needed for accomplishing the data collection for the study. The work elements specify who will provide personnel, vehicles, instruments, and supplies needed during data collection. The work plan contains instructions for data collection; inventory lists of needed personnel, vehicles, instruments, and supplies; and examples of computations for determining quantities of tracer to be injected into the stream. The work plan also contains an annual drought-formation monitoring plan that includes a 9-month time line that specifies when essential planning actions must occur before actual project start up.
Drought streamflows are rare. The annual drought-formation monitoring plan is presented to assist project planning by providing early warning that conditions are favorable to produce drought streamflow. The plan to monitor drought-forming conditions discusses the drought indices to be monitored. To establish a baseline, historic values for some of the drought indices for selected years were reviewed. An annual review of the drought indices is recommended.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00190","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Wesolowski, E.A., 2000, Proposal and work plan to calibrate and verify a water-quality model to simulate effects of wastewater discharges to the Red River of the North at drought streamflow near Fargo, North Dakota, and Moorhead, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-190, iv, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00190.","productDescription":"iv, 60 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157105,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0190/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53829,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0190/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d85f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wesolowski, Edwin A.","contributorId":14014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesolowski","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23572,"text":"ofr00105A - 2000 - Analytical results and sample locality map for rock, stream-sediment, and soil samples, Northern and Eastern Colorado Desert BLM Resource Area, Imperial, Riverside, and San Bernardino counties, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-08T18:38:40.68148","indexId":"ofr00105A","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-105","chapter":"A","title":"Analytical results and sample locality map for rock, stream-sediment, and soil samples, Northern and Eastern Colorado Desert BLM Resource Area, Imperial, Riverside, and San Bernardino counties, California","docAbstract":"In 1996-1998 the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted a geochemical study of the Bureau of Land Management’s (BLM) 5.5 million-acre Northern and Eastern Colorado Desert Resource Area (usually referred to as the NECD in this report), Imperial, Riverside, and San Bernardino Counties, southeastern California (figure 1). This study was done in support of the BLM’s Coordinated Management Plan for the area. This report presents analytical data from this study.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/ofr00105A","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"King, H.D., and Chaffee, M.A., 2000, Analytical results and sample locality map for rock, stream-sediment, and soil samples, Northern and Eastern Colorado Desert BLM Resource Area, Imperial, Riverside, and San Bernardino counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-105, 163 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00105A.","productDescription":"163 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":52858,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0105a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":1634,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0105/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":155721,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0105a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":388956,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23460.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Imperial County, Riverside County, San Bernardino County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.25,\n 32.7\n ],\n [\n -114.16,\n 32.7\n ],\n [\n -114.167,\n 34.917\n ],\n [\n -116.25,\n 34.917\n ],\n [\n -116.25,\n 32.7\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acee4b07f02db67f5b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Harley D. hking@usgs.gov","contributorId":4046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Harley","email":"hking@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":190337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chaffee, Maurice A. mchaffee@usgs.gov","contributorId":4047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaffee","given":"Maurice","email":"mchaffee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":190338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24225,"text":"ofr00169 - 2000 - Flow-velocity and depth data during peak discharge events at selected bridge crossings in North Carolina, 1964-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-07T14:17:53","indexId":"ofr00169","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-169","title":"Flow-velocity and depth data during peak discharge events at selected bridge crossings in North Carolina, 1964-98","docAbstract":"Flow-velocity and depth data were collected from July 1996 through December 1998 during peak discharge events at 21 bridge crossings that are adjacent to U.S. Geological Survey streamgaging stations in North Carolina. These data were collected during measurements of peak discharges that had recurrence intervals ranging from less than 2 years to about 100 years. The velocity and depth data can be used to evaluate predicted flow velocities and scour depths that are computed as part of scour analyses at the selected bridge crossings.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr00169","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Pope, B.F., 2000, Flow-velocity and depth data during peak discharge events at selected bridge crossings in North Carolina, 1964-98: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-169, iii, 47 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00169.","productDescription":"iii, 47 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":53359,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0169/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155551,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0169/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North 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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de7b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pope, Benjamin F.","contributorId":12445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"Benjamin","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22619,"text":"ofr99453 - 2000 - Physical, chemical, and biological data for the Uncompahgre Project area and the Grand Valley, west-central Colorado, 1993-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-27T20:35:01.110025","indexId":"ofr99453","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-453","title":"Physical, chemical, and biological data for the Uncompahgre Project area and the Grand Valley, west-central Colorado, 1993-98","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr99453","usgsCitation":"Butler, D.L., and Osmundson, B.C., 2000, Physical, chemical, and biological data for the Uncompahgre Project area and the Grand Valley, west-central Colorado, 1993-98: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-453, Report: vii, 216 p.; 2 Plates: 29.52 x 28.14 inches and 30.72 x 19.43 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99453.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 216 p.; 2 Plates: 29.52 x 28.14 inches and 30.72 x 19.43 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":52092,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0453/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52091,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0453/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52090,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0453/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155391,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0453/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":415021,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25849.htm","text":"Uncompahgre Project area","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465501,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25850.htm","text":"Grand Valley area","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Grand Valley, Uncompahgre Project area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.25,\n 38.817\n ],\n [\n -108.25,\n 38.329\n ],\n [\n -107.61,\n 38.329\n ],\n [\n -107.61,\n 38.817\n ],\n [\n -108.25,\n 38.817\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4895e4b07f02db522908","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butler, David L.","contributorId":12843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Osmundson, Barbara Campbell","contributorId":9296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osmundson","given":"Barbara","email":"","middleInitial":"Campbell","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38118,"text":"ofr00184 - 2000 - MODFLOW-2000, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model; user guide to the observation, sensitivity, and parameter-estimation processes and three post-processing programs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-11T13:45:37","indexId":"ofr00184","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-184","title":"MODFLOW-2000, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model; user guide to the observation, sensitivity, and parameter-estimation processes and three post-processing programs","docAbstract":"This report documents the Observation, Sensitivity, and Parameter-Estimation Processes of the ground-water modeling computer program MODFLOW-2000. The Observation Process generates model-calculated values for comparison with measured, or observed, quantities. A variety of statistics is calculated to quantify this comparison, including a weighted least-squares objective function. In addition, a number of files are produced that can be used to compare the values graphically. The Sensitivity Process calculates the sensitivity of hydraulic heads throughout the model with respect to specified parameters using the accurate sensitivity-equation method. These are called grid sensitivities. If the Observation Process is active, it uses the grid sensitivities to calculate sensitivities for the simulated values associated with the observations. These are called observation sensitivities. Observation sensitivities are used to calculate a number of statistics that can be used (1) to diagnose inadequate data, (2) to identify parameters that probably cannot be estimated by regression using the available observations, and (3) to evaluate the utility of proposed new data.
The Parameter-Estimation Process uses a modified Gauss-Newton method to adjust values of user-selected input parameters in an iterative procedure to minimize the value of the weighted least-squares objective function. Statistics produced by the Parameter-Estimation Process can be used to evaluate estimated parameter values; statistics produced by the Observation Process and post-processing program RESAN-2000 can be used to evaluate how accurately the model represents the actual processes; statistics produced by post-processing program YCINT-2000 can be used to quantify the uncertainty of model simulated values.
Parameters are defined in the Ground-Water Flow Process input files and can be used to calculate most model inputs, such as: for explicitly defined model layers, horizontal hydraulic conductivity, horizontal anisotropy, vertical hydraulic conductivity or vertical anisotropy, specific storage, and specific yield; and, for implicitly represented layers, vertical hydraulic conductivity. In addition, parameters can be defined to calculate the hydraulic conductance of the River, General-Head Boundary, and Drain Packages; areal recharge rates of the Recharge Package; maximum evapotranspiration of the Evapotranspiration Package; pumpage or the rate of flow at defined-flux boundaries of the Well Package; and the hydraulic head at constant-head boundaries. The spatial variation of model inputs produced using defined parameters is very flexible, including interpolated distributions that require the summation of contributions from different parameters.
Observations can include measured hydraulic heads or temporal changes in hydraulic heads, measured gains and losses along head-dependent boundaries (such as streams), flows through constant-head boundaries, and advective transport through the system, which generally would be inferred from measured concentrations.
MODFLOW-2000 is intended for use on any computer operating system. The program consists of algorithms programmed in Fortran 90, which efficiently performs numerical calculations and is fully compatible with the newer Fortran 95. The code is easily modified to be compatible with FORTRAN 77. Coordination for multiple processors is accommodated using Message Passing Interface (MPI) commands. The program is designed in a modular fashion that is intended to support inclusion of new capabilities.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/ofr00184","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Hill, M.C., Banta, E.R., Harbaugh, A., and Anderman, E., 2000, MODFLOW-2000, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model; user guide to the observation, sensitivity, and parameter-estimation processes and three post-processing programs: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-184, Report: ix, 209 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00184.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 209 p. ","startPage":"1","endPage":"209","numberOfPages":"219","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":165531,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0184/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64368,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0184/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":3454,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/nrp/gwsoftware/modflow2000/ofr00-184.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648cee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":219055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Banta, E. R.","contributorId":63038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banta","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harbaugh, A.W.","contributorId":15208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harbaugh","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderman, E.R.","contributorId":62241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderman","given":"E.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":38276,"text":"pp1650C - 2000 - Atlas of relations between climatic parameters and distributions of important trees and shrubs in North America; additional conifers, hardwoods, and monocots","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:00","indexId":"pp1650C","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1650","chapter":"C","title":"Atlas of relations between climatic parameters and distributions of important trees and shrubs in North America; additional conifers, hardwoods, and monocots","docAbstract":"This volume explores the continental-scale relations between climate and the geographic ranges of woody plant species in North America. A 25-km equal-area grid of modern climatic and bioclimatic parameters for North America was constructed from instrumental weather records. The geographic distributions of selected tree and shrub species were digitized, and the presence or absence of each species was determined for each cell on the 25-km grid, thus providing a basis for comparing climatic data and species' distribution.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1650C","usgsCitation":"Thompson, R.S., Anderson, K.H., Bartlein, P.J., and Smith, S.A., 2000, Atlas of relations between climatic parameters and distributions of important trees and shrubs in North America; additional conifers, hardwoods, and monocots: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1650, 386 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1650C.","productDescription":"386 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119226,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1650c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64659,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1650c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db66940b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, Robert S. 0000-0001-9287-2954 rthompson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9287-2954","contributorId":891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Robert","email":"rthompson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":219490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Katherine H. 0000-0003-2677-6109","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2677-6109","contributorId":52556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":219491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bartlein, Patrick J.","contributorId":106879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartlein","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, Sharon A.","contributorId":65896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Sharon","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":21561,"text":"ofr0037 - 2000 - Abrupt physical and chemical changes during 1992-1999, Anderson Springs, SE Geyser Geothermal Field, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-07T13:31:03","indexId":"ofr0037","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-37","title":"Abrupt physical and chemical changes during 1992-1999, Anderson Springs, SE Geyser Geothermal Field, California","docAbstract":"The Anderson Springs area is located about 90 miles (145 kilometers) north of San Francisco, California, in the southwestern part of Lake County. The area was first developed in the late 1800s as a health resort, which was active until the 1930s. Patrons drank a variety of cool to hot mineral waters from improved springs, swam in various baths and pools, and hiked in the rugged hills flanking Anderson Creek and its tributaries. In the bluffs to the south of the resort were four small mercury mines of the eastern Mayacmas quicksilver district. About 1,260 flasks of mercury were produced from these mines between 1909 and 1943. By the early 1970s, the higher ridges south and west of Anderson Springs became part of the southeast sector of the greater Geysers geothermal field. Today, several electric power plants are built on these ridges, producing energy from a vapor-dominated 240 °C reservoir. Only the main hot spring at Anderson Springs has maintained a recognizable identity since the 1930s. The hot spring is actually a cluster of seeps and springs that issue from a small fault in a ravine southwest of Anderson Creek. Published and unpublished records show that the maximum temperature (Tm) of this cluster fell gradually from 63°C in 1889 to 48°C in 1992. However, Tm of the cluster climbed to 77°C in 1995 and neared boiling (98°C) in 1998. A new cluster of boiling vents and small fumaroles (Tm = 99.3°C) formed in 1998 about 30 m north of the old spring cluster. Several evergreen trees on steep slopes immediately above these vents apparently were killed by the new activity.
\nThermal waters at Anderson Hot Springs are mostly composed of near-surface ground waters with some added gases and condensed steam from The Geysers geothermal system. Compared to gas samples from Southeast Geysers wells, the hot spring gases are higher in CO2 and lower in H2S and NH3. As the springs increased in temperature, however, the gas composition became more like the mean composition of steam discharges from the Southeast Geysers. The hot spring waters are low in ions of Cl, B, and Li, but relatively high in HCO3, SO4 and NH4. The stable-isotope compositions (deuterium and oxygen-18) of these waters plot near the global meteoric water line. Geochemical data through time reveal apparent maxima in the concentrations of SO4, Fe, and Mn in 1991 to 1992, before the cluster became hotter. The black-to-gray deposits from the new spring cluster are rich in pyrite and contain anomalous metals. About one-half mile to the east of the hot springs, mineralized water discharges intermittently from an old adit of the Schwartz (Anderson) mine, and enters a tributary of Anderson Creek. This drainage increased substantially in July 1998, and a slurry of mine water and precipitates were transported down the tributary and into Anderson Creek. In December 1998, the adit water was 22°C, and had a chemical composition that was similar to spring waters that once discharged in the ravines surrounding the old Anderson Springs resort.
\nThe cause for the abrupt changes that have occurred in thermal features at Anderson Springs is still not resolved. One possibility is that these changes are a response to withdrawal of steam from The Geysers geothermal field over more than 20 years of production. Pressure declines in the geothermal reservoir may have caused a \"drying out\" of the overlying condensation zone. Induced boiling in this zone and upflow of deep steam to shallower depths would cause heating and vaporization of shallow ground waters. In addition, earthquakes occurring in the vicinity of Anderson Springs have increased significantly after nearby geothermal power plants began operation. These earthquakes may have enhanced surface discharge of thermal fluids along fractures and faults.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0037","usgsCitation":"Janik, C.J., Goff, F., Walter, S.R., Sorey, M.L., Counce, D., and Colvard, E.M., 2000, Abrupt physical and chemical changes during 1992-1999, Anderson Springs, SE Geyser Geothermal Field, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-37, Poster: 2 sheets, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0037.","productDescription":"Poster: 2 sheets","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154655,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr0037.jpg"},{"id":1231,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0037/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":280656,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0037/pdf/of00-037.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Lake County","otherGeospatial":"Anderson Springs","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.9004,38.699118 ], [ -122.9004,38.999502 ], [ -122.556788,38.999502 ], [ -122.556788,38.699118 ], [ -122.9004,38.699118 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b14e4b07f02db6a3f16","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Janik, Cathy J.","contributorId":87090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janik","given":"Cathy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goff, Fraser","contributorId":45340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goff","given":"Fraser","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walter, Stephen R.","contributorId":34954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sorey, Michael L.","contributorId":20726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorey","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Counce, Dale","contributorId":25966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Counce","given":"Dale","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Colvard, Elizabeth M.","contributorId":26675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvard","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":22936,"text":"ofr200095 - 2000 - Streamflow Statistics for the Narraguagus River at Cherryfield, Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:14","indexId":"ofr200095","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-95","title":"Streamflow Statistics for the Narraguagus River at Cherryfield, Maine","docAbstract":"Streamflow data have been collected for the Narraguagus River from 1948 to the present (2000) at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamgaging station at Cherryfield, Maine. This report describes a study done by the USGS to determine streamflow statistics using the streamflow record at the Narraguagus River station for use in total water use management plans implemented by State and Federal agencies. Because the effect of changes in irrigation practices from 1993 to the present on streamflow in the Narraguagus basin is unknown and potentially significant, streamflow data after December 1992 were not used in the determination of the streamflow statistics. For the period 1948- 92, monthly median streamflows range from 93.0 ft3/s (August) to 1,000 ft3/s (April). The median streamflow for the selected period of record for all days (1948-92) is 302 ft3/s.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr200095","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Maine State Planning Office","usgsCitation":"Dudley, R.W., and Nielsen, J.P., 2000, Streamflow Statistics for the Narraguagus River at Cherryfield, Maine: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-95, iii, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr200095.","productDescription":"iii, 18 p.","costCenters":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":1380,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://me.water.usgs.gov/reports/narr.pdf","size":"243","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155196,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0095/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52337,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0095/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -68.25,44.25 ], [ -68.25,45.083333333333336 ], [ -67.5,45.083333333333336 ], [ -67.5,44.25 ], [ -68.25,44.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4f7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dudley, Robert W. 0000-0002-0934-0568 rwdudley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0934-0568","contributorId":2223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dudley","given":"Robert","email":"rwdudley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":189160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nielsen, Joseph P.","contributorId":16393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27042,"text":"wri994234 - 2000 - Characterization of water quality and simulation of temperature, nutrients, biochemical oxygen demand, and dissolved oxygen in the Wateree River, South Carolina, 1996-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-13T20:44:18.369204","indexId":"wri994234","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4234","title":"Characterization of water quality and simulation of temperature, nutrients, biochemical oxygen demand, and dissolved oxygen in the Wateree River, South Carolina, 1996-98","docAbstract":"In May 1996, the U.S. Geological Survey entered into a cooperative agreement with the Kershaw County Water and Sewer Authority to characterize and simulate the water quality in the Wateree River, South Carolina. Longitudinal profiling of dissolved-oxygen concentrations during the spring and summer of 1996 revealed dissolved-oxygen minimums occurring upstream from the point-source discharges. The mean dissolved-oxygen decrease upstream from the effluent discharges was 2.0 milligrams per liter, and the decrease downstream from the effluent discharges was 0.2 milligram per liter. Several theories were investigated to obtain an improved understanding of the dissolved-oxygen dynamics in the upper Wateree River. Data suggest that the dissolved-oxygen concentration decrease is associated with elevated levels of oxygen-consuming nutrients and metals that are flowing into the Wateree River from Lake Wateree.
Analysis of long-term streamflow and water-quality data collected at two U.S. Geological Survey gaging stations suggests that no strong correlation exists between streamflow and dissolved-oxygen concentrations in the Wateree River. However, a strong negative correlation does exist between dissolved-oxygen concentrations and water temperature. Analysis of data from six South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control monitoring stations for 1980.95 revealed decreasing trends in ammonia nitrogen at all stations where data were available and decreasing trends in 5-day biochemical oxygen demand at three river stations.
The influence of various hydrologic and point-source loading conditions on dissolved-oxygen concentrations in the Wateree River were determined by using results from water-quality simulations by the Branched Lagrangian Transport Model. The effects of five tributaries and four point-source discharges were included in the model. Data collected during two synoptic water-quality samplings on June 23.25 and August 11.13, 1997, were used to calibrate and validate the Branched Lagrangian Transport Model. The data include dye-tracer concentrations collected at six locations, stream-reaeration data collected at four locations, and water-quality and water-temperature data collected at nine locations. Hydraulic data for the Branched Lagrangian Transport Model were simulated by using the U.S. Geological Survey BRANCH one-dimensional, unsteady-flow model. Data that were used to calibrate and validate the BRANCH model included time-series of water-level and streamflow data at three locations. The domain of the hydraulic model and the transport model was a 57.3- and 43.5-mile reach of the river, respectively.
A sensitivity analysis of the simulated dissolved-oxygen concentrations to model coefficients and data inputs indicated that the simulated dissolved-oxygen concentrations were most sensitive to changes in the boundary concentration inputs of water temperature and dissolved oxygen followed by sensitivity to the change in streamflow. A 35-percent increase in streamflow resulted in a negative normalized sensitivity index, indicating a decrease in dissolved-oxygen concentrations. The simulated dissolved-oxygen concentrations showed no significant sensitivity to changes in model input rate kinetics.
To demonstrate the utility of the Branched Lagrangian Transport Model of the Wateree River, the model was used to simulate several hydrologic and water-quality scenarios to evaluate the effects on simulated dissolved-oxygen concentrations. The first scenario compared the 24-hour mean dissolved-oxygen concentrations for August 13, 1997, as simulated during the model validation, with simulations using two different streamflow patterns. The mean streamflow for August 13, 1997, was 2,000 cubic feet per second. Simulations were run using mean streamflows of 1,000 and 1,400 cubic feet per second while keeping the water-quality boundary conditions the same as were used during the validation simulations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994234","usgsCitation":"Feaster, T., and Conrads, P., 2000, Characterization of water quality and simulation of temperature, nutrients, biochemical oxygen demand, and dissolved oxygen in the Wateree River, South Carolina, 1996-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4234, vi, 90 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994234.","productDescription":"vi, 90 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":411915,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25647.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":55923,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4234/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119976,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4234/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Catabwa-Wateree River","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-81.7657470703125,35.567980458012094],[-81.8756103515625,35.536696378395035],[-82.0074462890625,35.572448615622804],[-82.0623779296875,35.585851593232356],[-82.16812133789062,35.54060755592023],[-82.22579956054688,35.59255224089235],[-82.24159240722656,35.65729624809628],[-82.20794677734374,35.74818410650582],[-82.08915710449219,35.801664652427895],[-82.02598571777344,35.81001773806242],[-81.96418762207031,35.821153818963175],[-81.95594787597656,35.92019610057511],[-81.95182800292969,35.98078444581272],[-81.903076171875,36.053540128339755],[-81.8536376953125,36.05798104702501],[-81.76712036132812,36.055760619006755],[-81.71905517578125,36.04021586880111],[-81.66824340820312,35.98245135784044],[-81.5679931640625,35.9157474194997],[-81.31393432617188,35.95911138558121],[-81.26998901367188,36.03244234269516],[-81.19171142578125,36.0779620797358],[-81.08322143554688,36.06353184297193],[-80.79620361328125,35.89350026142572],[-80.71929931640624,35.69299463209881],[-80.7275390625,35.53110865111194],[-80.69869995117188,35.43381992014202],[-80.70556640625,35.34425514918409],[-80.80718994140625,35.15584570226544],[-80.81268310546874,34.95349314197422],[-80.771484375,34.89494244739732],[-80.71105957031249,34.65467425162703],[-80.68084716796875,34.51787261401661],[-80.52978515625,34.35704160076073],[-80.4583740234375,34.23905366851639],[-80.518798828125,34.03900467904445],[-80.496826171875,33.88865750124075],[-80.60394287109375,33.75060604160645],[-80.71998596191406,33.82992730179868],[-80.74745178222656,34.05209051767928],[-80.83328247070312,34.27083595165],[-80.8971405029297,34.3201881768449],[-80.98915100097656,34.40634314091266],[-81.04133605957031,34.487881874939866],[-81.10588073730469,34.710009159224946],[-81.12167358398438,34.84311278917537],[-81.16905212402344,35.07271701786369],[-81.15669250488281,35.18222692831516],[-81.12373352050781,35.25627309169437],[-81.12648010253906,35.460669951495305],[-81.2384033203125,35.567980458012094],[-81.3922119140625,35.58138418324621],[-81.595458984375,35.59925232772949],[-81.7657470703125,35.567980458012094]]]}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ace4b07f02db5c6b89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feaster, Toby D. 0000-0002-5626-5011 tfeaster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5626-5011","contributorId":1109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feaster","given":"Toby D.","email":"tfeaster@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":197457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conrads, Paul 0000-0003-0408-4208 pconrads@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0408-4208","contributorId":764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrads","given":"Paul","email":"pconrads@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":197456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25954,"text":"wri994222 - 2000 - Water quality in alluvial aquifers of the southern Rocky Mountains Physiographic Province, upper Colorado River basin, Colorado, 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:29","indexId":"wri994222","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4222","title":"Water quality in alluvial aquifers of the southern Rocky Mountains Physiographic Province, upper Colorado River basin, Colorado, 1997","docAbstract":"Water-quality samples were collected in the summer of 1997 from 45 sites (43 wells and 2 springs) in selected alluvial aquifers throughout the Southern Rocky Mountains physiographic province of the Upper Colorado River Basin study unit as part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program. The objective of this study was to assess the water-quality conditions in selected alluvial aquifers in the Southern Rocky Mountains physiographic province. Alluvial aquifers are productive aquifers in the Southern Rocky Mountains physiographic province and provide for easily developed wells. Water-quality samples were collected from areas where ground water is used predominantly for domestic or public water supply. Twenty-three of the 45 sites sampled were located in or near mining districts. No statistical differences were observed between the mining sites and sites not associated with mining activities for the majority of the constituents analyzed. Water samples were analyzed for major ions, nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, trace elements, radon-222, pesticides, volatile organic compounds, bacteria, and methylene blue active substances. In addition, field parameters consisting of water temperature, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, and alkalinity were measured at all sites.Specific conductance for the ground-water sites ranged from 57 to 6,650 microsiemens per centimeter and had higher concentrations measured in areas such as the northwestern part of the study unit. Dissolved oxygen ranged from 0.1 to 6.0 mg/L (milligrams per liter) and had a median concentration of 2.9 mg/L. The pH field values ranged from 6.1 to 8.1; about 4 percent of the sites (2 of 45) had pH values outside the range of 6.5 to 8.5 and so did not meet the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency secondary maximum contaminant level standard for drinking water. About 5 percent (2 of 43) of the samples exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recommended turbidity value of 5 nephelometric turbidity units; one of these samples was from a monitoring well. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency secondary maximum contaminant levels for dissolved solids, sulfate, iron, and manganese were exceeded at some of the sites. Higher dissolved-solids concentrations were detected where sedimentary rocks are exposed, such as in the northwestern part of the Southern Rocky Mountains physiographic province. The dominant water compositions for the sites sampled are calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate. However, sites in areas where sedimentary rocks are exposed and sites located in or near mining areas show more sulfate-dominated waters. Nutrient concentrations were less than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water standards. Only one site had a nitrate concentration greater than 3.0 mg/L, a level indicating possible influence from human activities. No significant differences among land-use/land-cover classifications (forest, rangeland, and urban) for drinking-water wells (42 sites) were identified for dissolved-solids, sulfate, nitrate, iron or manganese concentrations. Radon concentrations were higher in parts of the study unit where Precambrian rocks are exposed. All radon concentrations in ground water exceeded the previous U.S. Environmental Protection Agency proposed maximum contaminant level for drinking water, which has been withdrawn pending further review.Pesticide detections were at concentrations below the reporting limits and were too few to allow for comparison of the data. Eight volatile organic compounds were detected at six sites; all concentrations complied with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water standards. Total coliform bacteria were detected at six sites, but no Escherichia coli (E. coli) was detected. Methylene blue active substances were detected at three sites at concentrations just above the reporting limit. Overall, the water quality in the Southern Rocky Mountains physiograph","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri994222","usgsCitation":"Apodaca, L.E., and Bails, J.B., 2000, Water quality in alluvial aquifers of the southern Rocky Mountains Physiographic Province, upper Colorado River basin, Colorado, 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4222, vi, 68 p. :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994222.","productDescription":"vi, 68 p. :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158199,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1977,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri99-4222","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9b8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Apodaca, Lori Estelle","contributorId":82294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Apodaca","given":"Lori","email":"","middleInitial":"Estelle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bails, Jeffrey B. jbbails@usgs.gov","contributorId":813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bails","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jbbails@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":4852,"text":"ds58 - 2000 - Geologic and geophysical characterization studies of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, a potential high-level radioactive-waste repository","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-14T21:02:23.968554","indexId":"ds58","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"58","title":"Geologic and geophysical characterization studies of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, a potential high-level radioactive-waste repository","docAbstract":"In recognition of a critical national need for permanent radioactive-waste storage, Yucca Mountain in southwestern Nevada has been investigated by Federal agencies since the 1970's, as a potential geologic disposal site. In 1987, Congress selected Yucca Mountain for an expanded and more detailed site characterization effort. As an integral part of this program, the U.S. Geological Survey began a series of detailed geologic, geophysical, and related investigations designed to characterize the tectonic setting, fault behavior, and seismicity of the Yucca Mountain area. This document presents the results of 13 studies of the tectonic environment of Yucca Mountain, in support of a broad goal to assess the effects of future seismic and fault activity in the area on design, long-term performance, and safe operation of the potential surface and subsurface repository facilities.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds58","isbn":"0607948221","usgsCitation":"Whitney, J., and Keefer, W.R., 2000, Geologic and geophysical characterization studies of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, a potential high-level radioactive-waste repository (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 58, Title Page: 14 Chapters, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds58.","productDescription":"Title Page: 14 Chapters","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139851,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":346390,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-058/Front.pdf","text":"Title Page","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":346391,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-058/Ch_A.pdf","text":"Chapter A","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":346392,"rank":5,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-058/Ch_B.pdf","text":"Chapter B","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":346393,"rank":6,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-058/Ch_C.pdf","text":"Chapter C","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":346394,"rank":7,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-058/Ch_D.pdf","text":"Chapter D","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":346395,"rank":8,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-058/Ch_E.pdf","text":"Chapter E","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":346396,"rank":9,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-058/Ch_F.pdf","text":"Chapter F","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":346397,"rank":10,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-058/Ch_G.pdf","text":"Chapter G","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":346398,"rank":11,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-058/Ch_H.pdf","text":"Chapter H","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":346399,"rank":12,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-058/Ch_I.pdf","text":"Chapter I","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":346400,"rank":13,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-058/Ch_J.pdf","text":"Chapter J","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":346403,"rank":16,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-058/Ch_M.pdf","text":"Chapter M","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":346404,"rank":17,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-058/Ch_N.pdf","text":"Chapter N","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":399713,"rank":18,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34839.htm","text":"Constraints on the structure of Crater Flat, southwest Nevada, derived from gravity and magnetic data","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":346405,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-058/Abbrev.pdf","text":"Abbreviations","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":346401,"rank":14,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-058/Ch_K.pdf","text":"Chapter K","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":346402,"rank":15,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-058/Ch_L.pdf","text":"Chapter L","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":464069,"rank":19,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34840.htm","text":"Seismicity of the southern Great Basin, 1868-1992","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.871,\n 36.611\n ],\n [\n -116.175,\n 36.611\n ],\n [\n -116.175,\n 36.95\n ],\n [\n -116.871,\n 36.95\n ],\n [\n -116.871,\n 36.611\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a59f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitney, J.W.","contributorId":27437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitney","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keefer, W. R.","contributorId":21538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"W.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":6704,"text":"fs04200 - 2000 - Municipal Stormwater Monitoring Program, Dallas-Fort Worth area, Texas: Summary of sampling, February 1997-February 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-30T11:08:01","indexId":"fs04200","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"042-00","title":"Municipal Stormwater Monitoring Program, Dallas-Fort Worth area, Texas: Summary of sampling, February 1997-February 2000","docAbstract":"During 1992–94, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the North Central Texas Council of Governments (NCTCOG) collected stormwater runoff data for the cities and Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) Districts in the Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW) area to meet the regulatory requirements of the application phase for the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) stormwater permit. The Phase I permit requirements applied to cities with populations of 100,000 or greater and to TxDOT districts with population centers of 100,000 or greater (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1990). The following cities and districts in the DFW area met the population criteria: Arlington, Dallas, Fort Worth, Garland, Irving, Mesquite, Plano, TxDOT Dallas District, and TxDOT Fort Worth District. The permit applications were submitted to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for approval.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs04200","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Central Texas Council of Governments","usgsCitation":"Moore, S.J., Raines, T.H., and Baldys, S., 2000, Municipal Stormwater Monitoring Program, Dallas-Fort Worth area, Texas: Summary of sampling, February 1997-February 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 042-00, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs04200.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121489,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_042_00.bmp"},{"id":756,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/fs-042-00/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":328028,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/fs-042-00/pdf/fs-042-00.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b48e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Stephanie J.","contributorId":35290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Stephanie","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Raines, Timothy H. thraines@usgs.gov","contributorId":3862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raines","given":"Timothy","email":"thraines@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":153190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baldys, Stanley sbaldys@usgs.gov","contributorId":3366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldys","given":"Stanley","email":"sbaldys@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":153189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70230876,"text":"70230876 - 2000 - Follow-ons to the KidSAT/EarthKAM student remote sensing program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-27T15:26:13.307522","indexId":"70230876","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-21T10:21:17","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Follow-ons to the KidSAT/EarthKAM student remote sensing program","docAbstract":"The KidSAT/EarthKAM program is a NASA educational initiative that allows students to develop and operate a remote sensing space program. The first phase of the program consisted of a student developed camera that is flown on Space Shuttle missions in the nadir window. A network of students develop a series of image acquisition requests, based on approved science proposals, that are combined into a set of instrument commands that are uplinked to the space shuttle. Acquired images are downlinked and archived for student access in completing their research. The International Space Station provides a unique platform for the next generation of KidSAT/EarthKAM instruments, which will allow more students to participate in the program and enable development of more sophisticated instruments. Follow-on instruments consist of Earth-looking multispectral digital sensors mounted in the optical window and on the express pallet, and radar instruments located on the express pallet. Use of the International Space Station will allow routine data acquisition and enable the instrument to be part of regular science curricula unconstrained by the Space Shuttle launch schedule.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"AIP conference proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"AIP Publishing","doi":"10.1063/1.1302534","usgsCitation":"Mah, G.R., 2000, Follow-ons to the KidSAT/EarthKAM student remote sensing program, in AIP conference proceedings, v. 504, p. 534-539, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1302534.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"534","endPage":"539","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399755,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"504","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mah, Grant R. 0000-0002-2584-3915 mah@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2584-3915","contributorId":4087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mah","given":"Grant","email":"mah@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":841538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25540,"text":"wri994138 - 2000 - Geology, hydrology, and ground-water quality of the upper part of the Galena-Platteville aquifer at the Parson's Casket Hardware Superfund site in Belvidere, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-15T11:13:45","indexId":"wri994138","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4138","title":"Geology, hydrology, and ground-water quality of the upper part of the Galena-Platteville aquifer at the Parson's Casket Hardware Superfund site in Belvidere, Illinois","docAbstract":"The geology, hydrology, hydraulic properties, and distribution of contaminants in the upper part of the Galena-Platteville aquifer at the Parson's Casket Hardware Superfund site in Belvidere, Illinois, were characterized on the basis of data collected from boreholes by use of packer assemblies, flowmeter logging, and borehole ground-penetrating radar. Four permeable intervals were identified in the upper part of the Galena-Platteville aquifer: (1) a shallow, subhorizontal fracture from 37 to 40 feet below land surface; (2) an inclined fracture from 75 to 85 feet; (3) a shallow, vuggy interval from 90 to 100 feet; and (4) a deep, vuggy interval from about 140 to 180 feet. The calculated horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the two fractured intervals exceeds 50 feet per day and is more than an order of magnitude greater than that of the vuggy intervals. Water levels in the Galena-Platteville aquifer respond to pumping cycles in the Belvidere municipal-supply wells below a depth of at least 180 feet.
Results of flowmeter logging and constant discharge aquifer testing indicate that the shallow, subhorizontal fracture is hydraulically connected to the overlying unconsolidated aquifer. Discrete inclined fractures are the primary conduits for vertical ground-water flow between the permeable units within the upper part of the Galena-Platteville aquifer, and perhaps for flow to the deeper parts of the aquifer. The inclined fractures may become less permeable with depth.
A maximum effective porosity in the deep, vuggy interval of 8.8 percent was calculated from hydrologic and borehole radar-tomography data collected during tracer testing. The average maximum horizontal ground-water velocity through this interval was calculated at 21.4 feet per day using cross-hole radar tomography under a hydraulic gradient of 1.25 feet per foot.
Trichloroethene, trichloroethane, and tetrachloroethene are the primary volatile organic compounds detected in the aquifer. There is no distinct pattern of the concentration of volatile organic compounds with depth; however, the highest concentrations tend to be present in the shallow part of the aquifer at the site. Movement of organic compounds through vertical fractures may account for their presence in the deeper parts of the aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri994138","usgsCitation":"Kay, R.T., Yeskis, D., Lane, J., Mills, P., Joesten, P., Cygan, G., and Ursic, J., 2000, Geology, hydrology, and ground-water quality of the upper part of the Galena-Platteville aquifer at the Parson's Casket Hardware Superfund site in Belvidere, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4138, v, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994138.","productDescription":"v, 43 p.","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":95535,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4138/report.pdf","size":"5526","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157930,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4138/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Belvidere","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.83807241916656,\n 42.26712715934989\n ],\n [\n -88.83430659770966,\n 42.26712715934989\n ],\n [\n -88.83430659770966,\n 42.26919934059126\n ],\n [\n -88.83807241916656,\n 42.26919934059126\n ],\n [\n -88.83807241916656,\n 42.26712715934989\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c635","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kay, Robert T. 0000-0002-6281-8997 rtkay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6281-8997","contributorId":1122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kay","given":"Robert","email":"rtkay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yeskis, D.J.","contributorId":105334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yeskis","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lane, J.W. Jr.","contributorId":66723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"J.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mills, P. C.","contributorId":69117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"P. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Joesten, P. K.","contributorId":62818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joesten","given":"P. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cygan, G.L.","contributorId":56379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cygan","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ursic, J.R.","contributorId":9518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ursic","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":25776,"text":"wri994139 - 2000 - Sources, instream transport, and trends of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment in the lower Tennessee River basin, 1980-96","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-27T19:55:56.107022","indexId":"wri994139","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4139","title":"Sources, instream transport, and trends of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment in the lower Tennessee River basin, 1980-96","docAbstract":"In 1997, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began an assessment of the lower Tennessee River Basin as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Existing nutrient and sediment data from 1980 to 1996 were compiled, screened, and interpreted to estimate watershed inputs from nutrient sources, provide a general description of the distribution and transport of nutrients and sediments in surface water, and evaluate trends in nutrient and sediment concentrations in the lower Tennessee (LTEN) River Basin.
Nitrogen inputs from major sources varied widely among tributary basins in the LTEN River Basin. Point source wastewater discharges contributed between 0 and 0.61 tons per square mile per year [(tons/mi2)/yr]. Of the nonpoint sources of nitrogen for which inputs were estimated (atmospheric deposition, nitrogen fixation, fertilizer application, and livestock waste) livestock waste contributed the largest input in about two-thirds (7 out of 11) of the tributary basins, and fertilizer application contributed the largest input in the remaining 4 basins. Nitrogen input from fertilizer application was the most variable spatially among the nonpoint sources of nitrogen, ranging from 1.5 to 23 (tons/mi2)/yr. Atmospheric deposition estimates varied the least from basin to basin, ranging from 1.6 to 2.0 (tons/mi2)/yr. Estimates of nitrogen input from livestock waste ranged between 2.0 to 13 (tons/mi2)/yr. The percentage of the input from each of these nonpoint sources that entered the surface-water system is not known.
Wastewater discharge contributed between 0 and 0.14 (ton/mi2)/yr of phosphorus to tributary basins. Livestock waste contributed most of the input in 8 out of the 11 basins, and fertilizer application contributed the most in the remaining 3 basins. Estimates of phosphorus input for fertilizer application ranged from 0.35 to 5.1 (tons/mi2)/yr and from 0.62 to 4.3 (tons/mi2)/yr from livestock waste.
Reservoirs on the main stem of the Tennessee River and on the Duck and Elk Rivers affect nutrient transport because hydrodynamic conditions in the reservoirs promote assimilation by aquatic plants and deposition of particulate matter. Observed decreases in total nitrite plus nitrate and dissolved-orthophosphorus concentrations in reservoirs or at sites downstream of reservoirs during summer months were probably related to seasonality of plant growth.
Nutrient and sediment data used to estimate annual instream loads and yields were compiled from various water-quality monitoring programs and represent the best available data in the LTEN River Basin, but these data have several characteristics that limit accuracy of load estimates. Many of the monitoring programs were not designed with the objective of annual load estimation, and data representing storm transport are, therefore, sparse; sampling and analytical methods varied through time and among the monitoring programs, hampering spatial and temporal comparisons. The load estimates computed from these data are useful for evaluating broad spatial patterns of instream load, and comparisons of instream load to inputs, but may not be sufficiently accurate for local-scale evaluations of water quality.
Estimates of the mean annual instream load of total nitrogen entering (Chattanooga, Tenn.) and leaving (Paducah, Ky.) the LTEN River Basin were 29,000 and 60,000 tons per year (tons/yr), respectively. These estimates represent a gain of 31,000 tons/yr, on average, across the area (18,930 mi2) between these inlet and outlet sites. The sum of the mean annual instream load from gaged tributaries to the main stem within the study unit was 14,000 tons/yr; however, this number cannot be directly compared with the gain between the inlet and outlet sites because (1) the gaged area represents only 30 percent of the total area and (2) the period of record at many tributary sites did not correspond with the period of record at the inlet or outlet sites.
Estimates of mean annual instream load of total phosphorus at the inlet and outlet sites of the LTEN River Basin were 1,300 and 5,000 tons/yr, respectively, representing a gain of 3,700 tons/yr, on average, across the study unit. The sum of the gaged tributary load, representing only 28 percent of the area contributing to the main stem, was 4,300 tons/yr. Although this number cannot be closely compared with the gain throughout the study unit, for the same reasons given for total nitrogen, a general comparison suggests that the main stem of the Tennessee River and the tributary embayments along the main stem function as a sink for total phosphorus, removing a substantial amount from the water column through deposition or assimilation.
The estimates of inputs can be compared and correlated with yields (area-normalized instream loads); significant correlations between estimates of inputs and yields might be useful as predictive tools for instream water quality where monitoring data are not available. Yields of nitrogen correlated moderately well with inputs from nonpoint sources, based on 1992 estimates. Nitrogen yield was highest [3.5 (tons/mi2)/yr] for Town Creek, for which the balance of nonpoint-source inputs to agricultural lands (fertilizer application plus nitrogen fixation plus livestock waste minus harvest) was also the highest [15 (tons/mi2)/yr]. Nitrogen yield was low [1.0 (tons/mi2)/yr] for the Buffalo River, for which the balance of agricultural nonpoint-source input was correspondingly low [3.2 (tons/mi2)/yr, the second lowest]. Correlation of wastewater discharge with yield was poor, and contrasted with the significant correlation between wastewater discharge and median nitrogen concentration during low streamflow. The poor correlation between wastewater discharge and annual yield was expected, however, as wastewater discharge is a small fraction compared with annual yield.
In contrast with nitrogen, phosphorus yield did not correlate well with any estimated inputs or land-use types for the tributary basins. Phosphorus yield was highest [1.1 and 0.93 (tons/mi2)/yr] at two sites along the Duck River and at Elk River near Prospect [0.89 (ton/mi2)/yr]; however, estimates of inputs at these sites were in the middle of their respective ranges. The influence of the outcrop of phosphatic limestone formations of the brown-phosphate districts in the lower Duck and lower Elk River Basins might be responsible for the poor correlation between estimated inputs and yields of phosphorus. The outcrop pattern of these phosphatic limestones are an important factor to consider as regional boundaries are established for attainable, region-specific water-quality criteria for total phosphorus.
Estimates of sediment input from cropland soil erosion in 1992 ranged from 51 to 540 (tons/mi2)/yr among the major hydrologic units in the LTEN River Basin. Information was not available to estimate this input for individual tributaries. Sediment yield estimates ranged from 65 to 263 (tons/mi2)/yr for the three tributary monitoring basins for which instream data were available, and from 17 to 26 (tons/mi2)/yr for the Tennessee River at South Pittsburg and at Pickwick Landing Dam, respectively. Lower sediment yields for the main stem sites compared with the tributary sites is probably due to sediment deposition in the main stem of the Tennessee River and tributary embayments along the main stem.
Most of the significant trends in nutrient concentrations from about 1985 to about 1995 were decreasing trends, except for total nitrite plus nitrate, which increased at one site on the Elk River. The spatial distribution of decreasing trends of total nitrogen and total ammonia corresponds with the spatial variation among basins in wastewater loading rate. The time period of observed trends corresponds to the period of improvements in municipal treatment, thus decreases in wastewater effluent concentrations of nitrogen might be responsible for the decreasing trend in instream concentrations at these sites. Concentrations of total phosphorus did not decrease during this period at these sites, as might have been expected considering the reductions in wastewater input of phosphorus during this period.