{"pageNumber":"1152","pageRowStart":"28775","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40884,"records":[{"id":70024457,"text":"70024457 - 2002 - Nonlinear and linear site response and basin effects in Seattle for the M 6.8 Nisqually, Washington, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:11","indexId":"70024457","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nonlinear and linear site response and basin effects in Seattle for the M 6.8 Nisqually, Washington, earthquake","docAbstract":"We used recordings of the M 6.8 Nisqually earthquake and its ML 3.4 aftershock to study site response and basin effects for 35 locations in Seattle, Washington. We determined site amplification from Fourier spectral ratios of the recorded horizontal ground motions, referenced to a soft-rock site. Soft-soil sites (generally National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program [NEHRP] class E) on artificial fill and young alluvium have the largest 1-Hz amplifications (factors of 3-7) for both the mainshock and aftershock. These amplifications are correlated with areas of higher damage from the mainshock to major buildings and liquefaction. There are several indications of nonlinear response at the soft-soil sites for the mainshock ground motions, despite relatively modest peak accelerations in the S waves of 15%-22%g. First, the mainshock spectral ratios do not show amplification at 2-8 Hz as do the aftershock spectral ratios. Spectral peaks at frequencies below 2 Hz generally occur at lower frequencies for the mainshock spectral ratios than for the aftershock ratios. At one soft-soil site, there is a clear shift of the resonant frequency to a lower frequency for the mainshock compared with the aftershock. The frequency of this resonance increases in the coda of the mainshock record, indicating that the site response during the weaker motions of the coda is more linear than that of the initial S wave. Three of the soft-soil sites display cusped, one-sided mainshock accelerograms after the S wave. These soft-soil sites also show amplification at 10-20 Hz in the S wave, relative to the rock site, that is not observed for the aftershock. The cusped waveforms and 10-20-Hz amplification are symptomatic of nonlinear response at the soft-soil sites. These sites had nearby liquefaction. The largest amplifications for 0.5 Hz occur at soft-soil sites on the southern portion of the Seattle Basin. Stiff-soil sites (NEHRP classes D and C) on Pleistocene-age glacial deposits display similar spectral amplification for the mainshock and aftershock, indicating approximately linear response. The stiff-soil sites generally have moderate amplification (factors of 1.1-2.4) at 0.5 and 1 Hz. Amplifications at 1 and 5 Hz for all sites generally increase with decreasing shear-wave velocity measured in the top 30 m (Vs 30). However, larger amplifications at 0.5 and 1 Hz for sites with similar Vs 30 values are observed for sites in the Seattle Basin, illustrating the amplification from the deeper (>30 m) sediments and the contribution from basin surface waves. Record sections for the mainshock and aftershock show that basin surface waves produce the peak velocities for many of the sites in the Seattle Basin and often dominate the amplitude at 1 Hz and lower frequencies.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120010254","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Frankel, A., Carver, D.L., and Williams, R.A., 2002, Nonlinear and linear site response and basin effects in Seattle for the M 6.8 Nisqually, Washington, earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 6, p. 2090-2109, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120010254.","startPage":"2090","endPage":"2109","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207772,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120010254"},{"id":232974,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a677fe4b0c8380cd7336b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frankel, A.D.","contributorId":53828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carver, D. L.","contributorId":55808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carver","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, R. A.","contributorId":82323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024455,"text":"70024455 - 2002 - Effects of canopy gaps and flooding on homopterans in a bottomland hardwood forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-29T07:01:48","indexId":"70024455","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of canopy gaps and flooding on homopterans in a bottomland hardwood forest","docAbstract":"<p>Canopy disturbance is a major factor affecting forest structure and composition and, as a result of habitat alterations, can influence insect communities. We initiated a field study to quantify the effects of canopy disturbance on aerial insect abundance and distribution within a bottomland hardwood forest along the Cache River, Arkansas, USA. We used passive flight-intercept traps to sample insects in canopy gap and forest interior habitats from May to July in 1996, 1997, and 1998. The hydrologic conditions of our study site varied among years: 1996 was relatively dry, 1997 incurred a long-duration flood, and 1998 was moderately wet. Of the 34,000+ Homopterans collected, many groups were distributed in a non-uniform manner among years and between habitats. Total Homopterans, two families of Homopterans, and six morphospecies were more abundant in canopy gaps than interior forest. Many Homopteran taxa were least abundant in 1997 following almost six months of flooding. Alternatively, relatively large Homopteran abundances were associated with the dry conditions of 1996 and the moderately wet conditions of 1998. Differences in Homopteran abundance among years and habitats may be related to differences in vegetation density. Canopy gaps supported more vegetation cover than the interior forest in all but the first sampling interval. In addition, similar to Homopteran abundance, vegetation density was lower in 1997 than in 1998. These results demonstrate that natural disturbance and flooding contribute to Homopteran abundance and distribution patterns in bottomland hardwood forests of the south central United States.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0541:EOCGAF]2.0.CO;2","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Gorham, L., King, S., Keeland, B.D., and Mopper, S., 2002, Effects of canopy gaps and flooding on homopterans in a bottomland hardwood forest: Wetlands, v. 22, no. 3, p. 541-549, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0541:EOCGAF]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"541","endPage":"549","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231658,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Cache 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 \"}}]}","volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a06a1e4b0c8380cd51342","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gorham, L.E.","contributorId":12652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorham","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, S.L.","contributorId":105663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keeland, B. D.","contributorId":45275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeland","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mopper, S.","contributorId":33489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mopper","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024453,"text":"70024453 - 2002 - Impacts of climate change on the global forest sector","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:17","indexId":"70024453","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1252,"text":"Climatic Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impacts of climate change on the global forest sector","docAbstract":"The path and magnitude of future anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide will likely influence changes in climate that may impact the global forest sector. These responses in the global forest sector may have implications for international efforts to stabilize the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide. This study takes a step toward including the role of global forest sector in integrated assessments of the global carbon cycle by linking global models of climate dynamics, ecosystem processes and forest economics to assess the potential responses of the global forest sector to different levels of greenhouse gas emissions. We utilize three climate scenarios and two economic scenarios to represent a range of greenhouse gas emissions and economic behavior. At the end of the analysis period (2040), the potential responses in regional forest growing stock simulated by the global ecosystem model range from decreases and increases for the low emissions climate scenario to increases in all regions for the high emissions climate scenario. The changes in vegetation are used to adjust timber supply in the softwood and hardwood sectors of the economic model. In general, the global changes in welfare are positive, but small across all scenarios. At the regional level, the changes in welfare can be large and either negative or positive. Markets and trade in forest products play important roles in whether a region realizes any gains associated with climate change. In general, regions with the lowest wood fiber production cost are able to expand harvests. Trade in forest products leads to lower prices elsewhere. The low-cost regions expand market shares and force higher-cost regions to decrease their harvests. Trade produces different economic gains and losses across the globe even though, globally, economic welfare increases. The results of this study indicate that assumptions within alternative climate scenarios and about trade in forest products are important factors that strongly influence the effects of climate change on the global forest sector.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Climatic Change","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1016124517309","issn":"01650009","usgsCitation":"Perez-Garcia, J., Joyce, L., McGuire, A., and Xiao, X., 2002, Impacts of climate change on the global forest sector: Climatic Change, v. 54, no. 4, p. 439-461, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016124517309.","startPage":"439","endPage":"461","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207065,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016124517309"},{"id":231656,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a38e6e4b0c8380cd6171d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perez-Garcia, J.","contributorId":100151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perez-Garcia","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Joyce, L.A.","contributorId":36321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joyce","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGuire, A. D.","contributorId":16552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Xiao, X.","contributorId":82869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xiao","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024451,"text":"70024451 - 2002 - Mercury contamination from historic mining in water and sediment, Guadalupe River and San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:18","indexId":"70024451","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1758,"text":"Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury contamination from historic mining in water and sediment, Guadalupe River and San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"The New Almaden mercury mines in California (USA), which collectively represent the largest historic producers of mercury in North America, are a persistent source of mercury contamination to the San Francisco Bay estuary. An estimate based on total mercury concentration (HgTOT) and provisional stream flow data measured at a gauging station in the Guadalupe River during base flow conditions yields a base flow flux of 30 g of mercury for the month of October 2000. In contrast to this base flow estimate, one 2-day rain event in October 2000 resulted in a flux of 22 g of mercury past this site. An estimate of mercury transport from the entire Guadalupe River watershed based on a sediment transport model and our measured suspended particulate HgTOT (0.5-4 ??g g-1) results in a total of 4-30 kg year-1 transported to the southern reach of the estuary. Sediments in the southern reach have lower HgTOT (most ??? 0.4 ??g g-1 dry wt) and monomethyl-mercury (MMHg, c. 1 ng g-1 dry wt) concentrations than those in the Guadalupe River (HgTOT, 0.41-33 ??g g-1 dry wt; MMHg, 1-10 ng g-1 dry wt). Because the most elevated methylmercury concentrations (8-12 ng g-1 dry wt) were found in sediments deposited immediately upstream of hydraulic structures (e.g. diversion dams and weirs) within the river, it is proposed that such physical structures may represent important zones of MMHg production and fluxes to San Francisco Bay.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1144/1467-787302-024","issn":"14677873","usgsCitation":"Thomas, M., Conaway, C., Steding, D., Marvin-DiPasquale, M., Abu-Saba, K.E., and Flegal, A., 2002, Mercury contamination from historic mining in water and sediment, Guadalupe River and San Francisco Bay, California: Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, v. 2, no. 3, p. 211-217, https://doi.org/10.1144/1467-787302-024.","startPage":"211","endPage":"217","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207050,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1144/1467-787302-024"},{"id":231622,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a53f4e4b0c8380cd6ce33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, M.A.","contributorId":66877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conaway, C.H.","contributorId":87174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conaway","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steding, D.J.","contributorId":96044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steding","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marvin-DiPasquale, M.","contributorId":28367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marvin-DiPasquale","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Abu-Saba, K. E.","contributorId":31154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abu-Saba","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Flegal, A.R.","contributorId":64607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flegal","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70024449,"text":"70024449 - 2002 - In‐stream sorption of fulvic acid in an acidic stream: A stream‐scale transport experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T08:27:24","indexId":"70024449","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"In‐stream sorption of fulvic acid in an acidic stream: A stream‐scale transport experiment","docAbstract":"<p><span>The variation of concentration and composition of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in stream waters cannot be explained solely on the basis of soil processes in contributing subcatchments. To investigate in‐stream processes that control DOC, we injected DOC‐enriched water into a reach of the Snake River (Summit County, Colorado) that has abundant iron oxyhydroxides coating the streambed. The injected water was obtained from the Suwannee River (Georgia), which is highly enriched in fulvic acid. The fulvic acid from this water is the standard reference for aquatic fulvic acid for the International Humic Substances Society and has been well characterized. During the experimental injection, significant removal of sorbable fulvic acid occurred within the first 141 m of stream reach. We coinjected a conservative tracer (lithium chloride) and analyzed the results with the one‐dimensional transport with inflow and storage (OTIS) stream solute transport model to quantify the physical transport mechanisms. The downstream transport of fulvic acid as indicated by absorbance was then simulated using OTIS with a first‐order kinetic sorption rate constant applied to the sorbable fulvic acid. The “sorbable” fraction of injected fulvic acid was irreversibly sorbed by streambed sediments at rates (kinetic rate constants) of the order of 10</span><sup>−4</sup><span>–10</span><sup>−3</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>. In the injected Suwannee River water, sorbable and nonsorbable fulvic acid had distinct chemical characteristics identified in<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>13</sup><span>C‐NMR spectra. The<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>13</sup><span>C‐NMR spectra indicate that during the experiment, the sorbable “signal” of greater aromaticity and carboxyl content decreased downstream; that is, these components were preferentially removed. This study illustrates that interactions between the water and the reactive surfaces will modify significantly the concentration and composition of DOC observed in streams with abundant chemically reactive surfaces on the streambed and in the hyporheic zone.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001WR000269","usgsCitation":"McKnight, D.M., Hornberger, G., Bencala, K.E., and Boyer, E.W., 2002, In‐stream sorption of fulvic acid in an acidic stream: A stream‐scale transport experiment: Water Resources Research, v. 38, no. 1, p. 6-1-6-12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR000269.","productDescription":"1005; 12 p.","startPage":"6-1","endPage":"6-12","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231620,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a39cde4b0c8380cd61a4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":401321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hornberger, George M.","contributorId":63894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"George M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bencala, Kenneth E. kbencala@usgs.gov","contributorId":1541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbencala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":401323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boyer, Elizabeth W.","contributorId":44659,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boyer","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":7260,"text":"Pennsylvania State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":401320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024444,"text":"70024444 - 2002 - Seismic structure of the crust and uppermost mantle of North America and adjacent oceanic basins: A synthesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-05T12:44:42.112559","indexId":"70024444","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic structure of the crust and uppermost mantle of North America and adjacent oceanic basins: A synthesis","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section \"><p>We present a new set of contour maps of the seismic structure of North America and the surrounding ocean basins. These maps include the crustal thickness, whole-crustal average<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i>-wave and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S</i>-wave velocity, and seismic velocity of the uppermost mantle, that is,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Pn</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Sn</i>. We found the following: (1) The average thickness of the crust under North America is 36.7 km (standard deviation [s.d.] ±8.4 km), which is 2.5 km thinner than the world average of 39.2 km (s.d. ± 8.5) for continental crust; (2) Histograms of whole-crustal<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i>- and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S</i>-wave velocities for the North American crust are bimodal, with the lower peak occurring for crust without a high-velocity (6.9–7.3 km/sec) lower crustal layer; (3) Regions with anomalously high average crustal<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i>-wave velocities correlate with Precambrian and Paleozoic orogens; low average crustal velocities are correlated with modern extensional regimes; (4) The average<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Pn</i><span>&nbsp;</span>velocity beneath North America is 8.03 km/sec (s.d. ± 0.19 km/sec); (5) the well-known thin crust beneath the western United States extends into north-west Canada; (6) the average<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i>-wave velocity of layer 3 of oceanic crust is 6.61 km/sec (s.d. ± 0.47 km/sec). However, the average crustal<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i>-wave velocity under the eastern Pacific seafloor is higher than the western Atlantic seafloor due to the thicker sediment layer on the older Atlantic seafloor.</p></div>","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120010188","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Chulick, G., and Mooney, W.D., 2002, Seismic structure of the crust and uppermost mantle of North America and adjacent oceanic basins: A synthesis: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 6, p. 2478-2492, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120010188.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"2478","endPage":"2492","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231697,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -78.75,\n              7.013667927566642\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.046875,\n              30.29701788337205\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.796875,\n              42.68243539838623\n            ],\n            [\n              -49.5703125,\n              46.800059446787316\n            ],\n            [\n              -53.61328124999999,\n              54.16243396806779\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.21484375,\n              60.84491057364912\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.75,\n              67.60922060496382\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.49218749999999,\n              69.59589006237648\n            ],\n            [\n              -129.55078125,\n              71.07405646336098\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.0078125,\n              71.01695975726373\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.390625,\n              71.80141030136785\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.81640625,\n              68.5924865825295\n            ],\n            [\n              -168.92578125,\n              65.36683689226321\n            ],\n            [\n              -164.8828125,\n              60.673178565817715\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.9609375,\n              55.27911529201561\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.10546875,\n              55.57834467218206\n            ],\n            [\n              -147.12890625,\n              59.085738569819505\n            ],\n            [\n              -138.69140625,\n              57.98480801923985\n            ],\n            [\n              -130.25390625,\n              49.83798245308484\n            ],\n            [\n              -127.265625,\n              43.83452678223682\n            ],\n            [\n              -125.68359374999999,\n              37.020098201368114\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.828125,\n              28.459033019728043\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.97265625,\n              21.616579336740603\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.58984375,\n              16.636191878397664\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.80078125,\n              12.897489183755892\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.90234375,\n              8.059229627200192\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.453125,\n              4.915832801313164\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.75,\n              7.013667927566642\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b68e4b08c986b3177e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chulick, G.S.","contributorId":72161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chulick","given":"G.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":401307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024443,"text":"70024443 - 2002 - A Brownian model for recurrent earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:01","indexId":"70024443","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Brownian model for recurrent earthquakes","docAbstract":"We construct a probability model for rupture times on a recurrent earthquake source. Adding Brownian perturbations to steady tectonic loading produces a stochastic load-state process. Rupture is assumed to occur when this process reaches a critical-failure threshold. An earthquake relaxes the load state to a characteristic ground level and begins a new failure cycle. The load-state process is a Brownian relaxation oscillator. Intervals between events have a Brownian passage-time distribution that may serve as a temporal model for time-dependent, long-term seismic forecasting. This distribution has the following noteworthy properties: (1) the probability of immediate rerupture is zero; (2) the hazard rate increases steadily from zero at t = 0 to a finite maximum near the mean recurrence time and then decreases asymptotically to a quasi-stationary level, in which the conditional probability of an event becomes time independent; and (3) the quasi-stationary failure rate is greater than, equal to, or less than the mean failure rate because the coefficient of variation is less than, equal to, or greater than 1/???2 ??? 0.707. In addition, the model provides expressions for the hazard rate and probability of rupture on faults for which only a bound can be placed on the time of the last rupture. The Brownian relaxation oscillator provides a connection between observable event times and a formal state variable that reflects the macromechanics of stress and strain accumulation. Analysis of this process reveals that the quasi-stationary distance to failure has a gamma distribution, and residual life has a related exponential distribution. It also enables calculation of \"interaction\" effects due to external perturbations to the state, such as stress-transfer effects from earthquakes outside the target source. The influence of interaction effects on recurrence times is transient and strongly dependent on when in the loading cycle step pertubations occur. Transient effects may be much stronger than would be predicted by the \"clock change\" method and characteristically decay inversely with elapsed time after the perturbation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120010267","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Matthews, M., Ellsworth, W., and Reasenberg, P., 2002, A Brownian model for recurrent earthquakes: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 6, p. 2233-2250, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120010267.","startPage":"2233","endPage":"2250","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207088,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120010267"},{"id":231696,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e2cbe4b0c8380cd45c5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matthews, M.V.","contributorId":70920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matthews","given":"M.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellsworth, W.L.","contributorId":48541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reasenberg, P.A.","contributorId":19959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reasenberg","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024434,"text":"70024434 - 2002 - Nearshore morphology and late Quaternary geologic framework of the northern Monterey Bay Marine Sanctuary, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:18","indexId":"70024434","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nearshore morphology and late Quaternary geologic framework of the northern Monterey Bay Marine Sanctuary, California","docAbstract":"A combination of side-scanning sonar and high-resolution seismic reflection data image seafloor bedrock exposures and erosional features across the nearshore shelf. Sediment-filled troughs incise the inner shelf rock exposures and tie directly to modern coastal streams. The resulting bedrock geometry can be related to its resistance to erosion. Comparison of the depth of the transgressive erosional surface to recently developed sea level curves suggests a period of slow sea level rise during the early stages of post-interglacial marine transgression. The slow rise of sea level suggests an erosional episode that limited the preservation of buried paleo-channels beyond 70 m water depth. Seafloor features suggest that localized faulting in the area may have influenced the morphology of bedrock exposures and the coastline. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00260-2","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Anima, R.J., Eittreim, S., Edwards, B.D., and Stevenson, A., 2002, Nearshore morphology and late Quaternary geologic framework of the northern Monterey Bay Marine Sanctuary, California: Marine Geology, v. 181, no. 1-3, p. 35-54, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00260-2.","startPage":"35","endPage":"54","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207034,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00260-2"},{"id":231583,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"181","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6419e4b0c8380cd72898","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anima, R. J.","contributorId":106115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anima","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eittreim, S.L.","contributorId":98730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eittreim","given":"S.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edwards, B. D.","contributorId":27056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stevenson, A.J.","contributorId":27864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevenson","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024430,"text":"70024430 - 2002 - Plume-driven plumbing and crustal formation in Iceland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-02T15:26:56.720626","indexId":"70024430","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Plume-driven plumbing and crustal formation in Iceland","docAbstract":"<p><span>Through combination of surface wave and body wave constraints we derive a three-dimensional (3-D) crustal&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><span>&nbsp;velocity model and Moho map for Iceland. It reveals a vast plumbing system feeding mantle plume melt into upper crustal magma chambers where crustal formation takes place. The method is based on the partitioned waveform inversion to which we add additional observations. Love waves from six local events recorded on the HOTSPOT- SIL networks are fitted,&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><sub><i>n</i></sub><span>&nbsp;travel times from the same events measured, previous observations of crustal thickness are added, and all three sets of constraints simultaneously inverted for our 3-D model. In the upper crust (0–15 km) an elongated low-velocity region extends along the length of the Northern, Eastern and Western Neovolcanic Zones. The lowest velocities (−7%) are found at 5–10 km below the two most active volcanic complexes: Hekla and Bárdarbunga-Grímsvötn. In the lower crust (&gt;15 km) the low-velocity region can be represented as a vertical cylinder beneath central Iceland. The low-velocity structure is interpreted as the thermal halo of pipe work which connects the region of melt generation in the uppermost mantle beneath central Iceland to active volcanoes along the neovolcanic zones. Crustal thickness in Iceland varies from 15–20 km beneath the Reykjanes Peninsula, Krafla and the extinct Snæfellsnes rift zone, to 46 km beneath central Iceland. The average crustal thickness is 29 km. The variations in thickness can be explained in terms of the temporal variation in plume productivity over the last ∼20 Myr, the Snæfellsnes rift zone being active during a minimum in plume productivity. Variations in crustal thickness do not depart significantly from an isostatically predicted crustal thickness. The best fit linear isostatic relation implies an average density jump of 4% across the Moho. Rare earth element inversions of basalt compositions on Iceland suggest a melt thickness (i.e., crustal thickness) of 15–20 km, given passive upwelling. The observed crustal thickness of up to 46 km implies active fluxing of source material through the melt zone by the mantle plume at up to 3 times the passive rate.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB000584","usgsCitation":"Allen, R.M., Nolet, G., Morgan, W.J., Vogfjord, K., Nettles, M., Ekstrom, G., Bergsson, B.H., Erlendsson, P., Foulger, G., Jakobsdottir, S., Julian, B., Pritchard, M., Ragnarsson, S., and Stefansson, R., 2002, Plume-driven plumbing and crustal formation in Iceland: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 107, no. B8, p. ESE 4-1-ESE 4-19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000584.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"ESE 4-1","endPage":"ESE 4-19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478757,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1620680","text":"External Repository"},{"id":231616,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Iceland","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -18.10546875,\n              63.3324127919358\n            ],\n            [\n              -14.2822265625,\n              64.32087157990324\n            ],\n            [\n              -13.18359375,\n              65.25670649344259\n            ],\n            [\n              -14.809570312499998,\n              66.4957404570233\n            ],\n            [\n              -16.435546875,\n              66.65297740055279\n            ],\n            [\n              -17.1826171875,\n              66.37275500247455\n            ],\n            [\n              -20.5224609375,\n              66.19600891267761\n            ],\n            [\n              -22.8955078125,\n              66.56574650920786\n            ],\n            [\n              -24.8291015625,\n              65.60387765860433\n            ],\n            [\n              -24.0380859375,\n              64.64270382119375\n            ],\n            [\n              -23.027343749999996,\n              63.74363097533544\n            ],\n            [\n              -18.6328125,\n              63.25341156651705\n            ],\n            [\n              -18.10546875,\n              63.3324127919358\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-08-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c95e4b0c8380cd79a7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, R. M.","contributorId":36170,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nolet, G.","contributorId":26448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nolet","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morgan, W. J.","contributorId":10573,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morgan","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vogfjord, K.","contributorId":13768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogfjord","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nettles, M.","contributorId":31153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nettles","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ekstrom, G.","contributorId":14977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ekstrom","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bergsson, B. H.","contributorId":19320,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bergsson","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Erlendsson, P.","contributorId":95638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erlendsson","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Foulger, G.R.","contributorId":14439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foulger","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Jakobsdottir, S.","contributorId":64828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jakobsdottir","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Julian, B.R.","contributorId":101272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Julian","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Pritchard, M.","contributorId":11358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pritchard","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Ragnarsson, S.","contributorId":12644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ragnarsson","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Stefansson, R.","contributorId":81650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stefansson","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}}
,{"id":70024428,"text":"70024428 - 2002 - Global significance of a sub-Moho boundary layer (SMBL) deduced from high-resolution seismic observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-18T13:30:17.364546","indexId":"70024428","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Global significance of a sub-Moho boundary layer (SMBL) deduced from high-resolution seismic observations","docAbstract":"We infer the fine structure of a sub-Moho boundary layer (SMBL) at the top of the lithospheric mantle from high-resolution seismic observations of Peaceful Nuclear Explosions (PNE) on superlong-range profiles in Russia. Densely recorded seismograms permit recognition of previously unknown features of teleseismic propagation of the well known Pn and Sn phases, such as a band of incoherent, scattered, high-frequency seismic energy, developing consistently from station to station, apparent velocities of sub-Moho material, and high-frequency energy to distances of more than 3000 km with a coda band, incoherent at 10 km spacing and yet consistently observed to the end of the profiles. Estimates of the other key elements of the SMBL were obtained by finite difference calculations of wave propagation in elastic 2D models from a systematic grid search through parameter space. The SMBL consists of randomly distributed, mild velocity fluctuations of 2% or schlieren of high aspect ratios (???40) with long horizontal extent (???20 km) and therefore as thin as 0.5 km only; SMBL thickness is 60-100 km. It is suggested that the SMBL is of global significance as the physical base of the platewide observed high-frequency phases Pn and Sn. It is shown that wave propagation in the SMBL waveguide is insensitive to the background velocity distribution on which its schlieren are superimposed. This explains why the Pn and Sn phases traverse geological provinces of various age, heat flow, crustal thickness, and tectonic regimes. Their propagation appears to be independent of age. temperature, pressure, and stress. Dynamic stretching of mantle material during subduction or flow, possibly combined with chemical differentiation have to be considered as scale-forming processes in the upper mantle. However, it is difficult to distinguish with the present sets of Pn/Sn array data whether (and also where) the boundary layer is a frozen-in feature of paleo-processes or whether it is a response to an on-going processes; nevertheless, the derived quantitative estimates of the SMBL properties provide important constraints for any hypothesis on scale-forming processes. Models to be tested by future numerical and field experiments are, for example, repeated subduction-convection stretching of oceanic lithosphere (marble-cake model) and schlieren formation at mid-ocean ridges. It is also proposed that the modeling of the observed blocking of Sn and Pn propagation at active plate margins offers a new tool to study the depth range of tectonics below the crust-mantle boundary. Finally, the deduced schlieren structure of the SMBL closes an important scale gap of three to four orders of magnitude between structural dimensions studied in petrological analysis of mantle samples (xenoliths or outcrop of oceanic lithosphere) and those imaged in classical seismological studies of the lithosphere.","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.2747/0020-6814.44.8.671","issn":"00206814","usgsCitation":"Fuchs, K., Tittgemeyer, M., Ryberg, T., Wenzel, F., and Mooney, W.D., 2002, Global significance of a sub-Moho boundary layer (SMBL) deduced from high-resolution seismic observations: International Geology Review, v. 44, no. 8, p. 671-685, https://doi.org/10.2747/0020-6814.44.8.671.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"671","endPage":"685","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231581,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a295de4b0c8380cd5a8d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuchs, K.","contributorId":89666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuchs","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tittgemeyer, M.","contributorId":61205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tittgemeyer","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ryberg, T.","contributorId":91643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryberg","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wenzel, F.","contributorId":12650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wenzel","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":401221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70024427,"text":"70024427 - 2002 - Towards a sediment budget for the Santa Cruz shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:18","indexId":"70024427","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Towards a sediment budget for the Santa Cruz shelf","docAbstract":"A conceptual model is presented for the northern Monterey Bay continental shelf in which coarse sediment moves southward along the coast in the littoral zone while fine sediment moves to the north by advection and diffusion along the midshelf. Data from measurements and estimates of various sediment sources and sinks show that the midshelf mudbelt is the dominant sink for fine-grained sediment introduced into Monterey Bay. The principal sources of the fine sediment are the three rivers that enter Monterey Bay: the San Lorenzo, Pajaro and Salinas rivers. Accumulation rates in the midshelf mudbelt are high relative to documented yields of rivers and cliff erosion, and also are high relative to other documented mud accumulations of the west coast continental shelves. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00269-9","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Eittreim, S., Xu, J.P., Noble, M., and Edwards, B.D., 2002, Towards a sediment budget for the Santa Cruz shelf: Marine Geology, v. 181, no. 1-3, p. 235-248, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00269-9.","startPage":"235","endPage":"248","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207014,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00269-9"},{"id":231547,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"181","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb5bde4b08c986b326883","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eittreim, S.L.","contributorId":98730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eittreim","given":"S.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Xu, J. P.","contributorId":74528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xu","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Noble, M.","contributorId":15340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Edwards, B. D.","contributorId":27056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024424,"text":"70024424 - 2002 - Assessing mine drainage pH from the color and spectral reflectance of chemical precipitates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-12T10:48:59","indexId":"70024424","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing mine drainage pH from the color and spectral reflectance of chemical precipitates","docAbstract":"The pH of mine impacted waters was estimated from the spectral reflectance of resident sediments composed mostly of chemical precipitates. Mine drainage sediments were collected from sites in the Anthracite Region of eastern Pennsylvania, representing acid to near neutral pH. Sediments occurring in acidic waters contained primarily schwertmannite and goethite while near neutral waters produced ferrihydrite. The minerals comprising the sediments occurring at each pH mode were spectrally separable. Spectral angle difference mapping was used to correlate sediment color with stream water pH (r2=0.76). Band-center and band-depth analysis of spectral absorption features were also used to discriminate ferrihydrite and goethite and/or schwertmannite by analyzing the 4T1??? 6A1 crystal field transition (900-1000 nm). The presence of these minerals accurately predicted stream water pH (r2=0.87) and provided a qualitative estimate of dissolved SO4 concentrations. Spectral analysis results were used to analyze airborne digital multispectral video (DMSV) imagery for several sites in the region. The high spatial resolution of the DMSV sensor allowed for precise mapping of the mine drainage sediments. The results from this study indicate that airborne and space-borne imaging spectrometers may be used to accurately classify streams impacted by acid vs. neutral-to-alkaline mine drainage after appropriate spectral libraries are developed.","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00019-7","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Williams, D., Bigham, J., Cravotta, C., Traina, S., Anderson, J., and Lyon, J., 2002, Assessing mine drainage pH from the color and spectral reflectance of chemical precipitates: Applied Geochemistry, v. 17, no. 10, p. 1273-1286, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00019-7.","productDescription":"14","startPage":"1273","endPage":"1286","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232085,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","state":"Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.552490234375,\n              40.03182061333687\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.04486083984375,\n              40.03182061333687\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.04486083984375,\n              41.36238012945531\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.552490234375,\n              41.36238012945531\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.552490234375,\n              40.03182061333687\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eddbe4b0c8380cd49a62","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, D.J.","contributorId":15790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bigham, J.M.","contributorId":28403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bigham","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cravotta, C.A. III","contributorId":18405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cravotta","given":"C.A.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Traina, S.J.","contributorId":69328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Traina","given":"S.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Anderson, J.E.","contributorId":7043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lyon, J.G.","contributorId":74909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyon","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70024423,"text":"70024423 - 2002 - Binding of mercury(II) to dissolved organic matter: The role of the mercury-to-DOM concentration ratio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-04T14:02:08","indexId":"70024423","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Binding of mercury(II) to dissolved organic matter: The role of the mercury-to-DOM concentration ratio","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article_abstract\"><div class=\"container container_scaled-down\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-xs-12\"><div id=\"abstractBox\" class=\"article_abstract-content hlFld-Abstract\"><p class=\"articleBody_abstractText\">The binding of Hg(II) to dissolved organic matter (DOM; hydrophobic acids isolated from the Florida Everglades by XAD-8 resin) was measured at a wide range of Hg-to-DOM concentration ratios using an equilibrium dialysis ligand exchange method. Conditional distribution coefficients (<i>K</i><sub>DOM</sub>‘) determined by this method were strongly affected by the Hg/DOM concentration ratio. At Hg/DOM ratios below approximately 1 μg of Hg/mg of DOM, we observed very strong interactions (<i>K</i><sub>DOM</sub>‘ = 10<sup>23.2</sup><sup>±</sup><sup>1.0</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>L kg<sup>-</sup><sup>1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>at pH = 7.0 and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>I</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0.1), indicative of mercury−thiol bonds. Hg/DOM ratios above approximately 10 μg of Hg/mg of DOM, as used in most studies that have determined Hg−DOM binding constants, gave much lower<span>&nbsp;</span><i>K</i><sub>DOM</sub>‘ values (10<sup>10.7</sup><sup>±</sup><sup>1.0</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>L kg<sup>-</sup><sup>1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>at pH = 4.9−5.6 and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>I</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0.1), consistent with Hg binding mainly to oxygen functional groups. These results suggest that the binding of Hg to DOM under natural conditions (very low Hg/DOM ratios) is controlled by a small fraction of DOM molecules containing a reactive thiol functional group. Therefore, Hg/DOM distribution coefficients used for modeling the biogeochemical behavior of Hg in natural systems need to be determined at low Hg/DOM ratios.</p></div></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es025699i","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Haitzer, M., Aiken, G., and Ryan, J.N., 2002, Binding of mercury(II) to dissolved organic matter: The role of the mercury-to-DOM concentration ratio: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 36, no. 16, p. 3564-3570, https://doi.org/10.1021/es025699i.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"3564","endPage":"3570","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232084,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-07-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f135e4b0c8380cd4aac9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haitzer, M.","contributorId":94812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haitzer","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aiken, G. R. 0000-0001-8454-0984","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":14452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"G. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ryan, J. N.","contributorId":102649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024422,"text":"70024422 - 2002 - Sun photometer and lidar measurements of the plume from the Hawaii Kilauea Volcano Pu'u O'o vent: Aerosol flux and SO2 lifetime","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-19T15:49:26.811154","indexId":"70024422","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sun photometer and lidar measurements of the plume from the Hawaii Kilauea Volcano Pu'u O'o vent: Aerosol flux and SO2 lifetime","docAbstract":"<p><span>Aerosol optical depths and lidar measurements were obtained under the plume of Hawaii Kilauea Volcano on August 17, 2001, ∼9 km downwind from the erupting Pu'u O'o vent. Measured aerosol optical depths (at 500 nm) were between 0.2–0.4. Aerosol size distributions inverted from the spectral sun photometer measurements suggest the volcanic aerosol is present in the accumulation mode (0.1–0.5 micron diameter), which is consistent with past in situ optical counter measurements. The aerosol dry mass flux rate was calculated to be 53 Mg d</span><sup>−1</sup><span>. The estimated SO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;emission rate during the aerosol measurements was ∼1450 Mg d</span><sup>−1</sup><span>. Assuming the sulfur emissions at Pu'u O'o vent are mainly SO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;(not aerosol), this corresponds to a SO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;half-life of 6.0 hours in the atmosphere.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2002GL014744","usgsCitation":"Porter, J., Horton, K., Mouginis-Mark, P., Lienert, B., Sharma, S., Lau, E., Elias, T., Sutton, A.J., and Oppenheimer, C., 2002, Sun photometer and lidar measurements of the plume from the Hawaii Kilauea Volcano Pu'u O'o vent: Aerosol flux and SO2 lifetime: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 29, no. 16, p. 30-1-30-4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL014744.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"30-1","endPage":"30-4","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478616,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2002gl014744","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231580,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.2847957611084,\n              19.39981598238101\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.24368286132812,\n              19.39981598238101\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.24368286132812,\n              19.432033891986865\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.2847957611084,\n              19.432033891986865\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.2847957611084,\n              19.39981598238101\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-08-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9f48e4b08c986b31e47f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Porter, J.N.","contributorId":66060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Horton, K.A.","contributorId":43167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mouginis-Mark, P. J.","contributorId":41086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mouginis-Mark","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lienert, B.","contributorId":46841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lienert","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sharma, S.K.","contributorId":45582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharma","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lau, E.","contributorId":24652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lau","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Elias, T. 0000-0002-9592-4518","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9592-4518","contributorId":71195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elias","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sutton, A. J. 0000-0003-1902-3977","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1902-3977","contributorId":28983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutton","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Oppenheimer, C.","contributorId":69767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oppenheimer","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70024421,"text":"70024421 - 2002 - Adaptive moving mesh methods for simulating one-dimensional groundwater problems with sharp moving fronts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:17","indexId":"70024421","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2022,"text":"International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adaptive moving mesh methods for simulating one-dimensional groundwater problems with sharp moving fronts","docAbstract":"Accurate modelling of groundwater flow and transport with sharp moving fronts often involves high computational cost, when a fixed/uniform mesh is used. In this paper, we investigate the modelling of groundwater problems using a particular adaptive mesh method called the moving mesh partial differential equation approach. With this approach, the mesh is dynamically relocated through a partial differential equation to capture the evolving sharp fronts with a relatively small number of grid points. The mesh movement and physical system modelling are realized by solving the mesh movement and physical partial differential equations alternately. The method is applied to the modelling of a range of groundwater problems, including advection dominated chemical transport and reaction, non-linear infiltration in soil, and the coupling of density dependent flow and transport. Numerical results demonstrate that sharp moving fronts can be accurately and efficiently captured by the moving mesh approach. Also addressed are important implementation strategies, e.g. the construction of the monitor function based on the interpolation error, control of mesh concentration, and two-layer mesh movement. Copyright ?? 2002 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/nme.482","issn":"00295981","usgsCitation":"Huang, W., Zheng, L., and Zhan, X., 2002, Adaptive moving mesh methods for simulating one-dimensional groundwater problems with sharp moving fronts: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, v. 54, no. 11, p. 1579-1603, https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.482.","startPage":"1579","endPage":"1603","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207033,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.482"},{"id":231579,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6e5e4b0c8380cd476f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huang, W.","contributorId":42748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huang","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zheng, Lingyun","contributorId":68495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zheng","given":"Lingyun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhan, X.","contributorId":26477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhan","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024419,"text":"70024419 - 2002 - Defining surfaces for skewed, highly variable data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:18","indexId":"70024419","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1577,"text":"Environmetrics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Defining surfaces for skewed, highly variable data","docAbstract":"Skewness of environmental data is often caused by more than simply a handful of outliers in an otherwise normal distribution. Statistical procedures for such datasets must be sufficiently robust to deal with distributions that are strongly non-normal, containing both a large proportion of outliers and a skewed main body of data. In the field of water quality, skewness is commonly associated with large variation over short distances. Spatial analysis of such data generally requires either considerable effort at modeling or the use of robust procedures not strongly affected by skewness and local variability. Using a skewed dataset of 675 nitrate measurements in ground water, commonly used methods for defining a surface (least-squares regression and kriging) are compared to a more robust method (loess). Three choices are critical in defining a surface: (i) is the surface to be a central mean or median surface? (ii) is either a well-fitting transformation or a robust and scale-independent measure of center used? (iii) does local spatial autocorrelation assist in or detract from addressing objectives? Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmetrics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/env.531","issn":"11804009","usgsCitation":"Helsel, D., and Ryker, S., 2002, Defining surfaces for skewed, highly variable data: Environmetrics, v. 13, no. 5-6, p. 445-452, https://doi.org/10.1002/env.531.","startPage":"445","endPage":"452","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478770,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/env.531","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":207011,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/env.531"},{"id":231544,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-09-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe39e4b0c8380cd4ebdc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helsel, D.R.","contributorId":57448,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Helsel","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7242,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":401181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ryker, S.J.","contributorId":16047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryker","given":"S.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024417,"text":"70024417 - 2002 - Accelerated solvent extraction followed by on-line solid-phase extraction coupled to ion trap LC/MS/MS for analysis of benzalkonium chlorides in sediment samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70024417","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Accelerated solvent extraction followed by on-line solid-phase extraction coupled to ion trap LC/MS/MS for analysis of benzalkonium chlorides in sediment samples","docAbstract":"Benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) were successfully extracted from sediment samples using a new methodology based on accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) followed by an on-line cleanup step. The BACs were detected by liquid chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry (LC/MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) using an electrospray interface operated in the positive ion mode. This methodology combines the high efficiency of extraction provided by a pressurized fluid and the high sensitivity offered by the ion trap MS/MS. The effects of solvent type and ASE operational variables, such as temperature and pressure, were evaluated. After optimization, a mixture of acetonitrile/water (6:4 or 7:3) was found to be most efficient for extracting BACs from the sediment samples. Extraction recoveries ranged from 95 to 105% for C12 and C14 homologues, respectively. Total method recoveries from fortified sediment samples, using a cleanup step followed by ASE, were 85% for C12BAC and 79% for C14-BAC. The methodology developed in this work provides detection limits in the subnanogram per gram range. Concentrations of BAC homologues ranged from 22 to 206 ??g/kg in sediment samples from different river sites downstream from wastewater treatment plants. The high affinity of BACs for soil suggests that BACs preferentially concentrate in sediment rather than in water.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Analytical Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/ac010969l","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"Ferrer, I., and Furlong, E., 2002, Accelerated solvent extraction followed by on-line solid-phase extraction coupled to ion trap LC/MS/MS for analysis of benzalkonium chlorides in sediment samples: Analytical Chemistry, v. 74, no. 6, p. 1275-1280, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac010969l.","startPage":"1275","endPage":"1280","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207291,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac010969l"},{"id":232120,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-02-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e667e4b0c8380cd473c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferrer, I.","contributorId":97260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrer","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Furlong, E. T. 0000-0002-7305-4603","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":98346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"E. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024416,"text":"70024416 - 2002 - Historical and modern distributions of benthic foraminifers on the continental shelf of Monterey Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70024416","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historical and modern distributions of benthic foraminifers on the continental shelf of Monterey Bay, California","docAbstract":"Historical (early 1930s) and modern samples provide a detailed account of the spatial distribution of benthic foraminifers on the continental shelf of Monterey Bay, California. Ten species among a total of 110 present dominated the 110 samples investigated in the historical study. A cluster analysis of the foraminiferal abundances in the historical study identified five assemblages: Inner Shelf, Middle Shelf, Outer Shelf, Southeastern Shelf and Southwestern Shelf. Specimens with calcareous tests were most prevalent in all the assemblages. A cluster analysis of the modern foraminiferal frequencies from 95 samples also defined five assemblages: Inner Shelf, Middle Shelf, Middle/Outer Shelf Arenaceous, Outer Shelf, and Southern Shelf. Although arenaceous taxa dominate much of the modern fauna, the spatial distribution of the modern assemblages is similar to that of the historical record when presumably unrecognized taxa are eliminated from the data. Both the historical and, to a greater degree, the modern foraminiferal assemblages exhibit a strong correlation with the sediment grain size distribution. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00264-X","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"McGann, M., 2002, Historical and modern distributions of benthic foraminifers on the continental shelf of Monterey Bay, California: Marine Geology, v. 181, no. 1-3, p. 115-156, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00264-X.","startPage":"115","endPage":"156","numberOfPages":"42","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232119,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207290,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00264-X"}],"volume":"181","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a317be4b0c8380cd5df68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGann, M. 0000-0002-3057-2945","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3057-2945","contributorId":49125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGann","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70024410,"text":"70024410 - 2002 - Calibration and temperature correction of heat dissipation matric potential sensors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-17T14:59:26.077942","indexId":"70024410","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Calibration and temperature correction of heat dissipation matric potential sensors","docAbstract":"<p><span>This paper describes how heat dissipation sensors, used to measure soil water matric potential, were analyzed to develop a normalized calibration equation and a temperature correction method. Inference of soil matric potential depends on a correlation between the variable thermal conductance of the sensor's porous ceramic and matric potential. Although this correlation varies among sensors, we demonstrate a normalizing procedure that produces a single calibration relationship. Using sensors from three sources and different calibration methods, the normalized calibration resulted in a mean absolute error of 23% over a matric potential range of −0.01 to −35 MPa. Because the thermal conductivity of variably saturated porous media is temperature dependent, a temperature correction is required for application of heat dissipation sensors in field soils. A temperature correction procedure is outlined that reduces temperature dependent errors by 10 times, which reduces the matric potential measurement errors by more than 30%. The temperature dependence is well described by a thermal conductivity model that allows for the correction of measurements at any temperature to measurements at the calibration temperature.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America","doi":"10.2136/sssaj2002.1439","usgsCitation":"Flint, A.L., Campbell, G.S., Ellett, K., and Calissendorff, C., 2002, Calibration and temperature correction of heat dissipation matric potential sensors: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 66, no. 5, p. 1439-1445, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2002.1439.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1439","endPage":"1445","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232044,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f30ee4b0c8380cd4b595","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flint, A. L.","contributorId":102453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, G. S.","contributorId":74795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellett, K. M.","contributorId":49439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellett","given":"K. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Calissendorff, C.","contributorId":98178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calissendorff","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024407,"text":"70024407 - 2002 - On geological interpretations of crystal size distributions: Constant vs. proportionate growth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-10T12:04:50.539279","indexId":"70024407","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On geological interpretations of crystal size distributions: Constant vs. proportionate growth","docAbstract":"Geological interpretations of crystal size distributions (CSDs) depend on understanding the crystal growth laws that generated the distributions. Most descriptions of crystal growth, including a population-balance modeling equation that is widely used in petrology, assume that crystal growth rates at any particular time are identical for all crystals, and, therefore, independent of crystal size. This type of growth under constant conditions can be modeled by adding a constant length to the diameter of each crystal for each time step. This growth equation is unlikely to be correct for most mineral systems because it neither generates nor maintains the shapes of lognormal CSDs, which are among the most common types of CSDs observed in rocks. In an alternative approach, size-dependent (proportionate) growth is modeled approximately by multiplying the size of each crystal by a factor, an operation that maintains CSD shape and variance, and which is in accord with calcite growth experiments. The latter growth law can be obtained during supply controlled growth using a modified version of the Law of Proportionate Effect (LPE), an equation that simulates the reaction path followed by a CSD shape as mean size increases.","language":"English","publisher":"De Gruyter","doi":"10.2138/am-2002-8-923","usgsCitation":"Eberl, D.D., Kile, D.E., and Drits, V., 2002, On geological interpretations of crystal size distributions: Constant vs. proportionate growth: American Mineralogist, v. 87, no. 8-9, p. 1235-1241, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2002-8-923.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1235","endPage":"1241","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232079,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"8-9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6d98e4b0c8380cd751fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eberl, D. D.","contributorId":66282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberl","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kile, D. E.","contributorId":22758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kile","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Drits, V. A.","contributorId":41511,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Drits","given":"V. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024406,"text":"70024406 - 2002 - Accumulation rate and mixing of shelf sediments in the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:00","indexId":"70024406","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Accumulation rate and mixing of shelf sediments in the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary","docAbstract":"The distribution of excess 210Pb in 31 sediment cores was used to determine modern (last 100 yr) mass accumulation rates and the depth of sediment mixing on the continental shelf between Pacifica and Monterey, California, USA. Apparent mass accumulation rates average 0.27 g cm-2 yr-1 and range from 0.42 g cm-2 yr-1 to 0.12 g cm-2 yr-1. Accumulation rates were highest at mid-shelf water depths (60-100 m) adjacent to major rivers and near the head of the Ascension submarine canyon. Cores from water depths of less than 65 m had low, uniform 210Pb activity profiles and sandy textures. The uppermost 5-13 cm of 15 cores had uniform 210Pb activity profiles above a region of steadily decreasing 210Pb activity. This phenomenon was attributed to sediment mixing. The thickness of this upper layer of uniform 210Pb activity decreased southward from 13 cm, west of Pacifica, to less than 5 cm, near Monterey Canyon. This southward decrease may be attributed to shallower bioturbation in the southern study area. Integrated excess 210Pb activities were generally higher where sedimentation rates were high. They were also higher with increasing distance from major rivers. Thus, sedimentation rate alone does not explain the distribution of integrated excess 210Pb in this study area. Excess 210Pb in the seafloor is controlled by other factors such as sediment texture, the atmospheric deposition rate of 210Pb, and the residence time of sediment particles in the water column. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00265-1","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Lewis, R., Coale, K., Edwards, B.D., Marot, M., Douglas, J., and Burton, E., 2002, Accumulation rate and mixing of shelf sediments in the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary: Marine Geology, v. 181, no. 1-3, p. 157-169, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00265-1.","startPage":"157","endPage":"169","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232043,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207251,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00265-1"}],"volume":"181","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e685e4b0c8380cd4747a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewis, R.C.","contributorId":54238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coale, K.H.","contributorId":29159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coale","given":"K.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edwards, B. D.","contributorId":27056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marot, M.","contributorId":67601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marot","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Douglas, J.N.","contributorId":20939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Burton, E.J.","contributorId":61602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70024405,"text":"70024405 - 2002 - Variations in sediment texture on the northern Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary continental shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:00","indexId":"70024405","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variations in sediment texture on the northern Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary continental shelf","docAbstract":"The storm-protected continental shelf of Monterey Bay, part of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, north-central California, is subject to abundant, episodic sediment input from fluvial sources. North of Monterey Bay, conditions of reduced sediment supply combined with the exposed nature of the shelf provide an effective laboratory for studying the contrasting effects of storm- versus fluvial-dominated conditions on modern sedimentation. Textural analyses performed on surface sediment samples collected from more than 380 box cores and MultiCores??? document the existence of a clearly defined mud belt occupying the mid-shelf throughout the region. Inshore sands combined with these mid-shelf muds represent deposits from modern sedimentation processes. In Monterey Bay, where episodic fluvial input from winter storms dominates sedimentation, the mid-shelf mud belt extends across the shelf to the shelf break. North of Monterey Bay, where sediment loads are reduced and both oceanographic and storm processes dominate, the mid-shelf mud belt is bordered by relict sediments occupying the outer shelf. In the study area, mass accumulation rates established by radiochemical studies support the contention that storm-induced along-shelf processes result in northward transport of sediment within the mud belt. The continuity of transport, however, is interrupted by topographic highs which are barriers or inhibitors to sediment transport created by wrench-style tectonics associated with the San Andreas fault system.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00262-6","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Edwards, B.D., 2002, Variations in sediment texture on the northern Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary continental shelf: Marine Geology, v. 181, no. 1-3, p. 83-100, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00262-6.","startPage":"83","endPage":"100","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232042,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207250,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00262-6"}],"volume":"181","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc188e4b08c986b32a616","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, B. D.","contributorId":27056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70024404,"text":"70024404 - 2002 - Suspended sediment transport on the continental shelf near Davenport, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:00","indexId":"70024404","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Suspended sediment transport on the continental shelf near Davenport, California","docAbstract":"Suspended sediment transport on the shelves off Santa Cruz and Davenport, California is studied using field measurements and bottom boundary layer modeling. Strong transport events mostly occur during storms in winter; the volume of winter sediment transport is at least one order of magnitude greater than that of summer/spring transport. Rock outcrops on the inner shelf (< 40 m of water) indicates an erosional environment, but an elongated mid-shelf mud deposit evidently suggests a depositional environment on the mid-shelf. The seafloor geology appears to correlate to the poleward and offshore sediment transport pattern. This study also suggests that suspended sediment moves out of Monterey Bay, roughly along the isobaths of the northern bay. This fine material, originally from river sources, and the material from the coastal cliff erosion that is subsequently introduced to the transport system through cross-shelf sediment transport, are believed to be the sources of the mid-shelf mud deposit. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00266-3","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Xu, J.P., Noble, M., and Eittreim, S., 2002, Suspended sediment transport on the continental shelf near Davenport, California: Marine Geology, v. 181, no. 1-3, p. 171-193, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00266-3.","startPage":"171","endPage":"193","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232041,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207249,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00266-3"}],"volume":"181","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba308e4b08c986b31fb31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Xu, J. P.","contributorId":74528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xu","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Noble, M.","contributorId":15340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eittreim, S.L.","contributorId":98730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eittreim","given":"S.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024402,"text":"70024402 - 2002 - The nature of the crust under Cayman Trough from gravity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T16:53:51","indexId":"70024402","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2682,"text":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The nature of the crust under Cayman Trough from gravity","docAbstract":"<p><span>Considerable crustal thickness variations are inferred along Cayman Trough, a slow-spreading ocean basin in the Caribbean Sea, from modeling of the gravity field. The crust to a distance of 50</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>km from the spreading center is only 2–3</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>km thick in agreement with dredge and dive results. Crustal thickness increases to ∼5.5</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>km at distances between 100 and 430</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>km west of the spreading center and to 3.5–6</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>km at distances between 60 and 370</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>km east of the spreading center. The increase in thickness is interpreted to represent serpentinization of the uppermost mantle lithosphere, rather than a true increase in the volume of accreted ocean crust. Serpentinized peridotite rocks have indeed been dredged from the base of escarpments of oceanic crust rocks in Cayman Trough. Laboratory-measured density and P-wave speed of peridotite with 40–50% serpentine are similar to the observed speed in published refraction results and to the inferred density from the model. Crustal thickness gradually increases to 7–8</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>km at the far ends of the trough partially in areas where sea floor magnetic anomalies were identified. Basement depth becomes gradually shallower starting 250</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>km west of the rise and 340</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>km east of the rise, in contrast to the predicted trend of increasing depth to basement from cooling models of the oceanic lithosphere. The gradual increase in apparent crustal thickness and the shallowing trend of basement depth are interpreted to indicate that the deep distal parts of Cayman Trough are underlain by highly attenuated crust, not by a continuously accreted oceanic crust.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0264-8172(02)00132-0","issn":"02648172","usgsCitation":"ten Brink, U., Coleman, D., and Dillon, W.P., 2002, The nature of the crust under Cayman Trough from gravity: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 19, no. 8, p. 971-987, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-8172(02)00132-0.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"971","endPage":"987","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478711,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/10689","text":"External Repository"},{"id":232004,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Caribbean Sea, Cayman Trough, Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95,\n              5\n            ],\n            [\n              -55,\n              5\n            ],\n            [\n              -55,\n              25\n            ],\n            [\n              -95,\n              25\n            ],\n            [\n              -95,\n              5\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae06e4b08c986b323ec0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":401134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coleman, D.F.","contributorId":66276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dillon, William P. bdillon@usgs.gov","contributorId":79820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"William","email":"bdillon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":401132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024398,"text":"70024398 - 2002 - Fasting modifies Aroclor 1254 impact on plasma cortisol, glucose and lactate responses to a handling disturbance in Arctic charr","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-06T15:21:59","indexId":"70024398","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1296,"text":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fasting modifies Aroclor 1254 impact on plasma cortisol, glucose and lactate responses to a handling disturbance in Arctic charr","docAbstract":"<p>Integrated effects of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and nutritional status on responses to handling disturbance were investigated in the Arctic charr (<i>Salvelinus alpinus</i>). The fish were orally contaminated with Aroclor 1254 and held either with or without food for 5 months before they were subjected to a 10-min handling disturbance. Food-deprived fish were given 0, 1, 10 or 100 mg PCB kg<sup>−1</sup> and the fed fish 0 or 100 mg PCB kg<sup>−1</sup>. Plasma cortisol, glucose and lactate levels were measured at 0 (pre-handling), 1, 3, 6 and 23 h after the handling disturbance. Food-deprived control fish had elevated plasma cortisol levels compared with fed fish before handling. These basal cortisol levels were suppressed by PCB in food-deprived fish, and elevated by PCB in fed fish. The immediate cortisol and glucose responses to handling disturbance were suppressed by PCB in a dose-dependent way in food-deprived fish. Although these responses were also lowered by PCB in the fed fish, the effect was much less pronounced than in food-deprived fish. There were only minor effects on plasma lactate responses. Our findings suggest that the stress responses of the Arctic charr are compromised by PCB and that the long-term fasting, typical of high-latitude fish, makes these species particularly sensitive to organochlorines such as PCB.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1532-0456(02)00069-8","issn":"15320456","usgsCitation":"Jorgensen, E., Vijayan, M., Aluru, N., and Maule, A., 2002, Fasting modifies Aroclor 1254 impact on plasma cortisol, glucose and lactate responses to a handling disturbance in Arctic charr: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, v. 132, no. 2, p. 235-245, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1532-0456(02)00069-8.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"235","endPage":"245","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232038,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"132","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0effe4b0c8380cd536f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jorgensen, E.H.","contributorId":13782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorgensen","given":"E.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vijayan, M.M.","contributorId":33087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vijayan","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aluru, N.","contributorId":80454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aluru","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Maule, A.G.","contributorId":45067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maule","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
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