{"pageNumber":"1157","pageRowStart":"28900","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40893,"records":[{"id":44977,"text":"wri024086 - 2002 - Testing the sensitivity of pumpage to increases in surficial aquifer system heads in the Cypress Creek well-field area, west-central Florida — An optimization technique","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-14T22:59:39.732938","indexId":"wri024086","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4086","title":"Testing the sensitivity of pumpage to increases in surficial aquifer system heads in the Cypress Creek well-field area, west-central Florida — An optimization technique","docAbstract":"Tampa Bay depends on ground water for most of the water supply. Numerous wetlands and lakes in Pasco County have been impacted by the high demand for ground water. Central Pasco County, particularly the area within the Cypress Creek well field, has been greatly affected. Probable causes for the decline in surface-water levels are well-field pumpage and a decade-long drought. Efforts are underway to increase surface-water levels by developing alternative sources of water supply, thus reducing the quantity of well-field pumpage. \r\n\r\nNumerical ground-water flow simulations coupled with an optimization routine were used in a series of simulations to test the sensitivity of optimal pumpage to desired increases in surficial aquifer system heads in the Cypress Creek well field. The ground-water system was simulated using the central northern Tampa Bay ground-water flow model. Pumping solutions for 1987 equilibrium conditions and for a transient 6-month timeframe were determined for five test cases, each reflecting a range of desired target recovery heads at different head control sites in the surficial aquifer system. Results are presented in the form of curves relating average head recovery to total optimal pumpage. Pumping solutions are sensitive to the location of head control sites formulated in the optimization problem and as expected, total optimal pumpage decreased when desired target head increased. The distribution of optimal pumpage for individual production wells also was significantly affected by the location of head control sites. \r\n\r\nA pumping advantage was gained for test-case formulations where hydraulic heads were maximized in cells near the production wells, in cells within the steady-state pumping center cone of depression, and in cells within the area of the well field where confining-unit leakance is the highest. More water was pumped and the ratio of head recovery per unit decrease in optimal pumpage was more than double for test cases where hydraulic heads are maximized in cells located at or near the production wells. \r\n\r\nAdditionally, the ratio of head recovery per unit decrease in pumpage was about three times more for the area where confining-unit leakance is the highest than for other leakance zone areas of the well field. For many head control sites, optimal heads corresponding to optimal pumpage deviated from the desired target recovery heads. Overall, pumping solutions were constrained by the limiting recovery values, initial head conditions, and by upper boundary conditions of the ground-water flow model.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024086","usgsCitation":"Yobbi, D.K., 2002, Testing the sensitivity of pumpage to increases in surficial aquifer system heads in the Cypress Creek well-field area, west-central Florida — An optimization technique: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4086, iv, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024086.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162266,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":392919,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52032.htm"},{"id":3850,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024086","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Cypress Creek well-field area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.935791015625,\n              27.950738722228763\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.2930908203125,\n              27.950738722228763\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.2930908203125,\n              28.53144857631924\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.935791015625,\n              28.53144857631924\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.935791015625,\n              27.950738722228763\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db6846d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yobbi, Dann K.","contributorId":15247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yobbi","given":"Dann","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":45026,"text":"wri014190 - 2002 - Evaluation of possible alternatives to lower the high water table of St. Charles Mesa, Pueblo County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:00","indexId":"wri014190","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4190","title":"Evaluation of possible alternatives to lower the high water table of St. Charles Mesa, Pueblo County, Colorado","docAbstract":"St. Charles Mesa, an upland terrace southeast of Pueblo, Colorado, has become increasingly urbanized as cultivated fields have been subdivided and converted to residential areas. In some areas, the water table in the terrace alluvial aquifer underlying St. Charles Mesa is very shallow. Bessemer Ditch, which delivers irrigation water to farms on the mesa and other areas of the lower Arkansas River Valley, traverses St. Charles Mesa along its southern side and is the principal source of recharge to the terrace alluvial aquifer. The ground-water flow system was assumed to be in a state of dynamic equilibrium (steady-state condition) for this study. A steady-state ground-water flow model of the terrace alluvial aquifer was constructed and calibrated. The model was run in transient state to evaluate possible alternatives of lowering the water table. The possible alternatives evaluated were (1) reducing areal recharge by reducing recharge to irrigated areas by 25 percent, (2) lining Bessemer Ditch from (a) Aspen Street to 21st Lane; (b) Aspen Street to 23rd Lane; (c) Aspen Street to 25th Lane; and (d) Aspen Street to Nicholson Road, (3) installing two drains at a depth of 10 feet below land surface upgradient from the high water table areas, and (4) installing 22 dewatering wells within the high water table areas, each pumping at 80 gallons per minute. All alternatives evaluated were at least partly effective in lowering the water table. As the simulated extent of Bessemer Ditch lining was increased, the extent and magnitude of simulated water-table declines also increased. The maximum simulated declines in the water table were 3 feet when simulated areal recharge to irrigated areas was reduced by 25 percent, 29 feet when lining of Bessemer Ditch was simulated from Aspen Street to Nicholson Road, 6.8 feet when two drains were simulated at 10-foot depth, and 14.4 feet when 22 dewatering wells, each pumping at 80 gallons per minute, were simulated. Lining Bessemer Ditch from Aspen Street to 25th Lane and from Aspen Street to Nicholson Road both resulted in water-table declines of at least 5 feet throughout most of the area. Except for reducing recharge to irrigated areas and installation of the two drains, all the alternatives evaluated probably would lower the water table enough to diminish the ground-water supply available for at least some existing wells.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014190","usgsCitation":"Brendle, D.L., 2002, Evaluation of possible alternatives to lower the high water table of St. Charles Mesa, Pueblo County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4190, iv, 35 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014190.","productDescription":"iv, 35 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3891,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri014190","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":135839,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f08c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brendle, Daniel L.","contributorId":76283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brendle","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":45017,"text":"wri014150 - 2002 - Assessment of natural attenuation of ground-water contamination at sites FT03, LF13, and WP14/LF15, Dover Air Force Base, Delaware","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:56","indexId":"wri014150","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4150","title":"Assessment of natural attenuation of ground-water contamination at sites FT03, LF13, and WP14/LF15, Dover Air Force Base, Delaware","docAbstract":"Water-quality, aquifer-sediment, and hydro-logic data were used to assess the effectiveness of natural attenuation of ground-water contamination at Fire Training Area Three, the Rubble Area Landfill, the Liquid Waste Disposal Landfill, and the Receiver Station Landfill in the East Management Unit of Dover Air Force Base, Delaware. These sites, which are contaminated with chlorinated solvents and fuel hydrocarbons, are under-going long-term monitoring to determine if natural attenuation continues to sufficiently reduce contaminant concentrations to meet regulatory requirements. This report is the first assessment of the effectiveness of natural attenuation at these sites since long-term monitoring began in 1999, and follows a preliminary investigation done in 1995?96. This assessment was done by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Air Force.Since 1995?96, additional information has been collected and used in the current assessment. The conclusions in this report are based primarily on ground-water samples collected from January through March 2000. Previous analytical results from selected wells, available geologic and geo-physical well logs, and newly acquired information such as sediment organic-carbon measurements, hydraulic-conductivity measurements determined from slug tests on wells in the natural attenuation study area, and water-level measurements from surficial-aquifer wells also were used in this assessment. This information was used to: (1) calculate retardation factors and estimate contaminant migration velocities, (2) improve estimates of ground-water flow directions and inferred contaminant migration pathways, (3) better define the areal extent of contamination and the proximity of contaminants to discharge areas and the Base boundary, (4) develop a better under-standing of the vertical variability of contaminant concentrations and redox conditions, (5) evaluate the effects of temporal changes on concentrations in the plumes and source areas, and (6) determine whether intrinsic biodegradation is occurring at these sites.The water-quality data indicate that intrinsic biodegradation is occurring at all three sites. The strongest indication of intrinsic biodegradation is the detection of tetrachloroethene and trichloroethene breakdown products within and down-gradient of the source areas. The patterns of electron acceptors and metabolic by-products indicate that contaminant biodegradation has changed the prevailing geochemistry of the surficial aquifer, creating the strongly reducing conditions necessary for chlorinated solvent bio-degradation. Geochemical changes include depleted dissolved oxygen and elevated ferrous iron and methane levels relative to concentrations in uncontaminated zones of the surficial aquifer. At Fire Training Area Three and the Rubble Area Landfill sites, natural attenuation appears to be adequate for controlling the migration of the contaminant plumes. At the third site, the Liquid Waste Disposal and Receiver Station Landfills, the plume is larger and the uncertainty about the effectiveness of natural attenuation in reducing contaminant concentrations and controlling plume migration is greater. Ground-water data indicate, however, that U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant levels were not exceeded in any point-of-compliance wells located along the Base boundary.The information presented in this report led to the development of improved conceptual models for these sites, and to the recognition of four issues that are currently unclear and may need further study. These issues include delineating the areal and vertical extent of the contaminant plumes in greater detail, determining the extent of intrinsic biodegradation downgradient of the Liquid Waste Disposal and Receiver Station Landfills, deter-mining the fate of contaminants in the ground-water discharge areas, and determining the effect of temporal variability in source concentrations and ground-water","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014150","usgsCitation":"Barbaro, J.R., 2002, Assessment of natural attenuation of ground-water contamination at sites FT03, LF13, and WP14/LF15, Dover Air Force Base, Delaware: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4150, vi, 45 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014150.","productDescription":"vi, 45 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":167993,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3882,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri01-4150/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671efa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barbaro, Jeffrey R. 0000-0002-6107-2142 jrbarbar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6107-2142","contributorId":1626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barbaro","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jrbarbar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":45008,"text":"wri014100 - 2002 - Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the aquifers underlying Belvidere, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:55","indexId":"wri014100","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4100","title":"Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the aquifers underlying Belvidere, Illinois","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey investigated the\r\nground-water-flow system and distribution of\r\ncontaminants in the vicinity of Belvidere, Illinois,\r\nduring 1992?2000. The study included the\r\ncompilation, collection, and analyses of\r\nhydrogeologic and water-quality data and\r\nsimulation of the ground-water-flow system.\r\nHydrogeologic data include lithologic,\r\nstratigraphic, geophysical, hydraulic-property,\r\nwater-level, ground-water withdrawal, and\r\nstreamflow data. Water-quality data include\r\nanalyses of water samples primarily for volatile\r\norganic compounds (VOC?s) and selectively for\r\ntritium and inorganic constituents. Data were\r\ncollected from about 250 wells and 21 surfacewater\r\nsites. These data were used (1) to describe\r\nthe hydrogeologic framework of the ground-waterflow\r\nsystem, preferential pathways and directions\r\nof ground-water movement and contaminant\r\ndistribution, ground-water/surface-water relations,\r\nand the water budget and (2) to develop and\r\ncalibrate the ground-water-flow model.\r\nThe glacial drift (sand and gravel with some\r\nclay) and Galena-Platteville (fractured dolomite)\r\naquifers and the sandstone aquifers of the\r\nCambrian-Ordovician aquifer system compose the\r\nground-water-flow system underlying Belvidere\r\nand vicinity. The Glenwood confining unit\r\nseparates the Galena-Platteville aquifer from the\r\nunderlying sandstone aquifers. The Galena-\r\nPlatteville aquifer and confining unit may be\r\nabsent in parts of the Troy Bedrock Valley, about\r\n1.5 miles west of Belvidere.\r\nThroughout the study area, the Kishwaukee\r\nRiver and its tributaries seem to be gaining flow\r\nfrom shallow ground-water discharge.\r\nPotentiometric levels in the glacial drift and\r\nGalena-Platteville aquifers range from about 900\r\nfeet above sea level in the upland areas to 740 feet\r\nalong the Kishwaukee River.\r\nEstimated horizontal hydraulic conductivity\r\nof the glacial drift aquifer ranges from about 0.13\r\nto 280 feet per day. The Galena-Platteville aquifer\r\nis a dual-porosity unit with the greatest percentage\r\nof flow through fractures and bedding-plane\r\npartings. Estimated horizontal hydraulic\r\nconductivity ranges from about 0.005 to 2,500\r\nfeet per day. Estimated horizontal hydraulic\r\nconductivity of the St. Peter aquifer (the uppermost\r\nsandstone aquifer of the Cambrian-Ordovician\r\naquifer system ranges from about 4.7 to 17.5 feet\r\nper day.\r\nVolatile organic compounds have been\r\ndetected in all aquifers underlying Belvidere.\r\nTrichloroethene and tetrachloroethene are the\r\nprincipal VOC?s detected at concentrations above\r\nregulatory levels, with the largest number of\r\ndetections and highest concentrations in the glacial\r\ndrift aquifer. VOC?s generally are not detected in\r\nthe glacial drift aquifer farther than 1,000 feet from\r\nknown or potential source areas (industrial or\r\ndisposal sites), because most source areas are near\r\nthe Kishwaukee River, where shallow ground\r\nwater discharges. Across most of the study area,\r\nthe Glenwood confining unit seems to restrict\r\ndownward movement of VOC?s into the\r\nunderlying St. Peter aquifer; in the immediate\r\nvicinity of Belvidere, downward movement also\r\nseems restricted by lateral movement toward the\r\nmunicipal wells through permeable intervals in the\r\n2 Hydrogeology and Simulation of Ground-Water Flow in the Aquifers Underlying Belvidere, Illinois\r\nGalena-Platteville aquifer. Fractures and (or)\r\nunused wells that may penetrate the confining unit\r\nseem to provide local pathways for limited\r\nmovement of VOC?s to the sandstone aquifers. At\r\nleast two municipal wells seem to intercept the\r\nbedding-plane partings at about 525 and 485 feet\r\nabove sea level. Water levels in the lower one-third\r\nof the Galena-Platteville aquifer rapidly respond to\r\nwithdrawals at these wells.\r\nThe ground-water-flow system underlying\r\nBelvidere was simulated to test the conceptual\r\nmodel of the system. The three-dimensional,\r\nsteady-state model represents the glacial drift,\r\nGalena-Platteville, and sandstone aquifers\r\nsep","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014100","usgsCitation":"Mills, P., Nazimek, J., Halford, K.J., and Yeskis, D., 2002, Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the aquifers underlying Belvidere, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4100, vi, 103 p. (1 folded) : ill., maps ; 28 cm. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014100.","productDescription":"vi, 103 p. (1 folded) : ill., maps ; 28 cm. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120217,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_2001_4100.jpg"},{"id":3876,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://il.water.usgs.gov/pubs/wrir01_4100.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db625238","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mills, P.C. pcmills@usgs.gov","contributorId":3810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"P.C.","email":"pcmills@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nazimek, J.E.","contributorId":43414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nazimek","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Halford, K. J. 0000-0002-7322-1846","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7322-1846","contributorId":61077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halford","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yeskis, D.J.","contributorId":105334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yeskis","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":45006,"text":"wri024018 - 2002 - Simulation of runoff and water quality for 1990 and 2008 land-use conditions in the Reedy Creek watershed, east-central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-08T20:29:57.388541","indexId":"wri024018","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4018","title":"Simulation of runoff and water quality for 1990 and 2008 land-use conditions in the Reedy Creek watershed, east-central Florida","docAbstract":"<p><span>Hydrologic and water-quality data have been collected within the 177-square-mile Reedy Creek, Florida, watershed, beginning as early as 1939, but the data have not been used to evaluate relations among land use, hydrology, and water quality. A model of the Reedy Creek watershed was developed and applied to the period January 1990 to December 1995 to provide a computational foundation for evaluating the effects of future land-use changes on hydrology and water quality in the watershed.</span></p><p>The Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran (HSPF) model was used to simulate hydrology and water quality of runoff for pervious land areas, impervious land areas, and stream reaches. Six land-use types were used to characterize the hydrology and water quality of pervious and impervious land areas in the Reedy Creek watershed: agriculture, rangeland, forest, wetlands, rapid infiltration basins, and urban areas. Hydrologic routing and water-quality reactions were simulated to characterize hydrologic and water-quality processes and the movement of runoff and its constituents through the main stream channels and their tributaries.</p><p>Because of the complexity of the stream system within the Reedy Creek Improvement District (RCID) (hydraulic structures, retention ponds) and the anticipated difficulty of modeling the system, an approach of calibrating the model parameters for a subset of the gaged watersheds and confirming the usefulness of the parameters by simulating the remainder of the gaged sites was selected for this study. Two sub-watersheds (Whittenhorse Creek and Davenport Creek) were selected for calibration because both have similar land use to watersheds within the RCID (with the exception of urban areas). Given the lack of available rainfall data, the hydrologic calibration of the Whittenhorse Creek and Davenport Creek sub-watersheds was considered acceptable (for monthly data, correlation coefficients, 0.86 and 0.88, and coefficients of model-fit efficiency, 0.72 and 0.74, respectively). The hydrologic model was tested by applying the parameter sets developed for Whittenhorse Creek and Davenport Creek to other land areas within the Reedy Creek watershed, and by comparing the simulated results to observed data sets for Reedy Creek near Vineland, Bonnet Creek near Vineland, and Reedy Creek near Loughman. The hydrologic model confirmation for Reedy Creek near Vineland (correlation coefficient, 0.91, and coefficient of model fit efficiency, 0.78, for monthly flows) was acceptable. Flows for Bonnet Creek near Vineland were substantially under simulated. Consideration of the ground-water contribution to Bonnet Creek could improve the water balance simulation for Bonnet Creek near Vineland. On longer time scales (monthly or over the 72-month simulation period), simulated discharges for Reedy Creek near Loughman agreed well with observed data (correlation coefficient, 0.88). For monthly flows the coefficient of model-fit efficiency was 0.77. On a shorter time scale (less than a month), however, storm volumes were greatly over simulated and low flows (less than 8 cubic feet per second) were greatly under simulated. A primary reason for the poor results at low flows is the diversion of an unknown amount of water from the RCID at the Bonnet Creek near Kissimmee site.</p><p>Selection of water-quality constituents for simulation was based primarily on the availability of water-quality data. Dissolved oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus species were simulated. Representation of nutrient cycling in HSPF also required simulation of biochemical oxygen demand and phytoplankton populations. The correlation coefficient for simulated and observed daily mean dissolved oxygen concentration values at Reedy Creek near Vineland was 0.633. Simulated time series of total phosphorus, phosphate, ammonia nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen generally agreed well with periodically observed values for the Whittenhorse Creek and Davenport Creek sites. Simulated water-quality constituents at the Bonnet Creek and Reedy Creek near Vineland sites varied as to how well the values agreed with periodically observed constituent concentrations. Simulated water-quality constituent concentrations for the Reedy Creek near Loughman site generally agreed well with observed constituent concentrations.</p><p>Simulation of a future land-use scenario for the Reedy Creek watershed was based on the hydrologic and water-quality simulations, projected 2008 land use within the RCID, and assuming no change in existing land use for other areas within the Reedy Creek watershed but external to the RCID. The percentages of forest and urban-impervious land use showed the most change between existing and future land use; forest areas decreased by 50 percent and urban-impervious areas increased by 300 percent. Simulated values of mean total phosphorus, phosphate, ammonia nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen concentrations for existing and future land-use simulations were within 0.01 milligrams per liter of each other. The simulated maximum daily load increased an average of 10 percent for all constituents. Maximum daily nitrate nitrogen load increased about 17 percent, the greatest increase of all daily constituent loads. Duration curves of daily total phosphorus, phosphate, ammonia nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen load indicated an increase in the likelihood of exceeding a given load throughout the range of daily constituent loads at Reedy Creek near Loughman.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024018","usgsCitation":"Wicklein, S., and Schiffer, D.M., 2002, Simulation of runoff and water quality for 1990 and 2008 land-use conditions in the Reedy Creek watershed, east-central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4018, vi, 221 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024018.","productDescription":"vi, 221 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":168080,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3874,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024018","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":395649,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52030.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Reedy Creek watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.73,\n              28.245\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.5,\n              28.245\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.5,\n              28.5167\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.73,\n              28.5167\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.73,\n              28.245\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f2230","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wicklein, Shaun 0000-0003-4551-1237 smwickle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4551-1237","contributorId":3389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wicklein","given":"Shaun","email":"smwickle@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37280,"text":"Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center ","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schiffer, Donna M. schiffer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schiffer","given":"Donna","email":"schiffer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":39947,"text":"wri024191 - 2002 - Environmental Characteristics and Geographic Information System Applications for the Development of Nutrient Thresholds in Oklahoma Streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:59","indexId":"wri024191","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4191","title":"Environmental Characteristics and Geographic Information System Applications for the Development of Nutrient Thresholds in Oklahoma Streams","docAbstract":"The U.S.Environmental Protection Agency has developed nutrient criteria using ecoregions to manage and protect rivers and streams in the United States. Individual states and tribes are encouraged by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to modify or improve upon the ecoregion approach. The Oklahoma Water Resources Board uses a dichotomous process that stratifies streams using environmental characteristics such as stream order and stream slope. This process is called the Use Support Assessment Protocols, subchapter15. The Use Support Assessment Protocols can be used to identify streams threatened by excessive amounts of nutrients, dependant upon a beneficial use designation for each stream. The Use Support Assessment Protocols, subchapter 15 uses nutrient and environmental characteristic thresholds developed from a study conducted in the Netherlands, but the Oklahoma Water Resources Board wants to modify the thresholds to reflect hydrologic and ecological conditions relevant to Oklahoma streams and rivers.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nEnvironmental characteristics thought to affect impairment from nutrient concentrations in Oklahoma streams and rivers were determined for 798 water-quality sites in Oklahoma. Nutrient, chlorophyll, water-properties, and location data were retrieved from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency STORET database including data from the U.S. Geological Survey, Oklahoma Conservation Commission, and Oklahoma Water Resources Board. Drainage-basin area, stream order, stream slope, and land-use proportions were determined for each site using a Geographic Information System. The methods, procedures, and data sets used to determine the environmental characteristics are described.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024191","usgsCitation":"Masoner, J.R., Haggard, B.E., and Rea, A., 2002, Environmental Characteristics and Geographic Information System Applications for the Development of Nutrient Thresholds in Oklahoma Streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4191, iv, 43 p. (1 folded) : ill., maps ; 28 cm. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024191.","productDescription":"iv, 43 p. (1 folded) : ill., maps ; 28 cm. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":165316,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3645,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri024191/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602580","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masoner, Jason R. 0000-0002-4829-6379 jmasoner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4829-6379","contributorId":3193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masoner","given":"Jason","email":"jmasoner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haggard, Brian E.","contributorId":20299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haggard","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rea, Alan","contributorId":41018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":39948,"text":"wri024198 - 2002 - Characterization of ground-water flow between the Canisteo Mine Pit and surrounding aquifers, Mesabi Iron Range, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-11T09:08:18","indexId":"wri024198","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4198","title":"Characterization of ground-water flow between the Canisteo Mine Pit and surrounding aquifers, Mesabi Iron Range, Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p><span>The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, conducted a study to characterize ground-water flow conditions between the Canisteo Mine Pit, Bovey, Minnesota, and surrounding aquifers following mine abandonment. The objective of the study was to estimate the amount of steady-state, ground-water flow between the Canisteo Mine Pit and surrounding aquifers at pit water-level altitudes below the level at which surface-water discharge from the pit may occur. Single-well hydraulic tests and stream-hydrograph analyses were conducted to estimate horizontal hydraulic conductivities and ground-water recharge rates, respectively, for glacial aquifers surrounding the mine pit. Average hydraulic conductivity values ranged from 0.05 to 5.0 ft/day for sands and clays and from 0.01 to 121 ft/day for coarse sands, gravels, and boulders. The 15-year averages for the estimated annual recharge using the winter records and the entire years of record for defining baseflow recession rates were 7.07 and 7.58 in., respectively. These recharge estimates accounted for 25 and 27 percent, respectively, of the average annual precipitation for the 1968-82 streamflow monitoring period. Ground-water flow rates into and out of the mine pit were estimated using a calibrated steady-state, ground-water flow model simulating an area of approximately 75 mi</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;surrounding the mine pit. The model residuals, or difference between simulated and measured water levels, for 15 monitoring wells adjacent to the mine pit varied between +28.65 and &ndash;3.78 ft. The best-match simulated water levels were within 4 ft of measured water levels for 9 of the 15 wells, and within 2 ft for 4 of the wells. The simulated net ground-water flow into the Canisteo Mine Pit was +1.34 ft</span><sup>3</sup><span>/s, and the net ground-water flow calculated from pit water levels measured between July 5, 1999 and February 25, 2001 was +5.4 ft</span><sup>3</sup><span>/s. Simulated water levels and ground-water flow to and from the mine pit for the calibrated steady-state simulation were most sensitive to changes in horizontal hydraulic conductivity, suggesting that this characteristic is the predominant parameter controlling steady-state water-level and flow conditions. A series of 14 steady-state simulations at constant pit water-level altitudes between 1,300 and 1,324 ft was completed with the calibrated model to assess the effect of current and potential future pit water-level altitudes on ground-water inflow to and outflow from the mine pit. Total simulated ground-water inflow to the mine pit at a constant pit water-level altitude of 1,300 ft was 1.40 ft</span><sup>3</sup><span>/s, with a total simulated ground-water outflow of 0.06 ft</span><sup>3</sup><span>/s discharging from the mine pit to local aquifers. Steady-state simulations indicate that total simulated ground-water inflow will decrease from 1.40 to 1.00 ft</span><sup>3</sup><span>/s and total simulated ground-water outflow will increase from 0.06 to 0.91 ft</span><sup>3</sup><span>/s as the pit water-level altitude rises from 1,300 to 1,324 ft. When the pit water-level altitude is 1,324 ft</span><sup>3</sup><span>/s, the lowest pit-rim altitude, the simulated net ground-water inflow is 0.09 ft</span><sup>3</sup><span>/s. At pit water-level altitudes between 1,302 and 1,306 ft, all but a small rate (less than 0.01 ft</span><sup>3</sup><span>/s) of the total simulated ground-water outflow from the pit occurs in the Trout Lake area. At pit water-level altitudes between 1,308 and 1,324 ft, simulated outflow occurs in three outflow locations: the Trout Lake, the Prairie River, and Holman Lake areas.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri024198","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Jones, P.M., 2002, Characterization of ground-water flow between the Canisteo Mine Pit and surrounding aquifers, Mesabi Iron Range, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4198, iv, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024198.","productDescription":"iv, 30 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science 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}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4da2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, Perry M. 0000-0002-6569-5144 pmjones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6569-5144","contributorId":2231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Perry","email":"pmjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":45004,"text":"wri024014 - 2002 - Simulation of Fish, Mud, and Crystal Lakes and the shallow ground-water system, Dane County, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-04T19:27:29.165878","indexId":"wri024014","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4014","title":"Simulation of Fish, Mud, and Crystal Lakes and the shallow ground-water system, Dane County, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"<p>A new MODFLOW lake package (LAK3) that simulates ground-water/lake interaction was used in simulation of Fish, Mud and Crystal Lakes?three shallow seepage lakes located in northwestern Dane County, Wis. The simulations were done to help determine the cause of increasing lake stages and provide a tool to estimate the effect of pumping water from Fish lake on future lake stages. The ground-water-flow model was developed using a telescopic-mesh refinement of the Dane and southwestern Columbia Counties regional model previously developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey. The parameter estimation model, UCODE, was coupled to the steadystate ground-water model to automate and optimize the calibration procedure. The steady-state model was calibrated to measured ground-water levels, Spring Creek streamflow measured at Lodi, and Fish and Crystal Lake stages. The results of the steady-state model were used as initial conditions in a transient simulation beginning in 1966 and ending in 1998. Recharge based on annual baseflow in Black Earth Creek, runoff based on measured coefficients, and precipitation and evaporation from the lake surfaces, were varied during the transient simulation. Measured Fish Lake stage was matched to simulated stage to calibrate the transient model.</p>\n<p>Model results suggest that the increase in regional ground-water recharge resulted in increased ground-water flow to the lake, which in turn resulted in increased lake stages. Simulation results of withdrawal of water from Fish Lake at 500 gallons per minute, assuming 1990?98 climatic conditions, indicate that after 1 year of pumping the stage of Fish and Mud Lakes would be reduced more than 1 foot and the stage of Crystal Lake would be reduced by less than 0.2 foot. When pumping is stopped, the lake stages would recover to near pre-pumping levels within about 3 years. When pumping is extended to 5 years, Fish and Mud Lake stage would be reduced by a maximum of 3.8 feet and Crystal Lake stage is reduced a maximum of 0.8 feet. After 4 years of recovery, Fish and Mud Lake stages are within 0.9 foot of prepumping levels and Crystal Lake stage is within 0.7 foot.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024014","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Dane County Lakes and Watershed Commission, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Krohelski, J.T., Lin, Y., Rose, W., and Hunt, R.J., 2002, Simulation of Fish, Mud, and Crystal Lakes and the shallow ground-water system, Dane County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4014, iv, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024014.","productDescription":"iv, 17 p.","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":168078,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4014/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":82257,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4014/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":415183,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_51399.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Dane County","otherGeospatial":"Crystal Lake, Fish Lake, Mud Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -89.67950820922852,\n              43.27989227476815\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.67950820922852,\n              43.30138362431441\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.60294723510741,\n              43.30138362431441\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.60294723510741,\n              43.27989227476815\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.67950820922852,\n              43.27989227476815\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49afe4b07f02db5c8486","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krohelski, James T.","contributorId":52223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohelski","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":230896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lin, Yu-Feng","contributorId":108167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lin","given":"Yu-Feng","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rose, William J. wjrose@usgs.gov","contributorId":2182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"William J.","email":"wjrose@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":230895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hunt, Randall J. 0000-0001-6465-9304 rjhunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6465-9304","contributorId":1129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Randall","email":"rjhunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":39959,"text":"wri20014174 - 2002 - Simulation of Transient Ground-Water Flow in the Valley-Fill Aquifers of the Upper Rockaway River Basin, Morris County, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:16","indexId":"wri20014174","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4174","title":"Simulation of Transient Ground-Water Flow in the Valley-Fill Aquifers of the Upper Rockaway River Basin, Morris County, New Jersey","docAbstract":"More than 90 percent of the public water supply in the upper Rockaway River Valley in Morris County, New Jersey, is obtained from ground-water withdrawals from the valley-fill aquifers. During 1997, an average of 9.6 million gallons per day of ground water was withdrawn from these aquifers. The aquifer system consists of an unconfined aquifer (upper aquifer) and a locally confined aquifer (lower aquifer), which are composed of sands and gravels. These aquifers are separated by a discontinuous confining unit that consists mostly of silt and clay. Increases in ground-water withdrawals can induce movement of water from streams to wells, increase flow from the upper aquifer to the lower aquifer, and reduce base flow in the Rockaway River downstream. \r\n\r\nA ground-water-flow model was used to simulate and quantify the effects of current withdrawals on the valley-fill aquifer system under transient monthly conditions. Recharge over the model area varies both spatially and temporally. Part of model calibration consisted of adjusting percentages of monthly precipitation that recharges the valley-fill aquifer system. More recharge occurs during winter and spring than during summer and fall. This seasonal variation affects ground-water discharge to the Rockaway River. \r\n\r\nGround-water withdrawals from the valleyfill aquifers also affect ground-water discharge to the Rockaway River. Three scenarios were simulated to observe the effects of ground-water withdrawals on ground-water discharge to the Rockaway River and to determine the extent to which variations in rates of withdrawals correspond to variations in rates of streamflow depletion. Streamflow depletion was estimated by comparing model-computed ground-water discharge for the three scenarios with the modelcomputed ground-water discharge under transient conditions. In scenario 1, all pumpage was removed from the model. In scenarios 2 and 3, 1 million gallons per day of ground-water withdrawals in excess of the current pumpage was withdrawn from the valley-fill aquifers. In scenario 2, the additional 1 million gallons per day of withdrawals were made from a hypothetical well located in the upper aquifer about 250 feet from the river. In scenario 3, the additional withdrawals were made from a hypothetical well located in the lower aquifer about 1,750 feet from the river. Results of scenario 1 indicated that the difference between the streamflow depletion and withdrawals is small; increases in ground-water withdrawals from the valley-fill aquifers correspond to decreases in ground-water discharge to the Rockaway River of approximately the same amount. Results of scenario 2 and 3 indicated that a lag time could occur between the introduction of withdrawals and the full magnitude of the effects of the withdrawals on streamflow depletion. A lag time of about seven months occurred for scenario 2 with the well placed in the upper aquifer. A longer lag time of more than 1.5 years occurred with the well placed in the lower aquifer and separated from the upper aquifer by a confining unit (scenario 3). \r\n\r\nExtreme low flow in the Rockaway River is mostly base flow. A flow-duration analysis of the Rockaway River at the surface-water gaging station upstream from the Boonton Reservoir during the drought of 1961-66 indicated that streamflow from the upper Rockaway River Basin alone might not be sufficient to meet the minimum passing flow of 7 million gallons per day during a drought. Under similar drought conditions today, during 3.2 percent of the drought time, streamflow at this station upstream from the reservoir would be less than the minimum passing flow requirement downstream from the reservoir. ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri20014174","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Gordon, A.D., 2002, Simulation of Transient Ground-Water Flow in the Valley-Fill Aquifers of the Upper Rockaway River Basin, Morris County, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4174, iv, 47 p. : ill., maps (some col.) ; 28 cm. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20014174.","productDescription":"iv, 47 p. : ill., maps (some col.) ; 28 cm. ","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":170491,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9402,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri01-4174/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -74.58333333333333,40.833333333333336 ], [ -74.58333333333333,41 ], [ -74.38333333333334,41 ], [ -74.38333333333334,40.833333333333336 ], [ -74.58333333333333,40.833333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a94e4b07f02db659455","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gordon, Alison D. 0000-0002-9502-8633 agordon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9502-8633","contributorId":890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"Alison","email":"agordon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":45003,"text":"wri024009 - 2002 - Simulation of ground-water flow in the Intermediate and Floridan aquifer systems in Peninsular Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:55","indexId":"wri024009","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4009","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow in the Intermediate and Floridan aquifer systems in Peninsular Florida","docAbstract":"A numerical model of the intermediate and Floridan aquifer systems in peninsular Florida was used to (1) test and refine the conceptual understanding of the regional ground-water flow system; (2) develop a data base to support subregional ground-water flow modeling; and (3) evaluate effects of projected 2020 ground-water withdrawals on ground-water levels. The four-layer model was based on the computer code MODFLOW-96, developed by the U.S. Geological Survey. The top layer consists of specified-head cells simulating the surficial aquifer system as a source-sink layer. The second layer simulates the intermediate aquifer system in southwest Florida and the intermediate confining unit where it is present. The third and fourth layers simulate the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers, respectively. Steady-state ground-water flow conditions were approximated for time-averaged hydrologic conditions from August 1993 through July 1994 (1993-94). This period was selected based on data from Upper Floridan a quifer wells equipped with continuous water-level recorders. The grid used for the ground-water flow model was uniform and composed of square 5,000-foot cells, with 210 columns and 300 rows.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024009","usgsCitation":"Sepulveda, N., 2002, Simulation of ground-water flow in the Intermediate and Floridan aquifer systems in Peninsular Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4009, viii, 130 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024009.","productDescription":"viii, 130 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":167992,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3872,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024009 ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4b9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sepulveda, Nicasio 0000-0002-6333-1865 nsepul@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6333-1865","contributorId":1454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sepulveda","given":"Nicasio","email":"nsepul@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5051,"text":"FLWSC-Orlando","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":45001,"text":"wri024004 - 2002 - Simulation of ground-water flow and delineation of areas contributing recharge to municipal water-supply wells, Muscatine, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T08:42:22","indexId":"wri024004","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4004","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow and delineation of areas contributing recharge to municipal water-supply wells, Muscatine, Iowa","docAbstract":"<p>Mississippi River alluvium in the Muscatine, Iowa, area provides large quantities of good quality ground water for municipal, industrial, and agricultural supplies. Three municipal well fields for the City of Muscatine produce a total of about 27 million gallons per day from the alluvium. A previously published steady-state ground-water flow model was modified, and results from the model were used with particle-tracking software to delineate approximate areas contributing recharge to Muscatine Power and Water municipal supply wells and to determine zones of transport within the areas contributing recharge. </p>\n<p>Under steady-state conditions and 1998 pumpage, primary sources of inflow to the ground-water flow system are recharge through infiltration of precipitation and upland runoff (53 percent) and Mississippi River leakage (41 percent). The primary components of outflow from the ground-water flow system are pumpage (39.6 percent), flow to drainage ditches in Illinois (32.9 percent), and Muscatine Slough leakage (24.7 percent). </p>\n<p>Several sources of water are present within estimated areas contributing recharge to Muscatine Power and Water municipal well fields including ground water from the alluvial aquifer, Mississippi River water, and recharge originating as runoff from two unnamed creeks in the northern part of the study area. Recharge originating from the Mississippi River accounts for about 46 percent of the total water discharged from the municipal well fields. The average simulated traveltime of particles tracked from recharge to discharge at the municipal well fields was 13.6 years. Particle-tracking results illustrate the influence of nearby industrial supply wells on the shape and size of the area contributing recharge to Muscatine Power and Water wells. Two large embayments into the area contributing recharge to municipal wells are present along the Mississippi River. These areas represent ground water that is unavailable to municipal wells due to withdrawals by industrial supply wells. Recharge originating from the Mississippi River accounts for about 98 percent of the total water discharged from the Muscatine Power and Water Main well field. However, recharge originating from the Mississippi River accounts for less of the total discharge from the Progress Park and Grandview municipal well fields (12 and 34 percent, respectively). </p>\n<p>The effects of changing climatic conditions on the size and shape of the 10-year zone of transport to Muscatine Power and Water municipal well fields were simulated by decreasing and increasing recharge from precipitation to the ground-water model to demonstrate the variability inherent in delineating these areas. Locations of potential sources of contamination within the zones of transport also are identified.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri024004","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Muscatine Power and Water, Muscatine, Iowa","usgsCitation":"Savoca, M.E., Lucey, K.J., and Lanning, B.D., 2002, Simulation of ground-water flow and delineation of areas contributing recharge to municipal water-supply wells, Muscatine, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4004, iv, 26 p.; ill., col. maps; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024004.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p.; ill., col. maps; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316640,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri024004.JPG"},{"id":3870,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://ia.water.usgs.gov/pubs/reports/WRIR_02-4004.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Iowa","city":"Muscatine","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.00387573242188,\n              41.40565583808169\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.02516174316406,\n              41.414410512890704\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.03202819824219,\n              41.425738340753924\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.05743408203124,\n              41.41647026492143\n  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kjlucey@usgs.gov","contributorId":185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucey","given":"Keith","email":"kjlucey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lanning, Brian D.","contributorId":102744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanning","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":44996,"text":"wri014254 - 2002 - Three-dimensional hydrogeologic framework model for use with a steady-state numerical ground-water flow model of the Death Valley regional flow system, Nevada and California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:12","indexId":"wri014254","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4254","title":"Three-dimensional hydrogeologic framework model for use with a steady-state numerical ground-water flow model of the Death Valley regional flow system, Nevada and California","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Department of Energy and other Federal, State, and local agencies, is evaluating the hydrogeologic characteristics of the Death Valley regional ground-water flow system. The ground-water flow system covers an area of about 100,000 square kilometers from latitude 35? to 38?15' North to longitude 115? to 118? West, with the flow system proper comprising about 45,000 square kilometers. The Death Valley regional ground-water flow system is one of the larger flow systems within the Southwestern United States and includes in its boundaries the Nevada Test Site, Yucca Mountain, and much of Death Valley. Part of this study includes the construction of a three-dimensional hydrogeologic framework model to serve as the foundation for the development of a steady-state regional ground-water flow model. The digital framework model provides a computer-based description of the geometry and composition of the hydrogeologic units that control regional flow. The framework model of the region was constructed by merging two previous framework models constructed for the Yucca Mountain Project and the Environmental Restoration Program Underground Test Area studies at the Nevada Test Site.\r\n\r\nThe hydrologic characteristics of the region result from a currently arid climate and complex geology. Interbasinal regional ground-water flow occurs through a thick carbonate-rock sequence of Paleozoic age, a locally thick volcanic-rock sequence of Tertiary age, and basin-fill alluvium of Tertiary and Quaternary age. Throughout the system, deep and shallow ground-water flow may be controlled by extensive and pervasive regional and local faults and fractures.\r\n\r\nThe framework model was constructed using data from several sources to define the geometry of the regional hydrogeologic units. These data sources include (1) a 1:250,000-scale hydrogeologic-map compilation of the region; (2) regional-scale geologic cross sections; (3) borehole information, and (4) gridded surfaces from a previous three-dimensional geologic model. In addition, digital elevation model data were used in conjunction with these data to define ground-surface altitudes. These data, properly oriented in three dimensions by using geographic information systems, were combined and gridded to produce the upper surfaces of the hydrogeologic units used in the flow model. The final geometry of the framework model is constructed as a volumetric model by incorporating the intersections of these gridded surfaces and by applying fault truncation rules to structural features from the geologic map and cross sections. The cells defining the geometry of the hydrogeologic framework model can be assigned several attributes such as lithology, hydrogeologic unit, thickness, and top and bottom altitudes.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014254","usgsCitation":"Belcher, W., Faunt, C., and D’Agnese, F.A., 2002, Three-dimensional hydrogeologic framework model for use with a steady-state numerical ground-water flow model of the Death Valley regional flow system, Nevada and California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4254, -, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014254.","productDescription":"-","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162450,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3867,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri014254","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b492f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belcher, Wayne R.","contributorId":79446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belcher","given":"Wayne R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Faunt, Claudia C. 0000-0001-5659-7529 ccfaunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-7529","contributorId":1491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"Claudia C.","email":"ccfaunt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":230875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"D’Agnese, Frank A.","contributorId":47810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Agnese","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":44997,"text":"wri20014266 - 2002 - Hurricane Mitch: Peak Discharge for Selected River Reachesin Honduras","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:06","indexId":"wri20014266","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4266","title":"Hurricane Mitch: Peak Discharge for Selected River Reachesin Honduras","docAbstract":"Hurricane Mitch began as a tropical depression in the Caribbean Sea on 22 October 1998. By 26 October, Mitch had strengthened to a Category 5 storm as defined by the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale (National Climate Data Center, 1999a), and on 27 October was threatening the northern coast of Honduras (fig. 1). After making landfall 2 days later (29 October), the storm drifted south and west across Honduras, wreaking destruction throughout the country before reaching the Guatemalan border on 31 October.\r\n\r\nAccording to the National Climate Data Center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (National Climate Data Center, 1999b), Hurricane Mitch ranks among the five strongest storms on record in the Atlantic Basin in terms of its sustained winds, barometric pressure, and duration. Hurricane Mitch also was one of the worst Atlantic storms in terms of loss of life and property. The regionwide death toll was estimated to be more than 9,000; thousands of people were reported missing. Economic losses in the region were more than $7.5 billion (U.S. Agency for International Development, 1999).\r\n\r\nHonduras suffered the most widespread devastation during the storm. More than 5,000 deaths, and economic losses of more than $4 billion, were reported by the Government of Honduras. Honduran officials estimated that Hurricane Mitch destroyed 50 years of economic development. In addition to the human and economic losses, intense flooding and landslides scarred the Honduran landscape - hydrologic and geomorphologic processes throughout the country likely will be affected for many years.\r\n\r\nAs part of the U.S. Government's response to the disaster, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted post-flood measurements of peak discharge at 16 river sites throughout Honduras (fig. 2). Such measurements, termed 'indirect' measurements, are used to determine peak flows when direct measurements (using current meters or dye studies, for example) cannot be made. Indirect measurements of peak discharge are based on post-flood surveys of the river channel (observed high-water marks, cross sections, and hydraulic properties) and model computation of peak discharge. Determination of the flood peaks associated with Hurricane Mitch will help scientists understand the magnitude of this devastating hurricane. Peak-discharge information also is critical for the proper design of hydraulic structures (such as bridges and levees), delineation of theoretical flood boundaries, and development of stage-discharge relations at streamflow-monitoring sites.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri20014266","usgsCitation":"Smith, M.E., Phillips, J.V., and Spahr, N.E., 2002, Hurricane Mitch: Peak Discharge for Selected River Reachesin Honduras: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4266, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20014266.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124762,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4266/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":82256,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4266/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62a463","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Mark E.","contributorId":75584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, Jeffrey V.","contributorId":86327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spahr, Norman E. nspahr@usgs.gov","contributorId":1977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spahr","given":"Norman","email":"nspahr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":50661,"text":"ofr02255 - 2002 - Fifty-year flood-inundation maps for La Lima, Honduras","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-18T14:35:33.709032","indexId":"ofr02255","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-255","title":"Fifty-year flood-inundation maps for La Lima, Honduras","docAbstract":"After the devastating floods caused by Hurricane Mitch in 1998, maps of the areas and depths of the 50-year-flood inundation at 15 municipalities in Honduras were prepared as a tool for agencies involved in reconstruction and planning. This report, which is one in a series of 15, presents maps of areas in the municipality of La Lima that would be inundated by Rio Chamelecon with a discharge of 500 cubic meters per second, the approximate capacity of the river channel through the city of La Lima. The 50-year flood (2,400 cubic meters per second), the original design flow to be mapped, would inundate the entire area surveyed for this municipality. Because water-surface elevations of the 50-year flood could not be mapped properly without substantially expanding the area of the survey, the available data were used instead to estimate the channel capacity of Rio Chamelecon in La Lima by trial-and-error runs of different flows in a numerical model and to estimate the increase in height of levees needed to contain flows of 1,000 and 2,400 cubic meters per second. Geographic Information System (GIS) coverages of the flood inundation are available on a computer in the municipality of La Lima as part of the Municipal GIS project and on the Internet at the Flood Hazard Mapping Web page (http://mitchnts1.cr.usgs.gov/projects/floodhazard.html). These coverages allow users to view the flood inundation in much more detail than is possible using the maps in this report.\r\n\r\nWater-surface elevations for various discharges on Rio Chamelecon at La Lima were determined using HEC-RAS, a one-dimensional, steady-flow, step-backwater computer program. The channel and floodplain cross sections used in HEC-RAS were developed from an airborne light-detection-and-ranging (LIDAR) topographic survey of the area and ground surveys at three bridges. Top-of-levee or top-of-channel-bank elevations and locations at the cross sections were critical to estimating the channel capacity of Rio Chamelecon. These elevations and locations are provided along with the water-surface elevations for the 500-cubic-meter-per-second flow of Rio Chamelecon. Also, water-surface elevations of the 1,000 and 2,400 cubic-meter-per-second flows are provided, assuming that the existing levees are raised to contained the flows.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02255","usgsCitation":"Mastin, M.C., and Olsen, T.D., 2002, Fifty-year flood-inundation maps for La Lima, Honduras: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-255, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02255.","productDescription":"11 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4145,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr02255/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":170323,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Honduras","city":"La Lima","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -89.43251127996213,\n              16.43006388749069\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.43251127996213,\n              12.876909617568344\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.7967072779427,\n              12.876909617568344\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.7967072779427,\n              16.43006388749069\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.43251127996213,\n              16.43006388749069\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f48bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mastin, Mark C. 0000-0003-4018-7861 mcmastin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4018-7861","contributorId":1652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"Mark","email":"mcmastin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":242030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olsen, T. D.","contributorId":41463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":50664,"text":"ofr02258 - 2002 - Fifty-Year Flood-Inundation Maps for Santa Rosa de Aguan, Honduras","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-18T14:09:06.742229","indexId":"ofr02258","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-258","title":"Fifty-Year Flood-Inundation Maps for Santa Rosa de Aguan, Honduras","docAbstract":"After the devastating floods caused by Hurricane Mitch in 1998, maps of the areas and depths of the 50-year-flood inundation at 15 municipalities in Honduras were prepared as a tool for agencies involved in reconstruction and planning. This report, which is one in a series of 15, presents maps of areas in the coastal municipality of Santa Rosa de Aguan that are prone to oceanic storm-surge flooding and wave action. The 50-year flood on the Rio Aguan (4,270 cubic meters per second), would inundate most of the area surveyed for this municipality and beyond. Therefore a detailed numerical hydraulic model was not developed for this municipality as it was for the others. The 50-year storm surge would likely produce higher water levels than the 50-year flood on the river during normal astronomical tides. The elevation of the 50-year storm surge was estimated to be 4.35 meters above normal sea level, based on hurricane probabilities and published storm-surge elevations associated with various hurricane categories. Flood-inundation maps, including areas of wave-action hazard and a color-shaded elevation map, were created from the available data and the estimated 50-year storm tide.\r\n\r\nGeographic Information System (GIS) coverages of the hazard areas are available on a computer in the municipality of Santa Rosa de Aguan as part of the Municipal GIS project and on the Internet at the Flood Hazard Mapping Data Web page (http://mitchnts1.cr.usgs.gov/projects/floodhazard.html). These coverages allow users to view the maps in much more detail than is possible using the maps in this report.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02258","usgsCitation":"Mastin, M.C., and Olsen, T.D., 2002, Fifty-Year Flood-Inundation Maps for Santa Rosa de Aguan, Honduras: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-258, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02258.","productDescription":"22 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4148,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr02258/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":170392,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Honduras","city":"Santa Rosa de Aguan","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -89.43251127996213,\n              16.43006388749069\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.43251127996213,\n              12.876909617568344\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.7967072779427,\n              12.876909617568344\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.7967072779427,\n              16.43006388749069\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.43251127996213,\n              16.43006388749069\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f497f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mastin, Mark C. 0000-0003-4018-7861 mcmastin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4018-7861","contributorId":1652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"Mark","email":"mcmastin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":242038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olsen, T. D.","contributorId":41463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":50690,"text":"ofr02362 - 2002 - Documentation of Precipitation Runoff Modeling System modules for the Modular Modeling System modified for the Watershed and River Systems Management Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:23","indexId":"ofr02362","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-362","title":"Documentation of Precipitation Runoff Modeling System modules for the Modular Modeling System modified for the Watershed and River Systems Management Program","docAbstract":"A decision support system is being developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation as part of a long-term project, the Watershed and River Systems Management Program. The goal of the program is to apply the decision support system to U.S. Bureau of Reclamation projects in the western United States. An important component of the decision support system is the physical hydrology modeling, which consists of watershed models using the U.S. Geological Survey's Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System within the Modular Modeling System. \r\n\r\nTo construct models and to enhance the tools for the application of the decision support system, selected Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System modules were modified or developed. These modules are documented in this report.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02362","usgsCitation":"Mastin, M.C., and Vaccaro, J.J., 2002, Documentation of Precipitation Runoff Modeling System modules for the Modular Modeling System modified for the Watershed and River Systems Management Program: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-362, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02362.","productDescription":"5 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178356,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4164,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr02362/ ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a68e4b07f02db63b4e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mastin, Mark C. 0000-0003-4018-7861 mcmastin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4018-7861","contributorId":1652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"Mark","email":"mcmastin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":242083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vaccaro, J. J.","contributorId":48173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaccaro","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":53895,"text":"itr20020003 - 2002 - Research plan for lands administered by the U.S. Department of the Interior in the Interior Columbia Basin and Snake River Plateau","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-22T16:08:23","indexId":"itr20020003","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":366,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"2002-0003","title":"Research plan for lands administered by the U.S. Department of the Interior in the Interior Columbia Basin and Snake River Plateau","docAbstract":"<p>This document presents a long-term research strategy designed to address current and future research needs for management of Department of the Interior-administered ecosystems in the Intermountain West. Although the research plan was developed in the context of the Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project, the plan addresses many high-priority issues facing land managers throughout the Intermountain West. These issues pose management challenges that may be addressed with applied research both currently and in upcoming decades. Possessing a particular focus on semiarid ecosystems, the plan is a collection of research questions under five categories of research emphases: 1) restoration; 2) rangeland health; 3) aquatic-terrestrial connections; 4) development of monitoring and evaluation protocols; and 5) species and habitats at risk.</p>\n<p>The goal of the research strategy is to provide ideas for integrating emerging scientific understanding into future management in order to restore and maintain long-term ecosystem health and ecological integrity; provide consistent management direction over broad spatial and temporal scales; emphasize adaptive management over the long term; restore and maintain habitats for plant and animal species; and support economic and social needs of people, without compromising the above goals. Research questions are prioritized into three categories based on the immediacy of their need, feasibility of addressing the question rigorously under varying funding budgets, and magnitude of risk posed by not addressing the issue. The research strategy is intended to support and integrate with existing management efforts and strategies. As such, it melds observational studies with experimental manipulation, treating management actions as experiments whenever feasible.</p>\n<p>The research strategy focuses on disturbance processes and events that have been the primary drivers of change, to provide a predictive model for future changes. These drivers include fire, nonnative plants, herbivory, roads and associated human influences, and climate change. Whereas management in the western United States has striven to move from an inefficient species-based approach to a habitat-based approach, the plan focuses on ecosystem function and ecological processes as critical measures of habitat response. Because of the large amount and contiguity of public lands in the western United States, the region presents both a compelling opportunity to implement landscape-level science and a challenge to underst</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/itr20020003","issn":"1081-2911","collaboration":"Prepared as part of an interagency agreement between USGS Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center and the Bureau of Land Management, Oregon/Washington State Office","usgsCitation":"Beever, E.A., and Pyke, D.A., 2002, Research plan for lands administered by the U.S. Department of the Interior in the Interior Columbia Basin and Snake River Plateau: Information and Technology Report 2002-0003, iv, 71 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/itr20020003.","productDescription":"iv, 71 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"71","numberOfPages":"79","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177578,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/2002/0003/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":12786,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/2002/0003/itr20020003.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"ITR 2002-0003"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bbf3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beever, Erik A. 0000-0002-9369-486X ebeever@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-486X","contributorId":2934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beever","given":"Erik","email":"ebeever@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pyke, David A. 0000-0002-4578-8335 david_a_pyke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4578-8335","contributorId":3118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pyke","given":"David","email":"david_a_pyke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":50722,"text":"ofr2002461 - 2002 - An Intelligent Systems Approach to Automated Object Recognition: A Preliminary Study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-04-15T17:28:14","indexId":"ofr2002461","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-461","title":"An Intelligent Systems Approach to Automated Object Recognition: A Preliminary Study","docAbstract":"Attempts at fully automated object recognition systems have met with varying levels of success over the years. However, none of the systems have achieved high enough accuracy rates to be run unattended. One of the reasons for this may be that they are designed from the computer's point of view and rely mainly on image-processing methods. A better solution to this problem may be to make use of modern advances in computational intelligence and distributed processing to try to mimic how the human brain is thought to recognize objects. As humans combine cognitive processes with detection techniques, such a system would combine traditional image-processing techniques with computer-based intelligence to determine the identity of various objects in a scene.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr2002461","usgsCitation":"Maddox, B.G., and Swadley, C.L., 2002, An Intelligent Systems Approach to Automated Object Recognition: A Preliminary Study: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-461, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2002461.","productDescription":"15 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":176705,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9495,"rank":300,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0461/","size":"1232","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6864c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maddox, Brian G.","contributorId":57140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maddox","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swadley, Casey L.","contributorId":70469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swadley","given":"Casey","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":50711,"text":"ofr02430 - 2002 - Evaluation of artificial recharge in the Mojave River Ground-Water Basin, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:15","indexId":"ofr02430","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-430","title":"Evaluation of artificial recharge in the Mojave River Ground-Water Basin, California","docAbstract":"The Mojave River Basin relies almost entirely on ground water to meet the needs of its growing population and agriculture, which has resulted in overdraft conditions. Some of the ground-water management alternatives being proposed to mitigate the effects of overdraft include artificial recharge using water from the California State Water Project (SWP) and using SWP water in lieu of ground-water pumpage. A calibrated ground-water flow model was used to evaluate six proposed water-management alternatives using SWP water during a 20-year simulation period, 2000-2019, using constant rates from 1999 for recharge and pumpage (with the exception of recharge derived from Mojave River streamflows which were variable). The measured streamflow for the period of 1970-1989 was used to simulate the Mojave River streamflow.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWater-management alternative 1 assumed that none of the Mojave Water Agency allocation of SWP water was available for mitigation measures and resulted in increases in hydraulic head in the floodplain aquifer in years of above-average streamflow (2008-2010, 2013) and decreases in years of below average streamflow. In general, simulated hydraulic heads in the regional aquifer declined with the exception of the El Mirage and Harper Lake areas. Also, average storage depletion for the entire ground-water basin over the 20-year simulation was 40,940 acre-feet per year.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWater-management alternative 2 assumed that 30,000 acre-feet per year of SWP water was artificially recharged at Rock Springs Road Outlet (RSO). By 2019, the simulated hydraulic heads were as much as 75 feet higher in the Alto at the recharge site, 24 feet higher in the Transition zone, 15 feet higher in the Centro, and 17 feet higher in the Baja model subareas than the hydraulic heads resulting from water-management alternative 1. Water-management alternative 2 affected simulated hydraulic heads by as much as 5 feet in an area totalling 290 square miles; most of the change occurred in the Alto and Baja model subareas. Average storage depletion for water-management alternative 2 for the entire ground-water basin for the 20-year simulation period was 15,880 acre-feet per year, 25,060 acre-feet per year less than water-management alternative 1. Also, water-management alternative 2 indicated that the artificial recharge at RSO resulted in less simulated ground-water recharge from stream leakage in the Alto model subarea, which led to greater streamflow at the Lower Narrows, Barstow, and Afton Canyon streamflow gages. This increased streamflow resulted in an increase in simulated ground-water recharge from stream leakage, primarily in the Centro and Baja model subareas.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWater-management alternative 3 assumed that 4,000 acre-feet per year of SWP water was artificially recharged at Manzanita and Oro Grande Washes (a total of 8,000 acre-feet per year) in the Alto model subarea. By 2019, the simulated hydraulic heads beneath the recharge sites were as much as 278 feet higher than heads resulting from water-management alternative 1. Changes in simulated hydraulic head greater than 5 feet covered almost 138 square miles in the Alto model subarea. Water-management alternative 3 had little effect on simulated hydraulic heads in the other model subareas. Model results indicated that the average storage depletion for the entire ground-water basin during the 20-year simulation was 32,940 acre-feet per year, about 8,000 acre-feet per year less than water-management alternative 1. Water-management alternative 3 had essentially no effect on simulated streamflows during the 20-year simulation period and, therefore, little effect on simulated net stream leakage. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWater-management alternative 4 assumed 10,000 acre-feet per year of SWP water was artificially recharged near Newberry Springs in the Baja subarea. By 2019, the simulated hydraulic heads beneath the recharge site were as much as 193 ft higher in the Baja model subarea than the hydraulic heads res","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02430","usgsCitation":"Stamos, C., Martin, P., and Predmore, S.K., 2002, Evaluation of artificial recharge in the Mojave River Ground-Water Basin, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-430, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02430.","productDescription":"38 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4204,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr02430 ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":176434,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6999","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stamos, Christina L. 0000-0002-1007-9352","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1007-9352","contributorId":19593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamos","given":"Christina L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, Peter pmmartin@usgs.gov","contributorId":799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Peter","email":"pmmartin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":242129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Predmore, Steven K. spredmor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Predmore","given":"Steven","email":"spredmor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":242130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":51548,"text":"ofr2003175 - 2002 - Hurricane Mitch: Landscape Analysis of Damaged Forest Resources of the Bay Islands and Caribbean Coast of Honduras","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:30","indexId":"ofr2003175","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-175","title":"Hurricane Mitch: Landscape Analysis of Damaged Forest Resources of the Bay Islands and Caribbean Coast of Honduras","docAbstract":"The advent of analog and digital video has provided amateur photographers with professional-like technology to capture dynamic images with ease and clarity. Videography is also rapidly changing traditional business and scientific applications. In the natural sciences, camcorders are being used largely to record timely observations of plant and animal behavior or consequence of some catastrophic event. Spectacular video of dynamic events such as hurricanes, volcanic eruptions and wildfire document the active process and aftermath. Scientists can analyze video images to quantify aspects of a given event, behavior, or response, temporally and spatially. In this study we demonstrate the simple use of an aerial application of videography to record the spatial extent and damage expression of mangrove forest in the Bay Islands and mainland coast of northern Honduras from wind damage following Hurricane Mitch (1998).\r\n\r\nIn this study, we conducted a video overflight of coastal forests of the Bay Islands and mainland coast of northern Honduras 14 months after impact by Hurricane Mitch (1998). Coastal areas were identified where damage was evident and described relative to damage extent to forest cover, windfall orientation, and height of downed trees. The variability and spatial extent of impact on coastal forest resources is related to reconstructed wind profiles based on model simulations of Mitch's path, strength, and circulation during landfall.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr2003175","usgsCitation":"Doyle, T.W., Michot, T.C., Roetker, F., Sullivan, J., Melder, M., Handley, B., and Balmat, J., 2002, Hurricane Mitch: Landscape Analysis of Damaged Forest Resources of the Bay Islands and Caribbean Coast of Honduras: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-175, Report: 12 p.; Tables: 3 p.; Figures: 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2003175.","productDescription":"Report: 12 p.; Tables: 3 p.; Figures: 10 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120613,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2003_175.jpg"},{"id":13326,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/175/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687de3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doyle, Thomas W. 0000-0001-5754-0671 doylet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5754-0671","contributorId":703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doyle","given":"Thomas","email":"doylet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":243911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Michot, Thomas C. 0000-0002-7044-987X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7044-987X","contributorId":57935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michot","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roetker, Fred","contributorId":30872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roetker","given":"Fred","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sullivan, Jason","contributorId":50406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Jason","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Melder, Marcus","contributorId":85833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melder","given":"Marcus","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Handley, Benjamin","contributorId":15887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Handley","given":"Benjamin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Balmat, Jeff","contributorId":59293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balmat","given":"Jeff","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":58009,"text":"ofr02175 - 2002 - Preliminary description of a model of ground-water flow and ground-water/surface-water interaction for predevelopment , 1941-50, and 1950-97 development conditions in part of the Republican River Basin, Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado as of April 26, 2002","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":31350,"text":"ofr01376 - 2001 - Preliminary description of a model of ground-water flow and ground-water/surface-water interaction for predevelopment conditions in part of the Republican River basin, Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado","indexId":"ofr01376","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary description of a model of ground-water flow and ground-water/surface-water interaction for predevelopment conditions in part of the Republican River basin, Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":58009,"text":"ofr02175 - 2002 - Preliminary description of a model of ground-water flow and ground-water/surface-water interaction for predevelopment , 1941-50, and 1950-97 development conditions in part of the Republican River Basin, Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado as of April 26, 2002","indexId":"ofr02175","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary description of a model of ground-water flow and ground-water/surface-water interaction for predevelopment , 1941-50, and 1950-97 development conditions in part of the Republican River Basin, Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado as of April 26, 2002"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:31","indexId":"ofr02175","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-175","title":"Preliminary description of a model of ground-water flow and ground-water/surface-water interaction for predevelopment , 1941-50, and 1950-97 development conditions in part of the Republican River Basin, Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado as of April 26, 2002","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02175","usgsCitation":"Landon, M.K., 2002, Preliminary description of a model of ground-water flow and ground-water/surface-water interaction for predevelopment , 1941-50, and 1950-97 development conditions in part of the Republican River Basin, Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado as of April 26, 2002 (Supersedes OFR 01-376): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-175, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02175.","productDescription":"32 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":182254,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Supersedes OFR 01-376","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c63b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landon, Matthew K. 0000-0002-5766-0494 landon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"Matthew","email":"landon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":69758,"text":"i2698D - 2002 - Sun-Illuminated Sea Floor Topography of Quadrangle 2 in the Great South Channel, Western Georges Bank","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:33","indexId":"i2698D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2698","subseriesTitle":"GIS","chapter":"D","title":"Sun-Illuminated Sea Floor Topography of Quadrangle 2 in the Great South Channel, Western Georges Bank","docAbstract":"The Great South Channel separates the western part of Georges Bank from Nantucket Shoals and is a major conduit for the exchange of water between the Gulf of Maine to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the south. Water depths range mostly between 65 and 80 m in the region. A minimum depth of 45 m occurs in the east-central part of the mapped area, and a maximum depth of 100 m occurs in the northwest corner. The channel region is characterized by strong tidal and storm currents that flow dominantly north and south. Major topographic features of the seabed were formed by glacial and postglacial processes. Ice containing rock debris moved from north to south, sculpting the region into a broad shallow depression and depositing sediment to form the irregular depressions and low gravelly mounds and ridges that are visible in parts of the mapped area. Many other smaller glacial featuresprobably have been eroded by waves and currents at worksince the time when the region, formerly exposed bylowered sea level or occupied by ice, was invaded by the sea. The low, irregular and somewhat lumpy fabric formed by the glacial deposits is obscured in places by drifting sand and by the linear, sharp fabric formed by modern sand features. Today, sand transported by the strong north-south-flowing tidal and storm currents has formed large, east-west-trending dunes. These bedforms (ranging between 5 and 20 m in height) contrast strongly with, and partly mask, the subdued topography of the older glacial features.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Maps Showing Sea Floor Topography, Sun-Illuminated Sea Floor Topography, and Backscatter Intensity of Quadrangles 1 and 2 in the Great South Channel Region, Western Georges Bank","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/i2698D","isbn":"0607998253","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","usgsCitation":"Valentine, P.C., Malczyk, J.T., and Middleton, T.J., 2002, Sun-Illuminated Sea Floor Topography of Quadrangle 2 in the Great South Channel, Western Georges Bank (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2698, 1 Sheet: 38 x 39 inches; Also available on CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2698D.","productDescription":"1 Sheet: 38 x 39 inches; Also available on CD-ROM","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191097,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9791,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2698/index.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"25000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -69.05,41.016666666666666 ], [ -69.05,41.13333333333333 ], [ -68.78333333333333,41.13333333333333 ], [ -68.78333333333333,41.016666666666666 ], [ -69.05,41.016666666666666 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697b5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Valentine, Page C. 0000-0002-0485-6266 pvalentine@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0485-6266","contributorId":1947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valentine","given":"Page","email":"pvalentine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Malczyk, Jeremy T.","contributorId":10106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malczyk","given":"Jeremy","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Middleton, Tammie J.","contributorId":27532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Middleton","given":"Tammie","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":53539,"text":"fs12601 - 2002 - The Evolution of the Lower Missouri River: National Mapping Discipline Research at Lisbon Bottom","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-04-15T17:28:14","indexId":"fs12601","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"126-01","title":"The Evolution of the Lower Missouri River: National Mapping Discipline Research at Lisbon Bottom","docAbstract":"Before 1800, the Missouri River was one of North America's most diverse and dynamic ecosystems.\r\n\r\nDuring the past 200 years, civil engineering has transformed it into a navigation system regulated by reservoirs and confined by bank stabilization and flood control structures. These modifications have reduced seasonal flow variability and sediment load and have disconnected the river from backwater, off-channel, and floodplain habitats.\r\n\r\nFlooding along the Lower Missouri River in 1993 and again in 1996 created a side-channel chute across Lisbon Bottom, a well-formed loop bottom near Glasgow, Mo.\r\n\r\nThe formation and subsequent development of the chute have provided USGS scientists with a glimpse of a preregulated Missouri River.\r\n\r\nKnowledge of geologic characteristics and processes in an alluvial setting like Lisbon Bottom provides a scientific basis for floodplain management. This knowledge is also vital to a complete understanding of riverine habitat disturbance, recovery, and rehabilitation.\r\n\r\nA critical component of this knowledge is an understanding of the spatial and temporal relationships between riverine habitats and geomorphic processes.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs12601","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002, The Evolution of the Lower Missouri River: National Mapping Discipline Research at Lisbon Bottom: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 126-01, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs12601.","productDescription":"1 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125762,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2001/0126/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":87453,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2001/0126/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c857","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":69759,"text":"i2698C - 2002 - Sea-Floor Topography of Quadrangle 2 in the Great South Channel, Western Georges Bank","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:33","indexId":"i2698C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2698","subseriesTitle":"GIS","chapter":"C","title":"Sea-Floor Topography of Quadrangle 2 in the Great South Channel, Western Georges Bank","docAbstract":"The Great South Channel separates the western part of Georges Bank from Nantucket Shoals and is a major conduit for the exchange of water between the Gulf of Maine to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the south. Water depths range mostly between 65 and 80 m in the region. A minimum depth of 45 m occurs in the east-central part of the mapped area, and a maximum depth of 100 m occurs in the northwest corner. The channel region is characterized by strong tidal and storm currents that flow dominantly north and south. Major topographic features of the seabed were formed by glacial and postglacial processes. Ice containing rock debris moved from north to south, sculpting the region into a broad shallow depression and depositing sediment to form the irregular depressions and low gravelly mounds and ridges that are visible in parts of the mapped area. Many other smaller glacial featuresprobably have been eroded by waves and currents at worksince the time when the region, formerly exposed bylowered sea level or occupied by ice, was invaded by the sea. The low, irregular and somewhat lumpy fabric formed by the glacial deposits is obscured in places by drifting sand and by the linear, sharp fabric formed by modern sand features. Today, sand transported by the strong north-south-flowing tidal and storm currents has formed large, east-west-trending dunes. These bedforms (ranging between 5 and 20 m in height) contrast strongly with, and partly mask, the subdued topography of the older glacial features.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Maps Showing Sea Floor Topography, Sun-Illuminated Sea Floor Topography, and Backscatter Intensity of Quadrangles 1 and 2 in the Great South Channel Region, Western Georges Bank","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/i2698C","isbn":"0607998253 ","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","usgsCitation":"Valentine, P.C., Malczyk, J.T., and Middleton, T.J., 2002, Sea-Floor Topography of Quadrangle 2 in the Great South Channel, Western Georges Bank (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2698, 1 Sheet: 40 x 36 inches; Also available on CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2698C.","productDescription":"1 Sheet: 40 x 36 inches; Also available on CD-ROM","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191098,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9790,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2698/index.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"25000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -69.05,41.016666666666666 ], [ -69.05,41.13333333333333 ], [ -68.78333333333333,41.13333333333333 ], [ -68.78333333333333,41.016666666666666 ], [ -69.05,41.016666666666666 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc670","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Valentine, Page C. 0000-0002-0485-6266 pvalentine@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0485-6266","contributorId":1947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valentine","given":"Page","email":"pvalentine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Malczyk, Jeremy T.","contributorId":10106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malczyk","given":"Jeremy","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Middleton, Tammie J.","contributorId":27532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Middleton","given":"Tammie","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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