Sediment cores were collected from five locations in the southwest coastal area of Everglades National Park, Florida, in May 2004 for the purpose of determining the ecosystem history of the area and the impacts of changes in flow through the Shark River Slough. An understanding of natural cycles of change prior to significant human disturbance allows land managers to set realistic performance measures and targets for salinity and other water quality and quantity quality measures. Preliminary examination of the cores indicates significant changes have taken place over the last 1000-2000 years. The cores collected from the inner bays — the most landward bays — are distinctly different from other estuarine sediment cores examined in Florida Bay and Biscayne Bay. Peats in the inner-bay cores from Big Lostmans Bay, Broad River Bay, and Tarpon Bay were deposited at least 1000 years before present (BP) based on radiocarbon analyses. The peats are overlain by poorly sorted organic muds and sands containing species indicative of deposition in a freshwater to very low salinity environment. The Alligator Bay core, the most northern inner-bay core, is almost entirely sand; no detailed faunal analyses or radiometric dating has been completed on this core. The Roberts River core, taken from the mouth of the River where it empties into Whitewater Bay, is lithologically and faunally similar to previously examined cores from Biscayne and Florida Bays; however, the basal unit was deposited ~2000 years before the present based on radiocarbon analyses. A definite trend of increasing salinity over time is seen in the Roberts River core, from sediments representing a terrestrially dominated freshwater environment at the bottom of the core to those representing an estuarine environment with a strong freshwater influence at the top. The changes seen at Roberts River could represent a combination of factors including rising sea-level and changes in freshwater supply, but the timing and extent of the changes needs to be determined. The preliminary information on the cores collected in 2004 will be combined with data from cores collected in July 2005. The 2005 cores were collected along transects moving from the inner bays out towards the coast. These transects, combining information from the 2004 and 2005 cores, will allow us to examine long term trends in freshwater supply, sea-level rise, and potentially the impact of storms on the coastal ecosystem.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051360","usgsCitation":"Wingard, G.L., Cronin, T.M., Holmes, C.W., Willard, D.A., Budet, C.A., and Ortiz, R.E., 2005, Descriptions and preliminary report on sediment cores from the southwest coastal area, Everglades National Park, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005–1360, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051360.","productDescription":"26 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192847,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1360/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":362624,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/preview/ofr20061271","text":"Open-File Report 2006-1271"},{"id":362545,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1360/ofr20051360.pdf","text":"Report","size":"22.5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2005-1360"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.55975341796875,\n 25.841921351954845\n ],\n [\n -81.43890380859375,\n 25.743003105825977\n ],\n [\n -81.34002685546875,\n 25.671235828577043\n ],\n [\n -81.24114990234374,\n 25.527571660479637\n ],\n [\n -81.19445800781249,\n 25.420950798326693\n ],\n [\n -81.2109375,\n 25.346508237892778\n ],\n [\n -81.221923828125,\n 25.272019833438247\n ],\n [\n -81.1285400390625,\n 25.045792240303445\n ],\n [\n -80.92254638671875,\n 25.045792240303445\n ],\n [\n -80.70831298828125,\n 25.093061204816077\n ],\n [\n -80.6341552734375,\n 25.13533901613099\n ],\n [\n -80.606689453125,\n 25.167659235421773\n ],\n [\n -80.61492919921875,\n 25.19500042430748\n ],\n [\n -80.64239501953125,\n 25.232273973019627\n ],\n [\n -80.6781005859375,\n 25.252148528835257\n ],\n [\n -80.72479248046875,\n 25.24221165721282\n ],\n [\n -80.77423095703124,\n 25.301820690255198\n ],\n [\n -80.82092285156249,\n 25.331614221401054\n ],\n [\n -80.86761474609374,\n 25.3688458240828\n ],\n [\n -80.9033203125,\n 25.44575478073712\n ],\n [\n -80.958251953125,\n 25.512700007620513\n ],\n [\n -80.9747314453125,\n 25.55978725072876\n ],\n [\n -81.05438232421874,\n 25.631621577258493\n ],\n [\n -81.134033203125,\n 25.70588750345636\n ],\n [\n -81.199951171875,\n 25.79247254505204\n ],\n [\n -81.27410888671875,\n 25.87158072084242\n ],\n [\n -81.36199951171875,\n 25.916055815010868\n ],\n [\n -81.46636962890625,\n 25.933347157371625\n ],\n [\n -81.5185546875,\n 25.91111496561543\n ],\n [\n -81.55975341796875,\n 25.841921351954845\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
600 4th Street South
St. Petersburg, FL 33701
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Camp Stanley Storage Activity conducted electromagnetic induction conductivity and natural gamma logging of 15 selected wells on the Camp Stanley Storage Activity, located in northern Bexar County, Texas, during March 28–30, 2005. In late 2004, a helicopter electromagnetic survey was flown of the Camp Stanley Storage Activity as part of a U.S. Geological Survey project to better define subsurface geologic units, the structure, and the catchment area of the Trinity aquifer. The electromagnetic induction conductivity and natural gamma log data in this report were collected to constrain the calculation of resistivity depth sections and to provide subsurface controls for interpretation of the helicopter electromagnetic data collected for the Camp Stanley Storage Activity.
Logs were recorded digitally while moving the probe in an upward direction to maintain proper depth control. Logging speed was no greater than 30 feet per minute. During logging, a repeat section of at least 100 feet was recorded to check repeatability of log responses.
Several of the wells logged were completed with polyvinyl chloride casing that can be penetrated by electromagnetic induction fields and allows conductivity measurement. However, some wells were constructed with steel centralizers and stainless steel screen that caused spikes on both conductivity and resulting resistivity log curves. These responses are easily recognizable and appear at regular intervals on several logs.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds132","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army, Camp Stanley Storage Activity","usgsCitation":"Stanton, G.P., 2005, Induction conductivity and natural gamma logs collected in 15 wells at Camp Stanley Storage Activity, Bexar County, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 132, HTML Document; Report: iii, 5 p.; 3 appendices online, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds132.","productDescription":"HTML Document; Report: iii, 5 p.; 3 appendices online","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":7579,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2005/132/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":191193,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341843,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2005/132/pdf/ds132.pdf","text":"Report","size":"149 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Bexar County","otherGeospatial":"Camp Stanley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.59766006469727,\n 29.73710395177407\n ],\n [\n -98.61310958862305,\n 29.73665678465932\n ],\n [\n -98.62907409667969,\n 29.73710395177407\n ],\n [\n -98.64091873168945,\n 29.736209615550997\n ],\n [\n -98.64452362060547,\n 29.731886878060017\n ],\n [\n -98.64486694335938,\n 29.71489224272776\n ],\n [\n -98.64349365234374,\n 29.693719462187833\n ],\n [\n -98.6410903930664,\n 29.675748919247365\n ],\n [\n -98.63456726074217,\n 29.667321790750705\n ],\n [\n -98.62812995910645,\n 29.66515896249353\n ],\n [\n -98.61568450927734,\n 29.67172188399306\n ],\n [\n -98.60589981079102,\n 29.681416325269563\n ],\n [\n -98.59645843505858,\n 29.69908763171158\n ],\n [\n -98.59336853027344,\n 29.72115375899275\n ],\n [\n -98.59302520751953,\n 29.731588751366708\n ],\n [\n -98.59766006469727,\n 29.73710395177407\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49c0e4b07f02db5d2727","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanton, Gregory P. 0000-0001-8622-0933 gstanton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8622-0933","contributorId":1583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"Gregory","email":"gstanton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":285061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":72065,"text":"ofr20051295 - 2005 - Calculation of streamflow statistics for Ontario and the Great Lakes states","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-20T15:49:27","indexId":"ofr20051295","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1295","title":"Calculation of streamflow statistics for Ontario and the Great Lakes states","docAbstract":"Basic, flow-duration, and n-day frequency statistics were calculated for 779 current and historical streamflow gages in Ontario and 3,157 streamflow gages in the Great Lakes states with length-of-record daily mean streamflow data ending on December 31, 2000 and September 30, 2001, respectively. The statistics were determined using the U.S. Geological Survey’s SWSTAT and IOWDM, ANNIE, and LIBANNE software and Linux shell and PERL programming that enabled the mass processing of the data and calculation of the statistics. Verification exercises were performed to assess the accuracy of the processing and calculations. The statistics and descriptions, longitudes and latitudes, and drainage areas for each of the streamflow gages are summarized in ASCII text files and ESRI shapefiles.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051295","collaboration":"In Cooperation with Environment Canada’s National Water Research Institute and the Great Lakes Protection Fund","usgsCitation":"Piggott, A.R., and Neff, B., 2005, Calculation of streamflow statistics for Ontario and the Great Lakes states: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1295, v, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051295.","productDescription":"v, 12 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192892,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20051295.JPG"},{"id":7599,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1295/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Ontario, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.541015625, 51.481382896100975 ], [ -79.716796875, 51.358061573190916 ], [ -80.04638671875, 51.26191485308451 ], [ -80.2880859375, 51.303145259199056 ], [ -80.44189453125, 51.508742458803326 ], [ -80.5078125, 51.65892664880053 ], [ -80.6396484375, 51.82219818336938 ], [ -80.771484375, 51.890053935216926 ], [ -81.03515625, 52.05249047600099 ], [ -81.38671875, 52.13348804077147 ], [ -81.6064453125, 52.522905940278065 ], [ -81.80419921875, 52.64306343665892 ], [ -82.06787109374999, 52.89564866211353 ], [ -82.19970703125, 52.96187505907603 ], [ -82.2216796875, 53.1072166918934 ], [ -82.001953125, 53.31774904749089 ], [ -82.15576171875, 53.54030739150022 ], [ -82.02392578125, 53.81362579235235 ], [ -82.24365234375, 54.02067955159995 ], [ -82.37548828125, 54.18815548107151 ], [ -82.353515625, 54.470037612805754 ], [ -82.19970703125, 54.80068486732233 ], [ -82.2216796875, 55.06578688659172 ], [ -82.37548828125, 55.19141243527063 ], [ -82.90283203125, 55.19141243527063 ], [ -83.3203125, 55.21649013168979 ], [ -83.78173828125, 55.25407706707272 ], [ -84.26513671875, 55.29162848682989 ], [ -84.83642578125, 55.25407706707272 ], [ -85.31982421875, 55.429013452407396 ], [ -85.7373046875, 55.61558902526749 ], [ -86.06689453125, 55.727110085045986 ], [ -86.6162109375, 55.85064987433714 ], [ -86.8798828125, 55.96150096848812 ], [ -87.451171875, 56.022948079627454 ], [ -87.62695312499999, 56.0965557505683 ], [ -87.95654296875, 56.43820369358165 ], [ -88.330078125, 56.58369172128337 ], [ -88.61572265625, 56.668302075770065 ], [ -88.9892578125, 56.8249328650072 ], [ -95.16357421875, 52.8691297276852 ], [ -95.185546875, 48.99463598353405 ], [ -97.27294921875, 48.99463598353405 ], [ -97.1630859375, 48.705462895790546 ], [ -97.1630859375, 48.50204750525715 ], [ -97.1630859375, 48.40003249610685 ], [ -97.1630859375, 48.22467264956519 ], [ -97.03125, 47.916342040161155 ], [ -96.87744140625, 47.62097541515849 ], [ -96.87744140625, 47.12995075666307 ], [ -96.83349609375, 46.694667307773116 ], [ -96.7236328125, 46.34692761055676 ], [ -96.61376953125, 46.057985244793024 ], [ -96.61376953125, 45.920587344733654 ], [ -96.61376953125, 45.75219336063106 ], [ -96.87744140625, 45.67548217560647 ], [ -96.7236328125, 45.413876460821086 ], [ -96.56982421875, 45.3521452458518 ], [ -96.48193359375, 43.54854811091286 ], [ -91.20849609375, 43.51668853502906 ], [ -91.1865234375, 43.32517767999296 ], [ -91.12060546875, 43.229195113965005 ], [ -91.23046875, 43.100982876188546 ], [ -91.16455078125, 42.90816007196054 ], [ -91.0986328125, 42.74701217318067 ], [ -90.72509765625, 42.66628070564928 ], [ -90.59326171875, 42.53689200787315 ], [ -90.50537109375, 42.342305278572816 ], [ -90.439453125, 42.147114459220994 ], [ -90.17578124999999, 42.114523952464246 ], [ -90.2197265625, 41.918628865183045 ], [ -90.32958984375, 41.80407814427234 ], [ -90.3955078125, 41.64007838467894 ], [ -90.4833984375, 41.52502957323801 ], [ -90.703125, 41.42625319507269 ], [ -91.01074218749999, 41.42625319507269 ], [ -91.14257812499999, 41.36031866306708 ], [ -90.98876953125, 41.16211393939692 ], [ -91.01074218749999, 40.96330795307353 ], [ -91.07666015625, 40.863679665481676 ], [ -91.0986328125, 40.613952441166596 ], [ -91.318359375, 40.64730356252251 ], [ -91.43920898437499, 40.538851525354666 ], [ -91.373291015625, 40.38839687388361 ], [ -91.483154296875, 40.30466538259176 ], [ -91.47216796875, 40.111688665595956 ], [ -91.4501953125, 39.90973623453719 ], [ -91.2744140625, 39.62261494094297 ], [ -91.03271484375, 39.50404070558415 ], [ -90.867919921875, 39.317300373271024 ], [ -90.76904296874999, 39.18969082109678 ], [ -90.68115234375, 39.01918369029134 ], [ -90.5712890625, 38.87392853923629 ], [ -90.41748046874999, 38.993572058209466 ], [ -90.15380859375, 38.865374851611634 ], [ -90.208740234375, 38.676933444637925 ], [ -90.296630859375, 38.522384090200845 ], [ -90.32958984375, 38.35888785866677 ], [ -90.296630859375, 38.25543637637947 ], [ -90.23071289062499, 38.06539235133249 ], [ -89.89013671875, 37.92686760148135 ], [ -89.659423828125, 37.727280276860036 ], [ -89.49462890625, 37.59682400108367 ], [ -89.483642578125, 37.42252593456307 ], [ -89.47265625, 37.28279464911045 ], [ -89.373779296875, 37.03763967977139 ], [ -89.176025390625, 37.01132594307015 ], [ -89.09912109375, 37.13404537126446 ], [ -88.956298828125, 37.23907530202184 ], [ -88.758544921875, 37.17782559332976 ], [ -88.43994140625, 37.055177106660814 ], [ -88.39599609375, 37.15156050223665 ], [ -88.4619140625, 37.33522435930639 ], [ -88.385009765625, 37.431250501793585 ], [ -88.0224609375, 37.49229399862877 ], [ -88.077392578125, 37.640334898059486 ], [ -88.06640625, 37.735969208590504 ], [ -87.967529296875, 37.86618078529668 ], [ -87.659912109375, 37.90953361677018 ], [ -87.637939453125, 37.82280243352756 ], [ -87.56103515625, 37.90953361677018 ], [ -87.42919921875, 37.91820111976663 ], [ -87.1875, 37.85750715625203 ], [ -87.110595703125, 37.76202988573211 ], [ -86.978759765625, 37.87485339352928 ], [ -86.824951171875, 37.94419750075404 ], [ -86.737060546875, 37.88352498087131 ], [ -86.63818359375, 37.814123701604466 ], [ -86.50634765625, 37.93553306183642 ], [ -86.41845703124999, 38.05674222065296 ], [ -86.33056640625, 38.14319750166766 ], [ -86.220703125, 37.97018468810549 ], [ -86.06689453125, 37.96152331396614 ], [ -85.9130859375, 38.039438891821746 ], [ -85.836181640625, 38.229550455326134 ], [ -85.62744140625, 38.30718056188316 ], [ -85.50659179687499, 38.436379603 ], [ -85.40771484375, 38.53957267203905 ], [ -85.4296875, 38.70265930723801 ], [ -85.308837890625, 38.685509760012 ], [ -85.067138671875, 38.71123253895224 ], [ -84.92431640625, 38.788345355085625 ], [ -84.7705078125, 38.79690830348427 ], [ -84.83642578125, 38.92522904714054 ], [ -84.8583984375, 39.01064750994083 ], [ -84.74853515625, 39.11301365149975 ], [ -84.53979492187499, 39.095962936305476 ], [ -84.3310546875, 39.00211029922515 ], [ -84.232177734375, 38.79690830348427 ], [ -84.04541015625, 38.762650338334154 ], [ -83.94653320312499, 38.75408327579141 ], [ -83.792724609375, 38.64261790634527 ], [ -83.6279296875, 38.65119833229951 ], [ -83.441162109375, 38.676933444637925 ], [ -83.3203125, 38.57393751557591 ], [ -83.14453125, 38.659777730712534 ], [ -82.90283203125, 38.736946065676 ], [ -82.85888671875, 38.61687046392973 ], [ -82.694091796875, 38.54816542304656 ], [ -82.529296875, 38.41916639395372 ], [ -82.28759765625, 38.436379603 ], [ -82.24365234375, 38.57393751557591 ], [ -82.188720703125, 38.591113776147445 ], [ -82.15576171875, 38.831149809348744 ], [ -82.12280273437499, 38.90813299596705 ], [ -82.02392578125, 39.01918369029134 ], [ -81.925048828125, 38.92522904714054 ], [ -81.925048828125, 38.8824811975508 ], [ -81.80419921875, 38.8824811975508 ], [ -81.71630859375, 38.91668153637508 ], [ -81.749267578125, 39.036252959636606 ], [ -81.793212890625, 39.095962936305476 ], [ -81.683349609375, 39.20671884491848 ], [ -81.5625, 39.26628442213066 ], [ -81.474609375, 39.38526381099774 ], [ -81.39770507812499, 39.36827914916014 ], [ -81.331787109375, 39.36827914916014 ], [ -81.199951171875, 39.41922073655956 ], [ -81.0791015625, 39.49556336059472 ], [ -80.9033203125, 39.59722324495565 ], [ -80.870361328125, 39.690280594818034 ], [ -80.771484375, 39.90130858574735 ], [ -80.716552734375, 40.069664523297774 ], [ -80.67260742187499, 40.17047886718109 ], [ -80.606689453125, 40.3130432088809 ], [ -80.628662109375, 40.613952441166596 ], [ -80.518798828125, 40.66397287638688 ], [ -80.5078125, 39.70718665682654 ], [ -75.794677734375, 39.7240885773337 ], [ -75.69580078125, 39.76632525654491 ], [ -75.52001953125, 39.83385008019448 ], [ -75.421142578125, 39.80853604144591 ], [ -75.12451171875, 39.926588421909436 ], [ -75.0146484375, 40.027614437486655 ], [ -74.8828125, 40.08647729380881 ], [ -74.761962890625, 40.204050425113294 ], [ -74.915771484375, 40.30466538259176 ], [ -74.981689453125, 40.371658891506094 ], [ -75.08056640625, 40.40513069752789 ], [ -75.069580078125, 40.51379915504413 ], [ -75.179443359375, 40.55554790286311 ], [ -75.135498046875, 40.74725696280421 ], [ -75.069580078125, 40.84706035607122 ], [ -75.11352539062499, 40.98819156349393 ], [ -74.92675781249999, 41.11246878918088 ], [ -74.90478515625, 41.18692242290296 ], [ -74.761962890625, 41.343824581185686 ], [ -74.53125, 41.27780646738183 ], [ -73.8720703125, 41.0130657870063 ], [ -74.00390625, 40.805493843894155 ], [ -74.05334472656249, 40.718119379753446 ], [ -74.0203857421875, 40.59727063442024 ], [ -73.8336181640625, 40.576412521044425 ], [ -73.597412109375, 40.588928169693745 ], [ -73.3612060546875, 40.62646106367355 ], [ -73.114013671875, 40.65563874006118 ], [ -72.8668212890625, 40.713955826286046 ], [ -72.48779296875, 40.78885994449482 ], [ -72.22412109375, 40.90936126702326 ], [ -71.949462890625, 41.017210578228436 ], [ -71.806640625, 41.071069130806414 ], [ -71.9989013671875, 41.08349176750823 ], [ -72.1527099609375, 41.166249339092 ], [ -72.257080078125, 41.17451935556443 ], [ -72.41638183593749, 41.1290213474951 ], [ -72.5537109375, 41.03378713521864 ], [ -72.8009033203125, 40.97575093157534 ], [ -73.1195068359375, 40.959159772134896 ], [ -73.4490966796875, 40.93841495689795 ], [ -73.6083984375, 40.967455873296714 ], [ -73.7127685546875, 41.08763212467916 ], [ -73.4930419921875, 41.22411753058293 ], [ -73.5479736328125, 41.29431726315258 ], [ -73.5040283203125, 42.0615286181226 ], [ -73.30078125, 42.76314586689492 ], [ -73.23486328124999, 43.56447158721811 ], [ -73.311767578125, 43.628123412124616 ], [ -73.377685546875, 43.57243174740972 ], [ -73.355712890625, 43.731414013769 ], [ -73.41064453125, 43.88997537383687 ], [ -73.4326171875, 44.07969327425713 ], [ -73.388671875, 44.24519901522129 ], [ -73.333740234375, 44.35527821160296 ], [ -73.2568359375, 44.47299117260252 ], [ -73.3447265625, 44.5826428195842 ], [ -73.399658203125, 44.69989765840318 ], [ -73.32275390625, 44.80132682904856 ], [ -73.355712890625, 44.86365630540611 ], [ -73.333740234375, 45.01141864227728 ], [ -74.6630859375, 45.01141864227728 ], [ -74.50927734375, 45.11230010229608 ], [ -74.322509765625, 45.205263456162385 ], [ -74.42138671875, 45.32897866218559 ], [ -74.432373046875, 45.590978249451936 ], [ -74.652099609375, 45.644768217751924 ], [ -74.87182617187499, 45.61403741135093 ], [ -75.05859375, 45.606352077118316 ], [ -75.201416015625, 45.56021795715051 ], [ -75.4541015625, 45.4986468234261 ], [ -75.640869140625, 45.46783598133375 ], [ -75.8056640625, 45.3444241045224 ], [ -76.00341796875, 45.42929873257377 ], [ -76.190185546875, 45.521743896993634 ], [ -76.256103515625, 45.43700828867391 ], [ -76.453857421875, 45.49094569262732 ], [ -76.5966796875, 45.5679096098613 ], [ -76.728515625, 45.62940492064501 ], [ -76.761474609375, 45.744526980468436 ], [ -76.7724609375, 45.836454050187726 ], [ -76.937255859375, 45.882360730184025 ], [ -76.9482421875, 45.82114340079471 ], [ -77.0361328125, 45.805828539928356 ], [ -77.200927734375, 45.90529985724799 ], [ -77.32177734375, 45.98932892799953 ], [ -77.508544921875, 46.10370875598026 ], [ -77.662353515625, 46.18743678432541 ], [ -78.0029296875, 46.240651955001695 ], [ -78.3544921875, 46.27863122156088 ], [ -78.673095703125, 46.32417161725691 ], [ -78.99169921875, 46.51351558059737 ], [ -79.189453125, 46.73986059969267 ], [ -79.47509765625, 47.08508535995386 ], [ -79.47509765625, 47.29413372501023 ], [ -79.47509765625, 47.60616304386874 ], [ -79.541015625, 51.481382896100975 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9633","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piggott, Andrew R.","contributorId":95967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piggott","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neff, Brian P.","contributorId":27548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neff","given":"Brian P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":71921,"text":"sir20055152 - 2005 - An assessment of optical properties of dissolved organic material as quantitative source indicators in the Santa Ana River basin, Southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:55","indexId":"sir20055152","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5152","title":"An assessment of optical properties of dissolved organic material as quantitative source indicators in the Santa Ana River basin, Southern California","docAbstract":"The ability to rapidly, reliably, and inexpensively characterize sources of dissolved organic material (DOM) in watersheds would allow water management agencies to more quickly identify problems in water sources, and to more efficiently allocate water resources by, for example, permitting real-time identification of high-quality water suitable for ground-water recharge, or poor-quality water in need of mitigation. This study examined the feasibility of using easily measurable intrinsic optical properties' absorbance and fluorescence spectra, as quantitative indicators of DOM sources and, thus, a predictor of water quality. The study focused on the Santa Ana River Basin, in southern California, USA, which comprises an area of dense urban development and an area of intense dairy production. Base flow in the Santa Ana Basin is primarily tertiary treated wastewater discharge. Available hydrologic data indicate that urban and agricultural runoff degrades water quality during storm events by introducing pathogens, nutrients, and other contaminants, including significant amounts of DOM. These conditions provide the basis for evaluating the use of DOM optical properties as a tracer of DOM from different sources.\r\n\r\nSample spectra representing four principal DOM sources were identified among all samples collected in 1999 on the basis of basin hydrology, and the distribution of spectral variability within all the sample data. A linear mixing model provided quantitative estimates of relative endmember contribution to sample spectra for monthly, storm, and diurnal samples. The spectral properties of the four sources (endmembers), Pristine Water, Wastewater, Urban Water, and Dairy Water, accounted for 94 percent of the variability in optical properties observed in the study, suggesting that all important DOM sources were represented. The scale and distribution of the residual spectra, that not explained by the endmembers, suggested that the endmember spectra selected did not adequately represent Urban Water base flow. However, model assignments of sources generally agreed well with those expected, based on sampling location and hydrology. The results suggest that with a fuller characterization of the endmember spectra, analysis of optical properties will provide rapid quantitative estimates of the relative contribution of DOM sources in the Santa Ana Basin.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055152","usgsCitation":"Bergamaschi, B., Kalve, E., Guenther, L., Mendez, G.O., and Belitz, K., 2005, An assessment of optical properties of dissolved organic material as quantitative source indicators in the Santa Ana River basin, Southern California (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5152, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055152.","productDescription":"46 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":191064,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7439,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5152/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684dab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bergamaschi, Brian A. 0000-0002-9610-5581","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9610-5581","contributorId":73241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergamaschi","given":"Brian A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kalve, Erica","contributorId":40479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalve","given":"Erica","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Guenther, Larry","contributorId":101946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guenther","given":"Larry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mendez, Gregory O. 0000-0002-9955-3726 gomendez@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9955-3726","contributorId":1489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendez","given":"Gregory","email":"gomendez@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":284895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":284894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":71902,"text":"ofr20051296 - 2005 - Evidence of cold climate slope processes from the New Jersey Coastal Plain: Debris flow stratigraphy at Haines Corner, Camden County, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-29T18:43:53.003017","indexId":"ofr20051296","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1296","title":"Evidence of cold climate slope processes from the New Jersey Coastal Plain: Debris flow stratigraphy at Haines Corner, Camden County, New Jersey","docAbstract":"Excavations through surficial deposits across the New Jersey Coastal Plain commonly reveal homogenized surficial sediments, deformed sedimentary structures, chaotically rearranged bed-forms, and wedge-shaped cracks filled with sand from the top-most layers of extant soil profiles. As a whole, these abundant, broadly distributed phenomena are best explained as artifacts of an era of frozen ground during the last Pleistocene glacial maximum. Vigorous freeze-thaw processes and abundant seasonal rainfall created a landscape of low relief covered by highly mobile surficial deposits. The surficial deposits are at grade into broad, flat bottomed valleys now drained by small, tightly meandering, under-fit streams. Modern fluvial, aeolian, and slope processes are ineffectual in either creating or modifying these landscapes.
One particularly brief exposure of complex slope deposits was documented at Haines Corner, Camden County, during the field work (1986) for the Surficial Geologic Map of southern and central New Jersey. The exposure, now presented and interpreted here, provides previously unavailable details of a system of freeze-thaw driven processes that unfolded upon a frozen, impermeable substrate 80 miles south of the southern margin of the Wisconsinan glacial advance to Long Island, N.Y. At the time of these extreme processes, the presently sub-aerial New Jersey Coastal Plain was not proximal to moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean, being about 100 miles inland and 300 feet above the lowered sea level. Current studies of analogous deposits across the mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain now benefit from dating techniques that were not available during the geologic mapping field work (1985-'92). During the mapping in New Jersey, hundreds of exposures failed to produce datable carbon remains within the stratigraphy of the surficial deposits. Recently reported TL dates from wind-blown sand filling frost wedges, exposed elsewhere in New Jersey, indicate that the widely distributed surficial deposits of the New Jersey Coastal Plain were active during the maximum cold period of the late Pleistocene (around 18,000 years ago).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051296","usgsCitation":"Newell, W., 2005, Evidence of cold climate slope processes from the New Jersey Coastal Plain: Debris flow stratigraphy at Haines Corner, Camden County, New Jersey (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1296, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051296.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193202,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402705,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_73634.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":7435,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1296/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","county":"Camden County","otherGeospatial":"Haines Corner","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.9547,\n 39.8625\n ],\n [\n -74.9333,\n 39.8625\n ],\n [\n -74.9333,\n 39.8742\n ],\n [\n -74.9547,\n 39.8742\n ],\n [\n -74.9547,\n 39.8625\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f99cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newell, Wayne L.","contributorId":48538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newell","given":"Wayne L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":71836,"text":"sir20055111 - 2005 - Nutrients, organic compounds, and mercury in the Meduxnekeag River watershed, Maine, 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:03","indexId":"sir20055111","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5111","title":"Nutrients, organic compounds, and mercury in the Meduxnekeag River watershed, Maine, 2003","docAbstract":"In 2003, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians, sampled streambed sediments and surface water of the Meduxnekeag River watershed in northeastern Maine under various hydrologic conditions for nutrients, hydrophobic organic compounds, and mercury. Nutrients were sampled to address concerns related to summer algal blooms, and organic compounds and mercury were sampled to address concerns about regional depositional patterns and overall watershed quality. In most surface-water samples, phosphorus was not detected or was detected at concentrations below the minimum reporting limit. Nitrate and organic nitrogen were detected in every surface-water sample for which they were analyzed; the highest concentration of total nitrogen was 0.75 milligrams per liter during low flow. Instantaneous nitrogen loads and yields were calculated at four stations for two sampling events. These data indicate that the part of the watershed that includes Houlton, its wastewater-treatment plant, and four small urban brooks may have contributed high concentrations of nitrate to Meduxnekeag River during the high flows on April 23-24 and high concentrations of both organic and nitrate nitrogen on June 2-3. Mercury was detected in all three bed-sediment samples for which it was analyzed; concentrations were similar to those reported from regional studies. Notable organic compounds detected in bed sediments included p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT (pesticides of the DDT family) and several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and phthalates were not detected in any sample, whereas p-cresol was the only phenolic compound detected. Phosphorus was detected at concentrations below 700 milligrams per kilogram in each bed-sediment sample for which it was analyzed. Data were insufficient to establish whether the lack of large algal blooms in 2003 was related to low concentrations of phosphorus.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055111","usgsCitation":"Schalk, C.W., and Tornes, L., 2005, Nutrients, organic compounds, and mercury in the Meduxnekeag River watershed, Maine, 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5111, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055111.","productDescription":"39 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192881,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6649,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5111/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db6966e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schalk, Charles W. cwschalk@usgs.gov","contributorId":1726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schalk","given":"Charles","email":"cwschalk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":284824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tornes, Lan","contributorId":70867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tornes","given":"Lan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":71130,"text":"sir20055156 - 2005 - Environmental setting, water budget, and stream assessment for the Broad Run watershed, Chester County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-10T10:37:28","indexId":"sir20055156","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5156","title":"Environmental setting, water budget, and stream assessment for the Broad Run watershed, Chester County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The Broad Run watershed lies almost entirely in West Bradford Township, Chester County, Pa., and drains 7.08 square miles to the West Branch Brandywine Creek. Because of the potential effect of encroaching development and other stresses on the Broad Run watershed, West Bradford Township, the Chester County Water Resources Authority, and the Chester County Health Department entered into a cooperative study with the U.S. Geological Survey to complete an annual water budget and stream assessment of overall conditions. The annual water budget quantified the basic parameters of the hydrologic cycle for the climatic conditions present from April 1, 2003, to March 31, 2004. These water-budget data identified immediate needs and (or) deficits that were present within the hydrologic cycle during that period, if present; however, an annual water budget encompassing a single year does not identify long-term trends. The stream assessment was conducted in two parts and assessed the overall condition of the watershed, an overall assessment of the fluvial-geomorphic conditions within the watershed and an overall assessment of the stream-quality conditions. The data collected will document present (2004) conditions and identify potential vulnerabilities to future disturbances. \r\n\r\nFor the annual period from April 1, 2003, to March 31, 2004, determination of an annual water budget indicated that of the 67.8 inches of precipitation that fell on the Broad Run watershed, 38.8 inches drained by way of streamflow to the West Branch Brandywine Creek. Of this 38.8 inches of streamflow, local-minimum hydrograph separation techniques determined that 7.30 inches originated from direct runoff and 31.5 inches originated from base flow. The remaining precipitation went into ground-water storage (1.71 inches) and was lost to evapotranspiration (27.3 inches). Ground-water recharge for this period-35.2 inches-was based on these values and an estimated ground-water evapotranspiration rate of 2 inches. \r\n\r\nAssessment of fluvial-geomorphic conditions included large-scale mapping of stream classes within the Broad Run watershed and in-depth study of three representative stream reaches also within the Broad Run watershed. Based on the total distance of all stream reaches classified within the Broad Run watershed, 61 percent were classified as C-class, 14 percent as E-class, 13 percent as B-class, 5 percent as F-class, 4 percent as undifferentiated B- and F-class, 2 percent as G-class, and less than 1 percent as A-class. The map of stream classes indicates that the Broad Run watershed currently has no large-scale areas of stream impairment and that, generally, the stream is not entrenched and the main branch of the Broad Run has an available, functioning flood plain. Smaller tributary streams, however, showed signs of localized entrenchment due to site-specific influences such as natural stream-channel evolution, localized channelization, localized contraction due to road and driveway crossings, and (or) increased localized runoff. For example, one small reach along a tributary channel was observed to become entrenched due to runoff originating from a new housing development. Entrenched stream reaches are merely located by large-scale mapping and require individual assessment to determine potential causes of entrenchment and (or) future restorative actions. Three in-depth geomorphic study sites showed that the Broad Run can currently be considered graded or in a state of dynamic equilibrium. The sites did, however, identify certain vulnerabilities to future changes within the watershed. These vulnerabilities included disruption of the present sediment supply, including both increases and (or) reductions in the current sediment loads within the Broad Run; increases in both magnitude and duration of storm-water runoff; encroachment of development onto present flood-plain areas, and (or) alterations to riparian zones. \r\n\r\nAssessment of stream-quality conditions includ","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055156","usgsCitation":"Cinotto, P.J., Reif, A.G., and Olson, L.E., 2005, Environmental setting, water budget, and stream assessment for the Broad Run watershed, Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5156, 67 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055156.","productDescription":"67 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":186018,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6864,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5156/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.25,39 ], [ -76.25,40 ], [ -76.08333333333333,40 ], [ -76.08333333333333,39 ], [ -76.25,39 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af1e4b07f02db69184b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cinotto, Peter J. pcinotto@usgs.gov","contributorId":451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cinotto","given":"Peter","email":"pcinotto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reif, Andrew G. 0000-0002-5054-5207 agreif@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5054-5207","contributorId":2632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reif","given":"Andrew","email":"agreif@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olson, Leif E. leolson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Leif","email":"leolson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":283697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":71116,"text":"ofr20051283 - 2005 - Assessment of characteristics and remedial alternatives for abandoned mine drainage : case study at Staple Bend Tunnel unit of Allegheny Portage Railroad National Historic Site, Cambria County, Pennsylvania, 2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-10T10:39:24","indexId":"ofr20051283","displayToPublicDate":"2005-08-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1283","title":"Assessment of characteristics and remedial alternatives for abandoned mine drainage : case study at Staple Bend Tunnel unit of Allegheny Portage Railroad National Historic Site, Cambria County, Pennsylvania, 2004","docAbstract":"This report describes field, laboratory, and computational methods that could be used to assess remedial strategies for abandoned mine drainage (AMD). During April-June, 2004, the assessment process was applied to AMD from bituminous coal deposits at a test site in the Staple Bend Tunnel Unit of Allegheny Portage Railroad National Historic Site (ALPO-SBTU) in Cambria County, Pennsylvania. The purpose of this study was (1) to characterize the AMD quantity and quality within the ALPO-SBTU test site; (2) to evaluate the efficacy of limestone or steel slag for neutralization of the AMD on the basis of reaction-rate measurements; and (3) to identify possible alternatives for passive or active treatment of the AMD. The data from this case study ultimately will be used by the National Park Service (NPS) to develop a site remediation plan. The approach used in this study could be applicable at other sites subject to drainage from abandoned coal or metal mines.
During April 2004, AMD from 9 sources (sites1, 1Fe, Fe, 2, 3, 3B, 5, 6, and 7) at the ALPO-SBTU test site had a combined flow rate of 1,420 gallons per minute (gal/min) and flow-weighted averages for pH of 3.3, net acidity of 55 milligrams per liter (mg/L) as CaCO3, and concentrations of dissolved sulfate, aluminum, iron, and manganese of 694 mg/L, 4.4 mg/L, 0.74 mg/L, and 1.2 mg/L, respectively. These pH, net acidity, sulfate, and aluminum values exceed effluent criteria for active mines in Pennsylvania.
During April-June 2004, limestone and steel slag that were locally available were tested in the laboratory for their composition, approximate surface area, and potential to neutralize samples of the AMD. Although the substrates had a similar particle-size distribution and identical calcium content (43 percent as calcium oxide), the limestone was composed of crystalline carbonates and the slag was composed of silicate glass and minerals. After a minimum of 8 hours contact between the AMD and limestone or steel slag in closed containers (cubitainers), near-neutral effluent was produced. With prolonged contact between the AMD and limestone or steel slag, the concentrations of iron, aluminum, and most dissolved trace elements in effluent from the cubitainers declined while pH was maintained greater than 6.0 and less than 9.0. The cubitainer testing demonstrated (1) lower alkalinity production but higher pH of AMD treated with steel slag compared to limestone, and (2) predictable relations between the effluent quality, detention time, and corresponding flow rate and bulk volume for a bed of crushed limestone or steel slag in an AMD passive-treatment system.
The process for evaluating AMD remedial strategies at the ALPO-SBTU test site involved the computation and ranking of the metal loadings during April 2004 for each of the AMD sources and a comparison of the data on AMD flow and chemistry (alkalinity, acidity, dissolved oxygen, ferric iron, aluminum) with published criteria for selection of passive-treatment technology. Although neutralization of the AMD by reaction with limestone was demonstrated with cubitainer tests, an anoxic limestone drain (ALD) was indicated as inappropriate for any AMD source at the test site because all had excessive concentrations of dissolved oxygen and (or) aluminum. One passive-treatment scenario that was identified for the individual or combined AMD sources involved an open limestone channel (OLC) to collect the AMD source(s), a vertical flow compost wetland (VFCW) to add alkalinity, and an aerobic wetland to facilitate iron and manganese oxidation and retention of precipitated solids. Innovative passive-system designs that direct flow upward through submerged layers of limestone and/or steel slag and that incorporate siphons for automatic flushing of solids to a pond also may warrant consideration. Alternatively, an active-treatment system with a hydraulic-powered lime doser could be employed instead of the VFCW or upflow system. Now, given these data on AMD flow and chemistry and identified remedial technologies, a resource manager can use a publicly available computer program such as \"AMDTreat\" to evaluate the potential sizes and costs of various remedial alternatives.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051283","usgsCitation":"Cravotta, C.A., 2005, Assessment of characteristics and remedial alternatives for abandoned mine drainage : case study at Staple Bend Tunnel unit of Allegheny Portage Railroad National Historic Site, Cambria County, Pennsylvania, 2004 (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1283, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051283.","productDescription":"58 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192909,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6819,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1283/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.5,40.583333333333336 ], [ -79.5,40.63333333333333 ], [ -79.33333333333333,40.63333333333333 ], [ -79.33333333333333,40.583333333333336 ], [ -79.5,40.583333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672858","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cravotta, Charles A. III, 0000-0003-3116-4684 cravotta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3116-4684","contributorId":2193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cravotta","given":"Charles","suffix":"III,","email":"cravotta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":283678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":71121,"text":"sir20055181 - 2005 - Hydrologic conditions and lake-level fluctuations at Long Lost Lake, 1939-2004, White Earth Indian Reservation, Clearwater County, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-04T08:17:30","indexId":"sir20055181","displayToPublicDate":"2005-08-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5181","title":"Hydrologic conditions and lake-level fluctuations at Long Lost Lake, 1939-2004, White Earth Indian Reservation, Clearwater County, Minnesota","docAbstract":"Long Lost Lake, a closed-basin lake in Clearwater County, Minnesota, has had a substantial rise in lake level since 1990. The increased level and surface area of the lake has led to the inundation of nearby homes and roads. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the White Earth Band of Chippewa Indians, conducted a study to document the historical lake-level fluctuations, to investigate reasons for hydrologic change, and to develop a general understanding of the hydrology of lakes that have had rapid changes in lake level.
\nLake levels were recorded continuously from August 2003 through December 2004. The purpose was to establish a temporal, detailed record of lake levels and to connect this record to precipitation and ground-water-level data. A long-term record is critical to understanding the relation between surface water and ground water. This is especially true for closed-basin lakes. Between August 2003 and December 2004, the lake level generally declined. The highest lake altitude was 492.58 meters above NAVD 88 on August 5, 2003, and the low of 492.11 meters above NAVD 88 occurred on August 29, 2004.
\nResults of water-level measurements in 5 observation wells and 14 wetlands and ponds show that the water-table level is substantially higher on the north side of the lake than the lake level, providing the head pressure necessary for ground-water discharge into Long Lost Lake. In contrast, on the south and east sides of the lake, water-table levels are similar to the lake level. This indicates a general north-northwest to south-southeast ground-water flow direction. Results of a synoptic survey of lake temperature and other measurements supported the direction of water inflow and outflow.
\nAerial photography and a geographic information system were used to construct a historical lake record from 1939 to 2001. Lake-level increases match similar increases in precipitation, indicating a strong link between the two. Results show that lake-level increases in Long Lost Lake appear to primarily be due to natural rather than anthropogenic effects.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20055181","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the White Earth Band of Chippewa Indians","usgsCitation":"Christensen, V.G., and Bergman, A.L., 2005, Hydrologic conditions and lake-level fluctuations at Long Lost Lake, 1939-2004, White Earth Indian Reservation, Clearwater County, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5181, v, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055181.","productDescription":"v, 18 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319745,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20055181.JPG"},{"id":6822,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5181/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Long Lost Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.41128158569335,\n 47.21572047609892\n ],\n [\n -95.40836334228516,\n 47.21676985912015\n ],\n [\n -95.40647506713867,\n 47.219451521380755\n ],\n [\n -95.40184020996094,\n 47.2186353776589\n ],\n [\n -95.39857864379883,\n 47.216886455951716\n ],\n [\n -95.39634704589844,\n 47.21233898953997\n ],\n [\n -95.39480209350586,\n 47.20697480997098\n ],\n [\n -95.3858757019043,\n 47.202776377962714\n ],\n [\n -95.38055419921875,\n 47.199627335893815\n ],\n [\n -95.37677764892577,\n 47.1981110637904\n ],\n [\n -95.36630630493164,\n 47.195894895848376\n ],\n [\n -95.36767959594727,\n 47.19204554206408\n ],\n [\n -95.37179946899414,\n 47.19076236208704\n ],\n [\n -95.37300109863281,\n 47.183995990963375\n ],\n [\n -95.37351608276367,\n 47.17874562604236\n ],\n [\n -95.37952423095703,\n 47.1703439621658\n ],\n [\n -95.38209915161133,\n 47.16567579675341\n ],\n [\n -95.39119720458984,\n 47.16474211443864\n ],\n [\n -95.39840698242188,\n 47.158556054598705\n ],\n [\n -95.40939331054688,\n 47.15178557877874\n ],\n [\n -95.4136848449707,\n 47.14513099485615\n ],\n [\n -95.4227828979492,\n 47.142445575952316\n ],\n [\n -95.42673110961913,\n 47.14489748555398\n ],\n [\n -95.42673110961913,\n 47.15260275094301\n ],\n [\n -95.42535781860352,\n 47.15692188079374\n ],\n [\n -95.42587280273438,\n 47.165092247229836\n ],\n [\n -95.42913436889648,\n 47.16836004199517\n ],\n [\n -95.43617248535156,\n 47.17162763572931\n ],\n [\n -95.44029235839844,\n 47.17874562604236\n ],\n [\n -95.44286727905272,\n 47.183062630703596\n ],\n [\n -95.44544219970703,\n 47.188895863101216\n ],\n [\n -95.44818878173828,\n 47.197294591633096\n ],\n [\n -95.44836044311523,\n 47.20056040488173\n ],\n [\n -95.44870376586914,\n 47.20440914100589\n ],\n [\n -95.44921875,\n 47.21012341591655\n ],\n [\n -95.44973373413086,\n 47.21467107231053\n ],\n [\n -95.4466438293457,\n 47.2186353776589\n ],\n [\n -95.43943405151367,\n 47.221783291362975\n ],\n [\n -95.43033599853514,\n 47.22201646272081\n ],\n [\n -95.42638778686523,\n 47.22096718353454\n ],\n [\n -95.42192459106445,\n 47.22038424167995\n ],\n [\n -95.41814804077148,\n 47.21816900417739\n ],\n [\n -95.41128158569335,\n 47.21572047609892\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db611544","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christensen, Victoria G. 0000-0003-4166-7461 vglenn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4166-7461","contributorId":2354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"Victoria","email":"vglenn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bergman, Andrea L.","contributorId":10683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergman","given":"Andrea","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":71118,"text":"sir20055113 - 2005 - Water budgets for selected watersheds in the Delaware River basin, eastern Pennsylvania and western New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-09T10:22:52","indexId":"sir20055113","displayToPublicDate":"2005-08-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5113","title":"Water budgets for selected watersheds in the Delaware River basin, eastern Pennsylvania and western New Jersey","docAbstract":"This pilot study, done by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Delaware River Basin Commission, developed annual water budgets using available data for five watersheds in the Delaware River Basin with different degrees of urbanization and different geological settings. A basin water budget and a water-use budget were developed for each watershed. The basin water budget describes inputs to the watershed (precipitation and imported water), outputs of water from the watershed (streamflow, exported water, leakage, consumed water, and evapotranspiration), and changes in ground-water and surface-water storage. The water-use budget describes water withdrawals in the watershed (ground-water and surface-water withdrawals), discharges of water in the watershed (discharge to surface water and ground water), and movement of water of water into and out of the watershed (imports, exports, and consumed water). The water-budget equations developed for this study can be applied to any watershed in the Delaware River Basin. Data used to develop the water budgets were obtained from available long-term meteorological and hydrological data-collection stations and from water-use data collected by regulatory agencies. In the Coastal Plain watersheds, net ground-water loss from unconfined to confined aquifers was determined by using ground-water-flow-model simulations. Error in the water-budget terms is caused by missing data, poor or incomplete measurements, overestimated or underestimated quantities, measurement or reporting errors, and the use of point measurements, such as precipitation and water levels, to estimate an areal quantity, particularly if the watershed is hydrologically or geologically complex or the data-collection station is outside the watershed. The complexity of the water budgets increases with increasing watershed urbanization and interbasin transfer of water. In the Wissahickon Creek watershed, for example, some ground water is discharged to streams in the watershed, some is exported as wastewater, and some is exported for public supply. In addition, ground water withdrawn outside the watershed is imported for public supply or imported as wastewater for treatment and discharge in the watershed. A GIS analysis was necessary to quantify many of the water-budget components. \r\n\r\nThe 89.9-square mile East Branch Brandywine Creek watershed in Pennsylvania is a rural watershed with reservoir storage that is underlain by fractured rock. Water budgets were developed for 1977-2001. Average annual precipitation, streamflow, and evapotranspiration were 46.89, 21.58, and 25.88 inches, respectively. Some water was imported (average of 0.68 inches) into the watershed for public-water supply and as wastewater for treatment and discharge; these imports resulted in a net gain of water to the watershed. More water was discharged to East Branch Brandywine Creek than was withdrawn from it; the net discharge resulted in an increase in streamflow. Most ground water was withdrawn (average of 0.25 inches) for public-water supply. Surface water was withdrawn (average of 0.58 inches) for public-water and industrial supply. Discharge of water by sewage-treatment plants and industries (average of 1.22 inches) and regulation by Marsh Creek Reservoir caused base flow to appear an average of 7.2 percent higher than it would have been without these additional sources. On average, 67 percent of the difference was caused by sewage-treatment-plant and industrial discharges, and 33 percent was caused by regulation of the Marsh Creek Reservoir. Water imports, withdrawals, and discharges have been increasing as the watershed becomes increasingly urbanized. \r\n\r\nThe 64-square mile Wissahickon Creek watershed in Pennsylvania is an urban watershed underlain by fractured rock. Water budgets were developed for 1987-98. Average annual precipitation, streamflow, and evapotranspiration were 47.23, 22.24, and 23.12 inches, respectively. The watershed is highly u","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055113","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R.A., and Buxton, D.E., 2005, Water budgets for selected watersheds in the Delaware River basin, eastern Pennsylvania and western New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5113, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055113.","productDescription":"45 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":6821,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5113/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":192649,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -77,38.833333333333336 ], [ -77,42.833333333333336 ], [ -74,42.833333333333336 ], [ -74,38.833333333333336 ], [ -77,38.833333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478ee4b07f02db489ec1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sloto, Ronald A. rasloto@usgs.gov","contributorId":424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloto","given":"Ronald","email":"rasloto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buxton, Debra E. dbuxton@usgs.gov","contributorId":4777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buxton","given":"Debra","email":"dbuxton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":283684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":71064,"text":"sir20055031 - 2005 - Water use and availability in the Woonasquatucket and Moshassuck River basins, north-central Rhode Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T11:17:12","indexId":"sir20055031","displayToPublicDate":"2005-08-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5031","title":"Water use and availability in the Woonasquatucket and Moshassuck River basins, north-central Rhode Island","docAbstract":"The Woonasquatucket River Basin includes 51.0 square miles, and the Moshassuck River Basin includes 23.8 square miles in north-central Rhode Island. The study area comprises these two basins. The two basins border each other with the Moshassuck River Basin to the northeast of the Woonasquatucket River Basin. Seven towns are in the Woonasquatucket River Basin, and six towns are in the Moshassuck River Basin. To determine the water use and availability in the study area, water supply and discharge data were collected for these river basins for the 1995–99 period, and compared to estimated long-term water available.
The study area is unique in the State of Rhode Island, because no withdrawals from major public suppliers were made during the study period. Withdrawals were, therefore, limited to self-supplied domestic use, two minor suppliers, and one self-supplied industrial user. Because no metered data were available, the summer water withdrawals were assumed to be the same as the estimates for the rest of the year. Seven major water suppliers distribute an average of 17.564 million gallons per day for use in the study area from sources outside of the study area. The withdrawals from minor water suppliers were 0.017 million gallons per day in the study area, all in the town of Smithfield in the Woonasquatucket River Basin. The remaining withdrawals in the study area were estimated to be 0.731 million gallons per day by self-supplied domestic, commercial, industrial, and agricultural users.
Return flows in the study area included self-disposed water and disposal from permitted dischargers, including the Smithfield Sewage Treatment Plant. Return flows accounted for 4.116 million gallons per day in the study area. Most public-disposed water (15.195 million gallons per day) is collected by the Narragansett Bay Commission and is disposed outside of the basin in Narragansett Bay.
The PART program, a computerized hydrograph-separation application, was used at one index stream-gaging station to determine water availability based on the 75th, 50th, and 25th percentiles of the total base flow, the base flow minus the 7-day, 10-year flow criteria, and the base flow minus the Aquatic Base Flow criteria. The index station selected was the Branch River at Forestdale, which is close to the study area and has a similar percentage of sand and gravel area.
Water availability was estimated on the basis of baseflow contributions from sand and gravel deposits and till deposits at the index station. Flows were computed for June, July, August, and September 1957–2000, and a percentage of the total flow was determined to come from either sand and gravel deposits, or till, by using a regression equation. The base-flow contributions were converted to a flow per unit area at the station for the till and for the sand and gravel deposits and then applied to the deposits in the study area basins. These values were used to estimate the gross yield of base flow, as well as to subtract the two low flows (7-day, 10-year flow, and Aquatic Base Flow criteria). The results from the Branch River stream-gaging station were lowest in August at the 75th, 50th, and 25th percentile for total flow with either flow criteria subtracted. The estimated August gross yield at the 50th percentile from the Woonasquatucket River Basin was 12.94 million gallons per day, and 5.91 million gallons per day from the Moshassuck River Basin.
A ratio was calculated that is equal to total withdrawals divided by water availability. Water-availability flow scenarios at the 75th, 50th, and 25th percentiles for the basins, which are based on total water available from base-flow contributions from till and sand and gravel deposits in the basins, were assessed. The ratios were the highest in July for the 50th percentile estimated gross yield minus Aquatic Base Flow (ABF) flow criteria, where withdrawals are close to the available water. Ratios are not presented if the available water is less than the flow criteria. The ratio of withdrawals to the July gross yield at the 50th percentile minus Aquatic Base Flow was 0.796 for the Woonasquatucket and 0.275 for the Moshassuck River Basin.
A long-term hydrologic budget was calculated for the period of 1956–2000 for the Woonasquatucket River Basin and the period of 1964–2000 for the Moshassuck River Basin. The water withdrawals and return flows used in the budget were from 1995 through 1999. For the hydrologic budget, inflow was assumed to equal outflow and was about 120 million gallons per day in the Woonasquatucket River Basin and 56 million gallons per day in the Moshassuck River Basin. The estimated inflows from precipitation and water return flow were 97.3 and 2.7 percent, respectively, in the Woonasquatucket River Basin, and 98.3 and 1.7 percent, respectively, in the Moshassuck River Basin. The estimated outflows from evapotranspiration, streamflow, and water withdrawals were 43.4, 56.1, and 0.5 percent, respectively, in the Woonasquatucket River Basin, and 49.8, 50, and 0.2 percent, respectively, in the Moshassuck River Basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20055031","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Rhode Island Water Resources Board","usgsCitation":"Nimiroski, M.T., and Wild, E.C., 2005, Water use and availability in the Woonasquatucket and Moshassuck River basins, north-central Rhode Island: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5031, vi, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055031.","productDescription":"vi, 43 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122321,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20055031.JPG"},{"id":6758,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5031/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"5000000","country":"United States","state":"Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"Woonasquatucket and Moshassuck River basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.38916015625,\n 41.883365022797314\n ],\n [\n -71.41456604003906,\n 41.901765978963454\n ],\n [\n -71.43928527832031,\n 41.91811793408036\n ],\n [\n -71.47018432617188,\n 41.933954896061614\n ],\n [\n -71.48597717285156,\n 41.933954896061614\n ],\n [\n -71.4990234375,\n 41.92322706102551\n ],\n [\n -71.50382995605467,\n 41.928846628183166\n ],\n [\n -71.52786254882812,\n 41.939573518226936\n ],\n [\n -71.53541564941405,\n 41.949787926673416\n ],\n [\n -71.54571533203125,\n 41.96051129429777\n ],\n [\n -71.56425476074219,\n 41.97684819454686\n ],\n [\n -71.5924072265625,\n 41.97225386481823\n ],\n [\n -71.59927368164062,\n 41.951830611989145\n ],\n [\n -71.61026000976562,\n 41.93548729665268\n ],\n [\n -71.63291931152344,\n 41.918628865183045\n ],\n [\n -71.63841247558594,\n 41.899721690058364\n ],\n [\n -71.62399291992188,\n 41.875696393231\n ],\n [\n -71.59034729003906,\n 41.86189054099241\n ],\n [\n -71.56768798828125,\n 41.852173524388824\n ],\n [\n -71.56082153320312,\n 41.840920397579936\n ],\n [\n -71.54228210449219,\n 41.83631627521814\n ],\n [\n -71.5264892578125,\n 41.84603570059352\n ],\n [\n -71.51069641113281,\n 41.83426989228831\n ],\n [\n -71.49627685546874,\n 41.82403699620285\n ],\n [\n -71.4887237548828,\n 41.81584950164211\n ],\n [\n -71.45713806152342,\n 41.80919639152055\n ],\n [\n -71.44203186035156,\n 41.806125492238664\n ],\n [\n -71.43035888671875,\n 41.80766096027984\n ],\n [\n -71.42280578613281,\n 41.81687299570986\n ],\n [\n -71.41181945800781,\n 41.82608370627639\n ],\n [\n -71.40151977539062,\n 41.83580468561977\n ],\n [\n -71.39533996582031,\n 41.85319643776675\n ],\n [\n -71.39396667480469,\n 41.86240192202145\n ],\n [\n -71.38916015625,\n 41.883365022797314\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db48a0fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimiroski, Mark T.","contributorId":65898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimiroski","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":283583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":71057,"text":"wri034125 - 2005 - Borehole-geophysical and hydraulic investigation of the fractured-rock aquifer near the University of Connecticut Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut, 2000 to 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-17T07:20:04","indexId":"wri034125","displayToPublicDate":"2005-08-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4125","displayTitle":"Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the University of Connecticut Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut, 2000 to 2001","title":"Borehole-geophysical and hydraulic investigation of the fractured-rock aquifer near the University of Connecticut Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut, 2000 to 2001","docAbstract":"An integrated borehole-geophysical and hydraulic investigation was conducted at the former landfill area near the University of Connecticut in Storrs, Connecticut, where solvents and landfill leachate have contaminated a fractured-bedrock aquifer. Borehole-geophysical techniques and hydraulic methods were used to characterize the site bedrock lithology and structure, fractures, and hydraulic properties. The geophysical and hydraulic methods included conventional logs, borehole imaging, borehole radar, flowmeter under ambient- and stressed hydraulic conditions, and discrete-zone hydraulic testing, sampling, and monitoring.
The conventional geophysical-logging methods included caliper, deviation, electromagnetic induction, gamma, specific conductance, and fluid temperature. The advanced methods included optical and acoustic imaging of the borehole wall, heat-pulse flowmeter, and directional radar reflection.
Borehole-geophysical methods were used to further define conductive features identified with surface-geophysical methods in the first phase of the investigation. The results of the surface- and borehole-geophysical logging were evaluated in an iterative and integrated manner to develop a conceptual model of ground-water flow at the site.
The rock type, foliation, and fractures at the site were characterized from high-resolution optical televiewer (OTV) images of rocks penetrated by the boreholes and were compared to drilling logs and conventional geophysical logs. The rocks are interpreted as fine- to mediumgrained quartz-feldspar-biotite-garnet gneiss and schist with local intrusions of quartz diorite and pegmatite and minor concentrations of sulfide mineralization similar to rocks described as the Bigelow Brook Formation on regional geologic maps. Layers containing high concentrations of sulfide minerals appear as high electrical conductivity zones on electromagnetic-induction and borehole-radar logs. Foliation in the rocks generally strikes to the southwest and northeast, and dips to the northwest and southeast consistent with previous investigations in this area. The orientation of foliation, however, varies locally and with depth in some of the boreholes. These results are consistent with geologic mapping that has identified small-scale folding.
The orientations of the transmissive fractures identified in the six boreholes logged for this investigation are similar to the fracture orientations mapped in a previous investigation. Many of these fractures are oriented with a north-northwest strike and have a shallow dip to the west. Other transmissive fractures have a southwest strike and dip at shallow angles to the northwest, and some strike roughly east-west and dip to the north and south.
Flowmeter logging was used to identify transmissive fractures and to estimate the hydraulic properties in the boreholes. Ambient down flow was measured in one borehole, and ambient up flow and down flow were measured in another borehole. The other four bedrock boreholes did not have measurable vertical flow. Under low-rate pumping conditions (0.25 to 0.5 gallons per minute), one to three inflow zones were identified in each well. Commonly, fractures that are active under ambient conditions contribute to the well under pumping conditions. The ambient conditions were incorporated into the determination of the relative proportions of transmissivity.
Specific capacity and transmissivity were determined for these open-hole low-rate pumping tests. Quasi-steady-state water levels were reached in four of the boreholes, including MW201R, MW204R, MW302R, and W202-NE. When pumped at low-rate conditions for 0.5 to 4 hours, the specific capacity ranged from 0.03 to 0.18 gallons per minute per foot. The open-hole transmissivity estimates ranged from 4.9 to 30 feet squared per day (ft2/d).
Open-hole transmissivity was determined for boreholes that did not reach quasi-steady-state conditions under low-rate pumping conditions. Transmissivity was estimated for MW201R, MW202R, and MW203R using non-equilibrium methods, pumping rate, and the transient drawdown data to estimate the open-hole transmissivity. Transmissivity in these boreholes ranged from 0.98 to 3.2 ft2/d.
The transmissivity and head of individual fractures or zones of fractures were estimated from heat-pulse flowmeter data acquired under ambient and stressed conditions. In the absence of ambient flow, data from two profiles of heat-pulse flowmeter data under two different stressed conditions were used to estimate the transmissivity and head of individual fracture zones. Only two boreholes, MW302R and W202-NE, had sufficient data for these analyses. The estimated transmissivity of individual transmissive zones ranged from 1.2 to 9.2 ft2/d. The transmissivity values determined by this numerical simulation method were less than the open-hole estimations, which were 15 and 30 ft2/d.
Transmissivity also was measured directly over discrete intervals of the borehole using a straddle-packer apparatus and constant-rate pumping tests. Pumping rates were less than or equal to 0.25 gallons per minute. These discretezone single-hole pumping tests were conducted over a short period of time, usually about 30 minutes to 1 hour in duration. Pumping continued until the test zone reached a steady-state water level or until it was determined that the zone could not yield water at the pumped rate. The estimated transmissivity of individual transmissive zones ranged from about 0.21 to 11 ft2/d. The zone at a depth of 197 feet in W202-NE was the only zone that had discrete-interval testing with a straddle packer and sufficient heat-pulse flowmeter data for modeling the flow and estimating transmissivity and head. The two methods produced similar results. The straddle-packer method estimated a transmissivity of 4.7 ft2/d, and the heat-pulse flowmeter modeling results estimated a transmissivity of 6.9 ft2/d.
A comparison of the transmissivity estimates indicate estimates typically are within an order of magnitude. The heat-pulse flowmeter methods used in this investigation to determine transmissivity of the boreholes and the individual fractures measure only the upper two or three orders of magnitude of transmissivity. Hence, other fractures in these boreholes permit the movement of water; their transmissivities, however, are lower than the detection limits of the methods that were used for this investigation and very small compared to the transmissive fractures that were studied.
The data collected in this investigation were used to design discrete-zone monitoring systems for four of the boreholes used for monitoring. The results of the investigation are useful for refining the conceptual site model of ground-water flow, and for providing critical information for interpreting the results of water-quality sampling.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034125","usgsCitation":"Johnson, C.D., Joesten, P.K., and Mondazzi, R.A., 2005, Borehole-geophysical and hydraulic investigation of the fractured-rock aquifer near the University of Connecticut Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut, 2000 to 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4125, vi, 133 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034125.","productDescription":"vi, 133 p.","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":101514,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4125/report.pdf","size":"24559","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":185466,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4125/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","city":"Storrs","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.27075934410095,\n 41.807708943063126\n ],\n [\n -72.26415038108826,\n 41.807708943063126\n ],\n [\n -72.26415038108826,\n 41.811227582554736\n ],\n [\n -72.27075934410095,\n 41.811227582554736\n ],\n [\n -72.27075934410095,\n 41.807708943063126\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db6029c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Carole D. 0000-0001-6941-1578 cjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6941-1578","contributorId":1891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Carole","email":"cjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Joesten, Peter K. pjoesten@usgs.gov","contributorId":1929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joesten","given":"Peter","email":"pjoesten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mondazzi, Remo A.","contributorId":77898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mondazzi","given":"Remo","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":71051,"text":"ofr20051218 - 2005 - Compilation of data relating to the erosive response of 608 recently-burned basins in the western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-19T21:13:08.957772","indexId":"ofr20051218","displayToPublicDate":"2005-08-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1218","title":"Compilation of data relating to the erosive response of 608 recently-burned basins in the western United States","docAbstract":"This report presents a compilation of data on the erosive response, debris-flow initiation processes, basin morphology, burn severity, event-triggering rainfall, rock type, and soils for 608 basins recently burned by 53 fires located throughout the Western United States. The data presented here are a combination of those collected during our own field research and those reported in the literature. In some cases, data from a Geographic Information System (GIS) and Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) were used to supplement the data from the primary source. Due to gaps in the information available, not all parameters are characterized for all basins.
This database provides a resource for researchers and land managers interested in examining relations between the runoff response of recently burned basins and their morphology, burn severity, soils and rock type, and triggering rainfall. The purpose of this compilation is to provide a single resource for future studies addressing problems associated with wildfire-related erosion. For example, data in this compilation have been used to develop a model for debris flow probability from recently burned basins using logistic multiple regression analysis (Cannon and others, 2004). This database provides a convenient starting point for other studies. For additional information on estimated post-fire runoff peak discharges and debris-flow volumes, see Gartner and others (2004).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051218","usgsCitation":"Gartner, J.E., Cannon, S.H., Bigio, E.R., Davis, N.K., Parrett, C., Pierce, K.L., Rupert, M.G., Thurston, B.L., Trebesch, M., Garcia, S.P., and Rea, A.H., 2005, Compilation of data relating to the erosive response of 608 recently-burned basins in the western United States (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1218, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051218.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6725,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1218/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":400836,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_72119.htm"},{"id":348861,"rank":3,"type":{"id":12,"text":"Errata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1218/ofr20051218_versionHist.txt"},{"id":186645,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"western United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.75,\n 31.3289\n ],\n [\n -104,\n 31.3289\n ],\n [\n -104,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -124.75,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -124.75,\n 31.3289\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6a9fdc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gartner, Joseph E. jegartner@usgs.gov","contributorId":1876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gartner","given":"Joseph","email":"jegartner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cannon, Susan H. cannon@usgs.gov","contributorId":1019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"Susan","email":"cannon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bigio, Erica R.","contributorId":89941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bigio","given":"Erica","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davis, Nicole K.","contributorId":9350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Nicole","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Parrett, Charles","contributorId":9635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrett","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pierce, Kenneth L. kpierce@usgs.gov","contributorId":1609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"Kenneth","email":"kpierce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":547,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rupert, Michael G. mgrupert@usgs.gov","contributorId":1194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rupert","given":"Michael","email":"mgrupert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Thurston, Brandon L.","contributorId":50973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurston","given":"Brandon","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Trebesch, Matthew J.","contributorId":71638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trebesch","given":"Matthew J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Garcia, Steve P.","contributorId":100478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Rea, Alan H. ahrea@usgs.gov","contributorId":1813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"Alan","email":"ahrea@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70951,"text":"ofr20051280 - 2005 - Rainfall, Streamflow, and Water-Quality Data During Stormwater Monitoring, Halawa Stream Drainage Basin, Oahu, Hawaii, July 1, 2004 to June 30, 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:17","indexId":"ofr20051280","displayToPublicDate":"2005-07-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1280","title":"Rainfall, Streamflow, and Water-Quality Data During Stormwater Monitoring, Halawa Stream Drainage Basin, Oahu, Hawaii, July 1, 2004 to June 30, 2005","docAbstract":"Storm runoff water-quality samples were collected as part of the State of Hawaii Department of Transportation Stormwater Monitoring Program. This program is designed to assess the effects of highway runoff and urban runoff on Halawa Stream. For this program, rainfall data were collected at two stations, continuous streamflow data at two stations, and water-quality data at five stations, which include the two continuous streamflow stations. This report summarizes rainfall, streamflow, and water-quality data collected between July 1, 2004 and June 30, 2005.\r\n\r\nA total of 15 samples was collected over three storms during July 1, 2004 to June 30, 2005. In general, an attempt was made to collect grab samples nearly simultaneously at all five stations and flow-weighted time-composite samples at the three stations equipped with automatic samplers. However, all three storms were partially sampled because either not all stations were sampled or not all composite samples were collected. Samples were analyzed for total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, nutrients, chemical oxygen demand, and selected trace metals (cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc). Chromium and nickel were added to the analysis starting October 1, 2004. Grab samples were additionally analyzed for oil and grease, total petroleum hydrocarbons, fecal coliform, and biological oxygen demand. Quality-assurance/quality-control samples were also collected during storms and during routine maintenance to verify analytical procedures and check the effectiveness of equipment-cleaning procedures.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051280","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Hawaii Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Young, S.T., and Ball, M.T., 2005, Rainfall, Streamflow, and Water-Quality Data During Stormwater Monitoring, Halawa Stream Drainage Basin, Oahu, Hawaii, July 1, 2004 to June 30, 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1280, iv, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051280.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2004-07-01","temporalEnd":"2005-06-30","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":6608,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr2005-1280/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":186189,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -157.96666666666667,21.333333333333332 ], [ -157.96666666666667,21.466666666666665 ], [ -157.8,21.466666666666665 ], [ -157.8,21.333333333333332 ], [ -157.96666666666667,21.333333333333332 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aabe4b07f02db669a11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Young, Stacie T. M.","contributorId":63432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"Stacie","email":"","middleInitial":"T. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ball, Marcael T.J.","contributorId":16904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"Marcael","email":"","middleInitial":"T.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70945,"text":"sir20055110 - 2005 - Simulation of hydraulic characteristics in the white sturgeon spawning habitat of the Kootenai River near Bonners Ferry, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-05T14:53:45","indexId":"sir20055110","displayToPublicDate":"2005-07-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5110","title":"Simulation of hydraulic characteristics in the white sturgeon spawning habitat of the Kootenai River near Bonners Ferry, Idaho","docAbstract":"Hydraulic characterization of the Kootenai River, especially in the white sturgeon spawning habitat reach, is needed by the Kootenai River White Sturgeon Recovery Team to promote hydraulic conditions that improve spawning conditions for the white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) in the Kootenai River. The decreasing population and spawning failure of white sturgeon has led to much concern. Few wild juvenile sturgeons are found in the river today. Determining the location of the transition between backwater and free-flowing water in the Kootenai River is a primary focus for biologists who believe that hydraulic changes at the transition affect the location where the sturgeon choose to spawn. The Kootenai River begins in British Columbia, Canada, and flows through Montana, Idaho, and back into British Columbia. The 65.6-mile reach of the Kootenai River in Idaho was studied. The study area encompasses the white sturgeon spawning reach that has been designated as a critical habitat.
\nA one-dimensional hydraulic-flow model of the study reach was developed, calibrated, and used to develop relations between hydraulic characteristics and water-surface elevation, discharge, velocity, and backwater extent. The model used 164 cross sections, most of which came from a previous river survey conducted in 2002-03. The model was calibrated to water-surface elevations at specific discharges at five gaging stations. Calibrated water-surface elevations ranged from about 1,743 to about 1,759 feet, and discharges used in calibration ranged from 5,000 to 47,500 cubic feet per second. Model calibration was considered acceptable when the difference between measured and simulated water-surface elevations was ?0.15 foot or less. Measured and simulated average velocities also were compared. These comparisons indicated agreement between measured and simulated values.
\nThe location of the transition between backwater and free-flowing water was determined using the calibrated model. The model was used to simulate hydraulic characteristics for a range of water-surface elevations from 1,741 to 1,762 feet and discharges from 4,000 to 75,000 cubic feet per second. These simulated hydraulic characteristics were used to develop a three-parameter relation-discharge in the study reach, water-surface elevation at Kootenai River at Porthill gaging station (12322000), and the location of the transition between backwater and free-flowing water. Simulated hydraulic characteristics produced backwater locations ranging from river mile (RM) 105.6 (Porthill) to RM 158 (near Crossport), a span of about 52 miles. However, backwater locations from measured data ranged primarily from RM 152 to RM 157, a 5-mile span. The average backwater location from measured data was at about RM 154.
\nThree-parameter relations also were developed for determining the amount of discharge in the Shorty Island side channel and average velocity at selected cross sections in the study reach. Simulated discharge for the side channel relative to measured data ranged from 0 to about 5,500 cubic feet per second, and simulated average velocity relative to measured data ranged from 0 to about 3.5 feet per second. Relations using other hydraulic, sediment/incipient motion, ecological, and biological characteristics also could be developed.
\nThe relations also can be used in real time by accessing data from the Web. Discharge and stage data for two gaging stations, Tribal Hatchery (12310100) and Porthill (12322500), are available from the Idaho U.S. Geological Survey web page (URL: http://waterdata.usgs.gov/id/nwis/current/?type=flow). Because the coordinate axes of the three-parameter relations use discharge from the Tribal Hatchery gaging station and water-surface elevation from the Porthill gaging station, the location of the transition between backwater and free-flowing water can be determined for current conditions using the real-time data. Similarly, discharge in the Shorty Island side channel and (or) average velocity at selected cross sections also can be determined for current conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20055110","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Idaho Department of Fish and Game","usgsCitation":"Berenbrock, C., 2005, Simulation of hydraulic characteristics in the white sturgeon spawning habitat of the Kootenai River near Bonners Ferry, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5110, Report: vi, 30 p.; Data files, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055110.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 30 p.; Data files","numberOfPages":"40","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":186187,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20055110.PNG"},{"id":6606,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5110/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":286891,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5110/pdf/sir20055110.pdf"},{"id":286892,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5110/data/"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Albers Equal-Area projection","country":"Canada;United States","state":"British Columbia;Idaho;Montana","otherGeospatial":"Kootenai River Drainage Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.0,48.0 ], [ -118.0,50.0 ], [ -115.0,50.0 ], [ -115.0,48.0 ], [ -118.0,48.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e492de4b07f02db57f93b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berenbrock, Charles","contributorId":30598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berenbrock","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70901,"text":"sir20055081 - 2005 - Augmenting two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations with measured velocity data to identify flow paths as a function of depth on Upper St. Clair River in the Great Lakes basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-06T15:12:53","indexId":"sir20055081","displayToPublicDate":"2005-07-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5081","title":"Augmenting two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations with measured velocity data to identify flow paths as a function of depth on Upper St. Clair River in the Great Lakes basin","docAbstract":"Upper St. Clair River, which receives outflow from Lake Huron, is characterized by flow velocities that exceed 7 feet per second and significant channel curvature that creates complex flow patterns downstream from the Blue Water Bridge in the Port Huron, Michigan, and Sarnia, Ontario, area. Discrepancies were detected between depth-averaged velocities previously simulated by a two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic model and surface velocities determined from drifting buoy deployments. A detailed ADCP (acoustic Doppler current profiler) survey was done on Upper St. Clair River during July 1–3, 2003, to help resolve these discrepancies.
As part of this study, a refined finite-element mesh of the hydrodynamic model used to identify source areas to public water intakes was developed for Upper St. Clair River. In addition, a numerical procedure was used to account for radial accelerations, which cause secondary flow patterns near channel bends. The refined model was recalibrated to better reproduce local velocities measured in the ADCP survey. ADCP data also were used to help resolve the remaining discrepancies between simulated and measured velocities and to describe variations in velocity with depth.
Velocity data from ADCP surveys have significant local variability, and statistical processing is needed to compute reliable point estimates. In this study, velocity innovations were computed for seven depth layers posited within the river as the differences between measured and simulated velocities. For each layer, the spatial correlation of velocity innovations was characterized by use of variogram analysis. Results were used with kriging to compute expected innovations within each layer at applicable model nodes. Expected innovations were added to simulated velocities to form integrated velocities, which were used with reverse particle tracking to identify the expected flow path near a sewage outfall as a function of flow depth.
Expected particle paths generated by use of the integrated velocities showed that surface velocities in the upper layers tended to originate nearer the Canadian shoreline than velocities near the channel bottom in the lower layers. Therefore, flow paths to U.S. public water intakes located on the river bottom are more likely to be in the United States than withdrawals near the water surface. Integrated velocities in the upper layers are generally consistent with the surface velocities indicated by drifting-buoy deployments. Information in the 2D hydrodynamic model and the ADCP measurements was insufficient to describe the vertical flow component. This limitation resulted in the inability to account for vertical movements on expected flow paths through Upper St. Clair River. A three dimensional hydrodynamic model would be needed to account for these effects.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20055081","collaboration":"In cooperation with the American Water Works Association Research Foundation","usgsCitation":"Holtschlag, D., and Koschik, J., 2005, Augmenting two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations with measured velocity data to identify flow paths as a function of depth on Upper St. Clair River in the Great Lakes basin: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5081, v, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055081.","productDescription":"v, 36 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":186330,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20055081.JPG"},{"id":6551,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5081/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db6680d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holtschlag, D. J. 0000-0001-5185-4928","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-4928","contributorId":102493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holtschlag","given":"D. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koschik, J.A.","contributorId":101711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koschik","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70900,"text":"sir20055033 - 2005 - Status of and changes in water quality monitored for the Idaho statewide surface-water-quality network, 1989—2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-04T10:22:04","indexId":"sir20055033","displayToPublicDate":"2005-07-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5033","title":"Status of and changes in water quality monitored for the Idaho statewide surface-water-quality network, 1989—2002","docAbstract":"The Idaho statewide surface-water-quality monitoring network consists of 56 sites that have been monitored from 1989 through 2002 to provide data to document status and changes in the quality of Idaho streams. Sampling at 33 sites has covered a wide range of flows and seasons that describe water-quality variations representing both natural conditions and human influences. Targeting additional high- or low-flow sampling would better describe conditions at 20 sites during hydrologic extremes. At the three spring site types, sampling covered the range of flow conditions from 1989 through 2002 well. However, high flows at these sites since 1989 were lower than historical high flows as a result of declining ground-water levels in the Snake River Plain.\n\nSummertime stream temperatures at 45 sites commonly exceeded 19 and 22 degrees Celsius, the Idaho maximum daily mean and daily maximum criteria, respectively, for the protection of coldwater aquatic life. Criteria exceedances in stream basins with minimal development suggest that such high temperatures may occur naturally in many Idaho streams.\n\nSuspended-sediment concentrations were generally higher in southern Idaho than in central and northern Idaho, and network data suggest that the turbidity criteria are most likely to be exceeded at sites in southern Idaho and other sections of the Columbia Plateaus geomorphic province. This is probably because this province has more fine-grained soils that are subject to erosion and disturbance by land uses than the Northern Rocky Mountains province of northern and central\nIdaho has. Although erodable soils are likely a cause of elevated turbidities, suspended-sediment concentrations were not strongly correlated with turbidities.\n\nDissolved-solids and hardness concentrations were strongly correlated. This is probably because the limestones present in some basins are more soluble than the igneous rocks that predominate in others. Low hardness in streams of northern Idaho, where watersheds are underlain by resistant igneous rocks, enhances the toxicity of some trace elements to aquatic life in these streams.\n\nOnly a few measurements of dissolved-oxygen concentrations at six sites were less than 6.0 milligrams per liter, the Idaho minimum criterion for protection of aquatic organisms. High supersaturations of dissolved oxygen at four sites suggest excessive photosynthetic activity by algal communities. Nighttime monitoring would help determine whether dissolved-oxygen concentrations at these sites might fall below the Idaho criterion. Data from four sites suggest that dissolved-oxygen concentrations may have decreased over time.\n\nThe pH at 15 sites sometimes fell outside the range specified (6.5-9.0) for the protection of aquatic organisms in Idaho streams. Values exceeded 9.0 at 10 sites, probably because of excessive algal photosynthetic activity in waters where carbonate rocks are present. Values were sometimes less than 6.5 at five sites in areas of mountain bedrock geology where pH is likely to be naturally low. Mining activities also may contribute to low pH at some of these sites.\n\nInorganic nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations commonly exceeded those considered sufficient for supporting excess algal production (0.3 and 0.1 milligrams per liter, respectively). Data from a few sites suggest that nitrogen and(or) phosphorus concentrations might be changing over time. Low concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus at six sites, most representing forested basins, might make them good candidates as reference sites that represent naturally occurring nutrient concentrations.\n\nTrace elements examined for this report were cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, selenium, and zinc. In water, many trace-element concentrations were below the minimum analytical reporting levels. Concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc generally were highest in mined and other mineral-rich basins in northern Idaho. Concentrations of mercury were","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20055033","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","usgsCitation":"Hardy, M.A., Parliman, D.J., and O’Dell, I., 2005, Status of and changes in water quality monitored for the Idaho statewide surface-water-quality network, 1989—2002 (Version 1.1, July 7, 2005; Version 1.2, October 25, 2005): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5033, viii, 66 p.; Appendixes A-C, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055033.","productDescription":"viii, 66 p.; Appendixes A-C","numberOfPages":"104","temporalStart":"1989-01-01","temporalEnd":"2002-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262396,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5033/report.pdf"},{"id":262397,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5033/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.25,42 ], [ -117.25,49 ], [ -111,49 ], [ -111,42 ], [ -117.25,42 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.1, July 7, 2005; Version 1.2, October 25, 2005","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d8e4b07f02db5df746","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hardy, Mark A.","contributorId":50902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardy","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parliman, Deborah J.","contributorId":27942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parliman","given":"Deborah","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Dell, Ivalou","contributorId":21576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Dell","given":"Ivalou","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70890,"text":"ofr20051207 - 2005 - Summary of supporting data for USGS regional heat-flow studies of the Great Basin, 1970-1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:46","indexId":"ofr20051207","displayToPublicDate":"2005-07-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1207","title":"Summary of supporting data for USGS regional heat-flow studies of the Great Basin, 1970-1990","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051207","usgsCitation":"Sass, J.H., Priest, S.S., Lachenbruch, A.H., Galanis, S.P., Moses, T.H., Kennelly, J.P., Munroe, R.J., Smith, E.P., Grubb, F.V., Husk, R.H., and Mase, C.W., 2005, Summary of supporting data for USGS regional heat-flow studies of the Great Basin, 1970-1990 (Online Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1207, online, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051207.","productDescription":"online","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186329,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6543,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1207/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db69899a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sass, John H.","contributorId":69596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sass","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Priest, Susan S. spriest@usgs.gov","contributorId":30204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Priest","given":"Susan","email":"spriest@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lachenbruch, Arthur H.","contributorId":27850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lachenbruch","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Galanis, S. Peter pgalanis@usgs.gov","contributorId":3289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galanis","given":"S.","email":"pgalanis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":283220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Moses, Thomas H. Jr.","contributorId":65861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moses","given":"Thomas","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kennelly, John P. Jr.","contributorId":29696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennelly","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Munroe, Robert J.","contributorId":12039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munroe","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":283224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Smith, Eugene P.","contributorId":87026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Grubb, Frederick V. fgrubb@usgs.gov","contributorId":4066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grubb","given":"Frederick","email":"fgrubb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":283221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Husk, Robert H. Jr.","contributorId":9124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Husk","given":"Robert","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Mase, Charles W.","contributorId":8724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mase","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70864,"text":"ofr20051140 - 2005 - Influence of Riparian Tree Phenology on Lower Colorado River Spring-Migrating Birds: Implications of Flower Cueing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-25T13:53:52","indexId":"ofr20051140","displayToPublicDate":"2005-07-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1140","title":"Influence of Riparian Tree Phenology on Lower Colorado River Spring-Migrating Birds: Implications of Flower Cueing","docAbstract":"Executive Summary\r\n\r\nNeotropical migrant birds make choices about which habitats are most likely to provide successful foraging locations during migration, but little is known about how these birds recognize and process environmental clues that indicate the presence of prey species. Aspects of tree phenology, notably flowering of trees along the lower Colorado River corridor, coincide with the migratory stopovers of leaf-gleaning insectivorous songbirds and may be an important indicator of arthropod prey species availability.\r\n\r\nShifting tree flowering and leaf flush during the spring migration period presents avian insectivores with an assortment of foraging opportunities. During two field seasons at Cibola National Wildlife Refuge in southwestern Arizona, we examined riparian tree species to test whether leaf-gleaning insectivorous birds are attracted to the flowering condition of trees in choosing foraging sites. We predicted that flowering trees would host more insect prey resources, would thus show increased visit rates, length of stays and attack ratios of migrant avian insectivores, and that those arthropods would be found in the stomach contents of the birds. Paired trees of honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), displaying heavy and light degrees of flowering were observed to test these predictions. To test whether birds are tracking arthropods directly or are using flowers as a proximate cue, we removed flowers from selected trees and paired these treated trees with neighboring high flowering trees, which served as controls. Avian foraging behavior, avian diets, arthropods, and phenology data were collected at the same time to control for temporal differences in insect availability, plant phenology, and differences in stopover arrivals of birds.\r\n\r\nWe documented five patterns from this study: 1) Higher abundance and richness of arthropods were found on honey mesquite trees with greater numbers of flowers. 2) Arthropod abundance and richness increased as flowering level increased. 3) The subset of migrant avian insectivores selected for study disproportionately foraged among honey mesquite trees with significantly greater amounts of flower coverage than they did on trees with less than average flower coverage. 4) Paired field experiments demonstrated that migrant avian insectivores more often visited, stayed longer, and had higher attack rates on insect prey in honey mesquite trees with greater numbers of flowers. 5) Diet analyses of selected avian insectivores showed over half of their diet consisted of prey significantly associated with honey mesquite flowering. Combined, these results suggest that honey mesquite flowering condition is an important cue used by avian insectivores that enables birds to quickly find arthropod prey at stop-over locations, while in transit during spring migration.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences","usgsCitation":"McGrath, L.J., and van Riper, C., 2005, Influence of Riparian Tree Phenology on Lower Colorado River Spring-Migrating Birds: Implications of Flower Cueing (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1140, vi, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051140.","productDescription":"vi, 35 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":10229,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1140/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":185773,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f1e4b07f02db5ee31f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGrath, Laura J.","contributorId":96353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGrath","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"van Riper, Charles III 0000-0003-1084-5843 charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1084-5843","contributorId":169488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Riper","given":"Charles","suffix":"III","email":"charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":283154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70858,"text":"sir20045294 - 2005 - Hydrogeology of the Mogollon Highlands, central Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:49","indexId":"sir20045294","displayToPublicDate":"2005-07-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5294","title":"Hydrogeology of the Mogollon Highlands, central Arizona","docAbstract":"The Mogollon Highlands, 4,855 square miles of rugged, mountainous terrain at the southern edge of the Colorado Plateau in central Arizona, is characterized by a bedrock-dominated hydrologic system that results in an incompletely integrated regional ground-water system, flashy streamflow, and various local water-bearing zones that are sensitive to drought. Increased demand on the water resources of the area as a result of recreational activities and population growth have made necessary an increased understanding of the hydrogeology of the region. The U.S. Geological Survey conducted a study of the geology and hydrology of the region in cooperation with the Arizona Department of Water Resources under the auspices of the Arizona Rural Watershed Initiative, a program launched in 1998 to assist rural areas in dealing with water-resources issues. The study involved the analysis of geologic maps, surface-water and ground-water flow, and water and rock chemical data and spatial relationships to characterize the hydrogeologic framework.\r\n\r\nThe study area includes the southwestern corner of the Colorado Plateau and the Mogollon Rim, which is the eroded edge of the plateau. A 3,000- to 4,000-foot sequence of early to late Paleozoic sedimentary rocks forms the generally south-facing scarp of the Mogollon Rim. The area adjacent to the edge of the Mogollon Rim is an erosional landscape of rolling, step-like terrain exposing Proterozoic metamorphic and granitic rocks. Farther south, the Sierra Ancha and Mazatzal Mountain ranges, which are composed of various Proterozoic rocks, flank an alluvial basin filled with late Cenozoic sediments and volcanic flows. Eight streams with perennial to intermittent to ephemeral flow drain upland regions of the Mogollon Rim and flow into the Salt River on the southern boundary or the Verde River on the western boundary. Ground-water flow paths generally are controlled by large-scale fracture systems or by karst features in carbonate rocks. Stream channels are also largely controlled by structural features, such as regional joint or fault systems. Precipitation, which shows considerable variability in amount and intensity, recharges the ground-water system along the crest of the Mogollon Rim and to a lesser extent along the crests and flanks of the rim and the Mazatzal Mountains and Sierra Ancha. Flashy runoff in the mainly bedrock stream channels is typical. Springs are distributed throughout the region, typically discharging at or above the contact of variably permeable formations along the face of the Mogollon Rim with a scattering of low-discharge springs in the Proterozoic rocks below the rim. \r\n\r\nThe surface of the Colorado Plateau is the primary recharge area for the C aquifer in which ground-water flows north toward the Little Colorado River and south toward the Mogollon Highlands. Within the study area, flow from the C aquifer primarily discharges from large, stable springs in the upper East Verde River, Tonto Creek, and Canyon Creek Basins along the top of the Mogollon Rim and to the west as base flow in West Clear Creek. On the basis of chemical evidence and the distribution and flow characteristics of springs and perennial streams, the C aquifer is also the source of water for the limestone aquifer that discharges from carbonate rocks near the base of the Mogollon Rim. Vertical flow from the C aquifer, the base of which is in the Schnebly Hill Formation, recharges the limestone aquifer that discharges mainly at Fossil Springs in the western part of the study area and as base flow in Cibecue Creek on the eastern edge of the study area.\r\n\r\nLocal, generally shallow aquifers of variable productivity occur in plateau and mesa-capping basalts in the sedimentary rocks of the Schnebly Hill and Supai Formations, in fractured zones of the Proterozoic Payson granite, and in the alluvium of the lower Tonto Creek Basin. Where time series data exist, such water-bearing zones are shown to be sensitive to short-","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045294","usgsCitation":"Parker, J.T., Steinkampf, W.C., and Flynn, M., 2005, Hydrogeology of the Mogollon Highlands, central Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5294, 87 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045294.","productDescription":"87 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6609,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5294/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":186190,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ee4b07f02db61502e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parker, John T.C.","contributorId":18766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steinkampf, William C.","contributorId":11256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinkampf","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flynn, Marilyn E. meflynn@usgs.gov","contributorId":1039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"Marilyn E.","email":"meflynn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70852,"text":"sir20045163 - 2005 - Hydrologic characteristics of the Agua Fria National Monument, central Arizona, determined from the reconnaissance study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:33","indexId":"sir20045163","displayToPublicDate":"2005-07-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5163","title":"Hydrologic characteristics of the Agua Fria National Monument, central Arizona, determined from the reconnaissance study","docAbstract":"Hydrologic conditions in the newly created Agua Fria National Monument were characterized on the basis of existing hydrologic and geologic information, and streamflow data collected in May 2002. The study results are intended to support the Bureau of Land Management's future water-resource management responsibilities, including quantification of a Federal reserved water right within the monument. This report presents the study results, identifies data deficiencies, and describes specific approaches for consideration in future studies.\r\n\r\n\r\nWithin the Agua Fria National Monument, the Agua Fria River flows generally from north to south, traversing almost the entire 23-mile length of the monument. Streamflow has been measured continuously at a site near the northern boundary of the monument since 1940. Streamflow statistics for this site, and streamflow measurements from other sites along the Agua Fria River, indicate that the river is perennial in the northern part of the monument but generally is intermittent in downstream reaches. The principal controls on streamflow along the river within the monument appear to be geology, the occurrence and distribution of alluvium, inflow at the northern boundary and from tributary canyons, precipitation, and evapotranspiration. At present, (2004) there is no consistent surface-water quality monitoring program being implemented for the monument.\r\n\r\n\r\nGround-water recharge within the monument likely results from surface-water losses and direct infiltration of precipitation. Wells are most numerous in the Cordes Junction and Black Canyon City areas. Only eight wells are within the monument. Ground-water quality data for wells in the monument area consist of specific-conductance values and fluoride concentrations. During the study, ground-water quality data were available for only one well within the monument. No ground-water monitoring program is currently in place for the monument or surrounding areas.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045163","usgsCitation":"Fleming, J.B., 2005, Hydrologic characteristics of the Agua Fria National Monument, central Arizona, determined from the reconnaissance study: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5163, 66 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045163.","productDescription":"66 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6485,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045163/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":188158,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683688","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleming, John B.","contributorId":33788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70850,"text":"sir20055088 - 2005 - Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 5. Well installation, water-level data, and surface- and ground-water geochemistry in the Straight Creek drainage basin, Red River Valley, New Mexico, 2001-03","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-07T21:44:24.20616","indexId":"sir20055088","displayToPublicDate":"2005-07-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5088","title":"Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 5. Well installation, water-level data, and surface- and ground-water geochemistry in the Straight Creek drainage basin, Red River Valley, New Mexico, 2001-03","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the New Mexico Environment Department, is investigating the pre-mining ground-water chemistry at the Molycorp molybdenum mine in the Red River Valley, northern New Mexico. The primary approach is to determine the processes controlling ground-water chemistry at an unmined, off-site, proximal analog. The Straight Creek drainage basin, chosen for this purpose, consists of the same quartz-sericite-pyrite altered andesitic and rhyolitic volcanic rock of Tertiary age as the mine site. The weathered and rugged volcanic bedrock surface is overlain by heterogeneous debris-flow deposits that interfinger with alluvial deposits near the confluence of Straight Creek and the Red River. Pyritized rock in the upper part of the drainage basin is the source of acid rock drainage (pH 2.8-3.3) that infiltrates debris-flow deposits containing acidic ground water (pH 3.0-4.0) and bedrock containing water of circumneutral pH values (5.6-7.7). Eleven observation wells were installed in the Straight Creek drainage basin. The wells were completed in debris-flow deposits, bedrock, and interfingering debris-flow and Red River alluvial deposits. Chemical analyses of ground water from these wells, combined with chemical analyses of surface water, water-level data, and lithologic and geophysical logs, provided information used to develop an understanding of the processes contributing to the chemistry of ground water in the Straight Creek drainage basin. Surface- and ground-water samples were routinely collected for determination of total major cations and selected trace metals; dissolved major cations, selected trace metals, and rare-earth elements; anions and alkalinity; and dissolved-iron species. Rare-earth elements were determined on selected samples only. Samples were collected for determination of dissolved organic carbon, mercury, sulfur isotopic composition (34S and 18O of sulfate), and water isotopic composition (2H and 18O) during selected samplings. One set of ground-water samples was collected for helium-3/tritium and chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) age dating. Several lines of evidence indicate that surface water is the primary input to the Straight Creek ground-water system. Straight Creek streamflow and water levels in wells closest to the apex of the Straight Creek debris fan and closest to Straight Creek itself appear to respond to the same seasonal inputs. Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions in Straight Creek surface water and ground water are similar, and concentrations of most dissolved constituents in most Straight Creek surface-water and shallow (debris-flow and alluvial) aquifer ground-water samples correlate strongly with sulfate (concentrations decrease linearly with sulfate in a downgradient direction). After infiltration of surface water, dilution along the flow path is the dominant mechanism controlling ground-water chemistry. However, concentrations of some constituents can be higher in ground water than can be accounted for by concentrations in Straight Creek surface water, and additional sources of these constituents must therefore be inferred. Constituents for which concentrations in ground water can be high relative to surface water include calcium, magnesium, strontium, silica, sodium, and potassium in ground water from debris-flow and alluvial aquifers and manganese, calcium, magnesium, strontium, sodium, and potassium in ground water from the bedrock aquifer. All ground water is a calcium sulfate type, often at or near gypsum saturation because of abundant gypsum in the aquifer material developed from co-existing calcite and pyrite mineralization. Calcite dissolution, the major buffering mechanism for bedrock aquifer ground water, also contributes to relatively higher calcium concentrations in some ground water. The main source of the second most abundant cation, magnesium, is probably dissolution of magnesium-rich carbonates or silicates.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055088","usgsCitation":"Naus, C.A., McCleskey, R.B., Nordstrom, D.K., Donohoe, L.C., Hunt, A.G., Paillet, F.L., Morin, R.H., and Verplanck, P.L., 2005, Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 5. Well installation, water-level data, and surface- and ground-water geochemistry in the Straight Creek drainage basin, Red River Valley, New Mexico, 2001-03: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5088, 228 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055088.","productDescription":"228 p.","temporalStart":"2001-01-01","temporalEnd":"2003-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":188077,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6483,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20055088/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":395574,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_72161.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Red River Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.4292,\n 36.695\n ],\n [\n -105.4606,\n 36.695\n ],\n [\n -105.4606,\n 36.7311\n ],\n [\n -105.4292,\n 36.7311\n ],\n [\n -105.4292,\n 36.695\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a0e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naus, Cheryl A.","contributorId":82749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naus","given":"Cheryl","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCleskey, R. Blaine 0000-0002-2521-8052 rbmccles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2521-8052","contributorId":147399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCleskey","given":"R.","email":"rbmccles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Blaine","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":283132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Donohoe, Lisa C.","contributorId":69638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donohoe","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hunt, Andrew G. 0000-0002-3810-8610 ahunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3810-8610","contributorId":1582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Andrew","email":"ahunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":38191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Morin, Roger H. rhmorin@usgs.gov","contributorId":2432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"Roger","email":"rhmorin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":283128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Verplanck, Philip L. 0000-0002-3653-6419 plv@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-6419","contributorId":728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verplanck","given":"Philip","email":"plv@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70854,"text":"sir20045280 - 2005 - Hydrogeologic framework, ground-water quality, and simulation of ground-water flow at the Fair Lawn Well Field Superfund site, Bergen County, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:48","indexId":"sir20045280","displayToPublicDate":"2005-07-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5280","title":"Hydrogeologic framework, ground-water quality, and simulation of ground-water flow at the Fair Lawn Well Field Superfund site, Bergen County, New Jersey","docAbstract":"Production wells in the Westmoreland well field, Fair Lawn, Bergen County, New Jersey (the 'Fair Lawn well field Superfund site'), are contaminated with volatile organic compounds, particularly trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. In 1983, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) placed the Westmoreland well field on its National Priority List of Superfund sites. In an effort to determine ground-water flow directions, contaminant-plume boundaries, and contributing areas to production wells in Fair Lawn, and to evaluate the effect of present pump-and-treat systems on flowpaths of contaminated ground water, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the USEPA, developed a conceptual hydrogeologic framework and ground-water flow model of the study area. MODFLOW-2000, the USGS three-dimensional finite-difference model, was used to delineate contributing areas to production wells in Fair Lawn and to compute flowpaths of contaminated ground water from three potential contaminant sources to the Westmoreland well field. Straddle-packer tests were used to determine the hydrologic framework of, distribution of contaminants in, and hydrologic properties of water-bearing and confining units that make up the fractured-rock aquifer underlying the study area.\r\n\r\nThe study area consists of about 15 square miles in and near Fair Lawn. The area is underlain by 6 to 100 feet of glacial deposits and alluvium that, in turn, are underlain by the Passaic Formation. In the study area, the Passaic Formation consists of brownish-red pebble conglomerate, medium- to coarse-grained feldspathic sandstone, and micaceous siltstone. The bedrock strata strike N. 9o E. and dip 6.5o to the northwest. The bedrock consists of alternating layers of densely fractured rocks and sparsely fractured rocks, forming a fractured-rock aquifer.\r\n\r\nGround-water flow in the fractured-rock aquifer is anisotropic as a result of the interlayering of dipping water-bearing and confining units. Wells of similar depth aligned along the strike of the bedding intersect the same water-bearing units, but wells aligned along the dip of the bedding may intersect different water-bearing units. Consequently, wells aligned along strike are in greater hydraulic connection than wells aligned along dip.\r\n\r\nThe Borough of Fair Lawn pumps approximately 770 million gallons per year from 13 production wells. Hydrographs from six observation wells ranging in depth from 162 to 505 feet in Fair Lawn show that water levels in much of the study area are affected by pumping. \r\n\r\nStraddle packers were used to isolate discrete intervals within six open-hole observation wells owned by the Fair Lawn Water Department. Transmissivity, water-quality, and static-water-level data were obtained from the isolated intervals. Measured transmissivity ranged from near 0 to 8,900 feet squared per day. The broad range in measured transmissivity is a result of the heterogeneity of the fractured-rock aquifer. \r\n\r\nEight water-bearing units and eight confining units were identified in the study area on the basis of transmissivity. The water-bearing units range in thickness from 21 to 95 feet; the mean thickness is 50 feet. The confining units range in thickness from 22 to 248 feet; the mean thickness is 83 feet. Water-level and water-quality data indicate effective separation of water-bearing units by the confining units. \r\n\r\nWater-quality samples were collected from the six observation wells at 16 depth intervals isolated by the straddle packers in 2000 and 2001. Concentrations of volatile organic compounds generally were low in samples from four of the wells, but were higher in samples from a well in Fair Lawn Industrial Park and in a well in the Westmoreland well field. \r\n\r\nThe digital ground-water flow model was used to simulate steady-state scenarios representing conditions in the study area in 1991 and 2000. These years were chosen because during the intervening period, ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045280","usgsCitation":"Lewis-Brown, J.C., Rice, D.E., Rosman, R., and Smith, N.P., 2005, Hydrogeologic framework, ground-water quality, and simulation of ground-water flow at the Fair Lawn Well Field Superfund site, Bergen County, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5280, 121 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045280.","productDescription":"121 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6508,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5280/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":185595,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db6279a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewis-Brown, Jean C.","contributorId":46991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis-Brown","given":"Jean","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, Donald E.","contributorId":70440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosman, Robert 0000-0001-5042-1872 rrosman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5042-1872","contributorId":2846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosman","given":"Robert","email":"rrosman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, Nicholas P. nsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":4303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Nicholas","email":"nsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":283138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70844,"text":"sir20055053 - 2005 - The drought of 1998-2002 in North Carolina — Precipitation and hydrologic conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-06T15:54:20.423105","indexId":"sir20055053","displayToPublicDate":"2005-07-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5053","title":"The drought of 1998-2002 in North Carolina — Precipitation and hydrologic conditions","docAbstract":"Drought conditions prevailed across much of North Carolina during 1998-2002, resulting in widespread record-low streamflow and ground-water levels in many areas. During this 4-year period, the drought was continuous in areas of western North Carolina, although eastern areas of the State had some periods of relief from tropical storms in 1998 and 1999. The occurrence of dry winters in 2001 and 2002 along with a dry spring in 2002, exacerbated drought conditions across the State and resulted in substantial declines in streamflow and ground-water levels during the summer of 2002.\r\n\r\nThe drought caused widespread hardship and economic losses across North Carolina. During the latter months of 2002, more than 200 municipalities that included most major cities operated under some form of voluntary, mandatory, or emergency water conservation. Reservoirs across North Carolina were at record or near record-low levels, including some of the largest ones used for multiple purposes (flood control, low-flow augmentation, and(or) recreation), and required continuous and careful operation to balance the upstream and downstream needs of users.\r\n\r\nPrecipitation deficits during the 1998-2002 drought for some locations in North Carolina were among the largest documented since the beginning of systematic collection of weather data. The largest deficits occurred primarily in the western Piedmont and were as much as 60 to 70 inches in some locations during the 4-year period. Cumulative monthly precipitation departures for the period May 1998 through September 2002 at 13 selected precipitation sites across the State ranged from 5.3 inches below normal in Greenville (eastern North Carolina) to 66.7 inches below normal in Hickory (western North Carolina). During the 12-month period October 2002 through September 2003, precipitation departures at 7 of the 13 sites were more than 20 inches above normal, primarily in the western Piedmont. Precipitation data for the period of record were examined for 8 of the 13 sites to compare precipitation deficits during the 1998-2002 drought with those that occurred during selected historical droughts. At three of the eight sites (Hickory, Charlotte, and Mocksville), the average monthly deficit for the 1998-2002 drought exceeded the values computed for the other drought periods. Precipitation records for three other sites (Greensboro, Raleigh, and Fayetteville) were adjusted to remove monthly rainfall values associated with several large tropical storms in 1999. The average monthly deficits for the 1998-2002 drought based on adjusted records for these three sites were then determined to be the highest among the drought periods identified during the available periods of precipitation record.\r\n\r\nDaily mean discharges before and after the drought were compiled for 211 continuous-record gaging stations operated in North Carolina in 2002. Of these 211, 150 stations had periods of record that exceeded 10 years. Among these 150 sites, records of lowest daily mean discharge were set at 65 sites during the 4-year drought (55 sites during the 2002 water year alone). A smaller group of 68 sites having 30 years of uninterrupted record through the 2002 water year and not known to be significantly affected by regulation and(or) diversions was selected for further analyses to quantify the 'daily' percentile and recurrence intervals of 7-day average discharges.\r\n\r\nComparisons of minimum 7-day average discharges at six selected gaging stations with long-term records (two from each physiographic province in the State) provided insight into how the 1998-2002 drought compares with previous droughts. At three of the six sites, all located in the Blue Ridge and Piedmont Provinces, the minimum 7-day average discharges during the 1998-2002 drought became the minimum flows of record. One of these three sites, the French Broad River at Asheville, has the longest period of discharge records in North Carolina. These comparisons confirmed that th","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055053","usgsCitation":"Weaver, J., 2005, The drought of 1998-2002 in North Carolina — Precipitation and hydrologic conditions: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5053, 98 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055053.","productDescription":"98 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":6482,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5053/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":392959,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_72227.htm"},{"id":120987,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2005_5053.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-75.753765,35.199612],[-75.718015,35.209377],[-75.684006,35.232913],[-75.664512,35.227514],[-75.630358,35.238487],[-75.599005,35.256253],[-75.596915,35.269491],[-75.581935,35.263917],[-75.535741,35.272856],[-75.529393,35.288272],[-75.487678,35.485056],[-75.487528,35.525889],[-75.47861,35.553069],[-75.48133,35.622896],[-75.487678,35.648287],[-75.507385,35.680564],[-75.515397,35.73038],[-75.533512,35.773577],[-75.522232,35.774178],[-75.496086,35.728515],[-75.458659,35.596597],[-75.471355,35.479615],[-75.486771,35.391652],[-75.52592,35.233839],[-75.533627,35.225825],[-75.560225,35.232048],[-75.610101,35.227514],[-75.769705,35.180359],[-75.944725,35.105091],[-76.013145,35.061855],[-76.013561,35.068832],[-75.99188,35.092395],[-75.989175,35.115165],[-75.98395,35.120042],[-75.9547,35.1196],[-75.893942,35.150433],[-75.801444,35.183079],[-75.785729,35.194244],[-75.753765,35.199612]]],[[[-75.675245,35.929024],[-75.65954,35.919564],[-75.662019,35.906522],[-75.64512,35.905788],[-75.62767,35.883149],[-75.616833,35.856331],[-75.619772,35.847606],[-75.614361,35.815659],[-75.620454,35.809253],[-75.63898,35.818639],[-75.667891,35.82354],[-75.675054,35.830204],[-75.660086,35.83861],[-75.663356,35.869835],[-75.67283,35.882423],[-75.681415,35.88398],[-75.697672,35.901639],[-75.696871,35.909556],[-75.702165,35.915428],[-75.723782,35.925569],[-75.727251,35.93362],[-75.718266,35.939714],[-75.705323,35.939403],[-75.675245,35.929024]]],[[[-76.12236,36.550621],[-75.867044,36.550754],[-75.818735,36.357579],[-75.773329,36.231529],[-75.71831,36.113674],[-75.658537,36.02043],[-75.569794,35.863301],[-75.533012,35.787377],[-75.536428,35.780118],[-75.543259,35.779691],[-75.573083,35.828867],[-75.588878,35.844926],[-75.619151,35.889415],[-75.620114,35.925288],[-75.648899,35.965758],[-75.668379,35.978394],[-75.678909,35.993925],[-75.723662,36.003139],[-75.727084,36.01051],[-75.722609,36.037362],[-75.737088,36.040784],[-75.74051,36.046839],[-75.73972,36.07527],[-75.75572,36.153922],[-75.783676,36.215949],[-75.811588,36.244014],[-75.808165,36.259545],[-75.814483,36.285344],[-75.822907,36.291662],[-75.837913,36.294558],[-75.845284,36.305614],[-75.841335,36.328517],[-75.831858,36.339047],[-75.831595,36.346418],[-75.836201,36.363135],[-75.85147,36.379456],[-75.85147,36.415785],[-75.864106,36.430527],[-75.888325,36.441583],[-75.899908,36.482124],[-75.907279,36.485809],[-75.924127,36.482124],[-75.935473,36.490601],[-75.972545,36.494671],[-76.003708,36.506235],[-76.023627,36.500778],[-76.031949,36.482496],[-76.012337,36.447462],[-75.98005,36.435464],[-75.962285,36.41724],[-75.940676,36.41885],[-75.928369,36.428588],[-75.923601,36.425788],[-75.916409,36.38901],[-75.923331,36.361863],[-75.895285,36.319615],[-75.882154,36.284674],[-75.864933,36.284674],[-75.86052,36.280607],[-75.867356,36.252483],[-75.864154,36.235522],[-75.858703,36.222628],[-75.848838,36.21657],[-75.838367,36.200129],[-75.839924,36.17711],[-75.823915,36.158332],[-75.822531,36.145957],[-75.800378,36.112728],[-75.791637,36.082267],[-75.793974,36.07171],[-75.836084,36.092616],[-75.867792,36.127262],[-75.863914,36.159226],[-75.882987,36.186807],[-75.910658,36.212157],[-75.922344,36.244122],[-75.94984,36.25787],[-75.96462,36.254433],[-75.957058,36.247903],[-75.945372,36.222468],[-75.956027,36.198065],[-75.936436,36.18088],[-75.904999,36.164188],[-75.939047,36.165518],[-76.016984,36.186367],[-76.029086,36.202036],[-76.043838,36.210126],[-76.054308,36.229162],[-76.08148,36.237935],[-76.132005,36.287773],[-76.184702,36.298166],[-76.188717,36.281242],[-76.171378,36.265806],[-76.149486,36.263902],[-76.115851,36.214219],[-76.080106,36.19944],[-76.05992,36.15514],[-76.064224,36.143775],[-76.092555,36.135794],[-76.178946,36.123424],[-76.206873,36.137521],[-76.254064,36.18419],[-76.273316,36.189062],[-76.27699,36.184952],[-76.247401,36.161823],[-76.228527,36.130647],[-76.191715,36.107197],[-76.216599,36.095409],[-76.265037,36.104886],[-76.329921,36.133396],[-76.373571,36.138208],[-76.3935,36.163251],[-76.447812,36.192514],[-76.454414,36.189901],[-76.456061,36.183577],[-76.375892,36.12042],[-76.346418,36.121023],[-76.334965,36.110903],[-76.298733,36.1012],[-76.303998,36.092776],[-76.323478,36.084879],[-76.355069,36.086458],[-76.410878,36.078034],[-76.420881,36.06066],[-76.451418,36.039073],[-76.459316,36.024331],[-76.491959,36.018013],[-76.514335,36.00564],[-76.547505,36.009852],[-76.580674,36.00722],[-76.60384,36.033018],[-76.615423,36.037757],[-76.653332,36.035124],[-76.676484,36.043612],[-76.721445,36.147838],[-76.719401,36.199441],[-76.675462,36.266882],[-76.693253,36.278357],[-76.744436,36.212725],[-76.7521,36.147328],[-76.722996,36.066585],[-76.679657,35.991951],[-76.70019,35.964573],[-76.692376,35.945342],[-76.667547,35.933509],[-76.528551,35.944039],[-76.473795,35.960888],[-76.460632,35.970365],[-76.398242,35.984317],[-76.38192,35.971681],[-76.381394,35.96273],[-76.362966,35.942197],[-76.340327,35.94325],[-76.317687,35.946935],[-76.272408,35.972734],[-76.213966,35.988002],[-76.176585,35.993267],[-76.093697,35.993001],[-76.083131,35.989845],[-76.062071,35.993004],[-76.024162,35.970891],[-76.014159,35.957202],[-76.01995,35.934036],[-76.014353,35.920746],[-76.063203,35.853433],[-76.050485,35.806689],[-76.046813,35.717935],[-76.036393,35.690344],[-76.046361,35.659067],[-76.04015,35.65131],[-76.029863,35.649443],[-76.013808,35.669103],[-75.9869,35.768194],[-75.987148,35.836967],[-75.97783,35.897181],[-75.962562,35.901393],[-75.94782,35.920347],[-75.927286,35.93193],[-75.92676,35.940354],[-75.943608,35.952464],[-75.947293,35.959835],[-75.899382,35.977209],[-75.84989,35.976156],[-75.80935,35.959308],[-75.800926,35.944566],[-75.782498,35.935615],[-75.778813,35.918241],[-75.751961,35.878227],[-75.748276,35.852428],[-75.734587,35.839266],[-75.727216,35.822703],[-75.726689,35.811361],[-75.739357,35.770994],[-75.724743,35.742892],[-75.71294,35.69849],[-75.713502,35.693993],[-75.741605,35.672073],[-75.742167,35.655212],[-75.729802,35.625985],[-75.747225,35.610248],[-75.778138,35.592262],[-75.775328,35.579335],[-75.837154,35.570904],[-75.859636,35.586641],[-75.895045,35.573152],[-75.916403,35.538305],[-75.950126,35.530998],[-75.964178,35.511326],[-75.963053,35.493903],[-75.987222,35.484348],[-75.995652,35.475355],[-75.997901,35.453435],[-76.009704,35.442194],[-76.01139,35.423084],[-76.020945,35.410719],[-76.025441,35.408471],[-76.050171,35.415778],[-76.059726,35.410157],[-76.063661,35.405099],[-76.059726,35.383741],[-76.069281,35.370813],[-76.132793,35.349455],[-76.14291,35.338776],[-76.14291,35.32866],[-76.149655,35.326411],[-76.182254,35.336528],[-76.20586,35.336528],[-76.235087,35.350017],[-76.253072,35.350017],[-76.257569,35.344397],[-76.265437,35.343273],[-76.282299,35.345521],[-76.304781,35.355638],[-76.327263,35.356762],[-76.335132,35.355638],[-76.340752,35.346645],[-76.349745,35.345521],[-76.382344,35.356762],[-76.399206,35.348893],[-76.408199,35.350017],[-76.431805,35.362383],[-76.436301,35.37812],[-76.448666,35.383741],[-76.462156,35.380368],[-76.472273,35.371375],[-76.485762,35.371375],[-76.540292,35.410657],[-76.586349,35.508957],[-76.476706,35.511707],[-76.456427,35.550546],[-76.471207,35.55742],[-76.48358,35.538172],[-76.55679,35.528892],[-76.600441,35.538516],[-76.634468,35.510332],[-76.601472,35.460838],[-76.580187,35.387113],[-76.606041,35.387113],[-76.710083,35.427155],[-76.759234,35.418906],[-76.830897,35.447949],[-76.942022,35.473529],[-77.023912,35.514802],[-77.026638,35.490569],[-76.967214,35.438296],[-76.891938,35.433649],[-76.664027,35.345696],[-76.500375,35.321915],[-76.482389,35.314046],[-76.467776,35.276951],[-76.467776,35.261213],[-76.477893,35.243228],[-76.490258,35.233111],[-76.494755,35.212877],[-76.521733,35.192643],[-76.536346,35.174657],[-76.539719,35.166788],[-76.536346,35.142058],[-76.546463,35.122948],[-76.557704,35.116204],[-76.568945,35.097094],[-76.60042,35.067867],[-76.631895,35.056626],[-76.801426,34.964369],[-76.982904,35.060607],[-76.989778,35.045484],[-76.977404,35.004926],[-76.89354,34.957495],[-76.762931,34.920374],[-76.635072,34.989116],[-76.588055,34.991428],[-76.566697,34.998173],[-76.502623,35.007166],[-76.491382,35.017283],[-76.490258,35.034144],[-76.474521,35.070116],[-76.463468,35.076411],[-76.435762,35.057941],[-76.425461,35.001464],[-76.395625,34.975179],[-76.332044,34.970917],[-76.326361,34.976245],[-76.329557,34.986901],[-76.364367,35.034853],[-76.318546,35.020645],[-76.288354,35.005726],[-76.296524,34.976245],[-76.275567,34.960971],[-76.277698,34.940014],[-76.347673,34.872171],[-76.368274,34.872881],[-76.379641,34.86258],[-76.400242,34.855476],[-76.463016,34.785076],[-76.524712,34.681964],[-76.586236,34.698805],[-76.582421,34.767757],[-76.604796,34.787482],[-76.620606,34.784389],[-76.616567,34.714059],[-76.673619,34.71491],[-76.673537,34.70757],[-76.523303,34.652271],[-76.383827,34.807906],[-76.322808,34.86116],[-76.233672,34.925926],[-76.093349,35.048705],[-76.069906,35.075701],[-76.043621,35.070017],[-76.035933,35.058987],[-76.137269,34.987858],[-76.233088,34.905477],[-76.31021,34.852309],[-76.386804,34.784579],[-76.494068,34.66197],[-76.524199,34.615416],[-76.535946,34.588577],[-76.555196,34.615993],[-76.549343,34.645585],[-76.579467,34.660174],[-76.642939,34.677618],[-76.676312,34.693151],[-76.770044,34.696899],[-76.817453,34.693722],[-76.990262,34.669623],[-77.136843,34.632926],[-77.209161,34.605032],[-77.322524,34.535574],[-77.462922,34.471354],[-77.556943,34.417218],[-77.661673,34.341868],[-77.740136,34.272546],[-77.829209,34.162618],[-77.878161,34.067963],[-77.915536,33.971723],[-77.946568,33.912261],[-77.960172,33.853315],[-77.970606,33.844517],[-78.009973,33.861406],[-78.018689,33.888289],[-78.095429,33.906031],[-78.17772,33.914272],[-78.276147,33.912364],[-78.383964,33.901946],[-78.509042,33.865515],[-78.541087,33.851112],[-79.358317,34.545358],[-79.675299,34.804744],[-80.797543,34.819786],[-80.782042,34.935782],[-80.93495,35.107409],[-81.041489,35.044703],[-81.057648,35.062433],[-81.058029,35.07319],[-81.052078,35.096276],[-81.032806,35.108049],[-81.038968,35.126299],[-81.05042,35.131048],[-81.044391,35.147918],[-81.239358,35.159974],[-82.27492,35.200071],[-82.314863,35.191089],[-82.32335,35.184789],[-82.344554,35.193115],[-82.361469,35.190831],[-82.36899,35.181747],[-82.379712,35.186884],[-82.378744,35.198053],[-82.390439,35.215395],[-82.403348,35.204473],[-82.417597,35.200131],[-82.439595,35.165863],[-82.448969,35.165037],[-82.455609,35.177425],[-82.460092,35.178143],[-82.483937,35.173798],[-82.495506,35.164312],[-82.516044,35.163442],[-82.529973,35.155617],[-82.550508,35.159498],[-82.556168,35.151736],[-82.563767,35.151575],[-82.578316,35.142104],[-82.609706,35.139039],[-82.629031,35.126155],[-82.642237,35.129215],[-82.662381,35.118123],[-82.683625,35.125833],[-82.694898,35.098456],[-82.72701,35.094142],[-82.738379,35.079453],[-82.749491,35.078487],[-82.757704,35.068019],[-82.777376,35.064143],[-82.781973,35.066817],[-82.776357,35.081349],[-82.787867,35.085024],[-83.108535,35.000771],[-83.620185,34.992091],[-83.619985,34.986592],[-84.321869,34.988408],[-84.29024,35.225572],[-84.28322,35.226577],[-84.223718,35.269078],[-84.211818,35.266078],[-84.202879,35.255772],[-84.200117,35.244679],[-84.188417,35.239979],[-84.170416,35.245779],[-84.12889,35.243679],[-84.12115,35.250644],[-84.097508,35.247382],[-84.081117,35.261146],[-84.052612,35.269982],[-84.02141,35.301383],[-84.02651,35.309283],[-84.03501,35.311983],[-84.029377,35.333197],[-84.038081,35.348363],[-84.024756,35.353896],[-84.007586,35.371661],[-84.008207,35.389683],[-84.021782,35.407418],[-84.00225,35.422548],[-83.992568,35.438065],[-83.973057,35.448921],[-83.971439,35.455145],[-83.966656,35.454941],[-83.961054,35.462838],[-83.949389,35.461164],[-83.937015,35.471511],[-83.911773,35.476028],[-83.905612,35.48906],[-83.880074,35.518745],[-83.859261,35.521851],[-83.848502,35.519259],[-83.827428,35.524653],[-83.802434,35.541588],[-83.780129,35.550387],[-83.771736,35.562118],[-83.749894,35.561146],[-83.735669,35.565455],[-83.723459,35.561874],[-83.707199,35.568533],[-83.676268,35.570289],[-83.640498,35.566075],[-83.608889,35.579451],[-83.582,35.562684],[-83.56609,35.565993],[-83.498335,35.562981],[-83.485527,35.568204],[-83.479317,35.582764],[-83.455722,35.598045],[-83.445802,35.611803],[-83.421576,35.611186],[-83.396626,35.62272],[-83.388602,35.632352],[-83.366941,35.638728],[-83.35156,35.659858],[-83.334965,35.665471],[-83.321101,35.662815],[-83.312757,35.654809],[-83.297154,35.65775],[-83.290682,35.672638],[-83.258117,35.691924],[-83.255489,35.714974],[-83.251247,35.719916],[-83.240669,35.72676],[-83.214501,35.724434],[-83.18837,35.729798],[-83.159208,35.764892],[-83.120183,35.766234],[-83.07403,35.790016],[-83.036209,35.787405],[-83.001473,35.773752],[-82.992053,35.773948],[-82.964088,35.78998],[-82.961724,35.800491],[-82.945515,35.824662],[-82.920171,35.841664],[-82.918312,35.863977],[-82.901301,35.872593],[-82.901843,35.890274],[-82.911936,35.921618],[-82.901577,35.931446],[-82.898506,35.9451],[-82.874159,35.952698],[-82.860724,35.94743],[-82.852554,35.949089],[-82.826045,35.929721],[-82.82257,35.922531],[-82.804997,35.927168],[-82.805771,35.935316],[-82.800431,35.944155],[-82.787465,35.952163],[-82.785356,35.96253],[-82.774905,35.971978],[-82.785558,35.977795],[-82.785267,35.987927],[-82.776001,36.000103],[-82.750065,36.006004],[-82.688865,36.038604],[-82.684765,36.045004],[-82.637165,36.065805],[-82.618664,36.056105],[-82.618164,36.047005],[-82.609663,36.044906],[-82.596177,36.03188],[-82.595525,36.026012],[-82.614362,36.003506],[-82.613028,35.994],[-82.604239,35.987319],[-82.610889,35.967409],[-82.581003,35.965557],[-82.576678,35.959255],[-82.557874,35.953901],[-82.549682,35.964275],[-82.507068,35.977475],[-82.483498,35.996284],[-82.460658,36.007809],[-82.409458,36.083409],[-82.355157,36.115609],[-82.336756,36.114909],[-82.321448,36.119551],[-82.289455,36.13571],[-82.270954,36.12761],[-82.260353,36.13371],[-82.247521,36.130865],[-82.213852,36.159112],[-82.182549,36.143714],[-82.147948,36.149516],[-82.136547,36.128817],[-82.137974,36.119576],[-82.127146,36.104417],[-82.105444,36.108119],[-82.080303,36.105728],[-82.061342,36.113121],[-82.054142,36.126821],[-82.033141,36.120422],[-81.908137,36.302013],[-81.879382,36.313767],[-81.857333,36.334787],[-81.841268,36.343321],[-81.800812,36.358073],[-81.766102,36.338517],[-81.730976,36.341187],[-81.707438,36.335171],[-81.707785,36.346007],[-81.721334,36.353101],[-81.732865,36.376502],[-81.729813,36.388033],[-81.737952,36.39719],[-81.739648,36.406686],[-81.720734,36.422537],[-81.715229,36.436532],[-81.71489,36.45722],[-81.695311,36.467912],[-81.697829,36.507544],[-81.707573,36.526101],[-81.707963,36.536209],[-81.699962,36.536829],[-81.69003,36.552154],[-81.690236,36.568718],[-81.677036,36.570718],[-81.677535,36.588117],[-81.003802,36.563629],[-80.837954,36.559131],[-80.704831,36.562319],[-80.295243,36.543973],[-80.122183,36.542646],[-78.529722,36.540981],[-77.16966,36.547315],[-77.152691,36.544078],[-76.916048,36.543815],[-76.916989,36.550742],[-76.12236,36.550621]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"North Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db66827d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weaver, J. Curtis","contributorId":42260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"J. Curtis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}